CN101304840B - 加工微结构的刀具以及切削工件的方法 - Google Patents
加工微结构的刀具以及切削工件的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种刀具组件,其具有能够沿待切削工件横向运动的刀架和带有刀头的致动器。所述致动器对所述刀头围绕平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的轴线的旋转进行可变控制,以在所述工件中制作微结构。
Description
相关专利申请的参考
本专利申请涉及以下专利申请:Alan Campbell、Dale Ehnes和Daniel Wertz提交的、名称为“Cutting Tool Having Variable andIndependent Movement in an X-Direction and a Z-Direction Intoand Laterally Along a Work Piece for Making Microstructures”(在朝向工件的X方向和横向地沿着工件的Z方向上变速独立运动的加工微结构的刀具)的美国专利申请;Alan Campbell、Dale Ehnes和DanielWertz提交的、名称为“Cutting Tool Having Variable Movement atTwo Simultaneously Independent Speeds in an X-Direction Into aWork Piece for Making Microstructures”(在朝向工件的X方向上以两个并存独立的速度变速运动的加工微结构的刀具)的美国专利申请;以及Dale Ehnes、Alan Campbell和Daniel Wertz提交的、名称为“CuttingTool Having Variable Movement in a Z-Direction Laterally Along aWork Piece for Making Microstructures”(在横向地沿着工件的Z方向上变速运动的加工微结构的刀具)的美国专利申请;上述申请均于2005年11月15日提交。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于制造微复制结构的微复制工具的金刚石加工。
背景技术
加工技术可用于制造诸如微复制工具之类的各种各样的工件。微复制工具通常用于挤出工艺、注塑成型工艺、压花工艺、浇注工艺等,从而形成微复制结构。微复制结构可能包含光学膜、研磨膜、粘合剂膜、具有自配合外形的机械紧固件、或具有尺寸相对较小(例如尺寸小于约1000微米的)的微复制结构的任何模制或挤出部件。
也可以采用其它不同的方法制成所述微结构。例如,可通过浇铸和固化工艺将母模工具的结构从母模工具转移到诸如由聚合物材料制成的带材或织物之类的其它介质上,形成生产工具;然后使用这一生产工具制造微复制结构。可使用诸如电铸之类的其它方法复制所述母模工具。制造导光薄膜的另一备选方法是直接切削或加工透明材料,以形成适当的结构。
其它技术包括化学蚀刻、喷丸处理或其它随机表面改性技术。然而,这些技术通常不能形成获得合适的光漫射特性所需的轮廓清晰的、精确的微结构和特征宽度,而使用本发明方法的刀具可以获得这种合适的光漫射特性。具体地讲,由于化学蚀刻、喷丸处理和其它随机表面改性技术固有的不精确性和不可重复性,所以这些方法不能生产高精度的重复结构。
发明内容
第一刀具组件包括刀架和致动器,该致动器被构造为连接到刀架上,并且与控制器进行电通信。连接到致动器上的刀头被安装成可相对于待切削的工件运动。致动器对刀头在平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的平面内的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削工件。
一种切削工件的方法包括:提供刀架;提供致动器,所述致动器被构造为连接到所述刀架上并与控制器电通信;将刀头安放在所述致动器中,以使所述刀头相对于待切削工件运动;以及构造所述致动器,使所述致动器对所述刀头围绕平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的轴线的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削所述工件。
附图说明
第二刀具组件包括能够沿待切削工件横向运动的刀架,和被构造为连接到刀架上并且与控制器电通信的致动器,所述致动器包括压电堆。连接到压电堆上的刀头可相对于待切削的工件运动。致动器对刀头在平行于横过工件的Y方向的平面内的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削工件,从而在工件中制作微结构。
附图被并入本说明书并且成为其整体组成部分,并且结合具体实施方式阐明本发明的优点和原理。在附图中:
图1为用于在工件中制成微结构的刀具系统的示意图;
图2为示出用于刀具的坐标系的示意图;
图3为在刀具中使用的示例性PZT堆的示意图;
图4A为刀头座的透视图;
图4B为用于保持刀头的刀头座的前视图;
图4C为刀头座的侧视图;
图4D为刀头座的俯视图;
图5A为刀头的透视图;
图5B为刀头的前视图;
图5C为刀头的仰视图;
图5D为刀头的侧视图;
图6A为与刀具一起使用的虚拟中心Y致动器的透视图;
图6B为虚拟中心Y致动器的俯视图;
图6C为虚拟中心Y致动器的仰视图;
图6D和6E为虚拟中心Y致动器的侧视图;
图6F为虚拟中心Y致动器的后视图;
图6G为虚拟中心Y致动器的前视图;和
图7为概念性示出可使用具有虚拟中心Y致动器的刀具系统制造的微结构的示意图。
具体实施方式
刀具系统
在已公布的PCT专利申请WO00/48037中描述了常规金刚石车削技术。这些方法使用的用于制作光学薄膜或其它薄膜的装置可以包括快速伺服刀架。如WO00/48037公开的,快速伺服刀架(FTS)是被称为PZT堆的固态压电(PZT)装置,它可快速调整连接到PZT堆上的刀具的位置。如下面详细描述的,FTS使刀具可在坐标系内的多个方向上做高精确度的高速运动。
图1为在工件中制造微结构的刀具系统10的示意图。微结构可包括位于制品表面上的、凹入制品表面的或从制品表面凸起的任何类型、形状以及大小的结构。例如,使用本说明书描述的致动器和系统制造的微结构可具有1000微米节距、100微米节距、1微米节距、或甚至约200纳米的亚光学波长(nm)节距。仅出于示例性目的而提供这些尺寸,使用本说明书描述的致动器和系统制成的微结构可以具有使用该系统可加工的范围内的任何尺寸。
系统10由计算机12控制。计算机12包括例如下列元件:存储一个或多个应用程序16的存储器14;提供非易失性信息存储的二级存储器18;接收信息或命令的输入装置20;运行存储在存储器16或二级存储器18内、或从另一个来源接受的应用程序的处理器22;输出视频显示信息的显示装置24;以及以用于音频信息的扬声器或用于信息硬拷贝的打印机之类的其它形式输出信息的输出装置26。
利用刀头44对工件54执行切削加工。在工件54通过诸如计算机12控制的电动机之类的驱动器和编码器56转动的同时,致动器38控制刀头44的运动。在此实例中,示出的工件54为诸如硬铜辊之类的辊形式的;然而,工件也可以是平面形式和利用其它加工材料。例如,作为另外一种选择,可由铝、镍、钢或塑料(例如,丙烯酸树脂)制成工件。例如,使用的具体材料可以取决于所需的具体应用,例如使用已加工的工件制成各种薄膜。致动器38和下文所述的致动器可由例如不锈钢或其它材料制成。
致动器38可拆卸地连接到刀架36上,刀架又被安装在轨道32上。刀架36和致动器38被构造成在轨道32上可沿箭头40和42所示的X方向和Z方向的两个方向运动。计算机12经由一个或多个放大器30与刀架36和致动器38电连接。当作为控制器时,在加工工件54时,计算机12控制刀架36沿轨道32的运动并通过致动器38控制刀头44的运动。如果致动器包括多个PZT堆,那么它可以使用分开的放大器独立控制每个PZT堆,所述PZT堆用于独立地控制连接到PZT堆上的刀头的运动。如下面详细说明的,计算机12可利用函数发生器28向致动器38提供波形,以便在工件54中加工各种微结构。
通过各种部件的协调运动完成工件54的加工。具体地讲,在计算机12的控制下,该系统可以通过刀架36的运动协调并控制致动器38的运动,同时协调并控制工件在C方向的运动以及刀头44在X方向、Y方向和Z方向中一个或多个方向上的运动,这些坐标将在下面说明。但该系统通常使刀架36在Z方向做匀速运动,但也可以使刀架36做变速运动。通常刀架36和刀头44的运动与工件54在C方向的运动(如线条53表示的旋转运动)同步。可以利用例如在计算机12的软件、硬件或其组合中执行的数字控制技术或数字控制器(NC)控制所有这些运动。
工件54加工完以后可用于制成在多种用途中使用的具有相应微结构的薄膜。这些薄膜的实例包括光学薄膜、摩擦控制薄膜以及微型紧固件或其它机械微结构化部件。通常使用涂层工艺制成所述薄膜,在涂层工艺中,将粘稠状态的材料涂布在工件上,使其至少部分固化,然后移除。固化材料构成的薄膜将具有与工件中的结构基本上相反的结构。例如,工件中的凹进部产生所得薄膜中的凸起部。
通过管线48和50利用冷却液46控制刀架36和致动器38的温度。温度控制单元52可以使冷却液在流经刀架36和致动器38循环时保持基本恒定的温度。温度控制单元52可以是提供流体温度控制的任何装置。冷却液可以是油制品,例如低粘度油。温度控制单元52和冷却液贮箱46可以包括使流体流过刀架36和致动器38循环的泵,并且为了使流体温度保持基本不变,通常还包括用于从流体散热的冷却系统。使流体循环并提供流体温度控制的冷却系统和泵系统在本领域是已知的。在某些实施例中,为了使工件中要加工的材料的表面温度保持基本恒定,也可以将冷却液施加于工件54。
图2为示出诸如系统10之类的刀具的坐标系的示意图。所述坐标系示出为刀头62相对于工件64的运动。刀头62可以与刀头44相对应,并且通常被连接到刀头座60上,所述刀头座连接到致动器上。在这一示例性实施例中,坐标系包括X方向66、Y方向68和Z方向70。X方向66指沿基本上垂直于工件64的方向的运动。Y方向68指沿横过工件64的方向的运动,例如沿基本上平行于工件64的旋转平面的方向的运动。Z方向70指在横向地沿着工件64的方向上的运动,例如在基本上垂直于工件64的旋转平面的方向上的运动。如图1所示,工件的旋转方向被称为C方向。如果工件不是辊形式,而是平面形式的,那么Y方向和Z方向就指在沿基本上垂直于X方向的方向横过工件的互相垂直的方向上的运动。
系统10可用于高精度的高速加工。这一类型的加工必须考虑诸如部件协调速度和工件材料之类的多种参数。例如,通常必须与工件材料的热稳定性和特性一起考虑给定体积的待加工金属的比能。在下列参考文献中描述了有关加工的切削参数:Machining Data Handbook,Library ofCongress Catalog Card No.66-60051,Second Edition(1972); Edward Trent and Paul Wright,Metal Cutting,Fourth Edition,Butterworth-Heinemann,ISBN 0-7506-7069-X(2000);Zhang Jin-Hua,Theory and Technique of Precision Cutting,Pergamon Press,ISBN 0-08-035891-8(1991);以及M.K.Krueger等人,NewTechnology in Metalworking Fluids and Grinding Wheels AchievesTenfold Improvement in Grinding Performance,Coolant/Lubricantsfor Metal Cutting and Grinding Conference,Chicago,Illinois,U.S.A.,June 7,2000。
PZT堆、刀头座和刀头
图3为用于刀具的示例性PZT堆72的示意图。PZT堆用于使与其相连的刀头运动和根据PZT效应运行,这在本领域是已知的。按照PZT效应,施加到某些类型材料的电场将使其沿一个轴线伸展,并沿另一个轴线收缩。PZT堆通常包括包封在壳体84内、并且安装在基板86上的多个材料74、76和78。在这一示例性实施例中,材料是具有PZT效应的陶瓷材料。仅出于示例性目的而示出三个盘状物74、76和78,例如可以根据具体实施例的需要使用任何数目的盘状物或其它材料、以及任何类别的形状的材料。柱88粘附在盘状物上,并从壳体84中伸出。例如可以利用任何PZT材料制造所述盘状物,诸如混合的、压制的和烧结的钛酸钡、锆酸铅或钛酸铅材料以及以所列材料为基体的材料。其中一种PZT材料可得自Kinetic Ceramics,Inc.,26240 Industrial Blvd.,Hayward,CA94545,U.S.A。例如,也可以利用磁致伸缩材料制造所述盘状物。
如线条80和82所示的盘状物74、76和78的电连接为这些盘状物提供电场,以使柱88运动。由于PZT效应以及根据施加的电场类型,可以使柱88进行精确和微小的运动,例如几微米以内的运动。另外,装有柱88的PZT堆72的端部可以紧靠一个或多个贝氏垫圈安装,所述垫圈可以为PZT堆预加负荷。贝氏垫圈具有一定的柔韧性,以允许柱88及与柱88连接的刀头运动。位于下述致动器中的每个PZT堆也可以结合有用于预加负荷的贝氏垫圈,或者作为另外一种选择,结合有紧靠每个PZT堆安装的用于为PZT堆预加负荷的任何装置。
图4A-4D为示例性刀头座90的视图,如下文所述,该刀头座将被安装到PZT堆的柱88上,以接受致动器的控制。图4A为刀头座90的透视图。图4B为刀头座90的前视图。图4C为刀头座90的侧视图。图4D为刀头座90的俯视图。
如图4A-4D所示,刀头座90包括平坦的后表面92、楔形的前表面94和具有倾斜或楔形侧面的凸出表面98。孔96用于将刀头座90安装在PZT堆的柱上。楔形表面98用于安装加工工件的刀头。在这一示例性实施例中,刀头座90包括平坦表面,从而在安装到PZT堆上时,通过提供更大的接触表面积而增强其安装稳定性;并且该刀头座包括楔形的前表面,从而减轻其质量。利用粘合剂、硬钎焊、软钎焊、诸如螺栓之类的紧固件,或其它方法将刀头座90安装在PZT堆的柱88上。
例如根据具体实施例的要求,也可使用其它的刀头座构造。术语“刀头座”旨在包括用于保持加工工件的刀头的任何类型的结构。可以采用例如下列一种或多种材料制造刀头座90:烧结碳化物、氮化硅、碳化硅、钢或钛。优选将刚性和轻质材料用于刀头座90。
图5A-5D为示例性刀头100的视图,通过使用诸如粘合剂、硬钎焊、软钎焊或其它方式将所述刀固定到刀头座90的表面98上。图5A为刀头100的透视图。图5B为刀头100的前视图。图5C为刀头100的仰视图。图5D为刀头100的侧视图。如图5A-5D所示,刀头100包括侧面104、楔形或倾斜的前表面106,以及用于将刀头固定到刀头座90的表面98上的底面102。在致动器控制下,利用刀头100的前部105加工工件。可以利用例如金刚石块作为刀头90。
虚拟中心Y致动器
图6A-6G为示例性虚拟中心Y致动器110的视图。术语“虚拟中心Y致动器”指控制刀头围绕基本上平行于Y方向的轴线的旋转以加工工件的任何类型的致动器或其它装置。图6A为虚拟中心Y致动器110的透视图。图6B为虚拟中心Y致动器110的俯视图。图6C为虚拟中心Y致动器110的仰视图。图6D和6E为虚拟中心Y致动器110的侧视图。图6F为虚拟中心Y致动器110的后视图。图6G为虚拟中心Y致动器110的前视图。为了清楚起见,在图6C-6G中略去了虚拟中心Y致动器110的一些细节。
如图6A-6G所示,虚拟中心Y致动器110包括具有安装台132的主体112。通过紧固件134将PZT堆130固定在安装台132和板136之间。板136连接在刀头座128的底部,刀头连接在所述刀头座上,从而横向地安装在PZT堆130上。板136可以采用例如用于对PZT堆130预加负荷的一个或多个贝氏垫圈。PZT堆130可以采用图3示出的示例性PZT堆72。刀头座128及其上的刀头可以采用图4A-4D示出的刀头座和图5A-5D示出的刀头。
刀头座128固定在包括四个侧面120、122、124和126的柔性单元118上。侧面124用于保持刀头座128,可以使用例如紧固件或粘合剂将刀头座保持在侧面124上。侧面120被固定到主体112上。主体112还包括例如利用螺栓将主体安装到刀架36上的两对孔114和116,从而在计算机12控制下加工工件54。电连接138将信号传输到PZT堆130,以便对其进行控制。
图6B为虚拟中心Y致动器110的俯视图,示出了刀头的运动。柔性单元118包括挠曲部118a、118b、118c和118d。当PZT堆130沿箭头141所示的Z方向运动时,挠曲部使侧面122和126来回运动,这又通过侧面124使刀头发生如箭头140所示的旋转。根据由计算机12控制的PZT堆的运动,虚拟中心Y致动器能够围绕虚拟轴线作多种不同的运动。
如图6B所示,例如,可以通过使上述冷却液穿过孔137进入口131、133和135中的至少一个口,并从口131、133和135中的(未用作入口的)至少一个口流出,来控制位于安装台132上的主体112的温度。用于使冷却液流经主体112的孔137可以包括任何具体的形状或构造,并且也可以使用任何数量的入口和出口。
图7为概念性地示出可使用具有虚拟中心Y致动器的刀具系统制成的微结构的示意图。如图7所示,制品160包括顶面162和底面164。顶面162包括如线条166所示的微结构,并且这些微结构可以利用如下方法制成,即:使用上述致动器加工工件,然后使用该工件采用涂层技术制成薄膜或制品。
虽然已结合示例性实施例描述本发明,但应当理解,对本领域的技术人员来说,本发明的多种修改形式都是显而易见的,本专利申请旨在涵盖 上述实施例的任何修改或变化。例如,在不脱离本发明范围的前提下,刀架、致动器和刀头可以使用各种类型的材料和构造。本发明应当仅受限于权利要求书及其等同物。
Claims (10)
1.一种刀具组件,所述刀具组件包括:
刀架;
致动器,其被构造为连接到所述刀架上并与控制器电通信;以及
刀头,其接到所述致动器上并被安装成相对于待切削工件运动,其中,所述致动器对所述刀头围绕平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的轴线的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削所述工件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的刀具组件,其中所述致动器包括与所述刀头相连并且与所述控制器电连接的用于控制所述刀头的运动的压电堆。
3.根据权利要求2所述的刀具组件,还包括与所述压电堆相连的用于为所述压电堆预加负荷的一个或多个垫圈。
4.根据权利要求1所述的刀具组件,其中所述致动器包括用于控制所述刀头在平行于所述Y方向的平面内的旋转的放大器。
5.根据权利要求2所述的刀具组件,其中所述刀头与所述压电堆横向连接。
6.根据权利要求1所述的刀具组件,其中所述刀架被构造为使所述致动器在横向地沿着所述工件的Z方向上以基本恒定的速度运动。
7.根据权利要求1所述的刀具组件,其中所述致动器被构造为可拆卸地连接到所述刀架的柱上。
8.根据权利要求1所述的刀具组件,其中所述致动器包括传输流体的口,所述流体流经所述致动器以冷却所述致动器。
9.一种切削工件的方法,包括:
提供刀架;
提供致动器,所述制动器被构造为连接到所述刀架上并与控制器电通信;
将刀头安放在所述致动器中,以使所述刀头相对于待切削工件运动;以及
构造所述致动器,使所述致动器对所述刀头围绕平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的轴线的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削所述工件。
10.一种刀具组件,包括:
刀架,其能够沿待切削工件横向运动;
致动器,其被构造为连接到所述刀架上并与控制器电通信,所述致动器包括压电堆;以及
刀头,其连接到所述致动器内的所述压电堆上并且被安装成相对于所述待切削工件运动,其中,所述致动器对所述刀头围绕平行于横过所述工件的Y方向的轴线的旋转进行可变控制,以便有选择地切削所述工件,从而在所述工件中制作微结构。
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- 2006-11-08 WO PCT/US2006/043480 patent/WO2007058844A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-11-08 KR KR1020087014294A patent/KR101312233B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2006-11-08 AT AT06837151T patent/ATE511944T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-08 CN CN2006800421447A patent/CN101304840B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-08 EP EP06837151A patent/EP1948393B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-11-14 TW TW095142109A patent/TWI418429B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2007
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20080072914A (ko) | 2008-08-07 |
CN101304840A (zh) | 2008-11-12 |
EP1948393B1 (en) | 2011-06-08 |
TWI418429B (zh) | 2013-12-11 |
ATE511944T1 (de) | 2011-06-15 |
EP1948393A4 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
US7398715B2 (en) | 2008-07-15 |
KR101312233B1 (ko) | 2013-09-27 |
US7290471B2 (en) | 2007-11-06 |
EP1948393A1 (en) | 2008-07-30 |
WO2007058844A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
US20070107566A1 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
US20080016992A1 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
TW200726553A (en) | 2007-07-16 |
JP2009515723A (ja) | 2009-04-16 |
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