CN101268217A - 用于产生、转换和储存能量的方法和系统 - Google Patents
用于产生、转换和储存能量的方法和系统 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 231
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- JYYOBHFYCIDXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC(O)=O JYYOBHFYCIDXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- RKGLVBDJPJBDOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ce+3].[O-2].[Gd+3] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ce+3].[O-2].[Gd+3] RKGLVBDJPJBDOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Gd+3].[Gd+3] CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种转换与储存能量的方法和系统。使用例如风力或太阳能形式的能量,以在电化学电池中将二氧化碳转换成甲醇。甲醇随后可用于在燃料电池中产生电。
Description
技术领域
总体来说,本发明涉及一种产生和储存能量的方法和系统,所述能量为例如由风力发电装置产生的能量。
背景技术
为了减少对化石燃料如油的依赖性,希望发现更加有效使用可再生能源的方式。一种可再生的能源是风力。然而,风力具有如下相关问题,风是不可预知的并且在最需要它的时候,它并不总是可用的。为了在无可用风时向这类场合提供保障,必需选择使用依靠化石燃料或核能的发电装置。因此,就设备容量而言,使用风力难以替代其它能源。本发明的目的是提供一种转换并储存能量的方法,以便能够更加有效地使用例如来自风力发电装置的能量。此前已经在例如WO0025380中提出了二氧化碳可以转换成氢气,所述氢气可随后转变成储能化合物如甲醇。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种产生、转换和储存能量的方法。本发明的方法包括如下步骤,在发电装置(例如风力发电装置)中产生电能,使用电能在燃料电池/电化学电池中将二氧化碳和水转换成甲醇,将甲醇储存在罐中并在其后的场合下在燃料电池中将储存的甲醇转换成电能。因为二氧化碳在电化学电池中转换成甲醇,可以避免进一步处理。
该方法包括使用至少一个电化学电池。优选使用多个电化学电池。优选使用相同的电化学电池以产生甲醇和将甲醇转换成电能。应当理解,本发明使用的电化学电池能够很好地用作燃料电池并产生电。
根据一个实施方式,监测电的市场价格随时间的波动,并且使用给定时刻下的市场价格决定该方法应该用于产生甲醇还是用于将储存的甲醇转换成电能。
根据一个实施方式,该至少一个电化学电池或燃料电池是液体供料燃料电池(直接甲醇燃料电池)。目前使用的液体供料燃料电池通常在100℃以下工作。在该实施方式中,该至少一个电化学电池可以包括由聚合物隔膜分隔的阳极和阴极。优选阳极由银和铂涂覆且优选阴极由铂涂覆。
根据一个实施方式,当甲醇转换成电能时所产生的二氧化碳储存在二氧化碳罐中。
在另一个实施方式中,该至少一个电化学电池是固体氧化物燃料电池。目前,这种电池在较高温度下工作,650℃可以被看作是该情形下的一种典型温度。然而,研究趋向于使用较低温度。
甲醇向电能的转换可以包括将甲醇转换成氢气并随后在氢气用于产生电能的过程中将氢气供给该电化学电池。具体地说,在使用固体氧化物燃料电池时可以获得这种情形。
本发明还涉及一种产生、转换和储存能量的系统。该系统包括发电装置如风力发电装置和至少一个连接到发电装置的电化学电池,使得所述电化学电池能够接收发电装置的电能并将电能转换成甲醇。该系统还包括连接到电化学电池的储罐,使得由电化学电池产生的甲醇可以邻近电化学电池储存并且该甲醇可以用于在该至少一个电化学电池中产生电能。然后,该电化学电池将用作产生电的燃料电池。
该至少一个电化学电池可以是直接甲醇燃料电池,其包括由聚合物隔膜分隔的阳极和阴极,阳极由银和铂涂覆且阴极由铂涂覆。该系统的至少一个电化学电池也可以是固体氧化物燃料电池。
根据一个实施方式,该系统可以任选地具有适于接收和储存二氧化碳的另外的单独储罐。
在一个有利的实施方式中,该系统可以包括这样的装置,该装置用于监测预定变量并根据预定变量的检测值决定该系统应该用于产生电能还是用于产生甲醇。
附图说明
图1示意性地显示了产生和储存能量的系统。
图2是使用直接甲醇燃料电池以通过使用甲醇作为燃料产生电能的过程图示。
图3是在直接甲醇燃料电池中使用电能以将水和二氧化碳转换成甲醇的过程图示。
图4是使用固体氧化物燃料电池以通过使用甲醇作为燃料产生电能的过程图示。
图5是在固体氧化物燃料电池中使用电能以将水和二氧化碳转换成甲醇的过程图示。
具体实施方式
首先参考图1解释本发明。在图1中,标号10用于表示发电装置,其在图1中显示为风力发电装置。电化学电池1连接到发电装置10上。当风力发电装置10工作时,产生电能。电能可以供给电化学电池1并用于其中二氧化碳和水用于产生甲醇的过程中。甲醇表示可储存在罐11中的能量并在其后用于在电化学电池1中产生电能。然后,电化学电池1将作为燃料电池1工作。任选地,单独的燃料电池可用于将甲醇转换成电能。用于本发明的电化学电池1可以包括或由许多燃料电池单元(例如许多串联的燃料电池单元)形成。
在图1中,仅仅显示了一个电化学电池1。然而,应当理解,可以使用多个电化学电池1。优选使用相同的电化学电池1以产生甲醇以及将甲醇转换成电能。然而,可以设想其中一个电池(或许多电池)用于产生甲醇而另一个电池(或许多电池)用于产生电能的实施方式。
当风吹动并产生比此刻所需更多的电能时,过剩的电能可用于制造甲醇。当没有风时,罐11中的甲醇可用于在燃料电池1中产生电能。实行本发明方法的一种有利方式还可以是监测电的市场价格随时间的波动。从而,在给定时刻下的市场价格能用于决定该方法应该用于产生甲醇或用于将所储存的甲醇转换成电能。当电力便宜时,该过程用于制造甲醇。这一点也可以在没有风的期间实行。因而,可以从外部来源购买电能并将其转换成甲醇,所述甲醇在用电需求高时能转换成电能并且可以以好价格将电卖出。
现在将参考图2解释本发明的一个实施方式。图2显示了使用甲醇产生电能。电化学电池1或燃料电池1是直接甲醇燃料电池1,其中起电解质作用的隔膜4把阳极2和阴极3分开。隔膜4优选为聚合物隔膜。阳极2优选由银和铂涂覆并且阴极3优选由铂涂覆。除了由银和铂涂覆,阳极2和阴极3可以仅仅包含这些元素。例如,阳极和/或阴极可以包括其中加入了催化剂的多孔材料。在图2的过程中,甲醇和水(CH3OH+H2O)通过开口8引入到阳极侧。该过程在电路5中产生电流并且二氧化碳(CO2)通过开口9离开阳极。在阴极侧,水(H2O)通过开口7离开电池,而开口6处的箭头表示O2或空气中的O2。
优选在反向时也使用相同的电化学电池1。该情形显示在图3中,其中电能通过电路5供给燃料电池1(电化学电池1)。在根据图3的过程中,甲醇和水(CH3OH+H2O)是该过程的产物,其显示为通过开口8离开燃料电池。
图2和3显示的过程通常在低于100℃的温度下工作。在此温度下,电解质可以由聚合物材料制成。发明人相信,当该过程在此温度下工作时,该过程根据图2运行和根据图3运行时,使用银和铂涂覆阳极将改善该过程的效率。图2和图3的过程可以在例如70℃-80℃的温度下和例如1-2巴的压力(过压)(即从大气压至1巴的过压)下工作。该过程也可以在大气压或从大气压至1巴的过压下工作。当电化学电池1用于产生甲醇时,银镀层具有有利的效果。当产生电流时,铂镀层起催化剂的作用。如果该过程发生在低温度(低于100℃)和低压力(例如1-2巴的过压)下,使用的设备不需要很坚固并且使用的材料可以是相对便宜制造的。
在电化学电池1中,二氧化碳向甲醇的转换可以包括许多中间步骤,其中二氧化碳首先转换成甲酸,甲酸转变成甲醛和甲醛转变成甲醇。然而,整个转化过程可以在电化学电池1中进行。任选地,其中进行该过程的电化学电池1可以由燃料电池单元形成,所述燃料电池单元包括许多串联的电池。在这种燃料电池单元中,最优化地,第一个电池可以使二氧化碳转换成甲酸,最优化地,第二个(随后的)电池可以使甲酸转换成甲醛,和最优化地,第三个电池可以使甲醛转换成甲醇。这种燃料电池单元可以按照本发明所有人持有的瑞典专利申请号0601350-2中公开的方式设计。
当甲醇转换成电能时所产生的二氧化碳可有利地储存在二氧化碳罐20中。然后,当希望再次产生甲醇时,可以使用储存的二氧化碳。为了产生甲醇,可以将二氧化碳从罐20释放到电化学电池中。
现在将参考图4,其中显示了另一个实施方式。在图4的实施方式中,电化学电池1是固体氧化物燃料电池,其具有由电解质4分隔的阳极2和阴极3。希望在300℃或以上的温度下使用该电池。工作温度可以为400℃-700℃,但本发明人认为如果能够使该电池在低于400℃的温度下工作,则是有利的。在几百度的温度下,足以认为阳极2和阴极3完全是导电的。在图4显示的过程中,甲醇(CH3OH)通过开口8加入到阳极侧,而具有氧气的空气或O2通过端口6供给。过量的空气和O2通过端口7排出。可能地,甲醇在供给燃料电池之前首先转换成氢气(H2)。该过程在电路5中产生电能。H2O或者2H2O+CO2通过开口9离开燃料电池。在根据图4的过程中,电解质或隔膜4可以是作为阴离子导体的陶瓷隔膜。例如,氧化钇稳定化的ZrO2或二氧化铈-氧化钆为可能的材料。
图5是与图4相同的电化学电池的图示。然而,在图5中,该过程以反向运行。因此,电能供给现在作为燃料电池1的电化学电池1。电能通过电路5供给并且甲醇(CH3OH)是该过程的产物。在阴极侧,空气通过开口6进入并且过量空气和O2通过开口7离开电化学电池1以及二氧化碳和水(CO2+2H2O)通过开口9供给电化学电池。
该系统可以任选地具有适于接收并储存二氧化碳的另外的单独储罐。这带来以下优点,当需要时可以容易地获得产生甲醇所需的二氧化碳。此外,可以减少二氧化碳向环境大气的排放。
在一个实施方式中,系统包括这样的装置,该装置用于监测预定变量并根据预定变量的检测值决定系统是用于产生电能还是用于产生甲醇。预定变量可以是电能价格。随时间的价格波动反映出需要电能的不平衡性和电能的可用性。因此,可以利用与价格有关的信息以更加有效地利用能量,尤其是这种源自于风力发电装置的能量。监测预定变量的装置可以是连接到因特网信息源并用于控制电化学电池运行的计算机。预定变量当然还可以是除电价以外的其它事物。例如,它可以是电网频率的不平衡。当检测到不平衡时,产生出平衡电网所需的电量。变量还可以是时间。在许多地方,夜间需要较少的电能。因此可以在预计需要较少电的期间安排该过程以储存能量。所述的变量还可以是例如风力的可用性。这可以依据风速测量。
如上所述的方法和系统能够将二氧化碳转换成甲醇,而不需要任何形成氢气的中间步骤。如果除去了形成氢气的中间步骤,可以使该过程更加简单以及可以省去将氢气转换成甲醇所需的设备,这节约了成本。根据本发明的方法,其中甲醇直接在电化学电池中产生,因此其具有成本效率。
Claims (13)
1.一种产生、转换和储存能量的方法,该方法包括下列步骤:
a)在发电装置(10)如风力发电装置(10)中产生电能;
b)使用该电能在电化学电池(1)中将二氧化碳和水转换成甲醇;
c)将该甲醇储存在罐(11)中;和
d)在其后的场合下,在电化学电池(1)中将所储存的甲醇转换成电能。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中使用多个电化学电池(1),且这些电化学电池(1)既用于产生甲醇又用于将甲醇转换成电能。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中监测电的市场价格随时间的波动,并且使用给定时刻下的市场价格以决定该方法应该用于产生甲醇还是用于将所储存的甲醇转换成电能。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中使用至少一个电化学电池(1),并且该至少一个电化学电池(1)既用于产生甲醇又用于将甲醇转换成电能,其中该电化学电池是液体供料燃料电池(1)(直接甲醇燃料电池)。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中该至少一个电化学电池(1)包括由聚合物隔膜(4)分隔的阳极(2)和阴极(3),该阳极(2)由银和铂涂覆且该阴极(3)由铂涂覆。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中当甲醇转换成电能时所产生的二氧化碳储存在二氧化碳罐中。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中使用至少一个燃料电池(1),并且该至少一个电化学电池既用于产生甲醇又用于将甲醇转换成电能,其中该电化学电池(1)是固体氧化物燃料电池(1)。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中甲醇向电能的转换包括将甲醇转换成氢气并随后在氢气用于产生电能的过程中将该氢气供给该电化学电池(1)。
9.一种产生和储存能量的系统,该系统包括:
a)发电装置(10),如风力发电装置(10);
b)至少一个连接到该发电装置(10)的电化学电池(1),使得所述电化学电池(1)能够从该发电装置(10)接收电能并把该电能转换成甲醇;和
c)连接到该电化学电池的储罐(11),使得由该电化学电池(1)产生的甲醇能够邻近该电化学电池(1)储存并且该甲醇能够用于在该至少一个电化学电池(1)中产生电能。
10.权利要求9的系统,其中该至少一个电化学电池(1)是直接甲醇燃料电池,该直接甲醇燃料电池包括由聚合物隔膜(4)分隔的阳极(2)和阴极(3),该阳极(2)由银和铂涂覆且该阴极(3)由铂涂覆。
11.权利要求9的系统,其中该系统进一步具有适于接收和储存二氧化碳的另外的单独储罐。
12.权利要求9的系统,其中该系统包括这样的装置,该装置用于监测预定变量并且根据该预定变量的检测值决定该系统应该用于产生电能还是用于产生甲醇。
13.权利要求9的系统,其中该至少一个电化学电池(1)是固体氧化物燃料电池。
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CN103160849A (zh) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-19 | 清华大学 | 二氧化碳电化学还原转化利用的方法 |
CN103503215A (zh) * | 2011-04-11 | 2014-01-08 | 安特西有限公司 | 自给式太阳供能的能量供应和储存系统 |
CN108140862A (zh) * | 2015-07-08 | 2018-06-08 | 阿戈拉能量技术有限公司 | 具有基于二氧化碳的氧化还原对的氧化还原液流电池 |
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WO2011149554A1 (en) * | 2010-05-26 | 2011-12-01 | Donald Bennett Hilliard | Solar concentrator and associated energy conversion apparatus |
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CN103160849A (zh) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-19 | 清华大学 | 二氧化碳电化学还原转化利用的方法 |
CN103160849B (zh) * | 2011-12-12 | 2016-06-08 | 清华大学 | 二氧化碳电化学还原转化利用的方法 |
CN108140862A (zh) * | 2015-07-08 | 2018-06-08 | 阿戈拉能量技术有限公司 | 具有基于二氧化碳的氧化还原对的氧化还原液流电池 |
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US20080254326A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
JP2009512157A (ja) | 2009-03-19 |
SE0502295L (sv) | 2007-04-15 |
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