CN101235392A - 一种纤维素燃料乙醇及制造方法 - Google Patents
一种纤维素燃料乙醇及制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101235392A CN101235392A CNA2008100638572A CN200810063857A CN101235392A CN 101235392 A CN101235392 A CN 101235392A CN A2008100638572 A CNA2008100638572 A CN A2008100638572A CN 200810063857 A CN200810063857 A CN 200810063857A CN 101235392 A CN101235392 A CN 101235392A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
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Abstract
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Claims (1)
- 一种纤维素燃料乙醇及制造方法。本项发明的技术关键是将林业与农业纤维类废弃物——林业副产物、林木枝丫、藤条灌木、边角料、锯末刨花、农作物秸秆、皮壳、玉米棒芯,城市固体废物,工厂纤维和半纤维下脚料等进行可再生加工利用。并优选集成耦合新方法使纤维质原料处理、发酵、蒸馏、脱水实现技术创新和降低生产成本。其特征是包括如下步骤:(1)生物预处理与蒸汽爆破相结合。该法是先用水蒸气加热原料至120~290℃(0.3~7.8MPa),作用时间为2秒-12分钟,然后减压至大气压。立即降至常温、常压后,用特定的微生物:褐腐菌、白腐菌、软腐菌来降解木质素。此种方法由于成本低和设备简单,生物预处理与蒸汽爆破方法相结合具有独特的优势,由于在蒸汽爆破后再用专一的木质酶处理原料,可以有效分解木质素和提高木质素消化率。该法结合物理法和生物法的长处,弥补单一方法的不足,可大大提高预处理过程中原料的利用率。(2)采用集成方法在进行发酵前对水解液净化。纤维质原料经过水解后生成许多副产物,它们能够阻碍微生物的生长和发酵,这些副产物对乙醇发酵是有害的物质。这些有害物质随水解反应条件的剧烈程度和纤维质原料种类的不同而不同。水解液中的抑制剂主要有:糠醛、羟甲基糖醛、乙酸、甲酸、乙酰丙酸、酚类化合物和醛类化合物等。减少这些有毒化合物对乙醇发酵的影响非常重要。采用单一的方法往往不能有效去除有害物质,采用几种方法的集成结合,可有效去除水解液中的有害物质。为得到较高的乙醇产率,对纤维质原料水解液的净化实施简单、有效、经济、实用的方法:如先用CaO将pH值从0.2调节到7.0,再用H3PO4把pH值调到3-6。然后用活氧机、负离子颗粒料和2-7%活性炭中和吸附。(3)在乙醇发酵工艺中配套采用了复合创新工艺方法。基于生物反应过程和产品的多样性,发酵分离耦合的形式和涉及的分离技术也不尽相同。在传统的发酵过程中,一般只能生产8%~10%的乙醇,当乙醇浓度达到5%时,酵母就会停止生长,当乙醇浓度从6%增加到12%时,乙醇的产率降为零。因此,采用发酵与渗透蒸发-气提耦合创新技术不仅可以解决上述问题,也使纤维素燃料乙醇发酵过程实现了稳定连续化。采用的发酵与渗透蒸发-气提耦合创新技术,其中渗透蒸发环节,是利用膜对液体混合物中组分的溶解与扩散性能不同,在膜两侧组分的蒸汽分压差作用下,对液体混合物部分蒸发。利用渗透蒸发与发酵的耦合技术,可从发酵液中脱掉乙醇和水,而营养基质仍留在发酵液中,膜能选择性透过乙醇,可得到高浓度的乙醇。用于水与乙醇分离的渗透蒸发膜分为透水膜和透醇膜;在气提发酵环节是通过载气将发酵液中乙醇以蒸气的形式抽提出来,然后通过吸附、冷凝脱除乙醇的操作。发酵产生的乙醇被载气循环带走,发酵液的产物可以保持在较低的水平,减少甚至消除了乙醇对酵母细胞的抑制,从而使酵母细胞活性增强,提高发酵产率。气提发酵环节,用CO2载气。产业化乙醇企业的CO2资源丰富,可以大大降低载气的成本。(4)为燃料乙醇蒸馏使用两塔构成,直接生产含量为93%-98%(体积分数)燃料乙醇的蒸馏流程。该流程中,每塔又分为提馏段(醪塔)和精馏段(精馏塔)。两塔同时进醪,同时出产品。高压塔的操作压力约为4×105Pa,低压塔的操作压力为常压。加压塔直接用蒸汽加热,此塔塔顶蒸气用作常压塔的热源。此流程的能耗为1.0~1.9kg/L。(5)在纤维素燃料乙醇脱水中应用复合集成方法1——膜分离与渗透蒸发的耦合效应。在膜分离乙醇-水溶液环节,应用聚乙烯醇/聚丙炳腈复合膜。工业上用于醇水分离的渗透蒸发工艺流程可任选为连续式和间歇式。无论是连续式还是间歇式渗透蒸发过程,都采用料液加热系统-膜组件分离系统-冷凝真空系统三部分组成。料液经与从膜组件出来的渗余液换热并经加热器升温后进入膜组件,流经膜面时水优先透过渗透蒸发膜进入膜的下游侧。由于渗透组分从料液中吸收热量,导致料液温度降低,为保证组分的渗透通量不致降低过多,料液在流经一定面积的膜后要通过中间加热器以提高料液的温度,随后料液进入下一单元的膜组件。该过程持续进行直至料液中的水含量达到预定要求,此时的渗余液即为产品无水乙醇。为充分利用系统的能量,渗余液一般要与进料进行换热。膜下游侧的渗透物蒸气在真空泵的作用下,流经冷凝器,经气-液分离后液体渗透物进入下一工序。少量未冷凝的渗透物蒸气和不凝气经真空泵抽出。(6)在纤维素燃料乙醇脱水中应用复合集成方法2--普通精馏与渗透蒸发的耦合效应。用膜分离与渗透蒸发复合集成方法操作,可以实现从低浓度的工业乙醇或发酵液直接制取无水乙醇。该法在料液水含量较低时具有很高的分离系数,而普通精馏法的分离系数非常低,在恒沸点时分离系数为1。但当料液中水含量较高时,如水含量高于80%,而此时精馏法的分离系数较高。对于含水量小于10%的分离体系,要求渗余液含水量为10-4数量级时,用膜分离与渗透蒸发复合集成方法1具有明显的优势。当料液中含水量较高时,如果从含水量高达90%的发酵液直接制备无水乙醇,单纯的渗透蒸发法或恒沸精馏、萃取精馏等特殊的精馏操作都不经济。而采用普通精馏和渗透蒸发过程的集成将是最佳的选择,可以充分发挥普通精馏在高浓度水条件下的优势和渗透蒸发过程在低浓度水条件下的分离优势。由于发酵液中乙醇含量少并且还含有其他成分,首先用一初馏塔从发酵液中分离出增浓的乙醇-水溶液作为精馏塔的进料。精馏塔塔顶得到的乙醇-水的恒沸液进入渗透蒸发膜组件,渗余液得到含水量低于2000mg/L的无水乙醇,而渗透液又返回精馏塔。这种集成过程的优点除了可以充分发挥普通精馏和渗透蒸发的不同优势外,同各种特殊的精馏过程相比,还有很多优点。①生产过程中不需要外加化学添加剂(萃取剂或恒沸剂),操作费用可以大大降低;如采用苯为恒沸剂,对于年产能力为3万吨的恒沸精馏法制备无水乙醇的工厂,苯的消耗费用近100万元/年。②渗透蒸发过程的渗透液可以返回精馏塔的中部,几乎没有乙醇的损失,而恒沸精馏过程中乙醇的平均损失在3-4.5%。③集成过程中没有含恒沸剂或萃取剂的废水排放,减少了对环境的污染。④精馏塔顶的物料直接进入渗透蒸发膜组件,物料不需要再加热,通过能量回收装置可以将渗余液的热量回收,使所需蒸汽量仅是精馏法的17%,而且是低品质的蒸汽,从而减少了能耗,最大限度地提高了能量利用效率。采用这种集成过程从93.5%乙醇-水溶液制备99.8%的无水乙醇时,投资成本和操作费用比恒沸精馏法分别节约26%和近40%。
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