CN101266993A - 图像传感器及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种图像传感器及其制造方法。所述图像传感器可包括包含电路区域的半导体衬底、在所述半导体衬底上的包括金属互连的层间电介质、在所述金属互连上的下电极、和在所述下电极上的光接收部。所述光接收部可以是形成为具有凸形的PIN二极管。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及图像传感器及其制造方法。
背景技术
通常,图像传感器是将光学图像转换为电信号的半导体器件。图像传感器主要分类为电荷耦合器件(CCD)图像传感器或互补金属氧化物硅(CMOS)图像传感器(CIS)。
CIS包括在单元像素中的光电二极管和MOS晶体管。CIS以切换方式依次检测每个单元像素的电信号,以实现图像。
光电二极管区域将光信号转换为电信号,晶体管处理该电信号。一般地,在CIS中,光电二极管和晶体管水平地布置在半导体衬底上。
根据水平型CMOS图像传感器,光电二极管和晶体管在半导体衬底上水平地彼此邻近。因此,需要在每个像素区域内的附加区域,用于形成光电二极管。
发明内容
本发明的实施方案涉及提供晶体管电路和光电二极管的垂直集成的图像传感器,以及制造所述图像传感器的方法。
在一个实施方案中,图像传感器包括:包括电路区域的半导体衬底;在半导体衬底上的包括金属互连的层间电介质;在金属互连上的下电极;和在下电极上的光接收部。所述金属互连可具有凸起的凸形部分;下电极和光接收部的形状可遵循(follow)金属互连的凸起部分的凸形。
根据一个实施方案制造图像传感器的方法包括:在包括电路区域的半导体衬底上形成包括金属互连的层间电介质;和在所述金属互连上形成具有凸形的光接收部。
一个或多个实施方案的细节阐述在以下的附图和详细说明中。其它的特征将会从说明书和附图以及权利要求中显而易见。
附图说明
图1~7是说明根据一个实施方案制造图像传感器的工艺的横截面图。
具体实施方式
现在将详细说明本公开内容的实施方案,其实例在附图中举例说明。
图7是说明根据一个实施方案的图像传感器的横截面图。
参考图7,根据一个实施方案的图像传感器包括下部互连结构20,该下部互连结构20包括布置在具有电路区域(未显示)的半导体衬底10上的多个下部互连23。
包括金属互连35的层间电介质30可以布置在下部互连结构20上。
在一个实施方案中,金属互连35可由铜(Cu)形成。例如,可以通过电镀工艺形成金属互连35。金属互连35可形成为具有凸半球形形状,使得其从层间电介质30的上部突出。在另一个实施方案中,可以由金属材料如钨(W)形成金属互连35。
下电极45可以布置在金属互连35上。
下电极45可以覆盖金属互连35的周边区使得不暴露出金属互连35。下电极45也可以形成为凸半球形形状。在一些实施方案中,下电极45可以由Cr、Ti、TiW、或Ta形成。下电极45可具有约50~约5000的厚度。
光接收部100可形成在下电极45和层间电介质30上。光接收部100可包括第一导电层55(例如n-型非晶硅层)、本征层60(例如本征非晶硅层)、和第二导电层70(例如p-型非晶硅层)。
第一导电层55可以以凸半球形形状仅仅布置在下电极45上。第一导电层55可分隔图像像素区,这是因为第一导电层55仅布置在金属互连35和下电极45上。因此,通过仅提供在下电极45上的第一导电层55将光接收部分隔成各个单元像素,可以减少串扰和噪声。在一个实施方案中,通过将n-型杂质注入硅层或通过约50~约5000厚度的沉积工艺可形成第一导电层55。
本征层60和第二导电层70位于从层间电介质30凸出地凸起的第一导电层55上。因此,本征层60和第二导电层70可以以凸半球形形状布置在第一导电层55上。
因此,PIN二极管形式的光接收部100可以以凸形布置在金属互连35上,这样可以改善透光率和光聚焦率。
在一个实施方案中,能选择性地透射光的滤色器阵列90可布置在透明电极层80上。
在每个图像像素中,透明电极层80和滤色器阵列90可布置在具有凸半球形形状的接收部100上。因此,在对应于单元像素的部分处,透明电极层80和滤色器阵列90也形成为凸半球形形状,从而改善从外部入射的光的聚焦率。
以下,将参考图1~7描述根据一个实施方案的图像传感器。
参考图1,可在半导体衬底10上形成包括电路区域(未显示)和多个互连层的下部互连结构20。
在形成下部互连结构之前,可以在限定有源区和场区的半导体衬底10上形成器件分隔(或隔离)层(未显示)。可以在半导体衬底10上形成晶体管结构(未显示),以形成单元像素。在一个实施方案中,晶体管结构可包括转移晶体管、重置晶体管、激励晶体管(driver transistor)、和选择晶体管。晶体管结构连接到形成在晶体管结构上的光接收部100,以将从外部入射的光转换为电信号。
包括下部互连23的下部互连结构20可形成在半导体衬底10上。下部互连结构20可以为多层,以将电源线或信号线连接到电路区域。例如,可以使用绝缘层和导电层的组合来形成下部互连结构20。可使用铝、铜、钴或钨形成包括下部互连23的导电层。形成在下部互连23之间的下部互连结构可以由例如氧化物层或氮化物层形成。
层间电介质30可形成在下部互连结构20上。在层间电介质30中形成穿透层间电介质30的通孔31,以暴露下部互连23的表面。例如,可以通过单或双镶嵌工艺形成通孔31。
参考图2,可在包括通孔31的层间电介质30上形成导电层33。例如,通过使用电镀工艺可以由铜形成导电层33。因此,通孔31可以填充有铜层33。
尽管未在图中举例说明,但是可以在沉积铜层33之前在通孔31的内表面上形成用于抑制铜扩散的扩散保护层和用于使铜层33沉积容易的晶种层。
在用于形成铜层33的电镀工艺期间,可以控制性地加入添加剂例如双(钠磺基丙基)二硫化物(SPS)或聚乙二醇(PEG)。这样,可以利用铜填充通孔31而没有空隙。此外,根据实施方案,在通孔31上形成凸出的凸形铜层33,如图2中所示。这可通过自底向上的方式填充通孔31来实现,这是由于在电镀工艺期间,在通孔31内部的镀覆速度大于在通孔31外部的镀覆速度。
参考图3,形成金属互连35以电连接到下部互连23。可以仅在通孔31内和之上形成金属互连35。可以通过除去除了埋在通孔31之内的铜层33之外的在层间电介质30上的剩余铜层33来形成金属互连35。例如,金属互连35可以通过除去除了在铜层33的凸出区之外的在层间电介质30上的铜层33的区域来形成金属互连35。这可通过在提供覆盖铜层33的凸出区的光刻胶图案之后的湿蚀刻工艺来进行。这样,金属互连35可保持具有在通孔31上的凸出的凸形。
在一些实施方案中,可以通过使用钨形成导电层33来由钨形成金属互连35。
可以随后在其中形成有金属互连35的层间电介质30上形成下电极45和光接收部100。
参考图4,可以通过使用物理气相沉积(PVD)工艺沉积Cr、Ti、TiW和Ta之一形成下电极45。下电极45可用于包封金属互连35的周围以不暴露出金属互连35。
光接收部100可以形成在下电极45和层间电介质30上,以用作将从外部入射的光转换为电形式并存储所述电形式的光电二极管。根据该实施方案的光接收部100利用PIN二极管。
在一个实施方案中,PIN二极管包括n-型非晶硅层50、本征非晶硅层60、和p-型非晶硅层70。对于PIN二极管,形成在p-型硅层和n-型硅层之间的整个耗尽层完全包含在本征半导体层中。此外,耗尽层的厚度越大,可得到的电荷产生和储存容量越大。因此,可以通过控制本征半导体层的厚度来制造具有最理想特性的光电二极管。
以下,将描述根据本发明的一个实施方案形成光接收部100的工艺。
再次参照图4,可在包括金属互连35的层间电介质30上形成下电极层40。可在下电极层40上形成第一导电型导电层50。
在一个实施方案中,可通过化学气相沉积(CVD)工艺形成第一导电型导电层50。例如,可以通过等离子体增强的CVD(PECVD)工艺,通过混合SiH4、PH3或P2H5气体形成厚度为约50~约5000的第一导电型导电层50。
在对应于金属互连35的区域处,在包括金属互连35的层间电介质30上形成的下电极层40和第一导电型导电层50可具有凸形。
之后,可在对应于金属互连35的区域的区域处,在第一导电型导电层50上提供光刻胶图案200,以形式图像传感器的单元像素。
参考图5,可使用光刻胶图案200作为蚀刻掩模蚀刻第一导电型导电层50和下电极层40。随后,仅在连接到电路区域的金属互连35上形成下电极45和第一导电型图案55,以形式图像传感器的单元像素,其包括电路区域(未显示)和光电二极管(100)。
在这种情况下,光刻胶图案200可以形成为宽度大于金属互连35的宽度,使得下电极45和第一导电型图案55可完全覆盖金属互连35的表面。因此,由于金属互连35的表面没有暴露,所以可抑制可用来形成金属互连35的铜扩散的发生。
此外,因为金属互连35凸出地从层间电介质30的表面突出,所以下电极45和第一导电图案55也可形成为凸形。
参考图6,在第一导电型图案55和层间电介质30上顺序形成本征层60和第二导电型导电层70。因此,形成包括第一半导体导电型图案55、本征层60和第二导电型导电层70的光接收部100。在这种情况下,因为第一导电型图案55从层间电介质30的表面凸出性地突出,所以本征层50和第二导电型导电层70具有凸半球形形状。
然后,可以使用例如CVD工艺形成第二导电型导电层70。例如,通过使用PECVD工艺在约100℃~约400℃的温度下,通过混合SiH4、BH3或B2H6气体可以形成厚度为约10~约5000的第二导电型导电层70。
如上所述,因为本征层60的厚度大于第一导电型图案55和第二导电型导电层70的厚度,所以可提高光接收部100的电荷存储容量。
另外,由于光接收部100的单元像素具有类似于微透镜形状的凸半球形形状,所以可改善光接收部100的光聚焦率。
参考图7,可以在透明电极层80上形成滤色器阵列90,以实现彩色图像。
另外,可以在滤色器阵列90上形成微透镜(未显示)。
通过在金属互连上形成PIN二极管作为光接收部,根据本公开内容的图像传感器和其制造方法具有使透射到光接收部中的光最大化的效果。
此外,因为光接收部具有类似于典型CMOS图像传感器的微透镜的凸半球形形状,所以根据本发明实施方案的图像传感器和其制造方法可改善光在光接收部上的光聚焦率。因此,因为不需要单独的微透镜,所以制造方法变得简单,从而节省制造成本。
此外,通过使用PIN二极管并增加PIN二极管的本征非晶硅层的面积,可改善光接收部的电荷存储能力和光聚焦率。
在该说明书中对“一个实施方案”、“实施方案”、“示例性实施方案”等的任何引用,表示与实施方案相关的具体的特征、结构或性能包含于与本公开一致的至少一个实施方案中。在说明书不同地方出现的这些术语不必都涉及相同的实施方案。另外,与任何实施方案相关地记载具体特征、结构或性能的时候,认为将这种特征、结构或性能与其他的实施方案的相关联在本领域技术人员的范围之内。
尽管本发明中已经参考许多说明性的实施方案描述了实施方案,但是很清楚,本领域技术人员可以知道很多的其它改变和实施方案,这些也在本公开的原理的精神和范围内。更尤其是,在本公开、附图和所附的权利要求的范围内,对象组合排列的构件和/或布置中可能有不同的变化和改变。除构件和/或布置的变化和改变之外,替代的用途对于本领域技术人员也是显而易见的。
Claims (20)
1.一种图像传感器,包括:
包括电路区域的半导体衬底;
在所述半导体衬底上的包括金属互连的层间电介质;和
在所述金属互连上的光接收光电二极管部,
其中所述光接收光电二极管部具有凸形。
2.根据权利要求1的图像传感器,其中所述金属互连具有从所述层间电介质凸出的凸形,其中所述光接收光电二极管部的凸形遵循所述金属互连的所述凸出的凸形。
3.根据权利要求1的图像传感器,其中所述光接收光电二极管部包括第一导电型图案、本征层、和第二导电型导电层。
4.根据权利要求1的图像传感器,还包括在所述光接收光电二极管部和所述金属互连之间的所述金属互连上的下电极。
5.根据权利要求4的图像传感器,其中所述下电极具有凸形。
6.权利要求1的图像传感器,还包括:
在所述光接收光电二极管部上的上电极;和
所述上电极上的滤色器阵列。
7.根据权利要求6的图像传感器,其中所述上电极和所述滤色器阵列各自具有遵循所述光接收光电二极管部的所述凸形的凸形。
8.根据权利要求6的图像传感器,其中所述上电极包括透明电极。
9.一种制造图像传感器的方法,包括:
在包括电路区域的半导体衬底上形成包括金属互连的层间电介质;和
在所述金属互连上形成具有凸形的光接收光电二极管部。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中所述光接收光电二极管部的形成包括:
在所述金属互连上形成具有凸形的第一导电型图案;
在上述第一导电型图案上形成本征层;和
在所述本征层上形成第二导电型导电层。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中在所述金属互连上形成具有凸形的所述第一导电型图案包括:
在包括所述金属互连的所述层间电介质上沉积金属层;
在所述金属层上沉积第一导电型导电层;
在覆盖所述金属互连上的第一导电型导电层的区域的所述第一导电型导电层上形成光刻胶图案;和
使用所述光刻胶图案作为蚀刻掩模蚀刻所述第一导电型导电层和所述金属层,从而形成下电极和所述第一导电型图案。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其中所述下电极和所述第一导电型图案仅形成在所述金属互连上。
13.根据权利要求10的方法,其中形成所述本征层包括在所述层间电介质和所述第一导电型图案上沉积所述本征层。
14.权利要求10的方法,其中所述第二导电型导电层的形成包括在所述本征层上沉积第二导电型导电层。
15.根据权利要求9的方法,还包括在形成所述光接收光电二极管部之前在所述金属互连上形成下电极。
16.根据权利要求9的方法,其中形成包括所述金属互连的所述层间电介质包括在所述层间电介质内形成所述金属互连,使得一部分所述金属互连以凸形在所述层间电介质的上表面上突出出来,其中所述光接收光电二极管部的凸形遵循所述金属互连的凸出部分的凸形。
17.根据权利要求9的方法,其中包括所述金属互连的所述层间电介质的形成包括进行镶嵌工艺。
18.根据权利要求17的方法,其中包括所述金属互连的所述层间电介质的形成包括:
使用电镀工艺在通过所述镶嵌工艺形成的通孔中形成铜层,和
使用湿蚀刻工艺除去除了所述通孔上的区域之外的在所述层间电介质表面上的铜层部分,使得铜保持从所述通孔以凸形向上延伸。
19.根据权利要求9的方法,还包括:
在所述光接收光电二极管部上形成上电极;和
在所述上电极上形成滤色器。
20.根据权利要求19的方法,其中所述上电极包括透明电极。
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