CN101220435B - 金属合金组合物及包含该组合物的制品 - Google Patents

金属合金组合物及包含该组合物的制品 Download PDF

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CN101220435B
CN101220435B CN2008100040747A CN200810004074A CN101220435B CN 101220435 B CN101220435 B CN 101220435B CN 2008100040747 A CN2008100040747 A CN 2008100040747A CN 200810004074 A CN200810004074 A CN 200810004074A CN 101220435 B CN101220435 B CN 101220435B
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冯干江
C·U·哈德维克
M·R·杰克逊
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Abstract

一种改良的组合物,用来在高温中保护燃气涡轮组件。该组合物为MCrAlY型,其中M选自镍,或镍与钴、铁或其组合的组合。该组合物进一步包括钯、铂、铑或其组合,铪、钛、锆或其组合,并且可进一步包括硅、锗或其组合,其中该组合物使得Al保持性能提高。本文还披露了包括该涂层的制品。

Description

金属合金组合物及包含该组合物的制品
技术领域本文涉及一种可以在燃气轮机上用作覆盖(overlay)涂层和/或粘合(bond)涂层的金属合金组合物。
背景技术
在燃气涡轮发动机的高温区,金属合金表面的保护受使用的覆盖涂层和/或沉积在粘合涂层上的绝热涂层(TBC’s)影响。覆盖涂层和TBC’s保护在下面的金属合金基材不受热气的热腐蚀环境的影响。典型的被涂覆上TBC’s和覆盖涂层的燃气涡轮发动机构件包括移动的和固定的部件,如:涡轮叶片和叶轮,混气管(gas mixing tube),涡轮盖,动叶片(buckets),喷嘴,燃烧室耐火层和变流装置,以及其它的暴露在高温和腐蚀气体环境的构件。典型的TBC’s和覆盖涂层包括这些部件的外部部分或者表面。TBC和覆盖涂层的存在在热燃烧气体和金属合金基材之间提供了一个热隔离层,其可以阻止、减轻或降低潜热、腐蚀和/或造成基材损坏的氧化。
最有效的保护金属合金燃气涡轮构件的涂层是被称作MCrAlY的涂层,其中M代表性地为Co、Ni、Fe或其组合。这些涂层作为覆盖涂层或粘合涂层均是有用的。
金属合金组合物中的铝会扩散到金属合金基材中,而这是不合需要的。这样的扩散会降低金属合金组合物中铝的含量,而对于形成保护性的铝氧化物表层,铝是必要的。其它元素,如:Ni、Co或Cr在表面涂层和基材间发生交叉扩散也是不合需要的。
除了别的以外,该金属合金组合物对于TBC与金属合金基材之间的粘合涂层是有用的。TBC’s在燃气涡轮操作过程中是容易分层和散裂的。分层和散裂可能由几个因素引起,其中包括可在TBC与粘结涂层界面之间的界面形成的热生长氧化物层(TGO’s)的存在。TGO的形成可以归因于粘结涂层的铝的氧化,然后由铝的从粘结涂层向TBC中的扩散促进,导致粘结涂层的结构改变,进一步在TBC与粘结涂层之间引起应力不匹配。在TBC散裂后,粘结涂层中的铝形成铝氧化物保护层,从而系统的氧化受到保护。
因此需要具有改善的扩散性能的用于粘结涂层和覆盖涂层之间的金属合金组合物。具有改善扩散性能的粘结涂层可以理想的减缓或阻止TBC’s的散裂和分层的发生。
发明内容
现有技术的以上不足可以这样消除,具体的一个实施方案为,一种组合物包括:MCrAlY组合物;选自Hf,Zr,Ti及其组合的第4族金属;选自Pd,Pt,Rh及其组合的贵金属;其中M为Ni,或Ni与选自Co、Fe之一的组合,或Co与Fe的组合,Cr为铬,Al为铝,Y为钇。另外一个实施方案中,该组合物进一步包括第14族的元素,其选自Si、Ge及其组合。
在另一个实施方案中,一种组合物包含大约16-大约50wt%Co;大约20-大约35wt%Ni;大约15-大约25wt%Cr;大约7-大约15wt%Al;大约0.1-大约1wt%Y;大约0.1-大约1wt%Hf;大约1-大约10wt%Pd;大约0.5-大约2.5wt%Si;其中以上重量百分比均以组合物总重量为基准。
附图说明
图1表示实施例1、2及对比例3的覆盖涂层之间的对比。
以上描述及其余特征由以下详细描述示例说明。
具体实施方式
出人意料的,已发现在组合物中加入大约0.1-大约15wt%的贵金属,特定的为Pd,Pt,Rh或其组合,会导致该组合物中的铝组元具有缓慢的扩散率,该组合物包括一种MCrAlY组合物和大约0.05-大约3wt%的第4族金属,特定的为Hf,Zr,Ti或其组合。该组合物进一步包括大约0.1-大约5wt%的第14族元素,特定的为Si和/或Ge,该元素可以进一步减缓铝的扩散。这样的组合物有利于用作粘合涂层和覆盖涂层。
在这里披露的组合物包括一种MCrAlY型组合物;选自Hf,Zr,Ti或其组合的第4族金属;选自Pd,Pt,Rh及其组合的贵金属。这里使用的“MCrAlY”表示一种组合物,其包括Cr,Al,Y和选自Ni,或Ni与Co和/或Fe的组合的金属M。在一个实施方案中,该组合物进一步包括第14族的元素,特定的为Si和/或Ge。
金属M选自Ni,或Ni与Co和/或Fe的组合。基于组合物的总重量,其以大约10-大约80wt%的含量存在于组合物中,特定的为大约12-大约75wt%,进一步特定的为大约14-大约70wt%,更进一步特定的为大约16-大约65wt%。在一个实施方案中,M为Ni。另一个实施方案中,M为Ni与Co的组合。在另一个实施方案中,M为Ni与Fe的组合。在另外一个实施方案中,M为Ni、Fe与Co的组合。
当M为Ni时,基于组合物的总重量,Ni以大约20-大约80wt%的含量存在于组合物中,特定的为大约30-大约75wt%,进一步特定的为大约40-大约70wt%。当M为Ni与Fe和/或Co的组合时,基于组合物的总重量,Ni以大约为20-大约40wt%的量存在,特定的为大约22-大约38wt%,进一步特定的为大约25-大约35wt%,而基于组合物的总重量,组合物中Co与Fe的总量为大约10-大约60wt%,特定的为大约12-大约53wt%,进一步特定的为大约14-大约45wt%,更进一步特定为大约16-大约40wt%。
基于组合物的总重量,Cr以大约5-大约30wt%的量存在,特定的为大约10-大约28wt%,进一步特定的为大约15-大约25wt%。
基于组合物的总重量,该组合物还包括大约5-大约20wt%的铝,特定的为大约6-大约18wt%,进一步特定的为7-大约15wt%。
基于组合物的总重量,该组合物包含大约0.05-大约5wt%的钇,特定的为大约0.1-4大约wt%,进一步特定的为大约0.1-大约3wt%。
该组合物还包括第4族金属,选自Hf,Zr,Ti及其组合物。基于组合物的总重量,第4族金属以大约0.05-大约5wt%的含量存在于组合物中,特定的为大约0.1-大约3wt%,进一步特定的为大约0.1-大约1wt%。在一个特定的实施方案中,使用的第4族金属是Hf。在另外一个特定的实施方案中,使用的第4族金属是Zr。在另外一个特定的实施方案中,使用的第4族金属是Ti。在一个实施方案中,使用了Hf与Zr和/或Ti的组合。在一个实施方案中,该组合物基本上不含Zr和Ti。当提及一个组合物“基本上不含”某成分时,如同在这里使用的,意味着基于组合物的总重量,该成分的含量低于0.04wt%,特定的低于0.01wt%,进一步特定的低于0.001wt%,除非另外有限定。
该组合物进一步包括贵金属,选自Pd,Pt,Rh及其组合。基于组合物的总重量,Pd,Pt,Rh或其组合以大约0.1-大约15wt%的量存在于组合物中,特定的为大约0.5-大约13wt%,进一步特定的为大约1-大约10wt%。在一个实施方案中,贵金属为Pd。在另一个实施方案中,贵金属为Pt。在另一个实施方案中,贵金属为Rh。在另外一个实施方案中,贵金属为Pd,Pt和Rh的组合。在另外一个实施方案中,该组合物包括Pd和Pt的组合。在一个实施方案中,组合物基本上不含Pt。在一个特定的实施方案中,组合物包括大约1-大约10wt%Pd,并且基本上不含Rh和Pt。
该组合物进一步包括添加的第14族元素,特定的为Si和/或Ge。当其中含有Si和/或Ge时,基于组合物的总重量,其含量为大约0.1-大约5wt%,特定的为大约0.3-大约4wt%,进一步特定的为大约0.5-大约2.5wt%。在一个实施方案中,基于组合物的总重量,Si以大约0.5-大约2.5wt%的含量存在。在另一个实施方案中,组合物基本上不含第14族元素。
保持第14族元素的含量在上述范围内是有利的。如果采用了过量的第14族元素,以这种组合物做成的涂层将会由于形成硅化物而损失硅。而第14族元素的这种损失会引起涂层的寿命的降低。
组合物进一步包括其它金属,如:Ru,Re,La(或La系元素)元素。如果存在,基于组合物的总重量,该其它金属分别以低于大约3wt%的量存在。
另外,其它微量成分可以以较小的量存在(条件是这些成分的存在不足以明显的对组合物期望的性能产生不利影响),例如:小于或等于组合物总重量的0.1wt%。在一个实施方案中,组合物基本上由Co,Fe,Ni,Cr,Al,Y,Pd和Hf组成。在另一个实施方案中,组合物基本上由Co,Ni,Cr,Al,Y,Pd和Zr组成。在另外一个实施方案中,组合物基本上由Co,Ni,Cr,Al,Y,Pd,Hf和Si组成。在一个实施方案中,该组合物基本上不含Co,Fe和Si。在另一个实施方案中,该组合物基本上不含Co和Fe。
为了将该组合物应用到基材上,该组合物可以以熔体相混合,使其凝固,固体转化为粉末形态。可选择的是,组合物中每种成分的粉末形态可以采用合适的方法使用和组合,例如:使用粉末混合器混合。组合物可以采用一种方法布置到基材上,该方法包括但并不局限于,热喷涂(thermal spraying),物理气相沉积法(physical vapor deposition methods),等离子法(plasma methods),电子束法(electron beam methods),溅射法(sputtering),料浆涂覆法(slurry coating),喷漆法(paint spraying),直接注入法(direct-writing)或者电镀法(plating)。
当采用气相沉积法沉积组合物时,可以采用单或多源蒸发工艺(multi-sourceevaporation procedures)将组合物沉积到基材上。当组元成分的蒸气压变化显著时,可以采用多源沉积。例如,由于一些组分金属,如:Hf,Pd和Pt,相对于在这里描述的其它组分蒸气压低,采用一个或多个源包含Hf,Pd,Pt和/或Rh成分,同时一个或多个源包含组合物中余量成分的多源蒸发工艺是有利的。
在一个实施方案中,组合物可以采用热喷涂方法布置到基材上,例如:空气等离子喷涂(APS),低压等离子喷涂(LPPS),真空等离子喷涂(VPS),和高速氧焰喷涂(HVOF)。在一个特定的实施方案中,使用HVOF法是有利的。从而,一个与喷嘴连接的高压冷却燃烧室进料有燃料,如:煤油,乙炔,丙烯,氢气,类似物及其组合。燃烧产生了被强制从喷嘴喷出的高温高压火焰,因此增加了它的速度。组合物可以在高压下以粉末形态进入燃烧室,或者通过一个喷嘴边上的入口进入。HVOF法是有利的,其参数可以由本领域的技术人员根据实际应用来调节。
该组合物可以为了任何目的被布置到基材上,例如:用以形成新涂层,或者修复现有的涂层,在这里该涂层,除了别的以外,可以是覆盖涂层或者粘结涂层。该组合物可以布置到金属基材的任何表面上。可以直接布置到基材的裸面上,或者在一个预先布置了组合物的表面上。这里使用的“裸面”是指不包括为提供绝热或抗氧化保护而应用于表面的涂层的基材表面。这里使用的表面包括“预先布置”组合物是指该表面包括一层涂覆到表面上的涂层。在一个有利的实施方案中,通过在一个预先布置组合物的制品表面上应用该组合物来修补制品。
在一个实施方案中,使用已披露的组合物涂覆超合金基材。这里披露的“超合金”是适于在高温下使用的金属合金,例如高达大约1200℃的温度。当化学和力学稳定性、氧化和腐蚀影响制品的使用寿命和要求显著高温耐用性时,超合金是有用的,例如作为燃气轮机零件。在一个示例性的实施方案中,超合金可以为MCrAlY合金,其中M为Fe,Co,Ni或其组合。高Ni超合金(其中M包括Ni)是特别有用的。代表性的经济上可用的含Ni超合金包括,例如,以商品名Inconel
Figure 2008100040747_0
,Nimonic
Figure 2008100040747_1
,Rene
Figure 2008100040747_2
,GTD-111
Figure 2008100040747_3
和Udimet出售的合金。可由任何适合的方法制备的超合金可以用于为已披露的组合物提供基材。另外,例如由铸造超合金制备的基材,包括多晶柱状晶粒和单晶基材,均可以用作已披露的组合物的基材,可以制成基材如片状金属构件。当披露的组合物被布置到一个超合金基材上时,在基材(涂覆或未涂覆)的表面上形成了组合物层。该层可以为覆盖涂层、粘合涂层或其它涂层。
现已发现,与基材的界面方向相反,在覆盖涂层或粘结涂层表面上,覆盖涂层或粘合涂层连续地形成了含氧化铝层(即TGO),其暴露于环境中,可以减少超合金基材与环境的反应。含氧化铝层可以具有几个分子到几微米的厚度,并随着覆盖涂层或粘合涂层连续暴露于高氧化性环境条件而变厚。由于在粘合涂层中通过氧化或铝的反应形成了含氧化铝层,结果在与热生长氧化物(TGO)毗邻的粘合涂层部分在性能上产生了相称的变化。在一个实施方案中,环境条件可包括热和/或腐蚀燃烧气体,例如在高温下和燃气涡轮的燃烧区域所遭遇的。在热循环中,在氧化铝和覆盖涂层之间会形成应力。氧化铝相对于覆盖涂层来说较脆,它会依次产生裂缝和散裂,将在下面的涂层的表面暴露在大气中,然后再形成一层新的氧化铝层。当附加的涂层布置到粘合涂层上面时,粘合涂层的附加的涂层(如:绝热涂层)与基材的夹层粘着性被削弱了,因此附加涂层也会变得容易产生裂缝和散裂。
粘合涂层一般都会覆盖着一层绝热涂层(TBC)。TBC’s是陶瓷涂层,如:氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,可选择的掺杂有其它金属如其它镧系元素的氧化物,(如:氧化铈,氧化铕及其类似物),这会减少传导到下面的金属基材的热流。TBC’s在高温下是很容易分层和散裂的,这是由于在TBC与粘合涂层之间形成了热生长氧化物(TGO)。TGO生长性能受到铝从粘合涂层向基材扩散的影响,引起粘合涂层内的相变,减少了粘合涂层与TBC之间的的应力不匹配。
虽然不希望被理论束缚,但是,相信铝向覆盖涂层和粘合涂层外的连续扩散可以耗尽Ni-Alβ-相,而且粘合涂层或覆盖涂层环境表面存在的扩散铝会形成氧化铝,减少覆盖涂层作为保护屏障和粘接层的有效性。当如上所述布置到上述基材上时,MCrAlY组合物包含两相,一个γ相主要包括NiCr,一个β相主要包括NiAl。如上所述,β相通过提供Al给表面而提供抗氧化性。当该涂层在苛刻的环境下使用时,含铝的β相开始从涂层较热的区域开始损耗甚至转化为γ相。这两相可以通过准备一个切面金相标本观察,在光学显微镜下通过图像分析技术定量。在一个实施方案中,在1034℃(1900)保持2000小时后,涂覆上述改良组合物的覆盖涂层中,残留了大约30至约45%的NiAlβ相。
出人意料之外的,添加Pd,Pt,Rh中的至少一种,或包括前述的至少一种元素的组合,又添加第4族金属,有效的减缓铝从粘合涂层和/或覆盖涂层中扩散。已发现减缓的、降低的铝的扩散,给予公开的组合物以优良的特性,详细说明为减少的裂开和/或散裂的发生,在热循环过程中相变到γ相时减少β相的损失,提高绝热涂层与粘合涂层的抗分层性,并提高抗热腐蚀性。
在一个实施方案中,制品包括基材和涂层,该涂层包括布置在其上的组合物,并至少部分与基材接触。在另一个实施方案中,所述涂层是粘合涂层或覆盖涂层。在另一个实施方案中,当所述涂层是粘合涂层时,该制品进一步包括沉积在粘合涂层(而不是基材)的表面上的绝热涂层。
在一个实施方案中,组合物可以作为与TBC’s一起使用的粘合涂层或作为覆盖涂层使用,其可以广泛的用在涡轮发动机各种部件和构件上,尤其是燃气涡轮发动机操作过程中在高温度下使用的那些制品,该部件和构件由金属或金属-陶瓷复合材料基材形成,其包括各种金属和金属合金,包括超合金,特别是那些高温操作或暴露于高温的情况下。这些涡轮发动机部件和构件包括涡轮螺旋桨如叶片和叶轮,涡轮盖,涡轮喷嘴,燃烧室构件如衬里和通风管,燃气涡轮发动机的推力增强装置的硬件,及类似部件。本文披露的组合物可以覆盖金属基材的全部或部分。
本发明进一步由以下实施例和比较例说明,这些实施例的披露是示例性的,不应该被认为仅限于此。
实施例
下述实施例说明了披露的组合物用作覆盖涂层时获得的提高的性能。实施例1和2为发明例,实施例3为对比例。
厚度为3.18mm(0.125英寸),直径为25.4mm(1英寸)的盘状样品,由GTD-111
Figure 2008100040747_6
(通用电气公司生产)铸造板加工而成。以样品的总重量为计量基准,该样品标称成分为14wt%Cr,9wt%Co,3wt%Al,4.9wt%Ti,3wt%Ta,3.7wt%W,1.5wt%Mo和60.9wt%Ni。
三种不同的覆盖涂层,每种都具有不同的组合物,使用高速氧焰喷涂法(HVOF)涂覆到各个样品上,厚度大约为0.25mm(0.01英寸)。涂覆样品在大约1034℃(1900)和大约1093℃(2000
Figure 2008100040747_8
)温度下在空气炉中检测高到2000小时。
表1表明了实施例1-2和对比例1的不同成分。所有的成分含量为重量百分比,均以组合物总重量为计量基准。
表1
    组分     实施例1     实施例2     对比例3
    Co     28.7     24.1     36
    Ni     32     32     32
    Cr     22     22     22
    Al     10     10     10
    Y     0.3     0.3     0.3
    Si     2.5     2.5     0
    Hf     0.3     0.3     0
    Pd     4.2     8.8     0
对比例3为基础组合物,不加入Si,Hf或Pd。实施例1和2每种都包括相同含量的Si和Hf,以及不同含量的Pd。
如图所示,图1表示了光学显微图象的对比,代表实施例1和2、对比例3的每一个均为横切面。涂层的退化决定于涂层的总厚度(to)与经上述热循环后的β相厚度的对比,其中残余β厚度(每个图片的箭头之间)以to的百分比表示(“%β”)。虽然对于三个涂层而言原始涂层厚度to是相同的,但残余β相包含层厚度(如图1箭头所示看得见的)及%β在实施例1(35%)和2(40%)中远大于对比例3(20%)。因此,可以看出与对比例3相比,实施例1和2提供了优良的氧化寿命。虽然不希望被理论束缚,但是据信Hf和Pd的组合,和/或进一步与硅的组合可以减缓铝的扩散,从而导致在粘合涂层中Ni-Alβ相有更高的保持率,Ni-Alβ相向γ相转变的相变率降低。这可以提供有效使用寿命提高的涂层(例如:粘合涂层,覆盖涂层)。
这里使用的术语“粘合涂层”是在另一个涂层如绝热涂层(TBC)沉积之前沉积到基材上的金属层,例如绝热涂层(TBC)。
这里使用的术语“绝热涂层”也被缩写为“TBC”,表示能减少传导到制品在下面的金属基材的热能(即形成热屏障)的陶瓷涂层。
术语“用于沉积”、“沉积”、“已沉积”、“应用”、“已应用”、“已布置”“布置上”及类似用语用来描述在基材或其它层上形成涂层,意味着该涂层在其上和或其内部至少部分地与基材或其它层接触。
单数形式“一种”、“某”和“该”包括复数个对象,除非其内容上另有明确的指示。
陈述的所有范围的终点,相同特点是可结合的并包括所述终点。
虽然为了解释的目的提供了典型的实施方案,之前的描述在这里不应该被认为是对范围的一种限制。因此,对于本领域技术人员而言可以发生不同的修改,适应和变化,而并不脱离这里的精神和范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种组合物,包括:
MCrAlY组合物;
第4族金属,选自铪、锆、钛及其组合,其含量为0.05-5wt%,以组合物总重量为基准;和
贵金属,选自钯、铂、铑及其组合,其含量为0.1-15wt%,以组合物总重量为基准;
其中,M为镍或镍与金属的组合,该金属选自钴、铁、钴与铁的组合,Cr为铬,Al为铝,Y为钇,其中钇的含量为0.05-5wt%,以组合物总重量为基准,
其中M的含量为10-80wt%,以组合物总重量为基准。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,还包括选自硅、锗及其组合的第14族元素,其中该第14族元素的含量为组合物总重量的0.1-5wt%。
3.如权利要求1所述的组合物,以组合物总重量为基准,其中铬的含量为5-30wt%,以及铝的含量为5-20wt%。
4.如权利要求3所述的组合物,其中当M为镍时,镍的含量为组合物总重量的20-80wt%;且其中当M为镍与铁、或镍与钴、或镍与铁和钴的组合时,镍的含量为组合物总重量的20-40wt%,且钴和铁的总含量为组合物总重量的10-60wt%。
5.如权利要求4所述的组合物,其中M为镍与钴的组合,且该组合物中铁的含量低于0.04wt%,基于组合物的总重量计算。
6.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中第4族金属为铪或钛,且其中该组合物中铂或铑的含量低于0.04wt%,基于组合物的总重量计算。
7.一种组合物,包括:
16-50wt%钴,
20-35wt%镍,
15-25wt%铬,
7-15wt%铝,
0.1-1wt%钇,
0.1-1wt%铪,
1-10wt%钯,和
0.5-2.5wt%Si;
其中重量百分比均以组合物总重量为基准。
8.一种包含权利要求1所述组合物的制品,其中该组合物布置在制品的表面上,其中该表面为制品的裸表面或者该表面为包括预先布置的组合物的表面。
9.如权利要求8所述的制品,其中与除包括基于组合物的总重量计算,含量分别低于0.04wt%的钯、铂、铑、第4族金属、硅和锗的组合物外,其他相同的制品相比,该制品具有提高的抗氧化性。
10.如权利要求8所述的制品,其中该制品为燃气涡轮组件。
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