CN101060836B - 大麻素类物质的新用途 - Google Patents
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- CN101060836B CN101060836B CN200580039064.1A CN200580039064A CN101060836B CN 101060836 B CN101060836 B CN 101060836B CN 200580039064 A CN200580039064 A CN 200580039064A CN 101060836 B CN101060836 B CN 101060836B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种或多种大麻素类物质在制备用于治疗受益于大麻素受体(CB)中性拮抗作用的疾病和病况的药物中的应用。优选大麻素类物质是四氢次大麻酚(THCV)。优选地,待治疗疾病和病况选自:肥胖、精神分裂症、癫痫、认知障碍比如阿尔茨海默病、骨病、贪食症、与II型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病)相关的肥胖症和治疗药物、酒精和尼古丁滥用或依赖性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种或多种大麻素类物质在制备用于治疗受益于CB1大麻素受体的中性拮抗作用的疾病和病况的药物中的应用。优选地大麻素类物质是四氢次大麻酚(tetrahydrocannabivarin)(THCV)。优选地,待治疗的疾病和病况选自:肥胖、精神分裂症、癫痫、认知障碍比如阿尔茨海默病、骨病、贪食症、II型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病)相关的肥胖和治疗药物、酒精和尼古丁滥用或依赖性。
背景技术
能够将许多已知大麻素类物质的作用归因于它们与大麻素受体的相互作用。发现大麻素受体存在于哺乳动物系统已经引发进一步的研究。例如,已经鉴别了一类主要存在于中枢神经系统的G-蛋白偶联受体,它们已被命名为CB1受体。
另一类型的G-蛋白偶联受体是CB2受体,其主要在免疫系统中发现。
大麻素类物质通常是大麻素受体的激动剂,这表示它们停靠于大麻素受体并将其激活。
众所周知的大麻素受体激动剂包括典型的源于植物的大麻素类物质Δ-9-四氢大麻酚(THC)、非典型的大麻素受体激动剂R-(+)-WIN55212和类二十烷酸(eicosanoid)或源于动物的大麻素受体激动剂花生四烯酰乙醇胺(anandamide)。所有这些化合物已经显示出与CB1受体结合。
在受体上的激动作用经常将导致细胞的活性反应。许多疾病状态是由激动剂在其受体上的过度活性或过多的作用所引起的。
研究已经导致了发现防止大麻素受体活化的化合物并且它们被称为大麻素受体拮抗剂。大麻素受体的竞争性拮抗剂将结合受体但不引起细胞中的反应。反向激动剂作用于受体而产生与所述激动剂将产生反应相反的作用。
化合物SR141716A(在EP0576357中描述)已经显示出拮抗CB1大麻素受体。然而有证据说明SR141716A是一种反向激动剂而不是一种沉默或中性拮抗剂(Pertwee,R.G.,2003)。
Maruani和Soubrie在US6,444,474和EP0969835中已经描述了反向CB1受体激动剂比如SR141716A在调节欲望失调(appetencydisorder)中的应用。
在许多含CB1的检测系统中,SR141716A自身产生与由CB1激动剂比如THC所产生作用方向相反的作用。由此产生推论它是CB1受体的反向激动剂。尽管在某些情况中这可以反映内源性CB1激动剂(由检测系统自身所产生的CB1激动剂)的拮抗作用,在另一些情况中,认为其发生是由于CB1受体具有组成型活性。
通常认为组成型活性受体即使在缺少施用的或内源性产生的激动剂的情况下仍引发效应。激动剂增强这种活性,然而反向激动剂与之对抗。
相比之下,中性拮抗剂维持组成型活性不变。中性拮抗剂优于反向激动剂,因为它们只阻断受体与内源性产生的CB1激动剂比如花生四烯酰乙醇胺或已经施用的CB1激动剂相互作用的能力。
有证据说明内源性CB1激动剂(花生四烯酰乙醇胺)可以在脑中释放从而介导比如摄食和食欲等过程(Di Marzo et al.,2001)。这提高了这种受体的拮抗剂在临床中有效用作食欲抑制剂的可能性。
化合物SR141716A与CB1大麻素受体相互作用从而使之不能被活化。阻断CB1受体系统可以不利地影响CB1介导的方面比如情绪、睡眠和疼痛缓解,这是有可能的。
因为内源性大麻素类物质(endocannabinoid)具有神经保护和抗氧化性,SR141716A的使用者患癌症和中风的风险可以增加也是可能的。
中性CB1受体拮抗剂可能比那些反向激动剂具有较低复杂性的药理学。因此,当单独施用时,这样的拮抗剂将仅在正释放内源性大麻素类物质到CB1受体的大麻素系统的区域中具有作用,但是将不影响由于在这种系统的某些部分中存在有组成型活性CB1受体而产生的内源性大麻素系统的活性。
CB1受体拮抗剂,尤其是中性CB1受体拮抗剂,由此可能可用于治疗由于与CB1受体相互作用所引起的疾病和病况。这样的疾病和病况包括,例如,肥胖、精神分裂症、癫痫或认知障碍比如阿尔茨海默病、骨病、贪食症、II型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病)相关的肥胖、以及治疗药物、酒精和尼古丁滥用或依赖性(Pertwee,R.G.,2000)。
中性拮抗剂代替反向拮抗剂的应用将是特别有益的,因为由于它不会增加CB1受体组成型活性的影响所以有可能发生较少的副作用。
目前很少有已鉴定的中性CB1受体拮抗剂。已经获得了在体外相当于中性CB1拮抗剂的精神作用大麻素THC的类似物(Martin,B.R.et al.2002)。化合物O-2050是Δ-8-四氢大麻酚的磺胺类似物,并且具有掺入其侧链的乙炔。
这种类似物在小鼠输精管中表现为中性CB1受体拮抗剂。然而,O-2050在小鼠体内不表现为CB1受体拮抗剂,并且如同已确认的CB1受体激动剂,它抑制小鼠的自发性活性。此外,具有R=乙基或R=丁基的O-2050的类似物在小鼠体内表现为典型的CB1受体激动剂。
令人吃惊地,申请人已经证明大麻素类物质四氢次大麻酚(THCV)是CB1和CB2大麻素受体的中性拮抗剂。
大麻素类物质THCV是典型的植物大麻素类物质,其在结构上与THC相关,其中THCV分子具有3-丙基侧链,而不是THC的3-戊基侧链。这两种大麻素类物质的结构在图1中给出。
发现THCV表现为CB1受体中性拮抗剂的作用是特别令人吃惊的,因为已知THC是一种CB1激动剂并且由此应该理解结构相关的化合物比如THCV也应该是激动剂而不是拮抗剂。
发明内容
根据本发明的第一方面,提供四氢次大麻酚(THCV)在制备用于治疗受益于CB1受体的中性拮抗作用的疾病或病况的药物中的应用。
优选地,将THCV用于制备用于治疗肥胖、精神分裂症、癫痫或认知障碍比如阿尔茨海默病、骨病、贪食症、II型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病)相关的肥胖以及治疗药物、酒精和尼古丁滥用或依赖性中的药物。
更优选地,将THCV用于制备用作食欲抑制剂的药物。
中性拮抗剂可能比反向激动剂具有更少的副作用。这是因为预期它对抗CB1受体的药物诱导的活化但不削弱由组成型活性CB1受体所产生的作用。
相比之下,反向激动剂不但将削弱由CB1受体的药物诱导的活化所产生的作用而且削弱由组成型活性CB1受体所产生的作用,因此预期它将比中性拮抗剂引起更多的副作用。
由此,在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,THCV可以在基本不存在起CB1受体反向激动剂作用的任何物质或化合物的情形中使用。
应该理解关于THCV,尤其是有关于治疗应用,也包括这样的化合物的药用可接受的盐。与本领域技术人员众所周知的一样,术语“药用可接受的盐”表示从药用可接受的非毒性的碱或酸(包括无机碱或酸以及有机碱或酸)制备的盐或酯。许多适合的无机和有机碱在本领域中是已知的。
本发明的范围也延伸到保留中性CB1受体拮抗作用期望活性的THCV衍生物。保留与起始物基本相同活性的、或更优选地表现出提高活性的衍生物可以根据本领域公知的药物化学标准原理来获得。这样的衍生物可以比起始物表现出较低程度的活性,只要它们保留对于治疗有效性足够的活性。所述衍生物可以表现出在药物活性剂其他期望性质上的改进,比如例如改进的溶解性、降低的毒性、增加的吸收。
优选地是,THCV是来自至少一种大麻类植物的提取物。
更优选地是,所述来自至少一种大麻类植物的THCV提取物是植物药用物质。
在一个实施方案中,通过超临界或亚临界CO2提取法来生产所述来自至少一种大麻类植物的THCV提取物。
作为替代,通过在大于100℃的温度下使植物材料与经加热气体接触,其足以使植物材料中的一种或多种大麻素类物质挥发形成蒸汽,并使蒸汽凝结形成提取物,由此来制备所述来自至少一种大麻类植物的THCV提取物。
优选地是,所述来自至少一种大麻类植物的THCV提取物包含所述植物中的所有天然大麻素类物质。
作为替代,THCV是基本纯的或分离的形式。
大麻素类物质的“基本纯”制备物被定义为,根据HPLC谱的面积归一法所确定,具有(期望大麻素类物质)的大于90%、更优选大于95%、更优选大于96%、更优选大于97%、更优选大于98%、更优选大于99%和最优选大于99.5%色谱纯度的制备物。
优选地是,用于本发明的基本纯THCV是基本不存在任何其他天然或合成大麻素类物质,包括在大麻类植物中天然存在的大麻素类物质。在本发明中“基本不存在”可以理解为没有可由HPLC检测的THCV以外的大麻素类物质。
在本发明的另一方面,THCV是合成的形式。
优选地是,THCV被配制为还包含一种或多种药用可接受载体、赋形剂或稀释剂的药物组合物。
本发明也包括含有THCV、或其药用可接受盐或衍生物的药物组合物,其与合适的药用可接受载体比如稀释剂、填充剂、盐、缓冲剂、稳定剂、助溶剂等一起配制成药物给药形式。所述给药形式可以包含另外的药用可接受赋形剂,用于改进比如pH、摩尔渗透压浓度、味道、粘度、无菌性、亲脂性、溶解性等条件。稀释剂、载体或赋形剂的选择将依赖于所期望的剂量形式,其接下来可以取决于欲施用于患者的途径。
合适的剂量形式包括但不限于固体剂量形式,例如片剂、胶囊、粉剂、分散性颗粒、扁囊剂和栓剂,包括缓释和延释剂型。粉剂和片剂通常包含约5%-约70%的活性成分。合适的固体载体和赋形剂在本领域中是公知的,包括,例如碳酸镁、硬脂酸镁、滑石粉、糖、乳糖等。片剂、粉剂、扁囊剂和胶囊都是合适的口服施用剂型。
液体剂量形式包括溶液剂、混悬剂和乳剂。液体型制备物可以通过静脉内、脑内、腹膜内、肠胃道外或肌肉内注射或输注来施用。无菌注射制剂可以包含活性剂在非毒性、药用可接受稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌溶液剂或混悬剂。液体剂量形式也包括用于鼻内、口腔或舌下施用的溶液剂或喷雾剂。适于吸入的气雾剂制备物可以包括溶液剂和粉末形式的固体,其可以与药用可接受载体组合,比如惰性压缩气体。
本发明还包括用于透皮施用的剂量形式,包括乳膏(creams)、洗剂、气雾剂和/或乳剂。这些剂量形式可以被包括在基质或贮库型的透皮贴剂中,其在本领域中是公知的。
根据药物配制的标准程序,可以方便地将药物制备物制成单位剂量形式。每单位剂量的活性化合物的量可以根据活性化合物的性质和计划给药方案而变化。通常这将在0.1mg-1000mg范围内。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供用THCV治疗受益于CB1大麻素受体中性拮抗作用的疾病和病况的方法,其包括给有此需要的对象施用治疗有效量的THCV。
待治疗的疾病或病况选自肥胖、精神分裂症、癫痫或认知障碍比如阿尔茨海默病、骨病、贪食症、II型糖尿病(非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病)相关的肥胖、或者药物、酒精或尼古丁的滥用或依赖性。
根据本发明的第三方面,提供美容有益的降低重量的方法,其包括通过给对象施用有效量的THCV来抑制对象的食欲。
在某些情形中,所述食欲抑制剂可用于在人类对象中实现美容有益的重量降低,并且不必要对该对象产生医学或治疗益处。在这方面施用所述食欲抑制剂不可以被解释为对所述对象的医学或治疗处理。
根据本发明的第四方面,提供中性大麻素受体拮抗剂在制备用于治疗受益于一种或多种类型大麻素受体的中性拮抗作用的疾病或病况的药物中的应用。
优选地是,应用所述中性大麻素受体拮抗剂制备用于治疗受益于CB1大麻素受体的中性拮抗作用的疾病或病况的药物,并且其中所述大麻素受体拮抗剂在CB1受体上的解离常数是约75nM。
优选地是,应用所述中性大麻素受体拮抗剂制备用于治疗受益于CB2大麻素受体的中性拮抗作用的疾病或病况的药物,并且其中所述大麻素受体拮抗剂在CB2受体上的解离常数是约62nM。
术语“约”表示在所引用值的±10%范围内。
本发明的某些方面将仅以实施例的方式并参考附图进行进一步说明,其中:
图1显示大麻素类物质四氢次大麻酚(THCV)和四氢大麻酚(THC)的二维结构。
具体实施方式
实施例1:
研究THCV对大麻素CB1或CB2受体的作用
用从健康脑组织制备的具有密集CB1但没有CB2受体的膜来实施试验(见Howlettet al.2002中的评述)。
用经hCB2受体转染的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞实施进一步试验。应用这些膜来研究THCV置换[3H]CP55940 CB2结合位点的能力。
利用这些试验来确定THCV是表现为CB1或CB2的激动剂还是拮抗剂。
还用从小鼠分离的输精管来实施试验,所述输精管是一种组织,其中大麻素受体激动剂比如R-(+)-WIN55212、CP55940、THC和2-花生四烯酰乙醇胺(花生四烯酰乙醇胺,anandamide)能够抑制电诱发的收缩(Devane et al.,1992;Pertwee et al.,1995)。
认为大麻素受体激动剂通过作用于突触前(prejunctional)神经元大麻素CB1受体从而抑制收缩性神经递质、ATP(作用于突触后P2X嘌呤受体)、和去甲肾上腺素(作用于突触后α1-肾上腺素受体)的释放来抑制电诱发的收缩(Trendelenberg et al.,2000)。
还用(-)-7-羟基-大麻二酚-二甲基庚基,一种植物大麻素类物质(-)-大麻二酚的合成类似物来实施试验,所述物质似乎是通过突触前作用并且是至少部分独立于CB1受体的机制来抑制小鼠输精管的电诱发性收缩。
方法:
放射性配体的置换分析
用[3H]CP55940、1mg ml-1牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和50mM Tris缓冲液,总分析体积500μl,并使用先前由Ross et al.(1999b)描述的过滤方法来实施该分析。
通过加入脑膜(每管33μg蛋白质)或转染的hCB2细胞(每管25μg蛋白质)启动结合。
在通过加入冰冷的清洗缓冲液(50mM Tris缓冲液,1mg ml-1牛血清白蛋白,pH7.4)和使用已经在4℃清洗缓冲液浸泡至少24小时的24孔多联样品过滤装置和GF/B滤膜的真空过滤终止之前,所有分析在37℃实施60分钟。
用1.2ml等分清洗缓冲液清洗每个反应管6次。将滤膜烘炉干燥60分钟并随后置于5ml闪烁流体中。通过液体闪烁谱分析法定量放射性。
特异性结合被定义为存在和缺少1μM未标记CP55940条件下所发生结合之间的差异。THCV以在DMSO中的10mM贮液的形式保存,所有分析管中介质浓度是0.1%DMSO。
对于[3H]CP55940的结合参数而言,在小鼠脑膜中是2336fmol mg-1蛋白质(Bmax)和2.31nM(Kd)(Thomas et al.,2004),在hCB2转染细胞中是72570fmol/mg蛋白质(Bmax)和1.043nM(Kd)。
[35S]GTPγS结合分析
用于测量激动剂刺激的[35S]GTPγS与大麻素CB1受体结合的方法改编自Kurkinenet al.(1997)和Breivogel et al.(1999)的方法。
用于测量激动剂刺激的[35S]GTPγS与转染的大麻素CB2受体结合的条件是根据MacLennan et al.(1998)和Griffin et al.(1999)所用条件做适应性改编而来的。
在500μl终体积中,在存在[35S]GTPγS和GDP的条件下用GTPγS结合缓冲液(50mMTris-HCl;50mM Tris碱;5mM MgCl2;1mMEDTA;100mM NaCl;1mM DTT;0.1%BSA)实施所述分析。通过将[35S]GTPγS加入管中启动结合。在存在30μM GTPγS的条件下测量非特异性结合。
在分析中将药物在30℃孵育60分钟。通过应用Tris缓冲液(50mMTris-HCl;50mMTris碱;0.1%BSA)的快速真空过滤方法终止反应,并通过液体闪烁谱分析法定量放射性。
在分析中[35S]GTPγS和GDP的浓度根据是用小鼠脑还是用转染细胞膜来实施分析而变化。当以小鼠脑的膜实施分析时,存在0.1nM[35S]GTPγS和30μM GDP,然而当以转染细胞膜实施分析时它们相应的浓度分别是1nM和320μM。
另外,在30℃下小鼠脑的膜与0.5U ml-1的腺苷脱氨酶一起孵育30分钟以去除内源性腺苷。激动剂和拮抗剂以在DMSO中1或10mM的贮液来保存,在所有分析管中的介质浓度是0.11%DMSO。
输精管试验
从体重为31-59g的白化MF1小鼠中获取输精管。将该组织竖直地固定在4ml器官浴中。随后对它们进行逐渐加大强度的电刺激,接着是平衡步骤,其中使它们暴露于刺激(2分钟)和静止(10分钟)的交替周期中,直至收缩达到一致的收缩幅度(Thomas et al.,2004)。这些收缩是单相的和等长的,并且是由110%最大电压的0.5s脉冲序列(train)(0.1Hz序列频率;5Hz脉冲频率;0.5ms脉冲持续时间)所引发的。
除了去氧肾上腺素的试验之外,所有药物是在平衡周期之后添加到器官浴中,并且在这些添加之间没有冲洗(washout)。在大部分试验中有潜在拮抗剂或其载体的初始施用。28分钟后是2分钟的电刺激,结束时施用最低的系列浓度的颤搐抑制剂,R-(+)-WIN55212、CP55940、THC、花生四烯酰乙醇胺、(-)-7-羟基-大麻二酚-二甲基庚基或可乐定。
在静止周期后,电刺激该组织2分钟并随后另外添加颤搐抑制剂。
重复这种药物添加、静止和2分钟刺激的周期,从而作出累积浓度-反应曲线图。每一组织只作一个浓度-反应曲线。对于可乐定的静止周期是3分钟,对于R-(+)-WIN55212、CP55940和花生四烯酰乙醇胺的静止周期是13分钟,对于THC和THCV的静止周期是28分钟,对于(-)-7-羟基-大麻二酚-二甲基庚基的静止周期是58分钟。
还用辣椒素(capsaicin)实施试验。以3分钟的间隔添加这种药物并且在这些添加之间所述组织没有电刺激的静止。
在某些试验中,没有预先添加任何其他化合物,还使用药物添加、28分钟静止和2分钟刺激的周期,构建THCV的累积浓度-反应曲线。
在应用β,γ-亚甲基-ATP的试验中,在平衡步骤之后不施加电刺激。不冲洗以累积方式构建β,γ-亚甲基-ATP的Log浓度-反应曲线。在第一次添加β,γ-亚甲基-ATP之前30分钟,添加THCV、WIN或药物载体,在前次给药的作用已经达到平台期(1-2分钟的给药周期)之后立即进行每一随后的添加。
对于每一组织仅添加一次去氧肾上腺素并且在THCV、WIN或药物载体添加后30分钟实施这种添加。
数据分析
数值表示为平均值和作为s.e.mean或95%置信限的变异。使用GraphPad Prism4计算产生50%置换特异性结合位点处放射性配体的THCV浓度。使用Cheng&Prusoff(1973)的公式计算它的解离常数(Ki值)。
根据在别处详述的方法(Ross et al.,1999a),从激动剂刺激值(在存在激动剂条件下获得)减去基础结合值(在缺少激动剂的条件下获得)来计算激动剂刺激的[35S]GTPγS净结合值。
已经以百分比形式表示输精管的电诱发颤搐反应的抑制,并且这已经通过将每次添加颤搐抑制剂之后颤搐反应的幅度与首次添加抑制剂之前即刻的幅度作比较进行了计算。对去氧肾上腺素和β,γ-亚甲基-ATP的收缩反应已经表示为张力增加(g)。
已经通过应用关于S形浓度-效应曲线的公式的非线性回归分析(GraphPadPrism)对EC50值进行了计算,它们是关于最大效应(Emax)和这些值的s.e.mean或95%置信限。
已经通过Schild分析从浓度比计算了在输精管或[35S]GTPγS结合分析中THCV对激动剂的拮抗作用的表观解离常数(KB)值,所述浓度比定义为在存在浓度为B的竞争性可逆拮抗剂的情况下引发特定大小反应的激动剂的浓度,除以同一激动剂在缺少拮抗剂的条件下产生相等反应的浓度。
用来确定浓度比和表观KB值并确定log浓度-反应曲线是否明显偏离平行性的方法在别处(Pertwee et al.,2002)有详细描述。已经应用非成对数据的Student’s双尾t-检验或单因素方差分析(ANOVA)接Dunnett’s检验(GraphPad Prism)对平均值进行了比较。
结果:
放射性配体试验
在小鼠脑和CHO-hCB2细胞的膜中,THCV以显著优于双位点竞争曲线的与单位点竞争曲线拟合的方式(P<0.05;GraphPad Prism4)从特异性结合位点置换[35H]CP55940。
它的平均Ki值分别是75.4nM和62.8nM。
THCV在小鼠脑的膜中也从特异性结合位点置换[3H]R-(+)-WIN55212和[3H]SR141716A,它的具有95%置信限(表示于括号中)的平均EC50值分别是61.3nM(48.6和77.3nM;n=4-7)和86.8nM(63.8和188.1nM;n=4-6)。
对于置换[35H]CP55940的THCV的相应EC50值是98.2nM(69.6和138.6nM;n=4-8)。
CP55940增强[35S]GTPγS结合至小鼠脑的和CHO-hCB2的膜的能力被THCV减弱,THCV在1μM时使该大麻素受体激动剂在log浓度反应曲线中产生明显的右向移动,但没有明显偏离平行性。
在表1中显示有关这种拮抗作用的平均表观KB值,还在表1中显示SR141716A对于CP55940的在小鼠脑的膜中拮抗作用的平均表观KB值和SR144528对于CP55940在CHO-hCB2细胞膜中拮抗作用的平均表观KB值。THCV为1μM时也在有关增强GTPγS结合至小鼠脑膜的R-(+)-WIN55212的log浓度反应曲线中产生明显的平行右向移动。
表1:
拮抗剂 | 激动剂 | 膜制备物 | 平均表观KB(nM) | 95%置信限 (nM) | n |
THCV(1000nM) | CP55940 | 脑 | 93.1 | 66.5,130.6 | 6 |
THCV(1000nM) | R-(+)-WIN55212 | 脑 | 85.4 | 29.3,270.5 | 5 |
SR141716A(10nM) | CP55940 | 脑 | 0.09 | 0.021,0.41 | 4 |
THCV(1000nM) | CP55940 | CHO-hCB2 | 10.1 | 5.0,20.5 | 6 |
SR144528(100nM) | CP55940 | CHO-hCB2 | 0.49 | 0.26,0.85 | 6 |
输精管试验
THCV对小鼠分离输精管的电诱发性收缩产生具有12.7μM EC50值(6.9和23.2μM)的浓度相关的抑制。
这种作用不可能是CB1-受体介导的,因为它没有被100nM的SR141716A(n=7;数据未显示)减弱,该浓度等于或大于在先前发现的有关这种CB1-选择性拮抗剂在相同生物分析中拮抗确定的CB1受体激动剂的浓度(Pertwee et al.,1995;Ross et al.,2001)。
在31.6μM浓度时,THCV显著抑制电诱发性收缩,THCV也减弱了输精管对于P2受体激动剂β,γ-亚甲基-ATP和α1-肾上腺素受体激动剂盐酸去氧肾上腺素的收缩性反应。
相比之下,在1μM浓度时,THCV对电诱发性收缩没有可检测的抑制作用,THCV不诱导由β,γ-亚甲基-ATP(n=8;数据未显示)或者由去氧肾上腺素所引起收缩幅度的任何显著降低。这些发现表明THCV至少部分地通过突触后作用阻断对内源性释放的ATP和去甲肾上腺素的收缩反应来抑制输精管的电诱发性收缩。
在浓度远低于抑制电诱发性收缩的浓度时,THCV以一定方式对抗R-(+)-WIN55212诱导的对颤搐反应的抑制,这种方式是浓度相关的并且不伴随R-(+)-WIN55212最大作用(Emax)的任何显著变化(P>0.05;ANOVA接Dunnett检验;n=6-9)。在R-(+)-WIN55212的log浓度反应曲线中由THCV引起的右向位移没有明显偏离平行性并且产生具有与整体没有明显差异的斜率的Schild图。按照Tallarida法(Pertweeetal.,2002)计算THCV的平均表观KB值为如表2所示的1.5nM。在1μM时,R-(+)-WIN55212显著减弱电诱发性收缩,R-(+)-WIN55212不降低β,γ-亚甲基-ATP(n=7或10;数据未显示)或去氧肾上腺素诱导输精管收缩的能力。
表2:
THCV(nM) | 颤搐抑制剂 | THCV的平均表观KB(nM) | 95%置信限(nM) | n |
10-1000 | R-(+)-WIN55212 | 1.5 | 1.1,2.3 | 6-9 |
100 | 花生四烯酰乙醇胺 | 1.2 | 0.2,6.2 | 7 |
100 | methanandamide | 4.6 | 1.5,11.6 | 12 |
100 | CP55940 | 10.3 | 3.8,31.7 | 14 |
1000 | THC | 96.7 | 15.4,978 | 10 |
100 | 可乐定 | >100 | - | 8 |
100 | 辣椒素 | >100 | - | 8 |
100 | 7-OH-CBD-DMH | >100 | - | 8 |
THCV被证明在10、100和1000nM时拮抗花生四烯酰乙醇胺,和在100nM时拮抗methanandamide和CP55940。在这些颤搐抑制剂的log浓度反应曲线中由THCV引起的右向位移没有偏离平行性。有关由10nM THCV引起的对花生四烯酰乙醇胺的拮抗作用的平均表观KB值是1.4nM(0.36和7.50nM),括号内表示95%置信限。有关由100nMTHCV引起的对花生四烯酰乙醇胺、methanandamide和CP55940的拮抗作用的平均表观KB值列于表2中。
THCV在100nM时不降低可乐定、辣椒素或(-)-7-羟基-大麻二酚-二甲基庚基抑制电诱发性收缩的能力,这表明它在输精管中作为颤搐抑制剂的拮抗剂具有至少某些程度的选择性。
100nM THCV也不拮抗大麻素受体激动剂THC(n=11;数据未显示)。然而,THCV在1μM时在THC的log浓度反应曲线中确实产生了明显的右向位移,其没有明显偏离平行性(对于它的抗THC的表观KB值见表2)。
从该数据来看,共同施用低剂量的THCV和THC有可能可以改善高剂量THC的作用比如心率增加和精神活性。低剂量的THCV可以作为CB1受体的可克服的(surmountable)竞争性拮抗剂并由此阻断高剂量THC的某些作用。在本领域中公知,部分激动剂的效能和功效随受体密度而增加,可克服的竞争性拮抗剂的效能不受受体密度影响。THCV的剂量将不足以阻止THC的治疗作用但是将足够防止THC的高剂量副作用。
结论:
●Δ9-四氢次大麻酚(THCV)从脑的和CHO-hCB2细胞的膜上的特异性结合位点置换[3H]CP55940(Ki分别为75.4和62.8nM),这表明THCV是CB1和CB2受体的拮抗剂。
●THCV(1μM)也拮抗由CP55940诱导的对[35S]GTPγS与这些膜的结合增强(表观KB分别为93.1和10.1nM),这表明它是一种相当强效的竞争性拮抗剂。KB值表明,与作为CB1受体拮抗剂相比,THCV是一种更强效的CB2受体拮抗剂。
●在小鼠输精管中,THCV拮抗Δ9-四氢大麻酚(THC)抑制电诱发性收缩的能力,它的表观KB值(96.7nM)接近它对CP55940-和R-(+)-WIN55212诱导的[35S]GTPγS与小鼠脑膜结合增强的拮抗作用的表观KB值。
●THCV在输精管中也拮抗R-(+)-WIN55212、花生四烯酰乙醇胺、methanandamide和CP55940,但是其具有较低的表观KB值(分别为1.5、1.2、4.6和10.3nM),这表明THCV以竞争性、可克服的方式起作用。
●THCV在它们自身不影响电诱发性收缩、或[35S]GTPγS与小鼠脑膜或CHO-hCB2细胞膜结合能力的浓度时产生它对大麻素类物质的拮抗作用,这表明THCV是一种中性大麻素受体拮抗剂。
●THCV(100nM)不对抗由可乐定、辣椒素或(-)-7-羟基-大麻二酚-二甲基庚基诱导的对输精管电诱发性收缩的抑制。这表示THCV具有选择性。
●1μM的THCV或R-(+)-WIN55212不降低输精管对盐酸去氧肾上腺素或β,γ-亚甲基-ATP的收缩反应,这提示THCV在突触前位点与R-(+)-WIN55212相互作用。
●在31.6μM时,THCV确实降低了对盐酸去氧肾上腺素或β,γ-亚甲基-ATP的收缩反应,并且在3μM以上时它以不依赖于SR141716A的方式抑制输精管的电诱发性收缩。
总之,THCV表现为一种中性竞争性CB1和CB2受体拮抗剂。在输精管中,它比THC更强效地拮抗几种大麻素类物质,并且它在该组织中比在脑膜中更强效地对抗CP55940和R-(+)-WIN55212。
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Claims (9)
1.四氢次大麻酚(THCV)作为单一活性成分在制备用于治疗受益于CB1大麻素受体中性拮抗作用的疾病和病况的药物中的用途,其中所述疾病或病况选自:肥胖、精神分裂症和癫痫。
2.四氢次大麻酚(THCV)作为单一活性成分在制备用于治疗受益于CB1大麻素受体中性拮抗作用的疾病和病况的药物中的用途,其中所述疾病或病况是与II型糖尿病即非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病相关的肥胖。
3.根据权利要求1所述的THCV的用途,其中THCV是从至少一种大麻类植物制备的提取物的形式。
4.根据权利要求3所述的THCV的用途,其中所述从至少一种大麻类植物制备的提取物是植物药用物质的形式。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的THCV的用途,其中通过超临界或亚临界CO2提取法生产所述从至少一种大麻类植物制备的提取物。
6.根据权利要求3或4所述的THCV的用途,其中通过使植物材料在大于100℃的温度下与经加热气体接触,其足以使所述植物材料中的一种或多种大麻素类物质挥发形成蒸汽,并使蒸汽凝结形成提取物,由此来生产所述从至少一种大麻类植物制备的提取物。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的THCV的用途,其中THCV是基本纯或分离的形式。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的THCV的用途,其中THCV是合成的形式。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的THCV的用途,其中THCV被配制为还包含一种或多种药用可接受载体的药物组合物。
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