CN100546799C - 分层沉积成型的光滑方法 - Google Patents

分层沉积成型的光滑方法 Download PDF

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CN100546799C
CN100546799C CNB038139189A CN03813918A CN100546799C CN 100546799 C CN100546799 C CN 100546799C CN B038139189 A CNB038139189 A CN B038139189A CN 03813918 A CN03813918 A CN 03813918A CN 100546799 C CN100546799 C CN 100546799C
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小威廉·R·普列德曼
戴维·托马斯·史密斯
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C41/00Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C41/02Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C71/00After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C71/0009After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor using liquids, e.g. solvents, swelling agents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/124Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/124Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified
    • B29C64/129Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask
    • B29C64/135Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask the energy source being concentrated, e.g. scanning lasers or focused light sources
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C71/00After-treatment of articles without altering their shape; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C71/02Thermal after-treatment
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00Processes of additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y40/00Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
    • B33Y40/20Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C41/00Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C41/34Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C41/48Compensating volume change, e.g. retraction
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29KINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0037Other properties
    • B29K2995/0072Roughness, e.g. anti-slip
    • B29K2995/0073Roughness, e.g. anti-slip smooth

Abstract

本发明公开了一种光滑物体表面的方法,所述的物体是由聚合物材料或蜡材料使用分层制造快速原型制作技术而建造的。在物体建造好之后,将它暴露于例如蒸发器中的蒸发溶剂中至足够软熔物体表面的时间。根据溶剂瞬间软化形成物体的材料,然后从物体蒸发掉的能力来选择溶剂。使物质除去溶剂且干燥,得到光滑的成品部件。

Description

分层沉积成型的光滑方法
发明背景
本发明涉及快速原型制作(Rapid Prototyping)领域,尤其涉及用分层制造技术制作的原型物体获得表面光滑度的方法。
在许多行业中,对原型物体进行生产和测试是开发新产品、新机器和新方法的一种通常使用的步骤。现已知多种用于生成三维原型的分层制造方法,这些方法可在计算机的控制下廉价、快捷地从计算机几何模型开发出原型物体。这些快速原型制作方法通常将欲得到物体的数字图像(计算机辅助设计(CAD))切割或分割成许多水平层,然后反复使用材料一层一层地建造该物体。示例性的快速原型制作技术包含分层沉积成型(modeling)方法、选择性激光烧结方法和立体激光成型(Stereolithographic)方法。
分层沉积成型技术的一个实例是由成型机来实现的熔融沉积成型技术。熔融沉积成型技术通过模式已预定的挤出头挤出可固化的模型材料,以每层物体特定形状的相应设计数据为基础,一层一层地建造三维物体。用于制作三维物体的基于挤出的装置及方法实例描述于Crump的美国专利5,121,329,Crump的美国专利5,340,433,Danforth等的美国专利5,738,817,Batchelder等的美国专利5,764,521和Dahlin等的美国专利6,022,207,所有这些专利都转让给了本发明的受让人Stratasys,Inc.。
在现有技术的
Figure C0381391800062
成型机器中,典型地,将成型材料作为缠绕于供料盘上的挠性丝料而装载到机器,如美国专利5,121,329所公开的。使用的成型材料为固化时具有足够附着力附着到上一层、且可作为挠性材料提供的可固化材料。电机驱动的进料辊将丝料束送入由挤出头传导的液化器上。在液化器内丝料被加热到流动温度。在液化器的远端,流动的成型材料从喷嘴中挤出,从液化器沉积到基底上。材料从喷嘴中挤出的流动速率是丝料前行到挤出头的速率的函数。控制器控制挤出头在x,y水平面的运动,控制基底在z垂直方向的运动,并控制进料辊送进丝料的速率。通过对这些加工变量的同步控制,成型材料沿着由CAD模型定义的刀具路径一层一层地以“珠粒”沉积。挤出的材料融合到原先沉积的材料上,固化形成类似CAD模型的三维物体。
由于现有技术的分层制造技术所开发出的物体为分层成形,其表面呈现纹理或条纹。弯曲和角状的表面通常有一种“梯级”外表,这是由有方边轮廓的截面形状分层所导致的。随着层厚的增加,梯级效应会更明显。虽然梯级并不影响物体的强度,但会破环美观。
分层制造技术所创建的物体的表面粗糙度也会因建造方法中的误差而引起。例如,在现有技术的熔融沉积成型系统中,出现误差的部分原因是由于挤出流动速率不稳。在刀具路径的起点和终点,如,在“线缝”位置(即:封闭的刀具路径的起点和终点),尤其会产生误差。这些误差会在生成的模型形状中引起不合要求的一致性问题。
三维物体的快速原型制作不但包含原型部件的生产,而且还可以包含模具的生产。由快速原型制作模具的使用实例包含:制成用于产生注塑模具插件(inserts)的模具,如美国专利5,189,781所述,以及制成未烧结陶瓷物件烧结前用的临时(fugitive)模具,如美国专利5,824,250和美国专利5,976,457所述。
现有技术教导以人工的方式对分层制造技术生产的物体进行修边、机械加工或打磨以去处多余材料。用织物、砂纸或溶液负载的研磨剂进行擦亮是目前对物体进行光滑或抛光处理的方法。例如,Hull等的美国专利5,059,359,Methods and Apparatus for Producing Three-dimensional Objectsby Strereolithography,称他们的原型为“非常适合用砂磨进行光滑处理产生大小合适的部件”。美国专利6,021,358也承认需要使用去除(subtractive)成型方法对增长方法技术(additive process technique)制得的模型进行手工修饰,以获得光滑的模型。在快速原型制作系统中,需要有一种简便而相对经济的方法对分层制造原型物体进行后加工处理。
以前开发的用于塑料制造的技术被称为溶剂抛光,涉及使用化学蒸气或液体对塑料表面进行软熔来进行光滑处理。二十多年前,溶剂抛光在塑料行业中被开发出来,目的是为了在物件(items)应用或制造过程中无须过分仔细就能开发出光洁的平面和/或高亮涂层或表面。例如,美国专利3,437,727公开了一种使用化学蒸气对返回到电话公司的电话机重新进行表面修理(refinish)方法,用作对电话机进行回收使用的方法。
用溶剂对物件进行抛光有两种标准方法。第一种是将整个塑料物件浸泡在液体塑料溶剂浴中,浸泡时间以溶剂和所涉及塑料的种类为准。这一方法使溶剂渗透到塑料的外层,因而引起它软熔(reflow)。软熔使塑料物件的外表面变得光滑和/或光亮。
第二种溶剂抛光的方法是将塑料物件暴露在气化的溶剂中。可以用美国专利4,260,873所示的手提蒸发器来对塑料物体进行暴露。备选地,还可将物体置于充满气化溶剂的腔室内,蒸气从下面加热浴中产生,如美国专利3,737,499中所述。气化腔室的优点是溶剂容纳于腔室中且可循环使用,因此可将潜在的环境污染降至最低。
热溶剂蒸气熔融或塑化基底表面的使用已用于电路板制造领域,以促进印刷电路的转印,例如在美国专利4,976,813中所公开的。在美国专利4,594,311公开了另一个实例,其中溶剂蒸气用来处理塑料基材的无图像区域,所述的塑料基材用来固定印刷电路板,目的是进一步强化印刷图形,并使它更牢固地固定在表面上。在美国专利5,045,141中,可以对一种基底,主要是电路板,进行处理以促进印刷电路向其转印。
使用液体或蒸气的溶剂抛光还经常被当作制造过程中去除油污或清洗的一个步骤,尤其是在上漆之前。
虽然快速原型制作技术需要一种实用并且不昂贵的表面修饰技术,对于使用蒸气抛光技术对由分层制造快速原型制作技术形成的物体进行光滑处理而言,在现有技术中,申请人不知道任何教导或建议。
发明简述
本发明是一种对应用分层制造快速原型制作技术用聚合物和蜡材料建造的物体表面进行光滑处理的方法。物体建造好后,将其暴露于一种气化的溶剂,暴露足够长的时间使物体的表面软熔。基于溶剂瞬时软化形成物体的材料、随后从物体上蒸发的能力,来选择溶剂。物体从溶剂中取出,使其干燥,形成光滑的成品部件。任选地,可在将物体暴露于溶剂中之前,对物体表面的某些部分进行掩模,以保护物体的小零件(fine details)。备选地,在将物体暴露于溶剂中之前,也可对物体表面的某些部位进行预变形,以便所述的表面部分在蒸气光滑处理后仍可保持要求的几何形状。
附图简述
图1举例说明用分层制造快速原型制作技术生成的一个原始物体的放大透视图。
图2为图1所示的物体经蒸气光滑处理后的放大透视图。
图3举例说明根据本发明对物体进行蒸气光滑处理的方法的示意图。
图4a为熔融沉积成型法形成的原始物体的局部详细剖视图。
图4b所示为图4a物体蒸气光滑处理后的剖面。
图5a为图4a所示物体的局部详细剖视图,其中物体的几何形状在此已根据对蒸气光滑处理的预测作出了预变形。
图5b所示为图5a物体蒸气光滑处理后的剖面。
详细描述
对于应用分层制造快速原型制作法,由聚合材料或蜡材料形成的物体,可以使用本发明的方法。分层制造技术的一个实例为美国专利5,121,329中所公开的那类技术,其中挤出头以预先确定的每层形状,层层沉积出熔融材料的“路径”,且该材料通过带有温度的液滴固化形成固体模型。
图1显示了一个示例性的物体10,该物体是应用分层制造快速原型制作技术而形成的。物体10有一个角状表面12、一个曲面14、两个水平面16、及三个垂直面18。在另一个实施方案中,物体可以是用于制造注塑模制部件原型的一个模具,如S.Crump和J.Hanson于同一日申请的、且转让给与本申请相同的受让人、标题为“Layered Deposition Bridge Tooling”的国际申请PCT/US03/__________。物体10由聚合物和蜡成型材料制成,所述的材料还可以包含包含填料及其它的添加剂,以及已分散的颗粒材料。无定形热塑性塑料尤其适用于本发明,如ABS、聚碳酸酯、聚苯基砜(polyphenylsulfone)、聚砜、聚苯乙烯、聚苯醚、无定形聚酰胺、丙烯酸类塑料、聚(2-己基-2-噁唑啉)(Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline))、及它们的混合物。本发明也可与其它聚合物材料和蜡材料一起使用以发挥其优势,所述的材料包含:玻璃填充的尼龙、喷蜡(jetting wax)、烧结的热塑性塑料粉末、及分散于聚合粘结剂中的生金属(green metal)或未烧结的陶瓷(greenceramic)。
如图1所示,物体10是“原始的”,即它未经后加工光滑处理。在根据本发明作蒸气光滑处理之前,表面12和14呈现出梯级效应。表面16和18则呈示出条痕和粗糙。
为了对物体10的表面进行光滑处理,将物体10置于蒸发器30中,该物体在其中暴露于溶剂34的蒸气。图3对此作了图示。这一类型的合适蒸发器为获自Detrex Corp.,Southfield,Michigan的VS-2000型,当然本领域的技术人员也可选认可用于本发明实施的许多替代蒸发器。图中显示的蒸发器30分别具有一个用于控制蒸发器操作的控制面板31,和主、副冷却盘管33和35。
选用的溶剂34与形成物体10的成型材料相容。合适的溶剂会与成型材料发生反应,因此使在物体表面上的材料软化并流动。该溶剂也应能在物体的表面气化,使物体保持完好且没有损伤。能与许多无定形热塑性塑料一起使用的溶剂优选二氯甲烷。其它合适的溶剂可经本领域的技术人员认可使用,如:正丙基溴溶液(如:
Figure C0381391800101
)、全氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、及销售名称为
Figure C0381391800102
的氢化碳氟化合物(hydrofluorocarbon)液体。
如图3所示,蒸发器30将溶剂34气化至蒸汽区36,该蒸汽区保持在溶剂的沸点或更高的温度、并受阻于冷却盘管33和35。物体10由弯曲成可环绕物体的金属丝钩32固定,悬挂在蒸汽区36。也可以使用其它固定方式,如篮、网或网丝平台。物体10暴露在气化了的溶剂34中,使溶剂34的蒸气能渗透物体10的表面12、14、16和18。溶剂34的渗透可软化物体10表面的成型材料,因此表面材料可以软熔。材料的软熔使物体表面变得光滑。
物体10继续暴露在溶剂34的蒸气中,直到获得要求的表面光洁度(finish)。暴露时间根据溶剂和成型材料的类型、物体特征的精细度、及溶剂蒸气的浓度等来选定。暴露时间可通过观察溶剂蒸气在物体表面的冷凝情况来进行测量、或者根据公式预先设定。当物体表面的温度达到使溶剂沸腾的温度时,冷凝就会停止。这表明已发生溶剂渗透。使用二氯甲烷作为溶剂34时,无定性热塑性成型材料会在很短的时间内软化并软熔,典型的暴露时间为约0.1秒至5分钟。如果物体的光滑可望在很短的暴露时间内发生,则可能需要减少溶剂蒸气的浓度来增加暴露时间。暴露时间越长,使操作人员有越多的时间来观察光滑的过程,将物体从溶剂蒸气中移出时有越多的余地来处理错误。
过了暴露时间后,将物体10从蒸汽区36中取出且使其干燥。在一个优选的实施方案中,物体10从蒸汽区36中移出后,随着溶剂34在物体10上蒸发,物体在几秒至几分钟内干燥。由于物体10已不再粘、软、或湿,随后可对其进行处理。在有些情况下,如溶剂暴露时间长或溶剂高度浓缩时,可能需要在烘箱中对物体10进行干燥,以去处残留的溶剂。烘箱干燥时的温度应高于溶剂的沸点温度。
经蒸气光滑处理后,物体10的表面12、14、16和18上的阶梯不是明显减少就是彻底消除。使用本发明方法处理后的特定物体所获得的表面光滑程度取决于暴露时间、溶剂、成型材料、和物体表面的初始状况。图2举例说明了蒸气光滑处理后所获得的、物体10的阶梯和粗糙度方面的显著减少。
任选地,可双用一种物质对物体的选定特征(如:小于0.25英寸的特征、薄壁、角部、凸边和凹边)进行掩模,所述的物质可阻止对上述选定部分进行光滑处理,或者可避免上述选定部分暴露在溶剂中。例如,也许需要对物体10的角部进行掩模,以防止该角部被园整。类似地,也可对物体的凹面进行掩模,以避免周围材料的流入。合适的溶剂掩模物质包含用于印刷电路板制造的那些物质,如胶、蜡、浆、粘性材料或胶纸带,这些物质可以人工或自动涂覆。也可以用气体对所述的特征进行包围,来进行掩模。
在本领域已知的分层沉积方法中,可以进行掩模基底的自动涂覆,例如,通过将掩模材料喷射到选定的物体特征的表面。也可以通过利用熔融沉积成型方法,由掩模材料的沉积路径,如通过
Figure C0381391800111
成型机进行的方法,进行掩模物质的涂覆。本领域的技术人员也识别可以用于实施本发明的本领域已知的其它掩模技术。
使用自动掩模技术时,可用软件算法对被掩模的特征进行识别,所述的软件算法生成被保护表面区域的数字表示(representation)。被保护区域的识别可在物体的数字图形中进行,如在使用CAD系统、Graphic Pixel系统或Voxel系统的.stl文件格式的几何图形中。备选地,用户也可通过触觉输入接口对被遮蔽的表面区域进行识别,所述的输入接口如获自SensAbleTechnologies,Inc.的FreeFormTM系统。触觉输入系统对不要求光滑处理的区域生成数字掩模。
作为掩模技术的替代办法,可根据对蒸气光滑处理的预测,对物体表面的几何形状作预变形。通过使用软件算法对物体的数字图形(例如,.stl文件格式的物体CAD模型或物体切片图形)进行修改,来进行预变形。使用预变形软件算法,对特征的细节部分进行变形,以多建造一些角部和边缘、且少建造一些凹陷部分,这样,蒸气光滑处理后,这些特征可基本达到要求的几何形状。尤其是,示例性的预变形算法将会:(1)识别曲率半径等于或小于切片高度(即层厚)的几何特征;(2)对于识别的曲率半径为正值的特征(如,角部或边缘),算法会在这些特征处建立初始物体图形;以及(3)对于识别的曲率半径为负值的形状(如,凹陷处或平面间的接合处),算法会在这些特征的附近挖出物体图形。因此,预变形软件算法生成修正后的物体图形,这样可通过沉积多于或少于最终光滑物体所需的材料,对被识别的几何特征进行变形。类似的算法也可用来识别要掩模的特征。
根据预变形软件算法,建造的特征不应大于切片层的高度,例如,只有切片高度的一半。由熔融沉积成型方法制造的典型部件的表面粗糙度约为切片高度的0.3倍。正特征预变形时所增加的额外材料大约可以是表面粗糙度的厚度,因此当软熔的材料被带走时,剩下的固体材料形成了最终要求的最终物体几何形状。对于负曲率区域,预变形算法需要预先除去足够多的材料,这样来自周围区域的流入量(in-flow)填补被除去的材料。
物体几何形状的预变形如图4a和4b及图5a和5b所示。图4a和4b显示叠加在轮廓42上的、未经预变形的物体40的局部剖视图,轮廓42表示物体40最终要求的物体表面几何形状(即,未经修改的物体图形)。如图4b所示,蒸气光滑处理导致凸角44从要求的轮廓42上园整掉,且圆整边缘46,超出了要求的轮廓42。图5a和5b画出了物体40’的局部,物体40’与物体40有相同的最终要求的表面几何形状。但与物体40不同,物体40’已根据本发明的预变形算法作了预变形。如图5a所示,预变形后的物体40的几何形状在角部44和凹边46处超出了要求的轮廓42。经蒸气光滑处理后,如图5b所示,预变形物体40的角部44和边46比物体40的角部44和凹边46更接近于要求的轮廓42。
虽然通过参考优选的实施方案描述了本发明,但本领域的技术人员将会认识到,可以进行形式和细节上的变化,而没有离开本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (37)

1.一种包含以下步骤的三维物体制作方法:
应用分层制造快速原型制作技术,用聚合物或蜡成型材料建造物体,其中建造的物体具有由成型材料形成的物体表面;
将所述物体暴露在瞬间软化物体表面的成型材料的溶剂的蒸气中;以及
使软化的成型材料软熔来光滑物体表面。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述分层制造技术为熔融沉积成型技术。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述成型材料为热塑性树脂。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述热塑性树脂包含至少约50重量百分比的无定形热塑性材料,该无定形热塑性材料选自:ABS、聚碳酸酯、聚苯基砜、聚砜、聚苯乙烯、聚苯醚、无定形聚酰胺、丙烯酸类塑料、聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)、或它们的混合物。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中所述溶剂选自:二氯甲烷、正丙基溴溶液、全氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、或氢化碳氟化合物液体。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述成型材料选自:热塑性塑料、分散于聚合粘结剂中的生金属、分散于聚合粘结剂中的未烧结的陶瓷、或喷蜡。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中所述成型材料是玻璃填充的尼龙。
8.权利要求1的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
在暴露步骤前,选择物体暴露在溶剂蒸气中的时间长度,该时间长度为溶剂蒸气浓度的函数。
9.权利要求8的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
降低溶剂蒸气的浓度,以便增加选择的暴露时间。
10.权利要求1的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
在将物体暴露于溶剂的蒸气的步骤前,用可阻止对物体表面选定部分进行光滑的物质对选定部分进行掩模。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述掩模物质是使用自动化方法进行涂覆的。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述自动化方法是喷射方法。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中所述自动化方法是熔融沉积成型方法。
14.权利要求11的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
识别物体表面选定部分,以根据其几何形状进行相应的掩模。
15.权利要求14的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
识别物体表面选定部分,以根据其曲率半径进行相应的掩模。
16.权利要求11的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
使用创建被保护表面区域数字图形的软件算法,来识别物体表面的选定部分。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中识别所述被保护表面区域的数字数据存储于一个.stl文件中。
18.权利要求1的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
使用触觉输入接口,来创建物体表面不要求进行光滑的选定部分的数字掩模。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中所述的建造步骤包含:使物体的某些特征预变形,以便所述特征在暴露步骤后获得所要求的几何形状。
20.权利要求19的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
提供数字格式的物体初始图形,该物体初始图形具有表面几何形状;以及
对所述物体初始图形进行修改,以便使表面几何形状的某此特征预变形,生成一个修改后的物体图形;
其中所述建造步骤中建造的物体具有修改后的物体图形所定义的几何形状;以及
其中所述暴露步骤后获得的所要求的几何形状与所述物体初始图形的几何形状基本匹配。
21.一种用于制造三维物体的方法,包含以下步骤:
采用分层制造快速原型制作技术用成型材料形成多个层以建造具有物体表面的物体,其中多个层在物体表面产生表面效应,所述表面效应选自梯级效应、粗糙度以及它们的组合;
将该物体暴露于一种瞬间软化物体表面的成型材料的溶剂蒸气中;以及
使熔化的成型材料软熔以减小物体表面的表面效应。
22.权利要求21的方法,其中所述成型材料为热塑性树脂。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中所述热塑性树脂选自:至少约50重量百分比的无定形热塑性材料,该无定形热塑性材料选自:ABS、聚碳酸酯、聚苯基砜、聚砜、聚苯乙烯、聚苯醚、无定形聚酰胺、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)、或它们的混合物。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中所述溶剂选自包含二氯甲烷、正丙基溴溶液、全氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、或氢化碳氟化合物液体。
25.权利要求21的方法,其中所述成型材料选自:热塑性塑料、分散于聚合粘结剂中的生金属、分散于聚合粘结剂中的未烧结的陶瓷、或喷蜡。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述成型材料是玻璃填充的尼龙。
27.权利要求21的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
在所述表面软熔步骤前,用可阻止对物体表面选定部分进行光滑的物质对选定部分进行掩模。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中所述掩模物质的涂覆使用自动化方法。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中所述自动化方法是喷射方法。
30.权利要求28的方法,其中所述自动化方法是熔融沉积成型方法。
31.权利要求28的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
识别物体表面选定部分,以根据其几何形状作相应的掩模。
32.权利要求31的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
识别物体表面选定部分,以根据其曲率半径作相应的掩模。
33.权利要求28的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
使用创建被保护表面区域数字图形的软件算法,识别物体表面的选定部分。
34.权利要求33的方法,其中识别所述被保护表面区域的数字数据存储于一个.stl文件中。
35.权利要求28的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
使用触觉输入接口,识别物体表面选定部分作掩模。
36.一种制造三维物体的方法,包含以下步骤:
提供数字格式的物体初始图形,该物体初始图形具有表面几何形状;
对该物体初始图形进行修改,以便使表面几何形状的某些特征预变形,生成一个修改后的物体图形;
使用分层制造技术,由成型材料建造修改后的物体图形所定义的物体;
蒸气光滑所述物体的表面,以产生一个加工过的物体,该加工过的物体具有与所述物体初始图形基本匹配的表面几何形状。
37.权利要求36的方法,进一步包含以下步骤:
识别表面几何形状的特征,根据它们的曲率半径进行预变形。
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