CN1012926B - 一种带通信号用的∑△变换器的方法和装置 - Google Patents
一种带通信号用的∑△变换器的方法和装置Info
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Abstract
该装置置于接收机前端和数字信号处理级之间,适用于可移动无线电设备;至少包含一个带通滤波器、一个n级电平量化器、一个n级电平数/模变换器和一个直流反馈网络。带通信号用的∑Δ变换器可由一个二阶或四阶的∑Δ变换器实施例构成,它对非零频载波或抑制载波的已调波信号实现模/数变换。具有改善的信噪比性能和最小的量化误差。因此。在接收机通路中的前部进行∑Δ变换,可获得约95~98分贝的动态范围。
Description
本案涉及两个US共同未决定的申请,第一个题目为“A11 DIGITAL RAD10 FREQUENCY RECEIVER”,第二个题目为“LOW POWER DIGITAL RECEIVER”,这两个共同未决定的专利申请都转让给了本发明的受让人,上述共同未决申请中的每一个所公布的装置和方法在这里都引作参考。
本发明涉及模/数变换器,具体涉及Σ△模/数变换器。
众所周知,当一般的模/数(或数/模)变换器的取样频率fs选为信号带宽fBW的大约二倍时,可将模拟信号变换成数字信号(或数字信号变换成模拟信号)。取样频率fs和信号带宽f之间的这个关系就是熟知的奈奎斯特定理。
在常规的过取样模/数变换器中,取样频率fs取得高于奈奎斯特定理所确定的信号带宽fBW的两倍的值,以减小变换误差,提高变换精度。因为,当被取样的模拟输入信号在常规的模/数变换级里量化成数字信号时,产生的变换误差(或量化误差)等于模拟输入电压与量化的数字输出分级电压间的差值。这种量化误差是个随机值,处于+Vq/2与-Vq/2间的幅度范围内,Vq是最小量化级电压。
结果,这种量化误差所产生的量化噪声的频谱均匀地分布在零赫
兹到fs/2(半取样频率)的频带内。然后,用滤波器滤除所需信号带宽之外的噪声功率。
熟知的Σ△变换器采用反馈方式使量化噪声形成高通特性。于是,在低频端环路增益最高,量化误差大部分被抑制。然而,由于总的均方根量化误差是常数,基本上由数/模变换的分级大小限定,所以,低频端量化噪声减小所获得的量化误差减小,将伴随着高频端量化噪声的增加。因此,在Σ△变换器后面通常接入数字滤波器,以衰减高频端不需要的量化噪声,即Σ△变换器内若干积分级截止频率之上的高频量化噪声。
此外,如果所需的变换精度超出单级积分、一阶Σ△变换器所给出的精度,则可接入第二积分级,形成二阶Σ△变换器,众所周知,这种Σ△模/数变换器能减小处于低通特性内的带内噪声功率:因此,当模拟输入信号工作在基带上时,这种变换器的工作性能最好,这里,基带信号规定为具有低通特性的信号。获得基带信号的方法很多,例如用各种已知的检波方法对射频信号进行下变频或解调。
Σ△模/数变换器的一个特别有益的应用是在现代通信系统的可移动无线电设备中应用。在这类应用中,将接收到的信号下变频为中心频率是0赫兹的中频信号,或者将信号(例如中频信号)进行检波而产生出载波信号抑制的基带信号(即处在0赫兹与上截止频率fc之间、带宽为fBW的信号),就可得到基带信号。这里,载波信号的定义广义上是指射频信号的中频信号的中心频率。
然而,当利用具有低通特性的常规的Σ△模/数变换器试图将一个基带模拟信号变换成数字信号时,有一些明显的缺点,即在0赫兹信号与Σ△模/数变换器的有源级内的直流补偿电压之间,在区别上存在固有的模糊性。另外,在零中频接收机的同相位和正交相位(即
I/Q)信道之间不可避免的串话会将不需要的带外信号混频到所需的通带内。另一个缺点是,由于闪变效应或1/f噪声,有源电路内出现的噪声总是在低频端较大。结果,最终的信噪比受到严重的限制,因而从给定的可移动无线电设备中可获得的动态范围受到严重限制。采用各种已知的措施来设法处理直流补偿分量产生的模糊性,I/Q串话和附加噪声,增加了电路的复杂性,且只能部分地克服这些缺点。
因此,需要改进和简化Σ△模/数变换器,以提供较大的动态范围,并避免在变换O赫兹处信号时出现的模糊性,避免不需要信号和附加噪声。这样,随后的信号处理可以按数字化来进行,包括所需的混频、滤波和解调功能。在无线电接收机等许多应用场合,需要比较快快速的、小量化误差的模/数变换时,都有上述的性能要求。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种Σ△变换器,它在将模拟信号变换成数字信号时能克服上述缺点,即改进了信噪比性能并具有最小的量化误差,同时可避免0赫信号的模糊性。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种上述类型的Σ△变换器,它工作在带通信号上,能将输入的非零频载波或抑制载波的已调波模拟信号变换成数字信号。
实施本发明时,有一个实施例是设理一种带通信号用的二阶Σ△变换器,它至少包括一个带通滤波器、一个n级电平量化器、一个n级电平模/数变换器和一个直流反馈网络,适用于可移动无线电设备。在另一个实施例中,公布了一种带通信号用的四阶Σ△变换器,其中包括一个带有放大器的二阶单极点带通滤波器。上述两种实施例都可对非零频载波或抑制载波的带通信号进行模/数变换,具有改善的信噪比性能和最小的量化误差。因此,在无线电接收机通路中的前部进
行Σ△变换,可获得约95~98分贝的动态范围。
参考附图,其中,相同的编号表示相同的部件。在这些图中:
图1是无线电接收机的一个简化方框图,它具有一个接收前端和一个按照本发明用于带通信号的Σ△变换器实施例。
图2是图1中的Σ△变换器的详细示意图。
图3是图2中Σ△变换器在非零频载波附近的奈奎斯特带宽的典型频谱图。
现在来讨论这些附图。图1示出一个无线电接收机前端和一个Σ△变换器,它们的结构和布置用来接收模拟输入信号并将它变换成数字输出信号。如图中所示,无线电接收机包括天线102,预选级104、前端106和输出线110,前端106由混频器107、本地振荡器108和中频混波器109组成。
随后是按照本发明用于带通信号的Σ△变换器112的简化方框图。它包括一个第一加法级114,其输出连接到一个单极点带通滤波器116。该滤波器是二阶的,其根据频率等于经由输出线110来的前端106输出的中频频率。虽然利用的振铃频率略不同于谐振频率,但由于Σ△变换过程的取样特性,对于中心频率而言这两个术语可互换使用。
带通滤波器116的输出连接到一个约有40分贝中频增益的中频放大器118。中频放大器118的输出连接到另一个单极点带通滤波器120,它是二阶的,其振铃频率等于中频频率。滤波器120还包含有后面要叙述的双零点的相位补偿。带通滤波器120的输出连接到第二加法级32,加法级的输出又连接到n级电平量化器122的输入端。如图所示,在节点124处输出数字信号,提供给一个合适的数字处理电路(图中未画出)。n级电平量化器122的输出又
通过信号线126连接到n级电平数/模变换器128的输入端。数/模变换器128的输出通过信号线130连接到第一加法级114的相减输入端。
本发明的Σ△变换器内也可包含一个带阻式高频颤动振荡器134,其输出连接到第二加法级132。本技术领域的专业人员都知道,采用高频颤动技术可使量化误差随机化、平滑了量化误差的频谱。
Σ△变换器内还包括一个直流反馈网络136,以使直流补偿电压减至最小。反馈网络136有一个馈以数/模变换器128输出信号的输入端137和一个向第二加法级132的相减输入端馈送信号的输出端138。如图所示,直流反馈网络的输入端137连接到第一积分器140和放大级142。积分器140和恒定增益放大器142的输出都连接到加法级144,加法级的输出馈至第二积分器146的输入端。
图1方框图中Σ△变换器112可称为是四阶的,因为它包含有两个带通滤波器116和120,而每个滤波器是二阶的。构成二阶Σ△变换器时可去掉第二个带通滤波器120,将中频放大器118的输出直接连接到加法级132。此外,虽然一般示出的方框图为单端部件组成的形式,即相对于公共地而言部件使用单根信号线,但优选的实施例是采用如图2所示相对于公共地或机壳地有两根差分信号线的部件构成的,以使有较好的抗干扰性能。当量化器122和数/模变换器128为二电平(1比特)时,由这种差分信号实施例提供出的对称性具有额外的、重大的优点。在这种情况下,只要通过变换器时两个电平给出大小相等但相位相反的信号响应,则信噪比不会降低。在单端的实施例中,信号不相等的上升和下降时间会使一个电平
高于另一个电平,从而降低性能。虽可使上升和下降时间极快速来使性能下降减至最小,但这会大大增加功率需求。在完善的差分装置中,上升和下降时间即使不相同时,只要差分电路每边的特性相同,则性能不会下降。因此,功率需求可大为减小。
图2是图1中四阶Σ△变换器112的更详细示意图,编号为200。它有中频信号输入端110和差分信号线为124A和124B的二电平数字输出端124。第一加法级114由接点114A和114B代表。加法级114后面是以虚线框出的带通滤波器116。它包括一个设定带宽的阻尼电阻202、一个电感204和两个电容206和208,它们提供出衰减的正弦脉冲响应,其振铃频率等于中频频率。
带通滤波器116的后面是中频放大器118,它包含有差分的输入端和输出端。放大器118的两输出端产生出与其两输入端的电压差成比例的电流。放大器118的输出馈给第二带通滤波器120,它包含有相互並连的电感212、串接的电容214和216及电阻210,它们与滤波器116一样,提供出等于中频频率的振铃频率。本技术领域的专业人员知道,用熟知的陶瓷滤波器或其它压电器件可代替带通滤波器116和120内的LC谐振回路。另外,电感204和212可以用旋转器之类的有源电路来代替。
滤波器120还经由电阻218和219包含有双零点相位补偿,以使这个四阶Σ△变换器对低于或高于谐振频率的信号提供足够的相位位裕度。这种双零点相位补偿提供出一种网络,它对于频率在“零信号空载图”频率之下、总环路的相位超前或相位滞后小于180度的运用能确保工作稳定。四阶带通Σ△变换器在无信号或无高频颤动工作期间,这四阶系统的空载图的组成如下:
……11001100……。滤波器120后面是加法级132,它由求和放大器220及连接于接点132A和132B的电阻221A和221B组成,求和放大器220在其两输出端产生出与两输入端间的电压差成比例的差分电流。
n级电平量化器122是一个二电平模/数变换器,它包含一个驱动主从(M-S)型D触发器的闩锁比较器222,并由通过输入线226来的时钟振荡器(未画出)给出的时钟信号驱动。这时钟信号可由微控制器时钟振荡器之类的振荡源来提供,它决定了整个Σ△变换器的取样速率。在这个四阶型实施例中,取样频率选为14.4兆赫,它是中频频率(450千赫)的32倍。图中的时间延迟228用以保证闩锁比较器222的输出在传输到触发器224之前达到其满幅值。延迟太短时,会由于电平不足而引入误差;延迟太长时,会产生额外的相移而导致环路不稳定。这个二电平模/数变换器122的输出经由信号线124A和124B以差分形式提供出1比特(二电平)的数字输出,并返送到二电平数/模变换器128。该变换器有一个电流为I的恒流源,它驱动由1比特数字输出信号控制的模拟开关232。所产生的输出通过信号线130A和130B送回到第一加法级114的接点114A和114B,形成反馈环路。
Σ△变换器200内还有直流反馈网络136′和另一个二电平数/模变换器128′。该变换器有它自己的电流为2I2的恒流源234、模拟开关236和电流为I2的恒流源238。直流反馈网络136′还包含有跨接在加法级144的接点144A和144B上的电容器239,它上面形成的电压馈送到放大器146的压控输入端。该放大器的电流输出经信号线138A和138B驱动第二加法级132的接点132A和132B。因此,显然可见,直流反馈
网络136′相当于图1中直流反馈网络136的简化型,它省略了第一积分器140和放大器142。
图3示出的频谱图表明图2中装置的性能。频谱图示明了在带通滤波器的响应通带内噪声302的抑制特性,特别是中心频率或载波频率304附近的抑制特性。其适应条件是四阶Σ△变换器中采用第一个和第二个两极点带通滤波器后的带通信号,且取样频率等于滤波器振铃频率(或中心频率)的16倍。这两个带通滤波器的品质因数Q都等于40,滤波器120的基本带阻特性根据双零点相位补偿设定为0.01或-40分贝。(0分贝对应于1比特输出端124上的最大信号电平,它在图3中垂直刻度的上方)。可以看出,对于带外信号,平均噪声电平302在垂直轴上约为-40分贝:而对于非常近于Σ△变换器通带中心频率304的信号,其信噪比有了改善,动态范围可达到大约95~98分贝。虽然这种频谱是根据50赫的中心频率得出的,但图2的电路也可很好地工作在约450千赫的中频频率上或更高的中频频率上。
由图3的频谱图得知,按照本发明用于带通信号的Σ△变换器在中频通带频率上能提供出改善的性能,而其它已知的变换器仅在基带信号上能满意地工作。也就是,在所需的中频通带上,与工作在相同取样频率上的通常的Σ△变换器相比,本方法和装置给出的性能要好82分贝;这里,取样频率比基带信号所要求的取样频率高得多。中频道带频率较低时,虽然通常的变换器性能降低得较少,但镜频和其它已知的寄生响应阻碍了应用此方法来达到性能的任何重大改进。
按照本发明,馈给Σ△变换器信号线226的时钟输入信号所需的最小取样频率至少是已公布的四阶系统中频频率的四倍,以使空载图的频率可从通带中移开。在上面的例子中,实际的取样频率至少应
是这类最小取样频率的两倍,以使滤波要求简单,并改善Σ△变换器装置的稳定性。而对于仅仅有单极点的带通滤波器的较简单的二阶系统,其最小取样频率必须大于或等于射频频率的两倍,以使此种二阶系统的空载图(即……101010……)可从通带中移开。此外,本领域的技术人员显然知道,由于目前没有理想的量化器或n级电平模/数变换器122可供应用,所以需要有中频放大器118。图1中实际的二电平量化器122在给定的取样频率上其线性区域内的增益有限制,因而此器件的噪声指数较差。于是,为了给出低噪声的接收增益,以改善总噪声指数,并为了减小二电平量化器122内有限的增益引起的量化误差,需要有图1中所示的中频放大器118。
因此,上述每种电路布置都能克服已知技术的局限性,也即这些实施例为带通信号提供出一种Σ△变换器,它能大大降低噪声,尤其在所需的中频频率上。所以,这些实施例可使给噪比的降低减至最小,并使量化误差最小,同时可以简化带通信号的Σ△模/数变换,且没有常规的零中频装置里常见的直流补偿问题。
虽然本发明的电路布置充分表明了许多预期的优点,但应理解到,本技术领域的专业人员可做出各种改变或变型,这并不偏离开本发明的范畴。
Claims (21)
1、一种将非零频载波或抑制载波的模拟信号已调波变换成数字信号的装置,它具有改进的信噪比性能,该装置特征在于包括:
(a)带通滤波装置,它有一个与第一加法级相连接的输入端,一个与第二加法级正输入端相连接的输出端;为了将模拟信号在送到第二加法级之前进行滤波,滤波器具有衰减的正弦脉冲响应特性;
(b)n级电平量化装置,它有一个与上述第二加法级相连接的输入端,通过过取样将模拟信号变换成数字信号,在其输出端提供出一个有多级电平(n级电平)的数字信号;
(c)n级电平的数/模变换装置,它有一个与上述量化装置的输出端相连接的输入端,一个馈送到上述第一加法级的输出端,它将上述n级电平的数字信号变换回模拟信号,提供一个负反馈信号到第一加法级,用以改进信噪比性能;
(d)直流反馈装置,它有一个与上述数/模变换装置输出端相连接的输入端,一个与上述第二加法级负输入端相连接的输出端,它反馈回一个直流电压以使装置内的直流补偿电压减至最小。
2、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的带通滤波装置还包含有用于放大所通过信号的放大装置。
3、根据权利要求2提出的装置,其中的放大装置包含有一个具有约40分贝增益的运算放大器。
4、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的带通滤波装置至少包含一个其振铃频率基本上等于非零载频的单极点带通滤波器。
5、根据权利要求4提出的装置,其中的单极点带通滤波器至少包含一个由电阻、电感、电容(R-L-C)并联组成的谐振回路,
6、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的带通滤波装置包含第一和第二两个单极点带通滤波器,第二带通滤波器有一个双零点相位补偿网络,用以保证环路稳定。
7、根据权利要求6提出的装置,其中的第一和第二带通滤波器都包含有R-L-C并联谐振回路,且第二带通滤波器包含有两个附加电阻以提供出双零点相位补偿。
8、根据权利要求4提出的装置,其中的带通滤波器包含一个陶瓷带通滤波器。
9、根据权利要求4提出的装置,其中的带通滤波器包含一个压电带通滤波器。
10、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的直流反馈装置至少包含一个积分器和一个加法级,使装置内直流补偿电压的任何影响减至最小,以进一步减小量化误差。
11、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的n级电平量化装置包含有一个n=2的模/数变换器。
12、根据权利要求11提出的装置,其中的n=2模/数变换器包含一个闩锁比较器,它连接到一个主从(M-S)触发器,闩锁比较器由一个时钟信号驱动,主从触发器由一个经过延迟级的时钟信号驱动。
13、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的数/模变换装置包含一个n=2的数/模变换器。
14、根据权利要求13提出的装置,其中的n=2数/模变换器包含有一个模拟开关和一个受控电流源,受控电流源给出恒定电流。
15、根据权利要求1提出的装置,它还包含一个馈送到第二加法级的高频颤动振荡器,一个中心在非零载频上的带阻滤波器,使非零载频上有低噪声的输出,而高频颤动振荡器用来使量化误差随机化,平滑了量化误差的有关频谱。
16、根据权利要求1提出的装置,其中的带通滤波装置、n级电平量化装置、n级电平数/模变换装置和直流反馈装置的电路构成都做成双端差分形式,以进一步提高抗干扰能力和大大减小功率需求。
17、一种将非零频率载波的模拟信号已调波变换成数字信号的方法,它具有改善的信噪比性能,该方法的特征在于包括以下步骤:
(a)将第一加法级来的模拟信号进行带通滤波,提供出一个已滤波的信号给第二加法级;
(b)通过过取样将已滤波的模拟信号进行量化,在输出端提供出一个有多级电平(n级电平)的数字信号;
(c)将h级电平数字信号变换回模拟信号,向第一加法级提供一个负反馈信号,以给出改善的信噪比性能;
(d)将步骤(c)中产生的直流电压反馈到上述第二加法级的负输入端,使装置内产生的直流补偿电压减至最小,该方法改进了信噪比性能,可获得约95~98分贝的动态范围。
18、根据权利要求17提出的装置,其中步骤(a)中还包含有将通过的非零频载波进行放大的措施。
19、根据权利要求17提出的方法,其中步骤(a)中还包含有在将已滤波模拟信号加到第二加法级之前对它施加高频颤动信号的措施,而高频颤动信号具有其中心处在非零载频上的带阻特性。
20、根据权利要求17提出的方法,其中步骤(b)和(c)分别将模拟信号变换成二电平(n=2)数字信号以及将二电平(n=2)数字信号变换回模拟信号。
21、根据权利要求20提出的方法,在进行二电平的模/数和数/模变换时,该方法还包含有减小所出现的直流补偿电压的措施。
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-
1988
- 1988-01-28 US US07/149,350 patent/US4857928A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-12-08 CA CA000585306A patent/CA1292519C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-01-17 EP EP89902567A patent/EP0398981B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 JP JP1502381A patent/JP2600409B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 BR BR898907177A patent/BR8907177A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-17 KR KR1019890701756A patent/KR920010219B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-17 WO PCT/US1989/000186 patent/WO1989007368A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1989-01-17 DE DE68915746T patent/DE68915746T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 AT AT89902567T patent/ATE106640T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-27 CN CN89100462A patent/CN1012926B/zh not_active Expired
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1997
- 1997-06-26 HK HK113397A patent/HK113397A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
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CN100393903C (zh) * | 2005-08-26 | 2008-06-11 | 首钢总公司 | 一种强韧性低合金结构钢的生产方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK113397A (en) | 1997-08-29 |
JPH03503232A (ja) | 1991-07-18 |
DE68915746T2 (de) | 1994-12-22 |
US4857928A (en) | 1989-08-15 |
CA1292519C (en) | 1991-11-26 |
WO1989007368A1 (en) | 1989-08-10 |
JP2600409B2 (ja) | 1997-04-16 |
ATE106640T1 (de) | 1994-06-15 |
EP0398981B1 (en) | 1994-06-01 |
EP0398981A4 (en) | 1991-05-15 |
CN1035923A (zh) | 1989-09-27 |
KR920010219B1 (ko) | 1992-11-21 |
KR900701099A (ko) | 1990-08-17 |
EP0398981A1 (en) | 1990-11-28 |
DE68915746D1 (de) | 1994-07-07 |
BR8907177A (pt) | 1991-02-26 |
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