CN101022792A - 新化合物、包含该化合物的药物组合物及该化合物的应用方法 - Google Patents
新化合物、包含该化合物的药物组合物及该化合物的应用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明包含药物稀释剂和式II化合物的药物组合物,其中R1和R2,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基、-CH2COR5、-CH2C(O)NR5、-C(O)R5或-CH2OR5,并且可任选含有卤素原子,其中R5是C1-C12烷基。R3和R4,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基。
Description
发明背景
脂肪酸合酶
脂肪酸在细胞生理学中具有三个主要作用。首先,它们是生物膜的构件,第二,脂肪酸衍生物起激素和细胞内信使的作用。第三,并且对本发明特别重要的是,脂肪酸是燃料分子,能以三酰甘油的形式贮存在脂肪组织中,三酰甘油也被称为中性脂肪。
有四种参与脂肪酸合成途径的主要的酶:脂肪酸合酶(FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、苹果酸酶、柠檬酸裂合酶。主要的酶:FAS,催化前体丙二酰-辅酶A与乙酰-辅酶A的NADPH依赖性缩合,产生脂肪酸。NADPH是还原剂,通常在FAS反应循环中的两个点起主要电子供体的作用。其它三个酶(即就是ACC、苹果酸酶和柠檬酸裂合酶)产生必需的前体。其它酶,例如,生成NADPH的酶,也参与脂肪酸合成。
FAS具有酶学委员会(E.C.)编号No.2.3.1.85,也被称为脂肪酸合成酶,脂肪酸连接酶,其系统名称为乙酰-辅酶A:丙二酰辅酶A C-酰基转移酶(去羧基,氧代酰基和烯酰基-还原和硫代酯水解)。有7种不同的酶-或催化域-参与脂肪酸的FAS催化合成:乙酰转酰酶、丙二酰转酰酶、β一酮脂酰合成酶(缩合酶),β-酮脂酰还原酶,β-羟酰基脱水酶,烯酰还原酶和硫酯酶(Wakil,S.J.,Biochemistry,28:4523-4530,1989)。全部这七种酶一起构成FAS。
尽管在低等生物如细菌和在高等生物如分枝杆菌、酵母菌和人中FAS催化的脂肪酸合成是类似的,但存在一些重要区别。在细菌中,七种酶促反应是通过七种没有结合的独立多肽进行的。这种被分类为II型FAS。相反,在分枝杆菌、酵母菌和人中的酶反应是通过多功能的多肽完成的。例如,酵母菌具有由两种独立的多肽构成的复合体,然而在分枝杆菌和人中,所有七种反应都是通过单一多肽完成的。这些被分类为I型FAS。
FAS抑制剂
已经表明,多种化合物能抑制脂肪酸合酶(FAS)。FAS抑制剂可由化合物抑制纯化的FAS酶活性的能力而鉴定。FAS活性可通过测量放射性标记的前体(即,乙酰辅酶A或丙二酰辅酶A)向脂肪酸中的掺入或根据分光光度法测量NADPH的氧化来检测(Dils,等,MethodsEnzymol.,35:74-83)。
如下所示的表1列出了几种FAS抑制剂。
表1 脂肪酸合成途径的酶的代表性抑制剂 | |
脂肪酸合酶的抑制剂 | |
1,3-二溴丙酮 | 浅蓝菌素 |
Ellman′s试剂(5,5′-二硫代双(2-硝基 | 苯基浅蓝菌素(phenyocerulenin) |
苯甲酸),DTNB) | 米拉索普 |
4-(4′-氯苄氧基)苄基烟酸酯(KCD-232) | 碘乙酸酯 |
4-(4′-氯苄氧基)苯甲酸(M II) | 苯基胂化氧 |
2(5(4-氯苯基)戊基)环氧乙烷-2-羧化物 | 锑酰葡糖酸钠 |
(POCA)和它的辅酶A衍生物 | 蜂毒肽 |
乙氧基甲酸酐 | 硫乳霉素 |
柠檬酸裂合酶的抑制剂 | 苹果酸酶的抑制剂 |
(-)羟基柠檬酸盐 | 高碘酸盐氧化的磷酸3-氨基吡啶 |
(R,S)-S-(3,4-二羧基-3-羟基-3-甲基- | 腺嘌呤二核苷酸 |
丁基)-辅酶A | 5,5′-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸) |
S-羧基甲基-辅酶A | 对羟基苯甲酸汞 |
N-乙基马来酰亚胺乙二酰硫醇酯如S-乙二酰谷胱甘肽棉子酚苯甲酰甲醛2,3-丁二酮溴代丙酮酸酯孕烯诺龙 | ||
乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的抑制剂 | ||
稀禾定 | 9-癸烯基-1-戊烯二酸 | |
吡氟氯禾灵及其辅酶A酯 | 癸烷基-2-戊烯二酸 | |
2,4-滴苯丙酸及其辅酶A酯 | 癸烷基-1-戊烯二酸 | |
烯草酮 | (S)-布洛芬基(ibuprofenyl)-辅酶A | |
杀草灵 | (R)-布洛芬基-辅酶A | |
trifop | 氟甲吡啶氧酚丙酸及其辅酶A酯 | |
祛酯酸 | clofop | |
2,4-D甲氯丙酸 | 5-(十四烷氧基)-2-糠酸 | |
茅草枯 | β,β′-四甲基十六烷二酸 | |
2-烷基戊二酸 | 肟草酮 | |
2-十四烷基戊二酸(TDG) | β,β伯-甲基-取代的十六烷二酸 | |
2-辛基戊二酸 | (MEDICA 16)的游离或一硫代酯 | |
N6,02-二丁酰基环腺苷酸 | α-氰基-4-羟基肉桂酸盐 | |
N2,02-二丁酰基环鸟苷酸 | S-(4-溴-2,3-二氧代丁基)-辅酶A | |
5-(十四氧基)-2-糠酸的 | 对羟基苯甲酸汞(PHMB) | |
辅酶A衍生物(TOFA) | N6,02-二丁酰基环腺苷酸 | |
2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-p-二英 |
在脂肪酸合成途径中的四种酶中,FAS是抑制的优选靶点,因为FAS只在脂肪酸的途经内起作用,而其它的三种酶参与其它的细胞功能。因此,抑制其它三种酶中的一种更可能影响正常细胞。由FAS执行的七个酶促步骤中,缩合酶(即,β-酮酰基合成酶)和烯酰还原酶催化的步骤已经成为减少或阻止脂肪酸合成的抑制剂的最普通的候选者。FAS复合体的缩合酶在结构和功能方面被充分表征。缩合酶的活性位点包括关键的半胱氨酸硫醇,其是抗血脂试剂,如,例如抑制剂浅蓝菌素的靶点。
优选的缩合酶抑制剂包括广泛范围的化学化合物,包括烷基化剂、氧化剂和能进行二硫化物交换的试剂。该酶的结合口袋优选长链E,E,双烯类。
首要的是,含有侧链双烯和表现出与硫醇盐阴离子反应性基团的试剂可能是良好的缩合酶抑制剂。浅蓝菌素[(2S,3R)-2,3-环氧-4-氧代-7,10十二碳二烯酰基酰胺]是一个例子:
浅蓝菌素与脂肪酸合酶的缩合酶的活性位点中关键的半胱氨酸硫醇基共价结合,灭活这一关键酶促步骤(Funabashi,等,J.Biochem.,105:751-755,1989)。尽管注意到浅蓝菌素具有其它的活性,但这些活性发生在可能不是人细胞相关模型的微生物中(如,真菌内的胆固醇合成的抑制,Omura(1976),Bacteriol.Rev.,40:681-697;或病毒内RNA合成的减少,Perez,等(1991),FEBS,280:129-133),发生在实质上更高的药物浓度(在5mg/ml的病毒HIV蛋白酶的抑制,Moelling,等(1990),FEBS,261:373-377)或可能为内源性脂肪酸合成抑制的直接结果(B淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞内抗原加工的抑制,Falo,等(1987),J.Immunol.,139:3918-3923)。一些数据提示,浅蓝菌素不特异性抑制蛋白的肉豆蔻酰化(Simon,等,J.Biol.Chem.,267:3922-3931,1992)。
再有多种FAS抑制剂被公开于美国专利申请No.08/096,908和它的1994年1月24日申请的CIP中,其中公开的内容被引入本文作为参考。所包括的是脂肪酸合酶、柠檬酸裂合酶、辅酶A羧化酶及苹果酸酶的抑制剂。
Tomoda及其同事(Tomoda等,Biochim.Biophys.Act 921:595-598 1987;Omura等,J.Antibiotics 39:1211-12181986)描述了三氮菌素C(有时称WS-1228A),一种天然存在的酰基-辅酶A合成酶抑制剂,其是链霉菌属物种(Streptomyces sp.),SK-1894的产物。二氮菌素C的化学结构是1-羟基-3-(E,E,E-2′,4′,7′-undecatrienylidine)三氮烯。8.7μM的三氮菌素C导致大鼠肝酰基辅酶A合成酶50%的抑制;相关化合物,三氮菌素A通过与长链脂肪酸竞争的机制抑制酰基辅酶A合成酶。酰基辅酶A合成酶的抑制对动物细胞是有毒的。Tomoda等(Tomoda等,J.Biol.Chem.266:4214-4219,1991)教导1.0μM的三氮菌素C引起Raji细胞生长抑制,并还显示出抑制Vero和Hela细胞的生长。Tomoda等进一步教导酰基辅酶A合成酶是动物细胞中所必需的,以及该酶的抑制具有致命效应。
美国专利No.5,981,575(其公开内容被引入本文作为参考)显示了抑制脂肪酸合成、抑制肿瘤细胞生长和引起体重减轻的一族化合物(γ-取代的-α-亚甲基-β-羧基-γ-丁内酯)。在’575专利中公开的化合物用于治疗应用具有优于天然产物浅蓝菌素的几个优点:[1]它们不包含浅蓝菌素的高反应性环氧基,[2]它们在水溶液中是稳定的和可溶解的,[3]它们可由两步合成反应生成,因此容易大量制备,和[4]它们易被氚化,达到生化和药理学分析的高比活性。在’575专利中描述了为脂肪酸合酶抑制剂的该族化合物的合成,以及它们作为治疗表达FAS的肿瘤细胞的方法的应用,和它们作为减少体重的方法的应用。’575专利还公开了任意脂肪酸合酶抑制剂全身性减少脂肪细胞物质(脂肪细胞数量或大小),作为减少体重的方法的应用。
FAS抑制性化合物的其它公开包括专利申请PCT/US03/20960和PCT/US03/21700,通过引用将它们的公开内容并入本文。
小鼠和人中脂肪酸合成的主要部位是肝脏(参见Roncari,Can.J.Biochem.,52:221-230,1974;Triscari等,1985,Metabolism,34:580-7;Barakat等,1991,Metabolism,40:280-5)、泌乳期乳腺(参见Thompson,等,Pediatr.Res.,19:139-143,1985)和脂肪组织(Goldrick等,1974,Clin.Sci.Mol.Med.,46:469-79)。
作为抗微生物剂的脂肪酸合成抑制剂
浅蓝菌素最初是作为可能的抗真菌抗生素从青蓝头孢(Cephalosporium caerulens)培养液中分离的。在结构上浅蓝菌素被表征为[(2R,3S)-环氧-4-氧代-7,10-反,反十二酸酰胺]。显示它的作用机制是通过不可逆结合,抑制脂肪酸生物合成需要的缩合酶:β-酮脂酰基-ACP合酶。浅蓝菌素被分类为抗真菌剂,主要抗念球菌属(Candida)和酵母属物种(Saccharomyces sp)。而且,尽管发现它对结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)没有活性,但是表明抗某些细菌、放线菌类、分枝杆菌的一些体外活性。没有评价脂肪酸合成抑制剂,特别是浅蓝菌素对原生动物如鼠弓形体(Toxoplasma gondii)或其它感染性真核病原体如卡氏肺囊虫(Pneumocystis carinii)、兰伯贾第虫(Giardia lamblia)、疟原虫属物种(Plasmodium sp.)、阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis)、隐孢子虫属(Cryptosporidium)、锥虫属(Trypanosoma)、利氏曼虫属(Leishmania)和血吸虫属(Schistosoma)的活性。
对治疗特别敏感的感染性疾病是引起被感染的动物外部可接近的表面损害的疾病。外部可接近的表面包括通过非侵入性方法(不切开或刺破皮肤)可到达的所有表面,包括皮肤表面自身,粘膜,如覆盖鼻腔、口腔、胃肠道或泌尿生殖器表面的那些,和肺部表面如肺泡囊。易感疾病包括:(1)皮肤真菌病或皮肤癣,特别是由小孢子菌属(Microsporum),发癣菌属(Trichophyton),表皮癣菌属(Epidermophyton)或粘膜皮肤念珠菌(Mucocutaneous candidiasis)引起的;(2)mucotic角膜炎,特别是由曲霉属(Aspergillus),镰刀菌属(Fusarium)或念球菌属引起的;(3)阿米巴性角膜炎,特别是由棘阿米巴属(Acanthamoeba)引起的;(4)胃肠道疾病,特别是由兰伯贾第虫、内变形虫属(Entamoeba)、隐孢子虫属、Microsporidium或念珠菌属(在无免疫应答的动物内最普遍)引起的;(5)泌尿生殖器感染,特别是由白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)或阴道毛滴虫引起的;和(6)肺病,特别是由结核分枝杆菌、曲霉属或卡氏肺囊虫引起的。对用脂肪酸合成抑制剂治疗敏感的感染性生物包括结核分枝杆菌,特别是多药耐受性菌株和原生动物如弓形虫属(Toxoplasma)。
抑制脂肪酸合成的任意化合物可以用于抑制微生物细胞生长。然而,给予患者的化合物对患者和靶微生物细胞必须不是相等毒性的。因此,选择仅仅或主要影响靶微生物细胞的抑制剂是有益的。
依靠它们自身内源性合成的脂肪酸的真核微生物细胞表达I型FAS。这是通过以下两个事实显示的:FAS抑制剂是生长抑制的和外源性加入的脂肪酸可保护正常患者细胞而不保护这些微生物细胞免受FAS抑制剂作用。因此,阻止细胞合成脂肪酸的药剂可用于治疗感染。在真核生物中,脂肪酸是由利用底物乙酰辅酶A、丙二酰辅酶A和NADPH的I型FAS合成的。因而,其它可将底物供入这种途径的酶也可能影响脂肪酸合成的速度,从而在依赖内源性合成的脂肪酸的微生物中是重要的。这些酶中任意一个的活性或表达的抑制,都将影响那些依靠内源性合成的脂肪酸的微生物细胞的生长。
不同生物中的I型FAS产物是不同的。例如,在真菌酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)中,产物主要是与辅酶A酯化(Sterified)的棕榈酸酯和硬脂酸酯(sterate)。在耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis)中,产物是长度为16到24个碳的饱和脂肪酸辅酶A酯。这些脂类经常被进一步处理以满足细胞对多种脂类成分的需要。
在脂肪酸下游处理或利用中关键步骤的抑制可被期望抑制细胞功能,无论该细胞是依靠内源性脂肪酸还是应用从细胞外供给的脂肪酸,因此这些下游步骤的这类抑制剂对依靠内源性脂肪酸的微生物细胞可能不是充分选择性的。然而,已发现给予这种微生物I型脂肪酸合成抑制剂,使它们对下游脂肪酸处理和/或应用的抑制剂的抑制作用更加敏感。因为这种协同作用,将脂肪酸合成抑制剂与一种或多种脂质生物合成和/或应用中下游步骤的抑制剂联合给药,将选择性地影响依靠内源性合成的脂肪酸的微生物细胞。优选的联合包括FAS抑制剂和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶或FAS和MAS抑制剂。
当确定哺乳动物被表达I型FAS的生物的细胞感染时,或如果在来自患者的生物流体中发现了FAS时,可通过给予脂肪酸合成抑制剂来治疗该哺乳动物或患者(专利No.5,614,551)。
国际专利申请No.PCT/US01/05316中描述了抑制神经肽-Y以抑制食欲并刺激体重减轻,其中公开的内容被引入本文作为参考。然而,该申请并没有描述或公开本申请中公开的任一化合物。
序号为No.60/354,480的美国专利申请中描述了刺激肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)以刺激体重减轻,其中公开的内容被引入本文作为参考。该申请也没有描述或公开本申请中公开的任一化合物。
美国专利No.5,759,837中描述了FAS抑制剂抑制癌细胞生长的应用,其中公开的内容被引入本文作为参考。该申请没有描述或公开本申请公开的任一化合物。
发明概述
本发明的目的是提供一类新的式I化合物,其具有多种治疗上有价值的性质,如FAS-抑制、NPY-抑制、CPT-1刺激、引起体重减轻的能力,以及抗癌和抗微生物特性。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种包含式的II化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,引起动物和人类体重减轻的方法。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种通过给予人类或动物包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,刺激CPT-1活性的方法。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,抑制人类或动物中神经肽Y的合成的方法。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,抑制人类或动物中脂肪酸合酶活性的方法。
本发明的还一个目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,治疗动物和人的癌症的方法。
本发明进一步的目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,预防动物和人中癌细胞生长的方法。
本发明进一步的目的是提供一种通过给予包含式II的化合物和药物稀释剂的药物组合物,抑制侵入性微生物细胞生长的方法。
附图简要说明
图1显示制备根据本发明的化合物的合成方案。
图2显示制备根据本发明的化合物的另一种合成方案。
发明详述
本发明的化合物可以采用常规的方法制备。在实施例中描述了许多化合物的合成。所述化合物可以适用于治疗肥胖、癌症或基于微生物(microbially-based)的感染。
本发明的一个实施方案是具有下述通式的化合物:
其中:
R1和R2,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基、-CH2COR5、-CH2C(O)NR5、-C(O)R5或-CH2OR5,并且可任选含有卤素原子,其中R5是C1-C12烷基;
R3和R4,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基;
条件是,当R4=-(CH2)7CH3、R3是甲基并且R1是-CH3时,R2不是-CH2-CH=CH2,
并且进一步的条件是,当R4=-CH3、R3是H并且R1是-CHH3时,R2不是-CH3或-CH=C(CH3)CH2CH2CH=C(CH3)2,
优选地,R1和R2各自独立地为C1-C12烷基。在优选的实施方案中,R1和R2各自是-CH2-CH=CH2。
优选地,R3和R4各自独立地为C1-C12烷基。更优选地,R4为C1-C8烷基,最优选是-CH3。
本发明的组合物可以以单位剂型给予人和其它动物,该单位剂型例如片剂、胶囊、丸剂、散剂、颗粒剂、无菌肠胃外溶液或混悬液、口服溶液或混悬液、包含有适量化合物的水包油和油包水乳液、栓剂和流体悬浮液或溶液形式。如在本说明书中使用的,术语“药物稀释剂”和“药物载体”具有相同的含义。对于口服给药,可制备成固体或流体单位剂型。对于制备固体组合物,如片剂,可以将该化合物与常规组分如滑石粉、硬脂酸镁、磷酸二钙、硅酸镁铝、硫酸钙、淀粉、乳糖、阿拉伯胶、甲基纤维素以及作为药物稀释剂或载体的功能类似的物质混合。通过将化合物与惰性药物稀释剂混合并将混合物填充到合适大小的硬明胶胶囊中来制备胶囊。通过将化合物与可接受的植物油、轻质液体石蜡或其它惰性油浆液的机器胶囊化来制备软明胶胶囊。
可制备流体单位剂型或口服给药如糖浆、酏剂和混悬液。可以将该形式与糖、芳香调味剂和防腐剂一起溶于水性介质中形成糖浆。可借助于阿拉伯胶、黄芪胶、甲基纤维素等悬浮剂,用水性介质制备混悬液。
利用化合物和无菌介质,可制备用于肠胃外给药流体单位剂型。在制备溶液中,可将化合物溶于注射用水中,过滤器灭菌,然后灌装到适合的小瓶或安瓿中并密封。可将辅助剂如局部麻醉剂、防腐剂和缓冲剂溶于介质中。将组合物装入小瓶后,冷冻它并在真空下除水。然后可以将冷冻粉末称量到小瓶中,并在使用前重构。
预期本发明化合物的临床治疗适应症包括:(1)由侵入性微生物如葡萄球菌属(Staphylococci)和肠球菌属(Enterococci)引起的感染;(2)在细胞过度表达脂肪酸合酶的许多组织中出现的癌症;以及(3)由于摄取过量的热量引起的肥胖。治疗的剂量和持续时间将取决于多种因素,包括(1)患者的年龄、体重和器官功能(如肝和肾功能);(2)待治疗的疾病过程的属性和程度,以及任何存在的有意义的共同发病和服用的伴随药物,以及(3)药物相关的参数如给药途径、实现治愈所必需的给药频率和持续时间,以及药物的治疗指数。总之,将选择剂量以获得1ng/ml到100ng/ml的血清水平,目标是在靶位获得大约1μg/ml到10μg/ml的有效浓度。
实施例
通过下述实施例来举例说明,但不限制本发明。
如下所述合成了根据本发明的化合物。化合物的生物活性描述如下:测试化合物:(1)抑制纯化的人FAS,(2)抑制全细胞中脂肪酸合成活性和(3)对培养的MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性,已知这种癌细胞具有高水平的FAS和脂肪酸合成活性,采用结晶紫和XTT测定法。选择具有低水平细胞毒性的化合物,然后测试Balb/C小鼠体重减轻。此外,在Balb/C小鼠中测试来自表现出明显体重减轻和低水平细胞毒性组的代表性化合物对脂肪酸氧化和肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶-1(CPT-1)活性,以及下丘脑NPY表达(通过Northern分析)的影响。还测试了某些化合物的抗革兰氏阳性和/或阴性菌的活性。
化合物的化学合成
向含2-叔-丁基-5-甲基-5-辛基-[1,3]-氧硫杂环戊烷(oxathiolan)-4-酮(1,图1中所示,2.2g,7.68mmol)的EtOH(29mL)中添加NaOEt(2.1M,4.75mL,9.9mmol)并让溶液在室温搅拌。40分钟后,将溶液倒入HCl(1 N,30mL)并用Et2O(3×30mL)萃取。然后用H2O(5×30mL)洗涤合并的有机物、干燥(MgSO4)、过滤并蒸发得到粗游离硫醇,将该粗游离硫醇溶于CH2Cl2(86mL)中并冰冷却到0℃。添加NEt3(1.6mL,11.5mmol)和4-戊烯酰氯(pentenoyl chloride)(1.10mL,9.98mmol)并让溶液在0℃搅拌1小时。添加NH4Cl(饱和的150mL)并用CH2Cl2萃取溶液。干燥(MgSO4)有机层、过滤并蒸发。急骤色谱法5%EtOAc/己烷得到2-(4-戊烯酰)-硫烷基-2-甲基-癸酸乙酯(2)(2.29g,91%)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ0.86(t,J=6.9Hz,3H),1.23(m,15H),1.60(s,3H),1.76-1.78(m,2H),2.34-2.36(m,2H),2.53-2.59(m,2H),4.16(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),4.98(d,J=10.3Hz,1H),5.01(d,J=17.6Hz,1H),5.77(ddt,J=10.3,17.6,6.3Hz,1H)。
向冷却到-78℃的含2-(4-戊烯酰基)-硫烷基-2-甲基-癸酸乙酯(2,1.98g,6.04mmol)的THF(91mL)中添加LiHMDS(7.5mL,7.5mmol)并让溶液缓慢地温至-5℃(2小时)。然后将溶液倒入HCl(1N,40mL)并用EtOAc(3×30mL)萃取。干燥(MgSO4)合并的有机物、过滤并蒸发。急骤色谱法(20%EtOAc/2%AcOH/己烷)得到纯的3-烯丙基-4-羟基-5-甲基-5-辛基-5-H-噻吩(thiophe)-2-酮(3,82mg,48%)。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ0.85(t,J=6.9Hz,3H),1.24(m,12H),1.65(s,3H),1.81-1.86(m,2H),3.02(d,J=6.4Hz,2H),5.12(dq,J=10.6,1.5Hz,1H),5.20(dq,J=17.3,1.5Hz,1H),5.84(ddt,J=10.6,17.3,6.4Hz,1H)。13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ14.1,22.6,25.2,26.1,26.9,29.1,29.3,29.5,31.8,38.5,57.5,111.5,117.4,134.4,180.8,195.4。
3,3-二烯丙基-5-甲基-5-辛基-噻吩-2,4-二酮(4)。向冷却到-40℃的含3-烯丙基-4-羟基-5-甲基-5-辛基-5-H-噻吩-2-酮(3,695mg,2.5mmol)的DMF(14mL)中添加NaH(60%在油中,118mg,2.95mmol),让溶液温至0℃并搅拌25分钟。添加烯丙基溴(0.34mL,3.94mmol),除去冰浴,让反应温至室温并搅拌20小时。添加HCl(1N,30mL)并用Et2O(3×30mL)萃取溶液。干燥(MgSO4)合并的有机物、过滤并蒸发。急骤色谱法2%EtOAc/己烷-10%EtOAc/己烷得到纯的4(44lmg,56%)和O-烷基化的副产物(64mg,8%);总收率(64%)。C-烷基化的产物1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ0.86(t,J=6.5Hz,3H),1.25(m,11H),1.43-1.47(m,1H),1.54(s,3H),1.79-1.84(m,2H),2.43-2.47(m,4H),5.05-5.11(m,4H),5.57-5.69(2H)。13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ14.1,22.6,25.1,25.8,29.1,29.2,29.5,31.8,40.2,40.7,41.3,62.8,64.8,120.3,120.4,131.2,131.2,203.9,213.5。
6,90%(C-烷基化):7,10%(O-烷基化)
3,3,5-三甲基-5-辛基-噻吩-2,4-二酮(6)。向溶解在DMF(4.3mL)中的5(下图2中所示并且其合成描述在PCT申请No.PCTUS03/021700,200mg,0.78mmol)中添加Cs2CO3(304mg,0.94mmol)和MeI(78uL,1.25mmol)。让溶液在室温搅拌1小时。然后将混合物倒入NH4Cl/1 N HCl(3∶1,20mL)并用Et2O(3×15mL)萃取。然后用H2O(3×15mL)洗涤Et2O层、干燥(MgSO4)、过滤并蒸发得到粗的6/7。急骤色谱法5%EtOAc/己烷至20%EtOAc/己烷得到6(120mg)和7(14mg)48%总收率。
6:1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ0.86(t,J=6.99Hz,3H),1.25(m,14H),1.29(s,3H),1.41-1.49(m,1H),1.65(s,3H),1.76-1.82(m,1H),1.96-2.01(m,1H);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ14.0,22.2,22.5,24.4,25.6,28.1,29.1,29.2,29.4,31.7,40.6,53.6,65.1,204.9,215.4。
9,87%(C-烷基化):10,13%(O-烷基化)
3,3,5-三甲基-5-己基-噻吩-2,4-二酮(9)。对8(下图2中所示,140mg,0.61mmol)和MeI(65uL,1.06mmol),按照上述程序但是让反应在室温搅拌过夜,急骤色谱法(2%EtOAc-5%EtOAc/己烷)后获得9(83mg)和10(13mg)65%总收率。
9:1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ0.80(t,J=6.8Hz,3H),1.19(m,10H),1.25(s,3H),1.41-1.46(m,1H),1.65(s,3H),1.72-1.76(m,1H),1.88-1.95(m,1H)。13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ13.9,22.2,22.4,24.4,25.6,28.1,29.1,31.4,40.6,53.6,65.1,204.9,215.4。
3,3,5-三甲基-5-癸基-噻吩-2,4-二酮(12)。对11(下图2中所示,209mg,0.74mmol)和MeI(73uL,1.18mmol)按照上述程序过夜,急骤色谱法5%EtOAc/己烷后获得12(151mg,69%)。(这里O-烷基化没有回收但是存在)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ0.83(t,J=5.1Hz,3H),1.21(m,18H),1.26(s,3H),1.42-1.46(m,1H),1.70(s,3H),1.71-1.74(m,1H),1.89-1.96(m,1H)。13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)δ14.0,22.2,22.6,24.4,25.6,28.1,29.2,29.2,29.4,29.4,29.4,31.8,40.6,53.5,65.0,204.8,215.4。(±)
15,81%(C-烷基化):16,19%(O-烷基化)
3,3-二烯丙基-5-甲基-5-癸基-噻吩-2,4-二酮(15)。对14(下图2中所示,177mg,0.57mmol)和烯丙基溴(66uL,0.76mmol)按照上述程序过夜,急骤色谱法5%EtOAc/己烷后获得15(126mg)和16(30mg)78%总收率。1H NMR(300 MHz,CDCl3)δ0.85(t,J=7.02Hz,3H),1.23(m,15H),1.40-1.50(m,1H),1.53(s,3H),1.75-1.86(m,2H),2.37-2.50(m,4H),5.03-5.09(m,4H),5.52-5.66(m,2H)。
生物学和生物化学方法
从ZR-75-1人乳腺癌细胞中纯化FAS
从培养的获自美国典型培养物中心的ZR-75-1人乳腺癌细胞中纯化人FAS。修改自Linn等1981年和Kuhajda等1994年的所述方法,利用低渗裂解、连续聚乙二醇(PEG)沉淀和阴离子交换色谱法。在37℃用5%CO2,在含10%胎牛血清、青霉素和链霉素的RPMI培养基中培养ZR-75-1细胞。
将十个T150烧瓶的汇合细胞用1.5ml裂解缓冲液(20mMTris-HCl,pH7.5,1mM EDTA,0.1mM苯基甲烷磺酰氟(PMSF),0.1%Igepal CA-630)裂解和在冰上dounce均化20击。在JA-20转子(Beckman)中,在4℃以20,000rpm离心裂解产物30分钟,用裂解缓冲液使上清液至42ml。将50%PEG 8000的裂解缓冲溶液缓慢地加到上清液中,使得终浓度为7.5%。在4℃摇动60分钟后,在JA-20转子(Beckman)中,在4℃以15,000rpm离心溶液30分钟。然后往上清液中加入固体PEG 8000,使终浓度为15%。如上重复摇动和离心,将吐弃块重新悬浮在10ml缓冲液A(20mM K2HPO4,pH7.4)中,在4℃下过夜。在0.45μM过滤之后,将蛋白质溶液应用到Mono Q 5/5阴离子交换柱(Pharmacia)上。用缓冲液A以1ml/分钟洗柱15分钟,用60分钟内线性60-ml梯度至1M KC1洗脱结合的物质。FAS(MW~270 kD)通常在0.25M KCl三个0.5ml级分中洗脱出,使用以考马斯G250染色(Bio-Rad)的4-15%SDS-PAGE鉴定这些级分。根据制造商的说明,用考马斯加蛋白质分析试剂(Pierce),以BSA作为标准品,测定FAS蛋白质浓度。该方法得到实质上纯的FAS制备物(>95%),当通过考马斯-染色的凝胶判定时。
FAS酶活性的测量和化合物IC50的测定
在96孔板中,通过分光光度法以OD340监测丙二酰-辅酶A依赖性NADPH氧化来测量FAS的活性(Dils等和Arslanian等,1975)。每孔含有2μg纯化的FAS、100mM K2HPO4、pH6.5,1mM二硫苏糖醇(Sigma)和187.5μM β-NADPH(Sigma)。以2、1和0.5mg/ml在DMSO中制备抑制剂的储备液,使得当每孔加入1μl储备液时,终浓度为20、10和5μg/ml。对于每次试验,使用浅蓝菌素(Sigma)作为阳性对照,以及DMSO对照、抑制剂和空白(不含FAS酶),都是一式两份。
在Molecular Devices SpectraMax Plus分光光度计上进行该测定。将含有FAS、缓冲液、抑制剂和对照的板放入加热至37℃的分光光度计中。运用动力学程序,将一式双份含有100μl 100mM K2HPO4,pH6.5的孔成为空白,在OD340处每隔10秒读板,读数5分钟,测量任何丙二酰-辅酶A非依赖性NADPH氧化。从分光光度计中取出板,向除空白以外的每孔中加入丙二酰-辅酶A(每孔终浓度为67.4uM)和炔基-辅酶A(每孔终浓度为61.8μM)。如上所述,再次用动力学程序读板以测量丙二酰-辅酶A依赖性NADPH氧化。丙二酰-辅酶A依赖性和非丙二酰-辅酶A依赖性NADPH氧化的ΔOD340之间的差就是特异FAS活性。因为FAS制备物的纯度,非丙二酰-辅酶A依赖性NADPH氧化可以忽略不计。
通过对每个被测试的抑制剂浓度的ΔOD340值绘图,进行线性回归和求解最佳拟合线、r2值和95%置信区间来测定化合物对FAS的IC50。产生50%FAS抑制的化合物浓度为IC50。用SOFTmax PRO软件(Molecular Devices)绘制每个化合物浓度的ΔOD340值对时间的曲线图。线性回归、最佳拟合线、r2和95%置信区间的求解是用Prism 3.0版(Graph Pad Software)计算的。
结晶紫细胞生长试验
结晶紫试验测量细胞生长但不测量细胞毒性。该试验使用结晶紫对在96孔板上的固定细胞染色,随后溶解并在分光光度计上测量OD490值。OD490值对应每被测量单位时间的细胞生长。用目的化合物或载体对照处理细胞,计算每个化合物的IC50值。
为测量具体化合物对癌细胞的细胞毒性,将每孔5×104个MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞(从美国典型培养物中心获得)置于24孔板的中含10%胎牛血清、青霉素和链霉素的DMEM培养基中。在37℃和5%CO2下过夜培养之后,将溶于DMSO中的待测试化合物,以下面的浓度往孔中加1μl体积:50、40、30、20和10μg/ml一式三份。如果需要,测试另外的浓度。往一式三份孔中加入1μl DMSO为载体对照。一式三份以10和5μg/ml使用C75作为阳性对照。
孵育72小时后,每孔中的细胞用0.5ml的结晶紫染色剂(0.5%的25%甲醇)染色。10分钟后,清洗孔,风干,然后用0.5ml 10%的十二烷基硫酸钠振荡2小时溶解。从每孔中转移100μl至96孔板中后,在Molecular Devices SpectraMax Plus分光光度计上在OD490处读板。平均OD490值用SOFTmax Pro软件(Molecular Devices)计算,用Prism3.02版(Graph Pad Software,San Diego)通过线性回归分析测定IC50值。
XTT细胞毒性试验
XTT试验是[51Cr]释放细胞毒性试验的一种非放射性替代试验。XTT是一种四唑盐,它只被代谢活泼、活细胞还原成甲膜染料。以分光光度法测量XTT的还原为OD490-OD650。
为测量具体化合物对癌细胞的细胞毒性,将每孔9×103个MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞(从美国典型培养物中心获得)置于96孔板中含10%胎牛血清、胰岛素、青霉素和链霉素的DMEM培养基中。在37℃和5%CO2下过夜培养之后,将溶于DMSO中的待测化合物,以下面的浓度往孔中加1μl体积:80、40、20、10、5、2.5、1.25和0.625μg/ml一式三份。如果需要,测试另外的浓度。往一式三份孔中加入1μlDMSO为载体对照。一式三份以40、20、10、15、12.5、10和5μg/ml使用C75作为阳性对照。
孵育72小时后,按照制造商的说明,将细胞与XTT试剂(细胞增殖试剂盒II(XTT)Roche)一起孵育4小时。在Molecular DevicesSpectraMax Plus分光光度计上在OD490和OD650处读板。含有XTT试剂但不含细胞的三个孔作为板空白。以OD490-OD650报告XTT数据。平均值与平均值的标准误差是用SOFTmax Pro软件(MolecularDynamics)计算的。
化合物的IC50被定义为与对照相比导致OD490-OD650值50%减小的药物浓度。通过SOFTmax PRO软件(Molecular Devices)计算每个化合物浓度的OD490-OD650。IC50是通过线性回归,将以对照百分比表示的FAS活性对药物浓度作图来计算的。线性回归、最佳拟合线、r2和95%置信区间使用Prism 3.0版(Graph Pad Software)测定。
掺入总脂质的[14C]醋酸的测量和化合物IC50的测定
该试验测量向总脂质中[14C]醋酸的掺入,是脂肪酸合成途径活性的体外测量。用它体外测量脂肪酸合成的抑制。
将按照上面方法培养的MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞,以每孔5×104个细胞置入24孔板中。过夜孵育之后,以5、10和20μg/ml的浓度一式三份加入溶于DMSO中的待测化合物,如果需要,用更低的测试浓度。向一式三份孔中加入DMSO用作载体对照。一式三份以5和10μg/ml使用C75作为阳性对照。孵育4小时后,往每个孔中加入0.25μCi的[14C]醋酸(10μl体积)。
另外孵育2小时后,从孔中吸出培养基,然后往每孔中加入800μl氯仿∶甲醇(2∶1)和700μl 4mM MgCl2。将每孔中的内容物转移至1.5Eppendorf管中,在高速Eppendorf微型离心机5415D中全速离心2分钟。在移去水层(上层)后,向每管中加入另外700μl氯仿∶甲醇(2∶1)和500μl 4mM MgCl2,然后按照上面的方法离心1分钟。用Pasteur移液管移出水层,弃去。向每管中加入另外400μl氯仿∶甲醇(2∶1)和200μl 4mM MgCl2,然后离心并弃去水层。将下(有机)相转移至闪烁瓶中,在40℃N2气下干燥。一经干燥,加入3ml闪烁剂(APB#NBC5104),对小瓶进行14C计数。用Beckman闪烁计数仪计算一式三份的平均cpm值。
化合物的IC50被定义为与对照相比导致向脂质中掺入的[14C]醋酸50%减少的药物浓度。这是通过对每个测试的抑制剂浓度的平均cpm作图,进行线性回归和求解最佳拟合线、r2值和95%置信区间而测定的。用Beckman闪烁计数仪(Model LS6500)计算每个化合物浓度的平均cpm值。线性回归、最佳拟合线、r2和95%置信区间的求解通过Prism 3.0版(Graph Pad Software)来计算。
肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)试验
CPT-1催化长链脂肪酸由酰基-辅酶A向酰基-肉碱的ATP依赖性转移,丙二酰-辅酶A抑制该转移。由于CPT-1的活性需要线粒体膜,所以在可渗透化的细胞或线粒体中测量酶活性。该测试使用可渗透化的细胞来测量[甲基-14C]L-肉碱向有机可溶的酰基-肉碱衍生物的转移。
以106个细胞将MCF-7细胞放入24孔板中含有10%胎牛血清的DMEM中,对照、药物和丙二酰-辅酶A一式三份。开始测试前两小时,以由10mg/ml DMSO中的储备液制备的所示浓度加入药物,载体对照由DMSO组成,不含药物。由于丙二酰-辅酶A不能进入完整的细胞,所以仅将它加入到尚未与药物预孵育的细胞测试缓冲液中。37℃孵育过夜后,取出培养基并替换为700μl的测试缓冲液,该缓冲液由50mM咪唑、70mM KCl、80mM蔗糖、1mM EGTA、2mMMgCl2、1mM DTT、1mM KCN、1mM ATP、0.1%不含脂肪酸的牛血清白蛋白、70μM棕榈酰-辅酶A、0.25μCi[甲基-14C]L-肉碱、40μg洋地黄皂甙组成,具有药物、DMSO载体对照或20μM丙二酰-辅酶A。测试缓冲液中的药物和DMSO的浓度与2小时预孵育中采用的相同。37℃孵育6分钟后,加入500μl冰冷4M高氯酸终止反应。然后收获细胞,并在13000×g离心5分钟。用500μl的冰冷2mM高氯酸清洗吐弃块,并再次离心。将得到的吐弃块再悬浮在800μl dH2O中,然后用150μl丁醇提取。丁醇相通过液体闪烁法计数并代表酰基肉碱衍生物。
新FAS抑制剂的体重减轻筛选
利用Balb/C小鼠(Jackson实验室)进行最初的体重减轻筛选。在温度和12小时白天/黑夜循环的房间内饲养动物,并且自由供给小鼠食物和水。每种测试化合物和载体对照利用三只小鼠,每个试验一式三份。关于实验,将每种测试化合物的小鼠分开饲养,三只小鼠一笼。以10mg/ml用DMSO稀释化合物并且腹膜内注射小鼠大约100μlDMSO中的60mg/kg或者单独注射载体。每天观察小鼠并且称重;用Excel(Microsoft)计算平均体重和标准误差。实验继续直到动物达到它们的预处理体重为止。
在饲养在代谢笼中的动物中测试了选择的化合物。动物的给药与筛选试验的一致,一个代谢笼中三只动物。每天测量动物的体重、水和食物的消耗,以及尿和粪便的产生。
抗微生物性质
利用培养液微稀释试验来评价所述化合物的抗微生物活性。以两倍连续稀释来测试化合物,并将抑制可视生长的浓度(10%对照的OD600)定义为MIC。测试的微生物包括金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(ATCC#29213),粪肠道球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis)(ATCC#29212),绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)(ATCC#27853),和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)(ATCC#25922)。该试验是在两种生长培养基,Mueller Hinton培养液和Trypticase Soy培养液中进行的。
由在含有10%甘油的T大豆培养液中维持的冰冻原液接种血液(T大豆/5%绵羊血)琼脂板并在37℃孵育过夜。将菌落悬浮在无菌培养液中,以便浑浊度符合0.5 McFarland标准的浑浊度。将接种物使用无菌培养液(Mueller Hinton或胰胨豆胨)1∶10稀释,96孔板的每孔分散195μl。将溶于DMSO中的待测试化合物,以下列浓度加入孔中5μl体积:25、12.5、6.25、3.125、1.56和0.78μg/ml,一式两份。如果需要,测试另外的浓度。加入复制孔的5μl DMSO为载体对照。在每次操作中包括阳性对照化合物、万古霉素(粪肠道球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)与托普霉素(大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌)的连续稀释。
37℃孵育24小时后,在Molecular Devices SpectraMax Plus分光光度计上在OD600处读板。用SOFTmax Pro软件(Molecular Devices)计算平均OD600值,使用Prism 3.02版(Graph Pad Software,SanDiego)通过线性回归分析测定MIC值。MIC被定义为产生与载体对照读数的10%相等的OD600读数所需的化合物浓度。
β-氧化试验—酸可溶性产物的分离
用2.5×105个细胞/孔制备每孔1毫升的24孔板。O/N孵育细胞。
第二天,制备增溶的棕榈酸酯溶液。向2毫升离心管中添加50微升的(1-14C)棕榈酸并在氮气下干燥。添加含2毫升α-CD(α-环糊精(Cyclodextran))-10毫克/毫升的10mM Tris。在37℃水浴中孵育该溶液30分钟。
通过向2.5微升的200μM肉碱和222.5微升用于细胞的无血清培养基中填加25微升的该溶液,制备热混合物。
然后用测试化合物一式三份处理所述细胞并在37℃孵育60分钟。除去培养基并添加250微升的热混合物。再次填加试验化合物,并再在37℃孵育60分钟。用50微升的2.6 N HClO4终止反应。将板的内容物转移到1.5毫升离心管中,然后添加50微升的4 N KOH,并在60℃水浴中孵育该管30分钟。向溶液中添加乙酸钠(1M,75微升)和硫酸(3N,50微升)并旋涡。在室温以1000rpm旋转管7分钟。除去一部分(225微升),并添加下列物质(每次添加后旋涡,结束时2次):938微升的1∶1氯仿∶甲醇;468微升的氯仿;281微升的蒸馏水。以1000rpm旋转管5分钟。将上相移到大的玻璃闪烁瓶中并添加5毫升Budget溶剂(闪烁液)。充分旋涡管。最后,对C14计数1分钟。
生物测试的结果
β氧化
1.25μg/ml | 2.5μg/ml | 5μg/ml | 10μg/ml | 20μg/ml | 40μg/ml | |
化合物4 | 94 | 114 | 120 | 163 | ||
化合物4 | 154 | 177 | 147 | 101 | ||
化合物4 | 151 | 163 | 177 | 184 |
β氧化
0.097μg/ml | 0.39μg/ml | 1.56μg/ml | 6.25μg/ml | 25μg/ml | 100μg/ml | |
化合物6 | 100 | 110 | 110 | 121 | 57 | 19 |
化合物6 | 86 | 93 | 110 | 141 | 52 | 29 |
化合物6 | 102 | 130 | 53 |
β氧化
0.097μg/ml | 0.39μg/ml | 1.56μg/ml | 6.25μg/ml | 25μg/ml | 100μg/ml | |
化合物9 | 96 | 99 | 97 | 115 | 58 | 27 |
β氧化
0.097μg/ml | 0.39μg/ml | 1.56μg/ml | 625μg/ml | 25μg/ml | 100μg/ml | |
化合物15 | 105 | 114 | 127 | 138 | 165 | 150 |
β氧化
0.097μg/ml | 0.39μg/ml | 1.56μg/ml | 6.25μg/ml | 25μg/ml | 100μg/ml | |
化合物12 | 100 | 120 | 154 | 141 | 75 | 68 |
Claims (20)
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R1和R2各自独立地为C1-C12烷基。
3.权利要求2的化合物,其中R1和R2各自是-CH2-CH=CH2。
4.权利要求1的化合物,其中R3和R4各自独立地为C1-C12烷基。
5.权利要求4的化合物,其中R4为C1-C6烷基。
6.权利要求4的化合物,其中R4为-CH3。
13.权利要求12的药物组合物,它包含式I的化合物和药物稀释剂:
其中:
R1和R2,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基、-CH2COR5、-CH2C(O)NR5、-C(O)R5或-CH2OR5,并且可任选含有卤素原子,其中R5是C1-C12烷基;
R3和R4,彼此相同或不同,为H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、链烯基、芳基、芳基烷基或烷基芳基;
条件是,当R4=-(CH2)7CH3、R3是甲基并且R1是-CH3时,R2不是-CH2-CH=CH2,
并且进一步的条件是,当R4=-CH3、R3是H并且R1是-CH3时,R2不是-CH3或-CH=C(CH3)CH2 CH2CH=C(CH3)2。
14.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,引起动物和人体重减轻的方法。
15.通过给予人或动物权利要求12的药物组合物,刺激CPT-1活性的方法。
16.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,抑制人或动物中神经肽Y的合成的方法
17.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,抑制人或动物中脂肪酸合酶活性的方法
18.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,治疗动物和人癌症的方法。
19.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,预防动物和人中癌细胞生长的方法。
20.通过给予权利要求12的药物组合物,抑制侵入性微生物细胞生长的方法。
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ZA200700024B (en) | 2008-06-25 |
IL179530A0 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
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