CN100512813C - 用于呼吸道疾病治疗的抗胆碱能药和4型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的组合 - Google Patents
用于呼吸道疾病治疗的抗胆碱能药和4型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂的组合 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及吸入/口服PDE4抑制剂联合吸入抗胆碱能支气管扩张药(毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂)的组合,优选罗氟司特或AWD-12-281和R,R-格隆溴铵的组合,用于呼吸道疾病的症状治疗或预防性治疗,尤其是那些伴随阻塞或炎症的疾病如慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)或哮喘。进一步包括以局部应用(吸入)制剂呈现该组合和其在吸入装置例如Novolizer中的应用。
Description
支气管哮喘,在工业化国家中影响多达10%的个体,其特征在于支气管收缩,慢性气道炎症,气道反应过度,和粘膜水肿。气道改造和改变的非胆碱能、非肾上腺素能神经传递可以引起不可逆的气道阻塞和肺功能的减退。在过去20年中支气管哮喘作为全世界的主要公众健康问题出现。尽管数据表明目前的哮喘治疗导致死亡率有限的降低,但其持续作为重要的健康护理问题(Mannino等,Surveill Summ 2002;51:1-13)。其仍然是全世界可预防的住院治疗的主导原因之一并导致了数百万失去的工作日。随着哮喘发病率的提高,与该疾病相关的成本也显著提高。
慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)也是非常常见的。该疾病的特征在于伴随炎症反应的渐进性气流受限。从全世界的数据调查来看,清楚的是烟草不是COPD的唯一原因。全世界上升中的年龄也是特定的风险因素。COPD的发病率存在变化,在3%至10%之间,具有稳定上升的趋势。尽管COPD是疾病和死亡的主导原因,慢慢才认识到其是公众健康问题,尽管COPD上升的死亡率和大部分心血管疾病死亡率的下降(Hurd,Chest 2000;117(增补2):1S-4S)。此外,COPD给个体和社会增添了显著的经济负担。
目前存在气道炎症是哮喘患者的主要基础问题的强有力证据。哮喘的病理生理学涉及分子和细胞相互作用的复杂网络,尽管每个单个因素的影响在患者与患者之间很可能是不同的,取决于环境和刺激。哮喘表型发展中的主要参与者包括引发刺激物如过敏原本身,细胞如T细胞,上皮细胞和肥大细胞,这些细胞产生包括IL-5,GM-CSF,IL-3,IL-4和IL-13的多种细胞因子和趋化因子如嗜酸细胞活化趋化因子,粘附分子等。了解哮喘的炎症和免疫机理方面的最近进展已经表明许多潜在的治疗手段可以防止或逆转哮喘中基础性的反常。
目前,药物治疗是治疗哮喘的主要支持。可利用短效和长效的吸入β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂。目前短效β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂基于按需使用来用于症状的快速缓解。近些年来,长效的吸入β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂在哮喘控制中具有日益提高的作用,尤其是中等至严重程度的哮喘患者。抗毒蕈碱药物在缓解哮喘发作中的有效性比β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂低(Rodrigo和Rodrigo,Chest 2002;121:1977-87)。然而,随着新抗胆碱能药噻托铵(tiotropium)的引入,在呼吸道疾病中将极大地增加使用抗胆碱能药。吸入的糖皮质激素已经成为慢性哮喘治疗的主要支持。它们是可获得的临床上最有效治疗但可产生严重的继发效应,此外,在皮质类固醇耐药哮喘中是无效的。
总的来说,关于COPD的发病机理比哮喘知道得少得多。最近的研究已经极大地扩展了对COPD潜在的发病机理的了解。因此,同意COPD也是炎性疾病。从目前的发病机理观点看,嗜中性粒细胞,CD8+淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞及其介质可能在COPD的发病机理中起着决定性的作用。
目前的控制聚焦于COPD患者的肺功能改善。该方法中的第一步是停止吸烟。存在减少或停止吸烟可以导致一些呼吸参数改善的证据。支气管扩张药(β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂和抗胆碱能药)目前是症状治疗的主要支持。短效和长效的β2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂如沙丁胺醇,非诺特罗,沙美特罗和福莫特罗是在COPD症状控制中已建立的治疗剂。短效抗毒蕈碱药物中,广泛使用异丙托铵(ipratropium)。最近,噻托铵,一种对M3-毒蕈碱受体具有特定偏好的长效抗胆碱能药,目前已经引入全世界(Hansel和Barnes,DrugsToday(Barc)2002;38:585-600)。抗胆碱能药也可以有效地用于马的COPD治疗,2400μg/马剂量的异丙托铵是COPD马的有效支气管扩张药(Duvivier等,Equine Vet J 1999;31:20-4,Bayly等,Equine Vet J.2002年1月;34(1):36-43)。目前,还没有解决COPD的抗炎治疗。在过去20年中已经可观地增加了对COPD的全身和吸入糖皮质激素的使用。它们已经得到了测试,前提是对COPD中炎症的干预应当改变疾病的进程。尽管吸入的皮质类固醇在哮喘控制中具有证实的益处,但是直至最近,它们在非哮喘性的与吸烟相关的COPD中的效用是没有证据基础的(Bonay等,Drug Saf 2002:25:57-71)。吸入的糖皮质激素对表征COPD的炎症过程具有相对小的影响(Adcock和Chung,Curr OpinInvestig Drugs2002;3:58-60)。因此,它们的适应症是存在显著的支气管扩张药反应或患者具有伴随频繁加重的更严重疾病(Alsaeedi等,Am J Med 2002;113:59-65)。
气流阻塞和气道炎症是哮喘以及COPD的特征。尽管哮喘和COPD中的气道炎症各自涉及不同的细胞类型,但都是与细胞浸润和激活相关的慢性炎症性质的疾病。尽管支气管哮喘的主要特征在于嗜酸粒细胞和CD4淋巴细胞,嗜中性粒细胞、CD8淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞在COPD的发病机理中起主要作用。因此,涉及平滑肌松弛并且也在嗜酸粒细胞以及嗜中性粒细胞和其他炎性和免疫活性细胞中发现的PDE可能构成两种疾病进展中的基础元素。这些疾病发病机理中涉及的许多事件和机理受到环核苷酸信号途径激活的抑制。因此,胞内cAMP的增加干扰了淋巴细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和肥大细胞激活,并阻断了细胞因子产生、细胞复制和细胞趋向炎症部位。此外,气道平滑肌细胞中cAMP信号途径的激活促进了松弛并阻断了平滑肌细胞复制(Tomlinson等,Biochem Pharmacol 1995;49:1809-19),由此防止了疾病慢性阶段中观察到的气道改造。
PDE4属于至少11种催化cAMP和/或cGMP水解的同工酶的超家族。PDE4是免疫和炎症细胞、气道平滑肌和肺神经中的主要cAMP代谢酶。基于其细胞和组织分布,这种酶的选择性抑制剂抑制了从炎症细胞释放介质(Hatzelmann和Schudt,J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;297:267-79,Marx等,Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002;15:7-15,Kuss等,J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:373-85)。它们在COPD的动物模型中显示出广谱的活性(Billah等,J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:127-37,Kuss等,J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:373-85)。类别相关的副作用,主要是恶心和呕吐,看来通过所谓的“第二代”PDE4抑制剂已经至少部分克服。目前临床研究有说服力地表明了PDE4抑制剂在哮喘和COPD中的治疗有效性(Dyke和Montana,Expert OpinInvestig Drug 2002;11:1-13,Grootendorst等,Pulm Pharmacol Ther2003;16:341-7,Spina,Drugs 2003;63:2575-94)。最小化或消除有时与PDE4抑制剂相关的上述不良事件的努力包括创建不透入中枢神经系统的抑制剂,和通过吸入而不是口服来给药PDE4抑制剂。同工酶PDE4的抑制剂减轻了哮喘和COPD中的炎症过程。因此,PDE4抑制剂的这些效果使得支气管哮喘或COPD患者的支气管功能改善。
已经认可抗胆碱能药物治疗作为COPD和慢性哮喘中的重要治疗方式。本发明中所用的抗胆碱能支气管扩张药——毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂,是长效化合物。这种类型的任何化合物可用于该联合治疗方法中。长效的意思是药物对支气管的效果持续约12小时或更长,长达24小时。最近批准的长效吸入抗胆碱能药——噻托铵,在整个一天24小时产生持续的支气管扩张作用(Calverley等,Thorax 2003;58:855-60)。
格隆溴铵属于所谓的抗胆碱能药并在乙酰胆碱受体位点拮抗神经递质乙酰胆碱。该效应导致显著的支气管扩张和减少的粘液分泌。格隆溴铵,一种季铵化合物,由四种立体异构体组成。它的粘膜吸收差,因此降低了抗胆碱能药的副作用(Ali-Melkkila等,ActaAnaesthesiol Scand 1993;37:633-42)。格隆溴铵在其与M1-M3受体结合中不具有选择性。然而,动力学研究表明格隆溴铵从M3毒蕈碱受体缓慢地解离(Haddad等,Br J Pharmacol 1999;127:413-20)。与噻托铵相似,这种行为解释了格隆溴铵的相对受体选择性及其作用的长持续时间。实际上,存在外消旋的格隆溴铵在哮喘和COPD患者中产生了显著的和长效的支气管扩张效果的证据(Walker等,Chest1987;91:49-51,Schroeckenstein等,J Allergy Clin Immunol 19881;82:115-9,Gilman等,Chest 1990;98:1095-8,Cydulka和Emerman,Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:470-3)。因为哮喘和COPD的特征在于增加的粘液分泌,抗胆碱能药如格隆溴铵的抗分泌效果是它们治疗这些疾病的应用的附加优势。
目前对于哮喘和COPD的治疗是不令人满意的。鉴于这些疾病的高发病率,因此高度需要改进的、更有效和更方便的治疗干预。本发明潜在的问题是提供具有更高效力和降低副作用的这样的改进治疗替代。
通过包括PDE4抑制剂和抗胆碱能药的新组合药物解决了这个问题,在治疗效力,作用的起效和持续时间,或副作用方面,这种组合优于单一化合物。
令人惊讶地,已经表明使用包括局部(吸入)抗胆碱能药如外消旋的格隆溴铵,或其对映体,尤其是R,R-格隆溴铵,或其非对映异构体,或它们生理学上可接受的盐,和吸入/口服磷酸二酯酶(PDE)4抑制剂如AWD12-281或罗氟司特或它们生理学上可接受盐的组合,导致对支气管哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)的更有效和更安全的治疗,其允许较低的剂量或降低了副作用。
两类药物-抗胆碱能药(尤其是R,R-格隆溴铵)和PDE4抑制剂的药效特性相互补充,并使得对所提及疾病的治疗更有效。此外,还提高了患者的依从性。
本发明中有用的PDE4抑制剂可以是已知抑制PDE4酶的任何化合物,并发现其作为高度特异性的PDE4抑制剂和其优选用于吸入。例如,高效和选择性PDE4抑制剂AWD 12-281的临床前和临床研究表明这种该化合物具有良好的临床前和临床效用。在Brown Norway大鼠中,AWD12-281抑制了过敏原诱导的气道嗜酸粒细胞增多,当肺内给药时,具有7μg/kg的ID50。已知皮质类固醇倍氯米松的ID50值是相当的(0.1μg/kg)。由于其独特的代谢特征,在局部(鼻或吸入)给药后该化合物具有合适的安全特征。当通过吸入将AWD 12-281给予狗时,直至最高的可行剂量(15mg/kg)也没有诱发呕吐,表明AWD 12-281可用于哮喘和COPD的吸入治疗(Kuss等,J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307:373-85)。
实验部分
使用人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)研究了R,R-格隆溴铵联合PDE4抑制剂对TNF分泌的影响。根据赫尔辛基和东京的国际声明该研究通过我们的学院伦理学委员会的批准。
通过密度梯度离心从健康捐献者的肝素化血样中分离PBMC。将等体积的Hanks缓冲液(Life Technologies,Heidelberg,Germany)加入肝素化的全血样品中。用最大40ml的血液/Hanks混合物覆盖15mlHistopaque-1077(Sigma,Deisenhofen,Germany),室温离心30分钟(2000rpm)。将含有PBMC的可见条带转移至新鲜的管中并用Hanks-缓冲液洗涤两次。最后,将细胞接种于含有Glutamax I(GibcoBRL,Eggenstein)和10%胎牛血清(Boehringer Mannheim,Penzberg,Germany)的RPMI 1640培养基(Life Technologies,Heidelberg,Germany)中。分离后,将PBMC在补充10%胎牛血清(FCS)的RPMI1640培养基中培养,37℃ 5%CO2过夜。通过粘附方法从其他细胞中分离出PBMC,通过更换培养基除去非附着细胞。
将细胞以106细胞/ml重悬浮并在24-孔组织培养板(FalconBecton Dicknson Labware)中以500μl体积37℃ 5%CO2温育。用测试物质(0.5μl/500μl培养基)预温育30分钟后,用脂多糖(LPS)(1μg/ml)刺激细胞。在所示的时间,通过离心将细胞沉淀,收集上清液并在-80℃保持冷冻直至蛋白质测定;通过RLT裂解缓冲液(Qiagen,Hilden,Germany)裂解细胞并在-80℃冷冻直至分析。
通过夹层ELISA使用匹配的抗体对(Pharmingen,Heidelberg,Germany)来进行培养物上清液中的细胞因子测量。用在pH9.5,0.1M碳酸盐缓冲液中的抗细胞因子单克隆抗体(mAb)将ELISA板(Maxisorb,Nunc)包被过夜。洗涤后,用测定稀释液(Pharmingen,Heidelberg,Germany)将平板封闭1小时并再次洗涤。将适当稀释的上清液样品和标准品一式两份分配,并将平板在室温温育2小时。将平板洗涤,用工作检测剂(生物素化的抗细胞因子抗体和抗生物素蛋白-辣根过氧化物酶缀合物)温育1小时。洗涤后,加入底物(TMB和过氧化氢)。通过加入1M H3PO4来停止反应。将平板在微平板阅读器(Dynatech)中以450nm读板。将结果表示为化合物不存在下经刺激细胞产生细胞因子的对照水平的百分比。
LPS-刺激后,从单核细胞释放的基础TNFα从328pg/ml提高至7,258pg/ml。R,R-格隆溴铵单独没有影响LPS-诱导的TNFα释放,直至10μmol/l。PDE4抑制剂咯利普兰以浓度依赖性方式抑制了TNFα的释放。咯利普兰的IC35值等于68.9±15.2nmol/l。同时加入10μmol/lR,R-格隆溴铵令人惊讶地和高度显著地将IC35降低至1.70±1.18nM(p=0.0151)。
这些结果表明R,R-格隆溴铵以超加性方式显著地和令人惊讶地增强了PDE4抑制剂的抗炎活性。
抗胆碱能药和吸入/口服PDE4抑制剂两者均可有效地用于治疗各种马的气道疾病。激活的嗜中性粒细胞慕集至COPD马的肺,可以引起炎症和肺损伤。已经证明PDE4抑制剂可以降低COPD马体内的嗜中性粒细胞活化(Rickards等,J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2001;24:275-81)。
本发明涉及的联合治疗包括给药PDE4抑制剂和长效抗胆碱能支气管扩张药来防止肺疾病事件的发作或来治疗现存的病症和来减轻气道炎症。可以以单个剂型一起给药化合物,或以不同的剂型来给药。可以同时给药,或者以接近的或远离的时间给药,如其中一种药物在早上给药,第二种药物在晚上给药。可以预防性地或在症状发作后使用该组合。一些情况中,该组合可用于防止肺病的进展或来停滞功能如肺功能的衰退。
这些药物,抗胆碱能药和PDE4抑制剂,通常作为气溶胶给药,使用或不使用推进剂,或作为吸入的粉末给药,例如使用。本发明涉及以一种传送形式如吸入器来共同给药两种药物,将两种药物放入相同的吸入器中。制剂是本领域技术范围内的(例如,含有赋形剂如乳糖单水合物)。
活性成分可以一天给予1至8次,足以呈现所需的活性。优选,活性组分一天给予约一次至四次,更优选一天一次或两次。
PDE4抑制剂给药成人的量为200至5,000μg/天,优选500至2,000μg/天,取决于气道炎症的强度。PDE4抑制剂,例如罗氟司特,可以吸入或口服给药。吸入的抗胆碱能药,外消旋格隆溴铵,其对映体之一,尤其是R,R-格隆溴铵,或其非对映异构体之一,或其混合物及其盐、溶剂化物和水合物,给药成人的量为5至500μg/天,优选15至300μg/天。尤其优选5至100μg/天的剂量范围。
考虑同时或时间上非常接近地给药两种活性剂。或者,一种药物可在早上服用,一种在这天中的晚些时候服用。或者另一种情况中,一种药物每日服用两次,另一种每日一次,与每日两次给药中的一次同时或分开。优选同时一起服用两种药物。
对于兽医使用,将抗胆碱能药,尤其是R,R-格隆溴铵,以1-32μg/kg/天,优选4至16μg/kg/天的量,单独或联合给药量为成人4至100μg/天,优选10至40μg/天的吸入PDE4抑制剂给予马,取决于气道炎症的强度。
通过以下的实施例来说明本发明,但不是来限制本发明。
每单次剂量50μg R,R-格隆溴铵和500μgAWD12-281的粉末吸入将50g量的微粉化R,R-格隆溴铵和100gα乳糖单水合物混合,将混合物通过0.5mm网孔的筛子过筛,最后再次混合。将500g微粉化的AWD12-281和1000gα乳糖单水合物混合,将混合物通过0.8mm网孔的筛子过筛,最后再次混合。将收到的两种混合物混合并补充α乳糖单水合物至12000g。随后,将其再次混合并将收到的粉状混合物装入每单次剂量释放12mg粉末的粉末吸入器中。每单次剂量从粉末吸入器中释放50μg R,R-格隆溴铵和500μg AWD 12-281并提供给患者的气道。
Claims (15)
1.局部应用的R,R-格隆溴铵或其生理学上可接受的盐和PDE4抑制剂咯利普兰或其生理学上可接受的盐的组合产品,用于治疗支气管哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病。
2.根据权利要求1的组合产品,其中R,R-格隆溴铵的日剂量为5至500μg,PDE4抑制剂的日剂量为200至5,000μg/天。
3.根据权利要求2的组合产品,其中R,R-格隆溴铵的日剂量为15至300μg,PDE4抑制剂的日剂量为500至2,000μg/天。
4.根据权利要求1的组合产品,其中R,R-格隆溴铵的日剂量为5至100μg,PDE4抑制剂的日剂量为200至5,000μg/天。
5.根据权利要求4的组合产品,其中PDE4抑制剂的日剂量为500至2,000μg/天。
6.治疗呼吸道疾病的药物,包含局部应用的R,R-格隆溴铵或其生理学上可接受的盐和咯利普兰或其生理学上可接受的盐。
7.根据权利要求6的药物,其中所述的呼吸道疾病为哮喘。
8.根据权利要求6的药物,其特征在于吸入时以合适的粒径分散获得两种活性物质。
9.根据权利要求6的药物,特征在于其是含或不含推进剂的可吸入气溶胶。
10.根据权利要求6的药物,特征在于其是可吸入的干粉。
11.根据权利要求6的药物,特征在于其是可吸入的悬浮液或溶液。
12.根据权利要求6-11任一项的药物,存在于吸入器中。
13.根据权利要求6-11任一项的药物,其特征在于活性物质存在于固定或自由组合中,用于与常用的赋形剂一起在适于吸入应用的药物形式中同时、顺次或分开给药。
14.局部应用的R,R-格隆溴铵或其生理学上可接受的盐和咯利普兰或其生理学上可接受的盐相组合用于制备治疗哺乳动物的哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病的药物的用途。
15.根据权利要求14的用途,其中哺乳动物是人或马。
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Also Published As
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JP2007520507A (ja) | 2007-07-26 |
WO2005074982A3 (en) | 2006-04-06 |
PT1713471E (pt) | 2012-04-10 |
EP1713471A2 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
PL1713471T3 (pl) | 2012-06-29 |
NO337023B1 (no) | 2015-12-28 |
RU2437658C2 (ru) | 2011-12-27 |
JP4700014B2 (ja) | 2011-06-15 |
AU2005210084A1 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
CA2550848C (en) | 2013-02-26 |
ATE541570T1 (de) | 2012-02-15 |
CN101518532A (zh) | 2009-09-02 |
SI1713471T1 (sl) | 2012-07-31 |
US20050175547A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
NO20063880L (no) | 2006-11-02 |
US20060251589A1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
CA2550848A1 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
WO2005074982A2 (en) | 2005-08-18 |
EP1713471B1 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
US20090136429A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
NZ548301A (en) | 2010-07-30 |
RU2006132040A (ru) | 2008-03-20 |
CN1909899A (zh) | 2007-02-07 |
CY1112968T1 (el) | 2016-04-13 |
US8097605B2 (en) | 2012-01-17 |
DK1713471T3 (da) | 2012-05-14 |
ES2381116T3 (es) | 2012-05-23 |
HK1096311A1 (en) | 2007-06-01 |
AU2005210084B2 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
HRP20120286T1 (hr) | 2012-04-30 |
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