CH672093A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- CH672093A5 CH672093A5 CH4479/86A CH447986A CH672093A5 CH 672093 A5 CH672093 A5 CH 672093A5 CH 4479/86 A CH4479/86 A CH 4479/86A CH 447986 A CH447986 A CH 447986A CH 672093 A5 CH672093 A5 CH 672093A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- welding
- welded
- rollers
- welding device
- wedge
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/32—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed at least two layers being foamed and next to each other
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/843—Machines for making separate joints at the same time in different planes; Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1432—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface direct heating of the surfaces to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1454—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined
- B29C65/1458—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined once, i.e. contour welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1464—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface making use of several radiators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/45—Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5227—Joining tubular articles for forming multi-tubular articles by longitudinally joining elementary tubular articles wall-to-wall (e.g. joining the wall of a first tubular article to the wall of a second tubular article) or for forming multilayer tubular articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
- B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
- B29C66/81411—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat
- B29C66/81415—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat being bevelled
- B29C66/81417—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat being bevelled being V-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/818—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps
- B29C66/8181—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects
- B29C66/81811—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects of the welding jaws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
- B29C66/834—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools moving with the parts to be joined
- B29C66/8341—Roller, cylinder or drum types; Band or belt types; Ball types
- B29C66/83411—Roller, cylinder or drum types
- B29C66/83413—Roller, cylinder or drum types cooperating rollers, cylinders or drums
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/843—Machines for making separate joints at the same time in different planes; Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
- B29C66/8432—Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/142—Laminating of sheets, panels or inserts, e.g. stiffeners, by wrapping in at least one outer layer, or inserting into a preformed pocket
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/812—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8126—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/81265—Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness or rugosity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/60—Multitubular or multicompartmented articles, e.g. honeycomb
- B29L2031/601—Multi-tubular articles, i.e. composed of a plurality of tubes
- B29L2031/602—Multi-tubular articles, i.e. composed of a plurality of tubes composed of several elementary tubular elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/02—Organic
- B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
- B32B2266/025—Polyolefin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/02—Cellular or porous
- B32B2305/022—Foam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/51—Elastic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
BESCHREIBUNG Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen, flächigen Ver-schweissen von Folien, Platten, Stangen und/oder Rohren aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen miteinander, bei dem die zu verschweissenden Kunststoffoberflächen zunächst durch Erhitzen geschmolzen und dann zusammengedrückt werden. DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to a method and a device for the continuous, planar welding of foils, plates, rods and / or pipes made of thermoplastic plastics to one another, in which the plastic surfaces to be welded are first melted by heating and then pressed together.
Ein bekanntes Verfahren, das bei der Textilkaschierung von Schaumstoff-Folien in der Praxis ausschliesslich angewandt wird, ist die Flammkaschierung. Bei diesem Verfahren führt man die Schaumstoff-Folie so über eine relativ grosse, gekühlte Walze, dass die Schaumstoff-Folie mindestens 1/3 der Walzenmantelfläche bedeckt, was mittels zwei Führungswalzen erreicht wird. Zwischen diesen beiden Führungswalzen erfolgt das Anschmelzen der einen Seite der Schaumstoff-Folie mittels Gasflammen. Das textile Material wird dann über die zweite Führungswalze zugeführt und verbindet sich unter dem Anpressdruck der zweiten Führungswalze, die gegen die grosse, gekühlte Walze drückt, mit der aufgeschmolzenen Oberfläche der Schaumstoff-Folie. Nachteilig bei diesem Verfahren ist, dass ein Dickenverlust nicht nur durch das Zusammenschmelzen der an der Oberfläche befindlichen Zellen stattfindet, das sich im übrigen beim Zu-sammenschweissen von Schaumstoffen nie ganz vermeiden lässt, sondern dass auch ein Dickenverlust durch Abbrand entsteht. A known method that is exclusively used in practice in the textile lamination of foam films is flame lamination. In this process, the foam sheet is passed over a relatively large, cooled roll in such a way that the foam sheet covers at least 1/3 of the roll surface area, which is achieved by means of two guide rolls. Between these two guide rollers, one side of the foam sheet is melted using gas flames. The textile material is then fed via the second guide roller and combines with the melted surface of the foam sheet under the contact pressure of the second guide roller, which presses against the large, cooled roller. A disadvantage of this method is that a loss of thickness does not only occur due to the melting together of the cells located on the surface, which, moreover, can never be completely avoided when foams are welded together, but also that a loss of thickness results from burning.
Bei einem anderen bekannten Verfahren, dem sogenannten Heizelementschweissen, erwärmen metallische Heizvorrichtungen im direkten Kontakt mit den Fügeflächen und entsprechend gutem Wärmeübergang die Kunststoffe bis zur plastischen Verformungsfähigkeit. Nach Erreichen dieser Temperatur werden die Heizelemente aus der Fuge entfernt und die Fügeteile durch Anpressdruck miteinander verbunden. Das Verfahren erfordert zwar nur kurze Taktzeiten und ist zum Verbinden von massiven Profilen ebenso wie von Rohren geeignet, hat aber den Nachteil, dass es sich für eine kontinuierliche Arbeitsweise nicht sehr gut eignet. In another known method, the so-called heating element welding, metallic heating devices heat the plastics up to the plastic deformability in direct contact with the joining surfaces and correspondingly good heat transfer. After this temperature has been reached, the heating elements are removed from the joint and the parts to be joined are pressed together. Although the process only requires short cycle times and is suitable for connecting solid profiles as well as pipes, it has the disadvantage that it is not very suitable for continuous operation.
Es hat daher nicht an Versuchen gefehlt, das Heizelementschweissen so zu gestalten, dass im direkten Kontakt mit dem Heizelement eine kontinuierliche Verfahrensweise möglich ist. Bei einem solchen Verfahren, das z.B. bei vernetzten Polyethylenen angewandt werden kann, bringt man die zu verschweissenden Kunststoffoberflächen mit hocherhitzten Walzen in Berührung, wodurch man ein gleichmässi-ges Aufschmelzen der zu verschweissenden Oberflächen erreicht, ohne dass man Dickenverluste durch Abbrand hinnehmen muss, wie dies bei dem eingangs geschilderten Flammkaschierungsverfahren der Fall ist. Nachdem die zu verschweissenden Oberflächen angeschmolzen sind, werden sie zusammengedrückt bzw. zusammengepresst und ergeben eine dauerhafte Schweissverbindung. Bei vielen thermoplastischen Kunststoffen, z.B. bei solchen aus unvernetztem Polyethylen, ergibt sich dabei jedoch der Nachteil, dass früher oder später an der hochpolierten Walze Kunststoffreste hängenbleiben und festkleben, so dass weder eine weitere saubere Verfahrensweise, noch eine einwandfreie Schweissnaht gewährleistet ist, ganz abgesehen davon, dass die Walze schon nach kurzer Zeit in einem solchen Zustand sein kann, der eine Fortführung des Verfahrens nicht mehr gestattet. There has therefore been no lack of attempts to design the heating element welding in such a way that a continuous procedure is possible in direct contact with the heating element. In such a process, e.g. in the case of crosslinked polyethylenes, the plastic surfaces to be welded are brought into contact with high-temperature rollers, which achieves a uniform melting of the surfaces to be welded without having to accept thickness losses due to combustion, as is the case with the flame lamination process described at the beginning is. After the surfaces to be welded have melted, they are pressed together or pressed together and result in a permanent weld connection. With many thermoplastics, e.g. for those made of non-cross-linked polyethylene, however, there is the disadvantage that sooner or later plastic residues get stuck and stick to the polished roller, so that neither a further clean procedure nor a flawless weld seam is guaranteed, quite apart from the fact that the roller is already can be in such a state for a short time that it is no longer possible to continue the procedure.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Verfügung zu stellen, womit es möglich ist, in abbrandfreier kontinuierlicher Verfahrensweise auch solche thermoplastischen Kunststoffe zu verschweissen, die leicht zum «Schmieren» neigen und, was besonders wichtig ist, auch auf Schaumkunststoffe anwendbar ist, bei denen die Gefahr des ungewollten «Restehängen-bleibens» von Kunststoff an der Walze besonders gross ist. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and a device with which it is possible, in a burn-free, continuous procedure, to also weld thermoplastic materials which tend to "smear" and, what is particularly important, also Foam plastics can be used where there is a particularly high risk of undesired “sticking” of plastic on the roller.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe gemäss der Erfindung durch das im Patentanspruch 1 definierte Verfahren, sowie durch eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens gemäss der Definition im Anspruch 5. This object is achieved according to the invention by the method defined in claim 1 and by an apparatus for performing this method as defined in claim 5.
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Die gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verschweissenden Folien, Platten, Stangen und/oder Rohre können aus jedem beliebigen thermoplastischen Kunststoff bestehen. Bevorzugt findet das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren jedoch bei solchen thermoplastischen Kunststoffen Anwendung, die sich mit Klebstoffen oder dem Quellschweissverfahren nur ungenügend verbinden lassen, d.h. beispielsweise bei Poly-olefinen, wie Polyethylen, insbesondere nicht vernetztem Polyethylen aus der Gruppe der Low Density Polyethylene. Zu erwähnen ist an dieser Stelle, dass man Polyethylen wegen seines kleinen dielektrischen Verlustfaktors (0,0005) auch nicht mit Hochfrequenz verschweissen kann. The foils, plates, rods and / or tubes to be welded according to the present invention can consist of any thermoplastic. However, the method according to the invention is preferably used in the case of thermoplastics which cannot be adequately bonded to adhesives or the source welding process, i.e. for example in the case of polyolefins, such as polyethylene, in particular non-crosslinked polyethylene from the group of low density polyethylenes. It should be mentioned here that because of its small dielectric loss factor (0.0005), polyethylene cannot be welded at high frequency.
Besonders interessant ist das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren zur Verschweissung von Folien, Platten, Stangen und/ oder Rohren, die aus den vorgenannten thermoplastischen Kunststoffen, insbesondere Polyethylen, bestehen und in Form von Schaumstoffen vorliegen und vorzugsweise eine Dichte, bezogen auf den Schaumstoff, von unterhalb 50 kg/ m3, insbesondere unterhalb 20 kg/m3, aufweisen. The process according to the invention for welding foils, plates, rods and / or pipes, which consist of the abovementioned thermoplastic materials, in particular polyethylene, and are in the form of foams, and preferably a density, based on the foam, of less than 50 kg is particularly interesting / m3, especially below 20 kg / m3.
Die zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens dienende Vorrichtung besteht im wesentlichen, wie bereits vorstehend angegeben wurde, aus einer Wärmequelle, einer davor angeordneten Abstandshalteeinrichtung und einer nach der Wärmequelle angeordneten Einrichtung zum Zusammendrücken der angeschmolzenen Oberflächen. Die Wärmequelle besteht vorzugsweise aus einem elektrisch beheizbaren Heizleiter, insbesondere in Formeines Drahtes oder Metallstreifens. Vorzugsweise besteht der Draht bzw. der Metallstreifen aus einer Chrom-Nickel-Legierung, einer Chrom-Nickel-Aluminium-Legierung oder einer Eisen-Chrom-Nickel-Legierung. Selbstverständlich können aber auch alle anderen Metalle bzw. Metall-Legierungen oder nichtmetallische Heizleiter, z.B. Siliciumcarbid-Heizleiter, eingesetzt werden, die üblicherweise bei Widerstandsheizungen Anwendung finden. Die Temperatur, auf die der Heizleiter erhitzt wird, schwankt in einem weiten Bereich von z.B. 600 bis 1200 °C und richtet sich nach dem zu verschweissenden Material und der Geschwindigkeit, mit der die zu verschweissenden Kunststoff-Flächen an dem Heizleiter vorbeigeführt werden. Bei hohen Durchlaufgeschwindigkeiten und/oder hochschmelzenden thermoplastischen Kunststoffen kann es vorteilhaft bzw. notwendig sein, dass man in Bewegungsrichtung der zu verschweissenden Kunststoff-Flächen zwei oder mehrere Heizleiter hintereinander anordnet. Um ein Durchhängen der Heizleiter und damit eine un-gleichmässige Wärmeabstrahlung zu vermeiden, wird erfin-dungsgemäss bevorzugt, dass die Heizleiter, insbesondere wenn diese in Form von Drähten oder Metallstreifen vorliegen, mittels einer Spannvorrichtung stets, d.h. auch in erhitztem Zustand, gespannt sind. Die Spannvorrichtung, die dabei vorzugsweise zugleich als Stromzuführungsanschluss ausgelegt ist, bedient sich vorteilhafterweise der Federkraft einer auf Zug oder Druck ausgelegten Feder. Die Stromzuführung kann gemäss einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform mittels eines Thermoelements gesteuert bzw. geregelt werden, das in der Nähe des Heizleiters angeordnet ist. The device used to carry out the method according to the invention essentially consists, as already indicated above, of a heat source, a spacer device arranged in front of it and a device arranged after the heat source for compressing the melted surfaces. The heat source preferably consists of an electrically heatable heating conductor, in particular in the form of a wire or metal strip. The wire or the metal strip preferably consists of a chromium-nickel alloy, a chromium-nickel-aluminum alloy or an iron-chromium-nickel alloy. Of course, all other metals or metal alloys or non-metallic heating conductors, e.g. Silicon carbide heating conductors are used, which are usually used in resistance heating. The temperature to which the heating conductor is heated varies within a wide range, e.g. 600 to 1200 ° C and depends on the material to be welded and the speed at which the plastic surfaces to be welded are guided past the heating conductor. With high throughput speeds and / or high-melting thermoplastic materials, it may be advantageous or necessary to arrange two or more heating conductors one behind the other in the direction of movement of the plastic surfaces to be welded. In order to avoid sagging of the heating conductors and thus non-uniform heat radiation, it is preferred according to the invention that the heating conductors, in particular if they are in the form of wires or metal strips, always, i.e. even when heated, are excited. The tensioning device, which is preferably also designed as a power supply connection, advantageously uses the spring force of a spring designed for tension or compression. According to a preferred embodiment, the power supply can be controlled or regulated by means of a thermocouple which is arranged in the vicinity of the heating conductor.
Zwecks Bildung eines Heizkanals, und um die zu verschweissenden Kunststoffoberflächen in einem gewissen Abstand an dem Heizleiter ohne Berührungskontakt mit ihm vorbeizuführen, ist kurz vor dem Heizleiter eine Abstandshalteeinrichtung angeordnet. Diese Abstandshalteeinrichtung ist vorzugsweise keilförmig ausgebildet und so angeordnet, dass die Schneidkante des Keils dem ankommenden Material und der Keilrücken dem Heizleiter zugewandt ist. Die Länge des Keiles und des Heizleiters richtet sich nach der Breite der zu verschweissenden Flächen. Die Schneidkante des Keils ist vorzugsweise leicht abgerundet, um das ankommende Material nicht zu verletzen. Der Keilrücken ist vorzugsweise konvex ausgelegt und ebenfalls zwecks Vermeidung von Materialbeschädigung an seinen Längskanten abgerundet. Selbstverständlich kann der Keilrücken aber auch konkav ausgebildet sein, wobei dann allerdings die Seitenkanten vorzugsweise ebenfalls abgerundet sind. Da dieser Abstandshaltekeil gleichzeitig als Wärmeschutzschild dient, kann es zweckmässig sein, den Abstandshaltekeil in Längsrichtung mit einer oder mehreren Bohrungen bzw. Durchgängen zu versehen, um durch den Abstandshaltekeil ein Kühlmedium leiten zu können, falls bei längerem Betrieb eine zu starke Erwärmung des Abstandshaltekeils zu befürchten ist. Der Abstandshaltekeil kann für besondere Einsatzzwecke, z.B. wenn ein praktisch allseitig geschlossener Heizkanal gewünscht wird, an seinen beiden Seitenflächen flächig verlängert sein, und zwar derart, dass die flächige Verlängerung spiegelbildlich der Seitenfläche des Keils entspricht. Zwecks Verminderung der Reibung sind die Keilbacken vorzugsweise hochpoliert. In order to form a heating channel and to guide the plastic surfaces to be welded at a certain distance from the heating conductor without touching it, a spacing device is arranged shortly before the heating conductor. This spacer device is preferably wedge-shaped and arranged so that the cutting edge of the wedge faces the incoming material and the wedge back faces the heating conductor. The length of the wedge and the heating conductor depends on the width of the surfaces to be welded. The cutting edge of the wedge is preferably slightly rounded so as not to injure the incoming material. The back of the wedge is preferably designed to be convex and also rounded on its longitudinal edges in order to avoid material damage. Of course, the wedge back can also be concave, in which case, however, the side edges are preferably also rounded. Since this spacer wedge also serves as a heat shield, it may be expedient to provide the spacer wedge in the longitudinal direction with one or more bores or passages in order to be able to pass a cooling medium through the spacer wedge, in the event of fear of excessive heating of the spacer wedge during prolonged operation is. The spacer wedge can be used for special purposes, e.g. if a practically all-round closed heating channel is desired, be extended over its two side surfaces, in such a way that the flat extension corresponds to the side surface of the wedge as a mirror image. In order to reduce friction, the wedge jaws are preferably highly polished.
Gemäss einer anderen erfindungsgemässen Ausführungsform kann die Abstandshalteeinrichtung auch von einem Walzenpaar gebildet sein, wobei der Walzendurchmesser und die Walzenlänge den jeweiligen Anforderungen entsprechend anzupassen ist. Abstandshaltewalzenpaare werden gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung besonders dann gerne eingesetzt, wenn z.B. bereits relativ dicke und breite Schaumstoffplatten, beispielsweise solche mit einer Dicke von 8 oder 16 cm und einer Breite von einem Meter oder darüber miteinander verschweisst werden sollen, oder wenn z. B. endlose, breite Schaumstoff-Folien mit entsprechenden homogenen Dekorfolien kaschiert werden sollen, um die Reibung an der Abstandshalteeinrichtung so niedrig wie möglich zu halten. Auch bei der Anwendung von Abstandshaltewalzenpaa-ren, die vorzugsweise auf Kugellagern laufen, kann es wünschenswert sein, diese zu kühlen. In solchen Fällen ist zumindest eine der beiden Walzen hohl und so ausgelegt, dass ein Kühlmedium hindurchgeführt werden kann. Da die Ab-standshaltewalzen vorzugsweise miteinander in Berührung stehen, um den längsseitig geschlossenen Heizkanal mit zu bilden, kann es vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Walzen mit einem Mantel aus elastischem Kunststoff überzogen sind, wobei dieser Mantel relativ dünn gehalten werden kann. According to another embodiment according to the invention, the spacing device can also be formed by a pair of rollers, the roller diameter and the roller length having to be adapted to the respective requirements. Spacer roller pairs are particularly popular in accordance with the present invention when e.g. already relatively thick and wide foam sheets, for example those with a thickness of 8 or 16 cm and a width of one meter or more are to be welded together, or if z. B. endless, wide foam films are to be laminated with appropriate homogeneous decorative films to keep the friction on the spacer as low as possible. When using spacer roller pairs, which preferably run on ball bearings, it may be desirable to cool them. In such cases, at least one of the two rollers is hollow and designed so that a cooling medium can be passed through. Since the spacing rollers are preferably in contact with one another in order to form the heating channel which is closed on the longitudinal side, it can be advantageous if the rollers are covered with a jacket made of elastic plastic, which jacket can be kept relatively thin.
Anstelle des Abstandshaltekeils oder des Abstandshalte-walzenpaares, die beide insbesondere dann bevorzugt eingesetzt werden, wenn Folien, Platten, Stangen und/oder Rohre aus elastischen Schaumstoffen miteinander verschweisst werden sollen, kann man natürlich, wenn man z. B. Platten, Stangen oder Rohre aus homogenen Thermoplasten verschweissen will, auch eine einfache an den Längsseiten abgerundete Metall- oder Keramikplatte oder ein entsprechend dimensioniertes Rohr als Abstandshalteeinrichtung einsetzen, die dann aber an den Berührungsflächen ebenfalls hochpoliert sein sollten. Instead of the spacer wedge or the pair of spacer rollers, both of which are particularly preferably used when foils, plates, rods and / or pipes made of elastic foams are to be welded together, one can of course if B. wants to weld plates, rods or tubes made of homogeneous thermoplastics, also use a simple rounded metal or ceramic plate on the long sides or a correspondingly dimensioned tube as a spacer, which should then also be highly polished on the contact surfaces.
Mit Hilfe der Abstandshalteeinrichtung ist es somit möglich, die zu verschweissenden Kunststoff-Flächen in Abstand an der Wärmequelle vorbeizuführen und dabei die Kunst-stoff-Flächen an der Oberfläche aufzuschmelzen. Kurz nach dem Passieren der Wärmequelle werden dann die geschmolzenen Oberflächen mittels entsprechender Einrichtungen, z.B. Druckwalzen, zusammengedrückt bzw. zusammenge-presst. Nach Abkühlung ist der Schweissvorgang beendet. With the aid of the spacer device, it is thus possible to guide the plastic surfaces to be welded at a distance from the heat source and thereby melt the plastic surfaces on the surface. Shortly after passing the heat source, the molten surfaces are then removed using appropriate devices, e.g. Pressure rollers, compressed or compressed. After cooling, the welding process is finished.
Gemäss einer besonders bevorzugten erfindungsgemässen Ausführungsform sind mindestens zwei, vorzugsweise eine Vielzahl der Platten übereinander angeordnet, so dass man beispielsweise gleichzeitig 2, 3, 6 oder 10 Schaumstoffplatten je nach gewünschter Dicke des Endprodukts zusam-menschweissen kann. Hierdurch ergibt sich in einfacher Weise die Möglichkeit, relativ dünne Schaumstoffplatten mit sehr niedrigem Raumgewicht, die bisher in kontinuierlicher According to a particularly preferred embodiment according to the invention, at least two, preferably a plurality, of the plates are arranged one above the other, so that, for example, 2, 3, 6 or 10 foam plates can be welded together, depending on the desired thickness of the end product. This results in a simple way the possibility of relatively thin foam sheets with a very low density, which were previously in continuous
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Verfahrensweise nur bis zu einer Dicke von höchstens 8 cm hergestellt werden konnten, zu Platten mit jeder gewünschten Stärke zusammenzuschweissen. Procedures could only be made up to a maximum thickness of 8 cm, to weld plates of any desired thickness.
In entsprechender Weise lassen sich gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung beispielsweise Schaumstoffrohre aus Low-Density-Polyethylen mit Raumgewichten unterhalb 50 kg/m3 zu Platten beliebiger Breite verschweissen, wobei die Breite der Rohrflächen, die zusammengeschweisst werden, durch entsprechendes Zusammendrücken der Schaumstoffrohre variiert werden kann, z.B. durch die Abstände der nebeneinander angeordneten erfindungsgemässen Schweiss-vorrichtungen, die Dimensionierung der Abstandshalteeinrichtung und der Abstände der Druckwalzen zueinander, die nach der Wärmequelle vorhanden sein können. Da die erfindungsgemässen Schweissvorrichtungen aber nicht nur nebeneinander, sondern zusätzlich auch übereinander angeordnet sein können, kann man mittels einer solchen Schweissgit-teranordnung gleichzeitig die Schaumstoffrohre nebeneinander und übereinander zusammenschweissen, so dass man einen aus den Schaumstoffrohren bestehenden Block erhält. Correspondingly, according to the present invention, for example, foam pipes made of low-density polyethylene with densities below 50 kg / m3 can be welded to plates of any width, the width of the pipe surfaces which are welded together being able to be varied by correspondingly compressing the foam pipes, e.g. by the spacing of the welding devices according to the invention arranged next to one another, the dimensioning of the spacing device and the spacing of the pressure rollers from one another which may be present after the heat source. However, since the welding devices according to the invention can be arranged not only next to one another, but also one above the other, such a welding grid arrangement allows the foam tubes to be welded side by side and one above the other, so that a block consisting of the foam tubes is obtained.
Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren kann aber auch mit Vorteil zur Herstellung von Verbundfolien angewandt werden. Auf besonders elegante Weise kann man damit Poly-ethylenfolien mit einer anderen Folie verbinden, um auf diese Weise die nachteilige merkliche Aroma-, Gas- und Fettdurchlässigkeit von Polyethylenfolien zu verbessern. However, the method according to the invention can also be used with advantage for the production of composite films. It can be used to combine polyethylene films with another film in a particularly elegant manner in order to improve the disadvantageous noticeable aroma, gas and fat permeability of polyethylene films.
In gleicher Weise kann man Polyethylen-Schaumstoff-Folien ein- oder beidseitig mit Textilstoffen kaschieren. In the same way, one can laminate polyethylene foam foils on one or both sides with textile materials.
Weiterhin kann man gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung in kontinuierlicher Arbeitsweise beispielsweise in einer Doppelbandanlage, in der die erfindungsgemässe Schweissvorrichtung integriert ist, Sandwichelemente mit einem sonst nur schwer (wenn überhaupt) verklebbaren Polyethylen-Schaumstoffkern und metallischen oder anderen Deckschichten herstellen, auf denen das aufgeschmolzene Polyethylen fest haftet. Furthermore, according to the present invention, in continuous operation, for example in a double belt system in which the welding device according to the invention is integrated, sandwich elements can be produced with a polyethylene foam core that is otherwise difficult (if at all) to be glued and metallic or other cover layers on which the melted polyethylene is solid is liable.
Nachfolgend wird die vorliegende Erfindung weiterhin anhand der Fig. 1 bis 8 erläutert, ohne sie jedoch darauf einzuschränken. The present invention is further explained below with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8, but without restricting it to them.
Fig. 1 zeigt einen vertikalen Längsschnitt durch die erfin-dungsgemäss in einer Doppelbandanlage angeordneten Schweissvorrichtungen zum Zusammenschweissen von Schaumstoffplatten. 1 shows a vertical longitudinal section through the welding devices arranged according to the invention in a double belt system for welding foam sheets together.
Fig. 2 zeigt einen vertikalen Schnitt durch eine erfindungsgemässe Gitteranordnung mit drei Schweissvorrichtungen entlang der Schnittlinie C—D in Fig. 3 zum Verschweissen von nebeneinander angeordneten Schaumstoffrohren. FIG. 2 shows a vertical section through a grid arrangement according to the invention with three welding devices along the section line C - D in FIG. 3 for welding foam pipes arranged next to one another.
Fig. 3 zeigt einen horizontalen Längsschnitt entlang der Schnittlinie A—B in Fig. 2. FIG. 3 shows a horizontal longitudinal section along the section line AB in FIG. 2.
Fig. 4 zeigt einen vertikalen Schnitt durch eine erfindungsgemässe Gitteranordnung mit einer horizontal und drei vertikal angeordneten Schweisseinrichtungen zum gleichzeitigen Verschweissen von neben- und übereinander angeordneten Schaumstoffstäben. FIG. 4 shows a vertical section through a grid arrangement according to the invention with one horizontal and three vertically arranged welding devices for the simultaneous welding of foam rods arranged next to and above one another.
Fig. 5 zeigt in schematisch-perspektivischer Darstellung die erfindungsgemäss bevorzugte keilförmige Ausbildung der Abstandshalteeinrichtung mit darüber angeordnetem elektrisch beheiztem Heizleiter in Form eines Metallstreifens. 5 shows in a schematic perspective view the preferred wedge-shaped design of the spacer device according to the invention with an electrically heated heating conductor in the form of a metal strip arranged above it.
Fig. 6 zeigt in schematischer, perspektivischer Darstellung eine Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemässen Schweissvorrichtung zum Zusammenschweissen homogener Folien. 6 shows a schematic, perspective representation of an embodiment of the welding device according to the invention for welding homogeneous foils together.
Fig. 7 zeigt in schematischer, perspektivischer Darstellung eine Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemässen Schweissvorrichtung zum Zusammenschweissen von 7 shows a schematic, perspective illustration of an embodiment of the welding device according to the invention for welding together
Schaumstoff-Folien mit einer keilförmigen Abstandshalteeinrichtung. Foam foils with a wedge-shaped spacer.
Fig. 8 zeigt in schematischer, perspektivischer Darstellung eine Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemässen Schweissvorrichtung zum Zusammenschweissen von Schaumstoff-Folien mit Abstandshaltewalzen. 8 shows a schematic, perspective illustration of an embodiment of the welding device according to the invention for welding foam foils together with spacer rollers.
Wie bereits erwähnt, ist in Fig. 1 im Ausschnitt ein vertikaler Längsschnitt durch eine Doppelbandanlage mit dem an Rollen 3 geführten oberen Transportband 4 und an Rollen 5 geführtem unteren Transportband 6 dargestellt. Zwischen dem oberen und dem unteren Transportband 4, 6 befinden sich vier zu verschweissende Schaumstoffplatten 7a, 7b, 7c und 7d, die nach Passieren der keilförmigen Abstandshalteeinrichtung 2 und des elektrisch erhitzten Heizleiters 1 zu einer Schaumstoffplatte 7 zusammengeschweisst sind. Der Pfeil 8 zeigt die Transportrichtung an. Je nach gewünschter Stärke der zusammengeschweissten Platten lassen sich auch noch mehrere erfindungsgemässe Schweissvorrichtungen übereinander anordnen. Selbstverständlich ist es aber auch möglich, die Anlage so zu konzipieren, dass nur eine Schweissvorrichtung vorhanden ist und somit dann nur zwei Ausgangsplatten zu der entsprechend dickeren Platte zusammengeschweisst werden. Auch können bei entsprechender Auslegung der Anlage Schaumstoffplatten unterschiedlicher Dicke miteinander verschweisst werden. Die Doppelbandanlage kann an den Seiten offen oder durch zwei weitere entsprechende Transportbänder, die ebenfalls über Rollen laufen, geschlossen sein. Die zusätzlichen seitlichen Transportbänder wird man dann vorsehen, wenn man ein seitliches Ausweichen des Schaumstoffs vermeiden und dadurch den Druck zum Zusammenpressen der angeschmolzenen Oberflächen erhöhen will. Normalerweise, d.h. auch ohne die Seitentransportbänder, befinden sich die Schaumstoffplatten bereits kurz nach der Einführung in die Doppelbandanlage unter einem solchen Druck, dass sie aufgrund ihrer Flexibilität nach Passieren der Schweissvorrichtungen durch die eigene Expansion ausreichend stark zusammengepresst werden. As already mentioned, a vertical longitudinal section through a double belt system with the upper conveyor belt 4 guided on rollers 3 and the lower conveyor belt 6 guided on rollers 5 is shown in detail in FIG. 1. Between the upper and lower conveyor belts 4, 6 there are four foam plates 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d to be welded, which are welded together to form a foam plate 7 after passing through the wedge-shaped spacing device 2 and the electrically heated heating conductor 1. The arrow 8 shows the direction of transport. Depending on the desired thickness of the welded plates, several welding devices according to the invention can also be arranged one above the other. Of course, it is also possible to design the system in such a way that only one welding device is available and thus only two starting plates are then welded together to form the correspondingly thicker plate. If the system is designed accordingly, foam sheets of different thicknesses can also be welded to one another. The double belt system can be open on the sides or closed by two further corresponding conveyor belts, which also run on rollers. The additional lateral conveyor belts will be provided if you want to avoid lateral expansion of the foam and thereby increase the pressure to compress the melted surfaces. Usually, i.e. Even without the side conveyor belts, the foam sheets are under such pressure shortly after being introduced into the double belt system that their flexibility causes them to be compressed sufficiently by their own expansion after passing through the welding devices.
Das Zusammenschweissen von Schaumstoffrohren erfolgt vorzugsweise in der in den Fig. 2 bis 4 dargestellten Verfahrensweise. An dem, z.B. aus Rohren gefertigten Rahmen 9 (siehe Fig. 2 und 4), sind in senkrechter Anordnung (siehe Fig. 2) und in Fig. 4 zusätzlich in waagerechter Anordnung die keilförmig ausgebildeten Abstandshalteein-richtungen 2 angeordnet, von denen in Fig. 2 und 4 die Keilschneiden zu sehen sind. Mittig hinter den keilförmigen Abstandshalteeinrichtungen sind die entsprechenden Heizleiter 1 angeordnet (siehe Fig. 3 und 5), die mittels nicht dargestellter Federspannvorrichtungen stets in gespanntem Zustand gehalten werden. Die Abstände zwischen den keilförmigen Abstandshalteeinrichtungen und den seitlichen Begrenzungsstangen 10, deren Abstand zueinander in Förderrichtung etwas abnimmt, sind vorzugsweise so gewählt, dass die Schaumstoffrohre nach Passieren der Schweissvorrichtungen breitflächig miteinander verschweissen. Um einen zusätzlichen Druck auf die angeschmolzenen Rohroberflächen auszuüben, befindet sich vorzugsweise kurz nach den Schweissvorrichtungen, und zwar quer, d.h. im rechten Winkel zur Förderrichtung, ein Walzenpaar, dessen Walzen zueinander in Abstand angeordnet sind und zwischen die die Schaumstoffrohre geführt werden. The welding of foam pipes is preferably carried out in the procedure shown in FIGS. 2 to 4. On the, e.g. frames 9 made of tubes (see FIGS. 2 and 4), the wedge-shaped spacing devices 2 are arranged in a vertical arrangement (see FIG. 2) and in FIG. 4 additionally in a horizontal arrangement, of which in FIGS. 2 and 4 the wedge edges can be seen. The corresponding heating conductors 1 are arranged in the center behind the wedge-shaped spacing devices (see FIGS. 3 and 5) and are always held in a tensioned state by means of spring tensioning devices (not shown). The distances between the wedge-shaped spacing devices and the lateral limiting rods 10, the distance between which decreases somewhat in the conveying direction, are preferably selected such that the foam pipes weld to one another over a wide area after passing through the welding devices. In order to exert an additional pressure on the melted pipe surfaces, it is preferably located shortly after the welding devices, namely across, i.e. At right angles to the direction of conveyance, a pair of rollers, the rollers of which are arranged at a distance from one another and between which the foam tubes are guided.
Ebenso wie in Fig. 2 dargestellt, kann natürlich eine Vielzahl von Schweissvorrichtungen nebeneinander angeordnet sein, so dass man ohne Schwierigkeiten gleichzeitig z.B. 20 Schaumstoffrohre zu einer Platte zusammenschweissen kann. Das gleiche gilt für die in Fig. 4 dargestellte «Gitterausführung». mit der gleichzeitig eine Vielzahl von nebeneinander und übereinander angeordneten Rohren z. B. zu einem 4-Kant-Block zusammengeschweisst werden kann. Aus As shown in Fig. 2, of course, a plurality of welding devices can be arranged side by side, so that e.g. Can weld 20 foam tubes to a plate. The same applies to the “grid design” shown in FIG. 4. with the simultaneously a plurality of tubes arranged side by side and one above the other z. B. can be welded into a square block. Out
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praktischer Sicht kann es jedoch vorteilhaft sein, wenn man zunächst gemäss der in Fig. 2 dargestellten Verfahrensweise 10 oder 20 Schaumstoffrohre nebeneinanderliegend gleichzeitig verschweisst und dann die erhaltenen Platten übereinander verschweisst, und zwar wie in Fig. 4 gezeigt, aber ohne die vertikal angeordneten Schweissvorrichtungen, oder aber unter Einsatz der vorstehend beschriebenen Doppelbandanlage. From a practical point of view, however, it can be advantageous if, first, according to the procedure shown in FIG. 2, 10 or 20 foam pipes are welded side by side and then the plates obtained are welded one above the other, as shown in FIG. 4, but without the vertically arranged welding devices, or using the double belt system described above.
Mit Hilfe der in den Fig. 6, 7 und 8 dargestellten Vorrichtungen ist es möglich, in einfacher Weise Verbundfolien herzustellen, sei es aus zwei verschiedenen homogenen Folien, oder aus einer Schaumstoff-Folie und einer homogenen Folie oder textilem Gewebe. Selbstverständlich lassen sich mit diesen Vorrichtungen auch zwei Schaumstoff-Folien mitein672 093 With the aid of the devices shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, it is possible to produce composite films in a simple manner, be it from two different homogeneous films, or from a foam film and a homogeneous film or textile fabric. Of course, two foam foils can also be used with these devices
ander verschweissen. Falls gewünscht, kann man auch zwei derartige Anordnungen hinter- oder nebeneinander schalten, wenn man beispielsweise eine Schaumstoff-Folie beidseitig kaschieren möchte. Aus Fig. 8 ist ersichtlich, wie man beispielsweise die keilförmige Abstandshalteeinrichtung durch ein gegeneinander laufendes Walzenpaar ersetzen kann. other weld. If desired, two such arrangements can also be connected in series or side by side if, for example, you want to laminate a foam film on both sides. From Fig. 8 it can be seen how, for example, the wedge-shaped spacing device can be replaced by a pair of rollers running against each other.
Weitere Ausführungsformen des Erfindungsgegenstandes ergeben sich für den Fachmann zwangsläufig aus den vorstehenden Ausführungen. Besonders geeignet ist das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren und die Schweissvorrichtung zum Verschweissen von Folien, Platten, Stangen und/oder Rohren aus Schaumstoffen, insbesondere solchen aus Polyethylen. For the person skilled in the art, further embodiments of the subject matter of the invention inevitably result from the above statements. The method according to the invention and the welding device are particularly suitable for welding foils, plates, rods and / or tubes made of foams, in particular those made of polyethylene.
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Claims (11)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853541053 DE3541053A1 (en) | 1985-11-19 | 1985-11-19 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUSLY FLAT-WELDING FILMS, PLATES, RODS AND / OR TUBES MADE OF THERMOPLASTIC PLASTICS |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CH672093A5 true CH672093A5 (en) | 1989-10-31 |
Family
ID=6286399
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CH4479/86A CH672093A5 (en) | 1985-11-19 | 1986-11-10 |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
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JP (1) | JPS62121037A (en) |
BE (1) | BE905764A (en) |
CH (1) | CH672093A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3541053A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK165229B (en) |
ES (1) | ES2002067A6 (en) |
FI (1) | FI864659A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2590202B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2184684B (en) |
GR (1) | GR862733B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1197990B (en) |
LU (1) | LU86657A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL8602937A (en) |
NO (1) | NO864595L (en) |
SE (1) | SE8604866L (en) |
Families Citing this family (15)
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JP2547150B2 (en) * | 1992-03-17 | 1996-10-23 | ムサシ化成工業株式会社 | Method of joining plastic foam materials to each other |
JP2506311B2 (en) * | 1993-08-10 | 1996-06-12 | 太陽工業株式会社 | Thermoplastic resin film material welding machine |
DE4406955A1 (en) * | 1994-03-03 | 1995-09-07 | Gefinex Gmbh | Hot-laminating compound, free-draining filter structure from permeable plastic and embossed plastic sheet |
DE9408396U1 (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1994-09-08 | Paul Kiefel GmbH, 83395 Freilassing | Device for HF lamination of cladding parts with vacuum support |
DE10106341B4 (en) * | 2000-12-08 | 2016-03-03 | Jackon Insulation Gmbh | Plastic foam sheets of large thickness |
DE10124061B4 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2004-12-23 | Gefinex Jackon Gmbh | Process for the production of plastic foam boards of large thickness |
BE1015274A3 (en) * | 2003-01-06 | 2004-12-07 | Schaepmeester Vincent De | Construction. |
US6877540B2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2005-04-12 | Sealy Technology Llc | Apparatus for automated manufacture of welded foam structures |
DE102004041305A1 (en) * | 2004-08-25 | 2006-03-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method for insulating evaporator tubes in vehicle air conditioning units comprises heat welding foam plastic sheet around them |
DE102010011966A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 | 2011-09-22 | Jacken Insulation Gmbh | Extrusion of foamed plates made of polystyrene, comprises mixing the molten polystyrene in an extruder, so that the molten polystyrene causes a foaming of the melt after discharging the melt from the extruder |
CN103052500B (en) | 2010-08-03 | 2015-09-30 | 克瑙夫绝缘私人有限公司 | Compound XPS heat insulating panel |
PL2687354T3 (en) | 2012-07-17 | 2017-09-29 | Basf Se | Thermoplastic foam plates with a welding seam thickness of 30 to 200 micrometers |
DE102012020839A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 | 2014-04-24 | Jackon Insulation Gmbh | Production of large thickness XPS foam sheets by welding |
DE102016120064A1 (en) * | 2016-10-06 | 2018-04-12 | Robert Bürkle GmbH | Method and device for the thermal, surface welding of several material plates |
EP3330060A1 (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2018-06-06 | Jackon Insulation GmbH | Preparation of xps foam panels with large width and/or length by welding |
Family Cites Families (15)
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US2387566A (en) * | 1940-08-22 | 1945-10-23 | Custers Jakob | Apparatus for connecting plies of thermoplastic material |
US2438685A (en) * | 1943-09-20 | 1948-03-30 | Hammond Aircraft Company | Method for joining thermoplastic pieces |
DE845564C (en) * | 1949-12-02 | 1952-08-04 | Mix & Genest Ag | Method and device for heating thermoplastic materials by means of heat jets for the purpose of hot working |
DE1034965B (en) * | 1956-01-16 | 1958-07-24 | Habra Werk Ott Kg | Device for welding the longitudinal seams of hoses provided on the inside with a hot-sealable inner layer for bags, sacks or the like. |
DE1136814B (en) * | 1956-10-03 | 1962-09-20 | Basf Ag | Method and device for welding plastic pipes |
US3408242A (en) * | 1963-03-19 | 1968-10-29 | Windmoeller & Hoelscher | Process and apparatus for welding layers of thermoplastic material |
US3282766A (en) * | 1963-05-23 | 1966-11-01 | Dow Chemical Co | Apparatus for edge to edge joining of expanded thermoplastic resinous planks |
DE1704012B1 (en) * | 1967-12-22 | 1971-04-08 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Device for welding foam blocks lying on top of or next to one another |
DE6751794U (en) * | 1968-09-28 | 1969-02-20 | Hans Beck | WELDING STAMPS, IN PARTICULAR FOR PACKAGING MACHINES. |
DD96894A1 (en) * | 1971-12-23 | 1973-04-12 | ||
CH566858A5 (en) * | 1973-02-02 | 1975-09-30 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | |
AR204760A1 (en) * | 1974-05-29 | 1976-02-27 | Schlegel Engineering | PROCEDURE FOR THE CONTINUOUS WELDING BY OVERLAPPING OF THERMOPLASTIC SHEETS OR PLATES AND DEVICE TO CARRY IT OUT |
DE2520217C2 (en) * | 1975-05-07 | 1985-01-31 | Schlegel Lining Technology GmbH, 2000 Hamburg | Method and device for the continuous welding of large-area thermoplastic plastic films or panels |
NO144732C (en) * | 1976-01-30 | 1981-10-28 | Sarna Kunststoff Ag | WELDING APPLIANCES FOR ARTICLES. |
US4533423A (en) * | 1984-05-29 | 1985-08-06 | G.R. Systems, Inc. | Portable seam welding machine for thermoplastic sheets |
-
1985
- 1985-11-19 DE DE19853541053 patent/DE3541053A1/en active Granted
-
1986
- 1986-11-10 CH CH4479/86A patent/CH672093A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-12 LU LU86657A patent/LU86657A1/en unknown
- 1986-11-13 SE SE8604866A patent/SE8604866L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-14 IT IT22334/86A patent/IT1197990B/en active
- 1986-11-17 FI FI864659A patent/FI864659A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-17 FR FR868615959A patent/FR2590202B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-11-18 NO NO864595A patent/NO864595L/en unknown
- 1986-11-18 GR GR862733A patent/GR862733B/en unknown
- 1986-11-18 JP JP61273070A patent/JPS62121037A/en active Pending
- 1986-11-18 ES ES8603077A patent/ES2002067A6/en not_active Expired
- 1986-11-18 BE BE0/217416A patent/BE905764A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-19 DK DK553886A patent/DK165229B/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-19 GB GB8627591A patent/GB2184684B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-11-19 NL NL8602937A patent/NL8602937A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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JPS62121037A (en) | 1987-06-02 |
FI864659A0 (en) | 1986-11-17 |
GR862733B (en) | 1987-03-19 |
FR2590202B1 (en) | 1991-03-22 |
FR2590202A1 (en) | 1987-05-22 |
DK553886A (en) | 1987-05-20 |
SE8604866D0 (en) | 1986-11-13 |
DE3541053A1 (en) | 1987-05-21 |
NL8602937A (en) | 1987-06-16 |
GB2184684A (en) | 1987-07-01 |
SE8604866L (en) | 1987-05-20 |
DK165229B (en) | 1992-10-26 |
GB8627591D0 (en) | 1986-12-17 |
IT1197990B (en) | 1988-12-21 |
NO864595D0 (en) | 1986-11-18 |
DE3541053C2 (en) | 1990-10-18 |
LU86657A1 (en) | 1987-05-04 |
FI864659A (en) | 1987-05-20 |
NO864595L (en) | 1987-05-20 |
IT8622334A0 (en) | 1986-11-14 |
DK553886D0 (en) | 1986-11-19 |
GB2184684B (en) | 1989-12-06 |
ES2002067A6 (en) | 1988-07-01 |
BE905764A (en) | 1987-03-16 |
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