CN101017104A - Measurement system for interflow of thin-layer sloping land - Google Patents
Measurement system for interflow of thin-layer sloping land Download PDFInfo
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- CN101017104A CN101017104A CN 200710064068 CN200710064068A CN101017104A CN 101017104 A CN101017104 A CN 101017104A CN 200710064068 CN200710064068 CN 200710064068 CN 200710064068 A CN200710064068 A CN 200710064068A CN 101017104 A CN101017104 A CN 101017104A
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Abstract
This invention relates to film layer earth flow measurement system, which is composed of water system independently slope earth area, earth flow and earth surface collection measurement system, wherein, the slope radium area forms water system with complete slope radium area; the radium flow down earth and rock or mother mass interface to establish earth flow measurement system; collection test whole radium area earth flow through flow test system to test earth flow to reflect slope flow match process and dynamic status.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the thin-layer sloping interflow and measure system, belong to hydrology and conservation technology field, be used for the system measurement of nature, constructed sloping lands hydrologic process, moisture and nutrient migration.
Background technology
China's Upper Yangtze River shallow soil hillside fields that extensively distributes, as purple soil, yellow earth, the two is important cultivated land resource.Wherein purple soil is concentrated and is distributed in Sichuan Province and Chongqing City (reservoir area of Three Gorges), and only Sichuan Basin area reaches 160,000 km
2, yellow earth reaches 300,000 km at southwestern mountain region area
2, purple soil and yellow earth hillside fields soil layer shallow (30～90cm), mud stone, shale, slate that the water permeability that underlies is more weak.Purple soil and yellow earth distributive province weather are moistening, annual rainfall is mostly between 800～1200mm, because soil layer is shallow, the basement rock that the water permeability that underlies is weak, rainfall infiltration enters the very fast arrival parent rock of soil and oozes under being difficult to continue, that soil moisture often is in is saturated (holding full) state, aspect potential energy makes soil gravitational water along aspect migration down, forms interflow.Interflow constitutes the runoff process with rainwash, run in depth, it is the important step of soil moisture reallocation, the recharge of ground water and Water Cycle, basin runoff, peb process and River Basin Hydrology circulation had considerable effect, according to a preliminary estimate, interflow accounts for 50% of purple soil and yellow earth runoff of sloping field.But the maximum difficult point that interflow is measured is to determine the groundwater flow approach and the zone of confluxing.
It is the basis of terrestrial hydrology research that runoff is measured, and rainwash only can be measured in conventional runoff of sloping field sub-district, and can't measure interflow (or subsurface stratum soil flow); Percolating filter can be used for measuring the moisture seepage of flat ground system, only can reflect that single-point moisture infiltrates, and be difficult to determine flow, and the hillside fields percolating filter is not set up at present.Because interflow is judged quite difficulty, the monitoring of interflow dynamic process and flux calculate a difficult problem that also becomes in the hydrologic research.Usually determine the interflow path at domatic employing coloring agent tracing method in the hydrology, but coloring agent causes fade because of adsorption by soil even can't judge, and the influence of rainwash is also quite big; Because factors such as fractionation and pre-treatment are too loaded down with trivial details make that also quantitative accuracy is affected when adopting tagging or other chemical tracers to study; Also adopt soil water potential to measure on the yardstick of plot, utilize formula estimation water flux, but need a plurality of probes are installed, and be difficult to determine catchment area; And the base flow in the employing hydrology (Base flow) pattern dividing method can be estimated interflow at the small watershed yardstick, but the quantitative accuracy deficiency.Above method all is difficult to directly measure interflow, can't determine catchment area and runoff source in practice.
In sum, conventional runoff of sloping field is measured system because design defect and technology lack, and is difficult to accurately monitor interflow process and flux, causes the shortage of understanding systematicly to the runoff of sloping field process.And Upper Yangtze River is because rainfall is abundant, and flood and seasonal drought alternately take place, and interflow occupy the runoff in rainy season 50% but be negligent of understanding, have a strong impact on the estimation of important parameters such as soil water amount, flood-peak stage.Therefore, system understand Upper Yangtze River runoff of sloping field process especially the interflow process for the significant and urgent technical need of water and soil conservation, flood control and the water environment safety of the Yangtze river basin.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to: at the imperfect and technical deficiency of runoff of sloping field mensuration, can't measure the defective of interflow especially at existing runoff plots, provide a kind of thin-layer sloping interflow to measure system, be used for directly monitoring hillside fields interflow footpath flowable state and water flux; This system design rationally, simple structure, can be used for comprehensive and quantitative such as hydrographic features, water balance and nutrient seepage and measure, for water yield estimation, water resources development and the erosion and torrent control works design of hydraulic engineering provides the data basis.
The above purpose of the present invention can realize by following measure: the thin-layer sloping interflow is measured system, and its characteristics are: be made of runoff of sloping field sub-district, interflow and the face of land of the water system independent completion mensuration system of confluxing; The runoff of sloping field sub-district cuts off top and sidepiece current by the cement brick wall that reaches bedrock surface deeply, constitute the runoff of sloping field sub-district of water system independent completion, soil and rock or matrix are set up the interflow mensuration system of confluxing at the interface below this runoff plots, collect the interflow of measuring whole runoff plots, and conflux by rainwash and to measure the system measurement rainwash, make this system can measure hillside fields interflow and rainwash simultaneously, complete reflection runoff of sloping field assigning process and dynamic, disclose runoff of sloping field process rule, according to measurement result and catchment area, directly calculate the footpath circulation simultaneously.
The present invention's advantage compared with prior art is:
(1) the present invention has set up the runoff of sloping field sub-district of water system independent completion.By the soil profile division, especially mark off the interface of thin-layer sloping soil and parent rock, cut off by the cement partition wall around the whole sub-district, the cement partition is deep to aquiclude, and the moisture of periphery can't enter the sub-district, and the sub-district water system independently is not subjected to the influence of external moisture.
(2) the present invention can directly measure interflow.Shallow because of soil such as purple soil, yellow earth, basement rock is the weak mud shale of water permeability, ooze under the soil moisture to basement rock to be difficult to continue vertical moving, and compile and become interflow along soil and rock interface lateral migration, and from soil-basement rock interface outflow.This invention is considered the runoff yield of interflow, the mechanism of confluxing from design, by settings such as collecting tray, mozzle, cells, the integral body that set up that domatic interflow is confluxed, water conservancy diversion, mensuration is connected closely, therefore can directly measure interflow and produce the process of confluxing, interflow slope concentration area is clear and definite simultaneously, can directly calculate the interflow flow by measurement result.
(3) the present invention has clearly distinguished interflow and rainwash path, and the two can be measured simultaneously.Thin-layer sloping soil interflow is confluxed by soil-basement rock interfacial migration, rainwash confluxes along the slope migration along soil surface, the footpath flow path has nothing in common with each other, and the confluxing of interflow and rainwash, water conservancy diversion and mensuration member establish one's own system, do not disturb mutually, therefore, rainwash and interflow can not only be clearly distinguished in this invention, and can measure simultaneously.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that thin-layer sloping interflow of the present invention is measured the system architecture synoptic diagram;
Fig. 2 is the runoff of sloping field sub-district synoptic diagram of water system independent completion of the present invention;
Fig. 3 confluxes for interflow of the present invention and measures the system architecture synoptic diagram;
Fig. 4 is an interflow collecting tray loaded filter structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 5 measures the system architecture synoptic diagram for rainwash of the present invention confluxes.
Embodiment
As shown in Figure 1, the present invention measures system and is made of runoff of sloping field sub-district 1, the interflow of water system independent completion mensuration system 2 and the rainwash mensuration system 3 of confluxing of confluxing; The runoff of sloping field sub-district 1 of water system independent completion is made of the cement brick wall that reaches deeply under the basement rock, cut off top and sidepiece current, in the bottom of this runoff plots 1 soil and rock-set up the at the interface interflow collection system 2 of confluxing, collect the interflow of whole runoff plots, collect and measure rainwashes by conflux mensuration system 3 of rainwash then.Thin-layer sloping soil interflow is confluxed by soil-basement rock interfacial migration, rainwash confluxes along the slope migration along soil surface, the footpath flow path has nothing in common with each other, and the confluxing of interflow and rainwash, water conservancy diversion and mensuration member establish one's own system, do not disturb mutually, therefore, rainwash and interflow can not only be clearly distinguished in this invention, and the two can be measured simultaneously.So can reflect runoff of sloping field assigning process and dynamic fully, and disclose runoff of sloping field process rule, simultaneously according to interflow and rainwash measurement result and catchment area, direct unit of account area footpath circulation.
As shown in Figure 2, all separate with reaching the following cement brick wall of bedrock surface deeply all around the runoff of sloping field sub-district (1) of water system independent completion, cement brick wall 11,12,13 is respectively side, bottom and upper segment partition wall, its objective is that the moisture that stops outside the sub-district enters and influences the independence of sub-district water system.According to the current mechanism of soil moisture, the interflow mensuration system 2 of confluxing is arranged in soil-basement rock layout setting along the migration of soil-rock interface; And flow and compile principle according to rainwash, at soil surface rainwash is set and measures system 3.
As shown in Figure 3, interflow among the present invention is confluxed mensuration system 2 by collecting tray 21, the interflow mozzle 22 that confluxes, interflow shunting pond 23, interflow tap hole 24, interflow shunting mozzle 25, interflow measuring cell 26, below runoff of sloping field sub-district 1 according to the soil profile development characteristics, set up interflow collecting tray 21 at soil and basement rock interface, set up mozzle 22 in collecting tray 21 minimum points again, collecting tray 21 and interflow shunting pond 23 are coupled together (the shunting pond only has 1), runoff enters interflow measuring cell 26 by interflow tap hole 24 and interflow shunting mozzle 25, but at the interflow mudhole 27 of interflow measuring cell 26 installation switches, and cement seal is all used in around the interflow measuring cell 26 and bottom 28.By component and mozzle 22 and interflow shunting mozzle 25 organic linkings such as collecting tray 21, shunting pond 23, measuring cells 26, make under the soil moisture of whole runoff plots 1 ooze, interflow flows combines together with the mensuration system 2 of confluxing with compiling the path, therefore can effectively measure the interflow process.In rainfall runoff yield incident, the interflow that runoff plots 1 is produced by interflow mozzle 22 imports the shunting pond, interflow unnecessary in the big rainfall incident is freely discharged by tap hole 24, the interflow that needs to measure enters measuring cell through shunting mozzle 25, measures the flow of shunting pond and cell after runoff yield finishes respectively.Utilize this system can measure interflow runoff process and flux in all previous rainfall incident.
Interflow shunting pond tap hole 24 diameters are identical in the present embodiment, all are horizontally arranged in the top in interflow shunting pond 23, to guarantee accurate shunting.The volume and the size of mozzle 22, shunting pond 23, tap hole 24, shunting mozzle 25, measuring cell 26 all design according to most torrential rain runoff yield speed and flow, and the setting of maximum shunt hole count is also according to this principle.In the example of the present invention, mozzle 22 apertures are 80mm, and shunting pond 23 capacity are 1m
3, tap hole 24 aperture 20mm, 5 of tap holes, shunting mozzle 25 caliber 20mm, measuring cell 26 volume 3m
3
As shown in Figure 4, collecting tray 21 is made of groove low between the senior middle school of both sides, and the collecting tray top is mutually neat with soil-basement rock interface, builds the loaded filter of being made up of upper strata fine sand 211, middle level coarse sand 212 and lower floor's cobble 213 in the groove.Present embodiment is the thick fine sand of 3cm, the thick coarse sand of middle level 5cm, the thick cobble of the 5cm of lower floor at the middle and upper levels.This setting can prevent interflow to conflux, and section collapses and the silt material enters the interflow mensuration system of confluxing.
As shown in Figure 5, rainwash of the present invention mensuration system 3 and interflow mensuration system 2 structures of confluxing of confluxing are basic identical, and rainwash is measured system's mozzle (33) and is positioned at the outlet of lower end, the runoff plots face of land; Two systems are in conjunction with measuring hillside fields interflow and rainwash in the rainfall incident simultaneously.
The course of work of the present invention is as follows: the first step is built independently runoff of sloping field sub-district 1 of water system earlier.Table soil in the sub-district is all taken away, expose the extremely weak basement rock of water permeability, the gradient is set on request, and the gradient of bedrock surface is modified to the required gradient, delimit the position of cement partition wall, in the side 11 of sub-district and lay bricks wall and squeegee of top 12 with cement, form long 8m, wide 4m, the cement partition wall of high 60cm, prevent infiltration, notice that the both sides gradient must meet the setting gradient.Second step was built collecting tray 21.Under bedrock surface below the sub-district, dig long 4 meters, wide 20cm, the groove of dark 13-15cm, the groove lowest part is installed mozzle 22, loads loaded filter then, fills out 5cm lower floor cobble 213 earlier, fills out 5cm middle level rough sand 212 then, fills out 3cm upper strata fine sand 211 at last.The 3rd step, barricade was the same with side 11 specifications with top 12 at the following cement barricade 13 of building of groove, and barricade is built up the back and formed circumferential closed independent system with top 12, side 11 partition walls.The 4th step was built the rainwash ditch that confluxes, and it is long to build 4m in following barricade outside, and 15cm is wide, and about 17-20cm is dark, and both sides height, the middle low cement ditch that confluxes is at the rainwash ditch lowest part installation mozzle that confluxes.The 5th step was built shunting pond 23, tap hole 24 and measuring cell 26, and mozzle is installed.Shunting pond, tap hole and measuring cell are two covers, are respectively applied for interflow and rainwash.Check then whether four sides partition wall and shunting pond, measuring cell seep water,, in the sub-district, water simultaneously and check whether water conservancy diversion, shunting be unimpeded, whether leak if infiltration must mending-leakage.The 6th step reclaimed soil, according to the soil development level reverse soil that digs out of backfill successively, fill up until whole sub-district, and notice that the sub-district ground inclination meets the setting requirement, the backfill sub-district makes the practicable also polishing thickness of soil of soil natural to 60cm through several natural precipitations, keeps ground to set the gradient simultaneously, when treating that the basic and normal soil of reclaimed soil structure is similar, thin-layer sloping interflow recording geometry is built and is finished, and can carry out the observation of interflow and rainwash.Interflow and rainwash observation process: during the rainfall runoff yield, the record runoff yield time, observe and write down the water level of shunting pond, measuring cell at different time, the rainfall runoff yield finishes the water level that back mensuration is shunted pond, measuring cell, can obtain interflow, the rainwash flow of sub-district by calculating.
Claims (8)
1, the thin-layer sloping interflow is measured system, it is characterized in that: by the runoff of sloping field sub-district (1) of water system independent completion, interflow mensuration system (2) and the rainwash mensuration system (3) of confluxing of confluxing constitutes, runoff of sloping field sub-district (1) cuts off top and sidepiece current by the cement brick wall that reaches bedrock surface deeply, constitute the runoff of sloping field sub-district of water system independent completion, set up the interflow mensuration system (2) of confluxing at the interface in this runoff plots bottom soil and rock or matrix, collect the interflow of measuring whole runoff plots, measure rainwash by the rainwash mensuration system (3) of confluxing then, the two is (2 years old, 3) combination, can measure interflow and rainwash simultaneously, reflection runoff of sloping field assigning process is with dynamic comprehensively, disclose runoff of sloping field process and distribution characteristics, simultaneously according to catchment area and interflow, rainwash is measured the water yield, directly calculates the footpath circulation.
2, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 1 is measured system, it is characterized in that: described interflow is confluxed mensuration system (2) by collecting tray (21), the interflow mozzle (22) that confluxes, interflow shunting pond (23), interflow tap hole (24), interflow shunting mozzle (25), interflow measuring cell (26) constitutes, in the below of runoff of sloping field sub-district (1) according to the soil profile development characteristics, set up interflow collecting tray (21) at soil and basement rock interface, bury mozzle (22) underground in collecting tray (21) minimum point again, collecting tray (21) and interflow shunting pond (23) are coupled together, and runoff enters interflow measuring cell (26) by interflow tap hole (24) and interflow shunting mozzle (25).
3, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: conflux collecting tray (21) position of collection system (2) of described interflow is in soil-basement rock interface, constitute by groove low between the senior middle school of both sides, build the loaded filter of upper strata fine sand (211), middle level coarse sand (212) and lower floor's cobble (213) in the groove, the collecting tray top joins with soil-rock interface and flushes.
4, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: described interflow charge for remittance mozzle (22) import is positioned at collecting tray (21) groove lowest part, link to each other with interflow shunting pond (23), the position is higher than interflow shunting mozzle (25), and two kinds of equal levels of mozzle or slightly downward-sloping placement are to reach from stream mode.
5, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: described interflow shunting each tap hole of pond (24) diameter is identical, all is horizontally arranged in the top in interflow shunting pond (23).
6, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: at described interflow measuring cell (26) but in the interflow mudhole (27) of switch is installed, and interflow measuring cell (26) all around and bottom (28) all use cement seal, add a cover the top.
7, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: described mozzle (22,25) with tap hole (24) size all greater than the crest discharge of design during most torrential rain, and the flood volume of the volume of shunting pond (23) and measuring cell (26) when designing most torrential rain.
8, thin-layer sloping interflow according to claim 2 is measured system, it is characterized in that: the runoff collection system that rainwash is measured system (3) and the interflow collection system (2) of confluxing is identical.
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| CNB2007100640686A CN100516784C (en) | 2007-02-26 | 2007-02-26 | Measurement system for interflow of thin-layer sloping land |
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