CN100570986C - 光电太阳能模块的控制方法及光电太阳能模块 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种太阳能模块(1),包括电气上串联的多个单独的太阳能电池(2),还包括至少两个和其它太阳能电池相比受到同样条件作用的太阳能电池(5,6)用作为该太阳能模块上瞬时入射光的测量电池,以及一个至少可间接地受该测量电池控制的开关装置(8)以便对太阳能模块的输出电功率产生影响。根据本发明,设置太阳能模块内彼此相距较大距离的至少两个太阳能电池(5,6)作为测量电池,所产生的作为瞬间入射光的函数而变化的测量电池的测量信号被传送到计算电路(7)并由该计算电路对该测量信号进行相互比较,并且,所述计算电路(7)通过所述开关装置(8)连接一个旁路,该旁路在测量信号之间的差超过一个阈值时,将所述太阳能模块(1)的至少部分太阳能电池(2)的串联电路旁路掉。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种随入射光线而变化地控制光电太阳能模块的控制方法以及光电太阳能模块。光电太阳能模块包括彼此电气上串联的许多单个太阳能电池,其至少一个受到同样条件作用的太阳能电池用作为太阳能模块上瞬时入射光线的测量电池,而通过该测量电池至少间接地可对开关装置进行控制以便对太阳能模块的输出电功率产生影响。
背景技术
使用呈现大面积太阳能模块的光电设备时,白昼期间太阳位置的变化总会对装有太阳能电池的表面造成部分阴影,例如由附近的建筑物,天线,树木等造成的阴影。即使是阴影中的表面面积很小,但是这些过往的阴影仍会对由几个同样模块组成的整个系统的功率造成可观的损失。一方面,在阴影区的光输入直接下降,所以相关模块产生的电功率较小。此外,模块的太阳能电池通常在电气上是串联的。如果阴影下模块(或部分模块)中的电流(随入射光而改变的变量)降低,那么它同时也限制了该模块不在阴影中的邻近电池的电流。另外,该电流同样也受其他串联模块的限制。
为了限制这些不可避免的干扰,各太阳能模块或各个整体系统都分成为许多分系统(“网络”)。每个分系统配备有自己的整流器(“网络整流器”)。为了标准化起见,这些整流器的最小功率定在约700瓦。这一数值相当于面积大小约7~8m2光电装置所产生的功率。
在这种装置中,可能达到约500~600伏的光电电压是用现代电子设备和几个串联模块来产生与处理的,单个太阳能电池的工作电压约0.5伏。因此,这种网络可能包括约1000~1200个单个的太阳能电池。少量太阳能电池的强烈阴影(总表面积的1~5%)可能会使整个系统的功率损失75%。
已知的通用技术是,通过所谓的旁路二极管来防止电流流过阴影中的太阳能电池或损坏的那些太阳能电池,这样电流的降低就不可能像对整个系统影响那么强烈。在太阳能电池的内阻超过二极管两端的电压降时,旁路二极管容许短路电流流过。
EP 0896737B1公开了一种光电太阳能装置,其安装有集成断路器,该断路器由外部开关装置起动时便将模块的电功率抵销掉。另外该断路器不应限制阴影部分的负面影响。但是如果将其擅自拆除的话,它会使相关的太阳能模块无法工作。该断路器的操作只有在模块整体损坏后方可进行。
太阳能元件是已知的(DE-A1-4208469),其太阳能电池用作为测量有效太阳能辐射的传感器。由这些太阳能电池检测得到的数值可以例如用来通过显示屏来说明在相关模块上的瞬时太阳能辐射。
US-A-4175249公开了一种一体化控制的光电太阳能电池装置,装置中除了一连串几个相同的产生电流的太阳能电池以外,还使用一个单独的太阳能电池只作为入射光的测量电池。这个用作测量电池的太阳能电池受到与产生电流的太阳能电池所受到的同样温度和光线条件的作用。其空载电压用作为测量信号,经放大后与其他太阳能电池的瞬时输出电压进行比较。根据比较结果,装置的太阳能电池通过继电器可以以各种不同的串并联方式自动地连接起来。在每一种情况下,其都应当产生出最大可能的输出充电电压。
发明内容
本发明的目的是建立一个控制太阳能模块随入射光线而变化的方法,同时从根据上述专利US-A-4175249的装置出发,建立一个从局部阴影效应的观点看改善了的太阳能模块。
根据本发明,通过下述方案达到这一目的。
根据本发明的一种控制作为瞬间入射光的函数而变化的光电太阳能模块的方法,该光电太阳能模块包括在两个外部接线之间电气上串联的多个太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述方法包括:检测在所述太阳能模块内相距一定距离设置并定义为检测电池的至少两个太阳能电池上的至少两个变量测量信号,每个变量测量信号各属于一个太阳能电池并且与所述入射光有关;在计算电路中计算所述至少两个变量测量信号;利用由计算电路控制的开关装置,当所述变量测量信号之间的差超过一个阈值时,将所述太阳能模块的外部接线直接连接;及,当所述测量信号之间的差低于所述阈值时,取消所述外部接线的直接连接。
根据一种特征,由检测电池直接产生的电输出信号(电压,电流)作为测量信号进行计算。
根据另一种特征,检测电池上检测到的温度作为测量信号进行计算。
借助于如下装置也达到了本发明的目的。
根据本发明的一种太阳能模块,包括电气上串联的多个单独的太阳能电池,还包括至少两个和其它太阳能电池相比受到同样条件作用的太阳能电池用作为该太阳能模块上瞬时入射光的测量电池,以及一个至少可间接地受该测量电池控制的开关装置以便对太阳能模块的输出电功率产生影响,其特征在于,设置太阳能模块内彼此相距较大距离的至少两个太阳能电池作为测量电池,所产生的作为瞬间入射光的函数而变化的测量电池的测量信号被传送到计算电路并由该计算电路对该测量信号进行目互比较,并且,所述计算电路通过所述开关装置连接一个旁路,该旁路在测量信号之间的差超过一个阈值时,将所述太阳能模块的至少部分太阳能电池的串联电路旁路掉。
根据一种特征,定义为测量电池的太阳能电池并未接入其他太阳能电池的串联电路,而只是连接至传送测量信号的计算电路。
根据另一种特征,定义为测量电池的太阳能电池接入到其他太阳能电池的串联电路,另外还连接至传送测量信号的计算电路。
将计算电路和开关装置设置在所述太阳能模块内是有利的。
根据又一种特征,设置了多个太阳能检测电池,其在各种情况下都与太阳能模块表面的限定部分成对地相联,其特性还在于对各个表面部分,在每种情况下都设置开关装置。
最好是,设置开关装置使得在由计算电路起动时将太阳能电池的串联电路与外部连接线路至少其中之一相分开。
将用作为测量电池的太阳能电池设置在靠近平板太阳能模块边缘是有利的。
开关装置包括机电继电器是有利的。作为一种变异情况,它包括可控的半导体电源开关。
最后,在两个太阳能检测电池上得到同样的入射光线时,计算电路将开关装置重新切换至静态。
可以设想有几个太阳能模块的串联电路,其包括根据本发明装备的至少一个太阳能模块。
从本质上已经知道的太阳能模块功率随入射光线变化的自动控制出发,本发明建议对局部阴影进行自动检测并且通过对平板模块至少两个不同位置的入射光进行比较而可能连接起旁路,该旁路能够防止电流进入与相关阴影相关联的模块(或部分模块)。这样,实际上后者就“从模块阵列中被摘出”,而在太阳能电池或串联连接但却不在阴影中的另外的模块中流动的电流就不再被断流。因此,尽管断路模块的电功率在阴影期间或旁路接入期间消失了,但是其他太阳能电池或其他模块的瞬时功率仍可在最大限变范围内得到保持。
通过计算,例如确定检测电池的输出电压或电流之间的差别,可以直接检测所说的局部阴影。不过也可以通过检测例如由检测电池中阴影所造成的温度差并在计算电路中将其作为差分信号进行计算而使用间接检测。作为一种选择,甚至可以不必将检测电池与其他太阳能电池分开,而也用它们来产生串联电路中的电流。
在本发明的发展中,对那些呈特别大面积表面的模块,在任何情况下都设置有大量的太阳能检测电池,在每种情况下这些电池都成对地监测模块表面的限定部分,同时在每种情况下它们都能够操作这一表面部分的受控断路。此外,还必须在模块本身内设置适当的开关装置,或必须使能够分开连接的各表面区域的输出导线在外部终接,这样通过开关装置就能够将其在该处旁路掉。
最好是,在断路模块的两极或该模块断路部件的两极被旁路的同时,两导线的其中之一被完全断路。这样,就防止了仍由其他模块传送的电压加到断路模块或断路模块的部件上。同时防止使这一模块或这一部件的可能的过载。通过接触器/倒相器很容易实现这种分离。
开关装置可能包括机电或电子开关器件(继电器,受控半导体开关诸如晶体管,闸流管)。
此外,太阳能模块将包括计算电路,最好是电子电路,其只在规定的容差范围内或超过对检测信号之间差别所限定的阈值时才产生断路操作。后者同样可以从用作测量电池的太阳能电池的空载电压或电流(如果其并未串联连接时)推导出来,要么间接地,如已指出的那样,可以从检测电池区域内的瞬时局部温度推导出来,如果通过适当方法可以确定这一温度的话。
这种结构的太阳能模块的一个优点是,太阳能检测电池可以为与用于产生电流的太阳能电池具有同样结构的太阳能电池。因此,除了常规的结晶技术外,通过薄膜技术也可以把太阳能模块做成大面积的表面。这么做的好处是,通过依据现有技术水平来构筑或分割连续薄膜进而能够把单个的太阳能电池彼此分开,尤其是还能够把检测电池分开。只是在敷设电气接线时才需要对检测电池分开处理。它们的外部接线可能必须以与其他太阳能电池(其必须串联在一起)接线相分开的方式敷设。
在另一实施方案中,检测电池留在串联电路内,其有效电压通过并联的电压抽头进行检测。这些电压信号经电去耦后,例如经光电耦合器的电去耦后,可以用作为计算电路的输入信号。同样地,可以设置附加的温度测量电池。
显然,通过监测部分或局部瞬时阴影而触发的开关操作只是为太阳能模块的暂时断路创造条件,因而每种情况下相关的太阳能检测电池上都已经恢复了单一的入射光以后,这个模块就自动地重新起动或接入到阵列上。太阳能模块整个表面上的暗度累积或其他平常的阴影对此处所述形式的开关装置没有影响。
附图说明
本发明对象的其他细节和优点从两个典型实施方案的附图及其后的说明中将显现出来。
附图中:
图1表示按照太阳能模块第一实施方案的简化了的接线方框图,及
图2表示另一实施方案的类似的接线方框图。
具体实施方式
在图1中,多个太阳能电池2用本身为公知的串联方式在光电太阳能模块1内连接在一起。太阳能模块1还配备两个外部接线3和4,当其工作时,太阳能电池装置的输出电压加在这两个接线上或从这两个接线上将太阳能模块1的电功率引出。为简化起见,此处并未示出可能与单个的太阳能电池或太阳能电池组相关联的、已经提到过的旁路二极管。
在大多数应用中,若干个这种太阳能模块1依次彼此电串联连接在一起,以便由此而得到几百伏的工作电压。这就意味着上游方连接的太阳能模块的全部电流也必须通过此处所示出的模块。所以,如果只有后者处在阴影中即使是部分处在阴影中,或者如果只在这一模块上入射光线降低,那么其输出功率也降低。其电阻增加,并因而也阻止了其他模块的电流流动。
根据本发明,太阳能模块1还包括第一太阳能电池5和第二太阳能电池6,该两电池的连接与太阳能电池2无关,它们都被定义为检测瞬时入射光线的检测电池。在实际实施方案中,将它们设置相距距离很大,例如靠近太阳能模块1的边缘设置。它们的外部接线,其在各个情况下都已经代之以用测量电压U5或U6表示,都传输至只用象征符号表示的计算电路7。设置后者用来起动开关装置8,开关装置8的工作方式稍后将予以说明。测量电流I5和I6,其在计算电路7中也可以用作为检测电池5和6上瞬时入射光线的测量,也已经用点划线的箭头表示出来。
围绕太阳能模块1所画出的方框表示,除了外部接线3和4以外,所提到的所有这些部件都可以安装在模块里面。
在图2的实施方案中,已经把两个检测电池5和6接入到太阳能电池2串联电路的太阳能模块1’中,结构的其余部分没有改变。通过(另外的)测量导线,其特征仍是成对地测量电压U5或U6,从它们的两条接线在高阻值下引出这两个电池的瞬时输出电压。显然,测量电压的引出不应当影响串联电路内检测电池5和6的输出。这些测量电压传送到根据图1的计算电路。与最初说明的实施方案相比,这种结构的优点是,检测电池仍然纳入到太阳能模块1’的电流生产。另外,还必须引入并联的测量导线并且必须以适当的方式进行电去耦。
在这两个实施方案中,开关装置8呈静态,在此状态下其提供出太阳能电池2的串联电路与太阳能模块1或1’外部接线4之间的连接。在此情况下,在外部接线3与外部接线4之间通过太阳能电池2的串联电路就构成一个不间断的电流通路。在起动状态(用虚线表示),开关装置连接太阳能模块1/1’两个外部接线3和4之间的短路电路。与此同时,其把太阳能电池2的串联电路与输出接线4断开。这就保证了没有电压从外界加到串联电路上。虽然为了清楚起见,此处以机电开关(继电器)的形式表示出开关装置8,但是不用说,这里也可以使用合适的半导体开关。
计算电路7其中还包括现有技术水平的比较电路,它可检测由两个太阳能检测电池加在其两端的输出信号(例如电压U5-U6或电流I5-I6)间的各种偏差。根据需要,计算电路还配备有检测电池5和6直流信号的电去耦器件。显然,在图2的配置中,通过这两个检测电池电流的计算可能不会给出所要求的结果,因为由于连接是串联的,这些电流必然始终是相同的。
如果入射光线在太阳能模块的整个表面上或至少在两个太阳能检测电池上是相同的,那么其输出电压或电流就是没有差别的或只是略有差别。反之,如果太阳能模块上形成局部阴影之后,投射到太阳能检测电池其中之一的光线比另一个太阳能电池上的少,那么在其输出电压之间(正如同图1配置中在其输出电流之间一样)就会出现明显的差别。将此差别与一预定的阈值(可能以可调的方式设置在计算电路中)进行比较。如果该差别超过阈值,计算电路7的开关级将开关装置8启动至起动状态。由向上游或向下游连接的其他模块产生的电流就可以无阻碍地通过太阳能模块两个外部接线3和4间所建立的直接连接(旁路)。同样,还可靠地防止了断路太阳能模块中的非生产性电流消耗。
如果局部投射到太阳能模块上的阴影消失掉(例如由于太阳的位置已改变),要么是如果在两个太阳能检测电池上形成了同样的入射光状况,那么两个太阳能检测电池输出电压(或图1中输出电流)之间的差就降低并返回至零。计算电路7检测出这种情况并使开关装置8恢复至其静态,可能有一定的转换延时(滞后)。太阳能模块1被重新接入并可随时提供其功率。
Claims (14)
1.一种控制作为瞬间入射光的函数而变化的光电太阳能模块的方法,该光电太阳能模块包括在两个外部接线之间电气上串联的多个太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
检测在所述太阳能模块内相距一定距离设置并定义为检测电池的至少两个太阳能电池上的至少两个变量测量信号,每个变量测量信号各属于一个太阳能电池并且与所述入射光有关;
在计算电路中计算所述至少两个变量测量信号;
利用由计算电路控制的开关装置,当所述变量测量信号之间的差超过一个阈值时,将所述太阳能模块的外部接线直接连接;及
当所述测量信号之间的差低于所述阈值时,取消所述外部接线的直接连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,由所述检测电池直接产生的电输出信号作为变量测量信号进行计算。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述检测电池检测到的温度作为变量测量信号进行计算。
4.一种太阳能模块,包括电气上串联的多个单独的太阳能电池,还包括至少两个和其它太阳能电池相比受到同样条件作用的太阳能电池用作为该太阳能模块上瞬时入射光的测量电池,以及一个至少可间接地受该测量电池控制的开关装置以便对太阳能模块的输出电功率产生影响,
其特征在于,
设置太阳能模块内彼此相距较大距离的所述至少两个太阳能电池作为测量电池,所产生的作为瞬间入射光的函数而变化的测量电池的测量信号被传送到计算电路并由该计算电路对该测量信号进行相互比较,并且,所述计算电路通过所述开关装置连接一个旁路,该旁路在测量信号之间的差超过一个阈值时,将所述太阳能模块的至少部分太阳能电池的串联电路旁路掉。
5.根据权利要求4所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,定义为测量电池的太阳能电池不接入其它太阳能电池的串联电路,而只是连接到所述计算电路以传送所述测量信号。
6.根据权利要求4的太阳能模块,其特征在于,定义为测量电池的太阳能电池接入到其它太阳能电池的串联电路,另外还连接到所述计算电路以传送所述测量信号。
7.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,所述计算电路和所述开关装置都设置在所述太阳能模块中。
8.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,设置多个太阳能测量电池,它们分别成对地与太阳能模块表面的限定部分相联,并且,分别为各个限定部分设置一个开关装置。
9.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,设置所述开关装置还用于使得在被计算电路起动时,将太阳能电池的串联电路与构成所述旁路的其中至少一个外部接线相分开。
10.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,用作测量电池的太阳能电池被设置在靠近所述太阳能模块的边缘。
11.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,所述开关装置(8)包括机电继电器。
12.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,所述开关装置包括可控的半导体电源开关。
13.根据权利要求4至6之一所述的太阳能模块,其特征在于,当所述至少两个测量电池上得到同样的入射光时,所述计算电路将所述开关装置重新切换至静态,在此状态下太阳能电池的串联电路与太阳能模块的外部接线之间相连接。
14.一种带有多个太阳能模块的串联电路,它包括至少一个根据权利要求4至13之一所述的太阳能模块。
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2001
- 2001-02-17 DE DE10107600A patent/DE10107600C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2002
- 2002-02-06 WO PCT/FR2002/000457 patent/WO2002071571A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2002-02-06 KR KR1020037009256A patent/KR100863752B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-06 EP EP02703664A patent/EP1360752A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-06 CN CNB028050479A patent/CN100570986C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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CN109617525A (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2019-04-12 | 常州亚玛顿股份有限公司 | 光伏组件以及其控制方法和装置 |
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US20040123894A1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
DE10107600C1 (de) | 2002-08-22 |
WO2002071571A1 (fr) | 2002-09-12 |
KR100863752B1 (ko) | 2008-10-16 |
EP1360752A1 (fr) | 2003-11-12 |
CN1537351A (zh) | 2004-10-13 |
JP4335530B2 (ja) | 2009-09-30 |
JP2004528708A (ja) | 2004-09-16 |
KR20030076606A (ko) | 2003-09-26 |
US6858791B2 (en) | 2005-02-22 |
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