CH654464A5 - Method of attracting and controlling ectoparasites - Google Patents

Abstract

By applying, in places, an attractant mixture containing, as essential component, ortho-nitrophenol, and at least one of the following components a) a phenol with the exception of o-nitrophenol, which has an electron-withdrawing substituent or halogen in at least one ortho-position; b) an aliphatic C6-C18-carboxylic acid; c) an alcohol, which may be polyhydric and which is optionally partially or fully etherified with alkyl and whose chain length averages 2-10 C atoms, to parts of the host animals' bodies and controlling the male and/or female parasites concentrated at these sites, the development cycle of ectoparasites, in particular of Acarina of the suborder Metastigmata, is interrupted.

Description

** WARNING ** Beginning of DESC field could overlap end of CLMS **.

PATENT CLAIMS 1. A method for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites, in particular of acarina of the suborder Metastigmata, characterized by the application of an attractant mixture containing ortho-nitrophenol as an essential component and at least one of the following components a) a phenol with the exception of o-nitrophenol. which carries an electron-withdrawing substituent or halogen in at least one ortho position; b) an aliphatic C0C18 carboxylic acid; c) an optionally polyhydric alcohol, which is optionally completely or partially etherified by alkyl and has an average chain length of 2-10 carbon atoms, on parts of the host animal's body and combating the male and / or female parasites concentrated there.

2. The method according to claim 1 for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites of the subclass Acarina.

3. The method according to claim 2 for interrupting the development cycle of acarina of the order of the Gamasida, the Ixodida, Actinedida, and the Acaridida.

4. The method according to claim 3 for interrupting the development cycle of acarina of the order Ixodida, in particular the genus Amblyomma.

5. The method according to claim 1 for interrupting the development cycle, wherein the attractant mixture additionally contains an ectoparasiticide.

The present invention relates to a method for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites, in particular of acarina of the suborder Metastigmata, in which an attractant mixture in which ortho-nitrophenol is the essential component is used.

Within the Acarina subclass, there are ectoparasites, which are major problem factors in veterinary and human medicine as pests and disease carriers. They are primarily bloodsuckers, who feed on blood, lymph, cells or liquefied tissue, and predominantly belong to the orders of Gamasida, Ixodida, Actinedida and Acaridida. Among the Sarcoptiformes, Sacoptidae and Psoroptidae are notorious as causative agents of scabies and mange in mammals.

The transitions from ectoparasites to endoparasites are also fluid. Mites can also become endoparasites in 3 ways: 1. Ectoparasites penetrate the skin tissue from the outside, as the itch mites (Sarcoptidae) show; 2. They penetrate inner air spaces, e.g. B. into the nasal cavity, the lungs, air sacs and trachea; 3. They penetrate the intestines.

The invention accordingly also relates to those ectoparasites which cause endoparasitic symptoms.

A large part of the bloodsuckers belongs to the multi-valued species in which the various stages of development.

namely larvae, nymphs and adults parasitize on or in different hosts, which greatly increases the number of very different clinical pictures. For example, larvae and nymphs of the Ixodidae genus, Amblyomma, infest small mammals and birds, while nymphs and adults of the same genus parasitize on a large number of larger mammals (including humans). The tropical spotted tick Amblyomma variegatum alone is a primary and widespread vector of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of water-borne heart disease in cattle.

Sheep and goats, it is also a carrier of Q fever (Coxiella burneti) and tick typhus (Rickettsia conori).

The deep and rough bite of this tick also causes inflammatory and difficult-to-heal wounds, the presence of which facilitates the infestation by other parasites (dermatomyases and dermatophilosis).

Finding new control methods and the aids to do so is an imperative.

In addition to purely acaricidal or parasiticidal chemical control, there have been numerous attempts to specifically interrupt the development cycle of the parasites in other ways. One of these attempts consists in disrupting the sensory mediation systems of adult animals, which can cause the pests to mislead or flee. In particular, sexual pheromones can be used to mislead, e.g. B. can be used for punctiform collection with subsequent control of the adult pest.

Since 2,6-dichlorophenol was identified as the sex pheromone of Schildzekke Amblyomma americanum L. (R. 5. Berger, Science 177, 704705 [1972]), this phenol derivative has also been found in other metastriatic tick genera such as Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Hyalomma detected as a sex pheromone. A general role of this compound and in particular of p-cresol and salicylaldehyde as pheromones in metastriatic ticks has been discussed (D. Kellum and R.S. Berger. J. Med. Entomol. 9, 67-70 [1977]).

In contrast, it has now been shown and is the subject of the present invention that the use of o-nitrophenol as a communication substance among pests of the Acarina order, in particular with metastriatic ticks, offers far greater possibilities of misleading influence than the aforementioned substances. o-Nitrophenol can be used alone or in a mixture with other sensory components as an aggregation pheromone, i.e. as a substance that causes adult animals to congregate as close as possible to this compound.

The areas highlighted in this way by sensors, for example on the host animal or in its surroundings, can be treated with suitable parasiticides which cause the pest to be killed off quickly. In Amblyomma species, e.g. B. A. variegatum, A. hebraeum, A. maculatum and others, o-nitrophenol acts as a pheromone on both male and female animals.

In contrast to most metastriatic tick species, where it is primarily the partially saturated females who attract suckled and copulation-ready males with a sexual pheromone, in many Amblyomma species it is the sexually active males that are saturated with blood and the still hungry females , but also attract males with an aggregation pheromone and encourage them to linger in the immediate vicinity. In these species, the sober females only attach themselves to a host in the presence of fully suckled mature males or their extract. For their part, the males require a blood meal of several days for their gonads to develop fully. The release of pheromones only begins with sexual maturation.

In this apparently complicated behavior pattern, as it has been described here as an example for only three types of tick and which in turn differs in a characteristic way in other species. it is very easy to deal with traces of 0.01-1 ug o-nitrophenol or 0.001-0.1 mg o-nitrophenol per ml of solvent or per ml of an ent

Speaking mixture with potentiating, volatile and / or application-promoting additives to mislead the pests to such an extent that copulation and blood uptake are prevented. If the adult pests are not already killed on the spot on the host animal with suitable pesticides, there is another opportunity to do so on the ground on which they can drop if they do not copulate. Misleading by o-nitrophenol or o-nitrophenol mixtures and killing are therefore two separate processes that can, however, be combined in one. Both the combined process and the sequence of processes represent procedural measures within the meaning of the present invention.

It should be pointed out that acaricides exist which contain structural elements of a nitrophenol in the molecule, for example 4,6-di-nitro-2-cyclohexylphenol or 4-nitro2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, which are particularly effective against tetranychides. However, there are no indications that acaricides from the nitrophenol series have an effect on pheromones, nor are there indications that o-nitrophenol has any acaricidal or ectoparasiticidal effect.

It is therefore very surprising that the individual compound o-nitrophenol can be used to influence the behavior of pests of the Acarina order.

Another object of the invention relates to the targeted increase in the attractiveness of o-nitrophenol through suitable additives, including those of the same body class of phenols. Those phenols are preferably suitable which have a second substituent in the ortho position to the OH group, preferably an electron-withdrawing substituent or halogen.

Examples of such phenolic additives are o-halophenol, 2,6-dihalophenol, salicylaldehyde, o-nitrosalicylaldehyde, salicylic acid, salicylic acid (C 1-C1 2) aliphatics, o-nitrosalicylic acid or their Cl-C, 2-aliphatics Esters, eugenol, guaiacol, pyrocatechol, o-hydroxy-acetophenone, o-hydroxy-propiophenone or a higher homologue, o-hydroxybenzonitrile, saligenin, 2-haloresorcinol, 2-nitroresorcinol, vanillin, o-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid or their Cl-C, 2 -aliphatic. Called ester. Salicylic acid (C 1 -C 4) alkyl esters, allyl esters or propargyl esters are very advantageous combination partners. 2,6-dichlorophenol is also suitable.

Other types of additives to increase the attractiveness are alcohols up to medium chain length (2-10 carbon atoms) which can be polyvalent and completely or partially etherified by alkyl. Examples of such C2-C, O-compounds are ethanol, n-butanol, glycol and glycerine. Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, isoamyl ethyl ether, etc.

Other types of additives to increase the attractiveness of o-nitrophenol are aliphatic C6-C1 8-carboxylic acids, among which caprylic acid, enanthic acid, capric acid and oleic acid should be mentioned. Pelargonic acid can be used very advantageously.

The aforementioned additives are not necessarily independent attractants, although they can contribute to them, but mostly increase the pheromone effect of o-nitrophenol due to their distribution properties, their dissolving behavior, their lipophilicity, their partial water solubility, polarity or other physicochemical properties. In general, 0 to 3 such additives (referred to here and below as essential components) are sufficient for the development of the attractiveness of the o-nitrophenol, preferably 1 to 3 additives. It has been shown that mixtures are more attractive than pure o-nitrophenol.

In addition, the attractant mixtures according to the present invention can also contain further formulation agents which enable their practical use in the form of solutions, emulsions, suspensions, lotions and ointments. Such preparations largely correspond to those of the formulation technology familiar to the person skilled in the art.

However, care must be taken to ensure that the fragrance component of the o-nitrophenol is not covered up or veiled or canceled by basic additives (and thus conversion into salt form). Water represents a borderline case of an essential component and formulation aid.

Attractant mixtures with o-nitrophenol as an essential component, which at the same time contain an ectoparasiticide, are very suitable in the method according to the present invention. In the context of the present invention, natural pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids are particularly suitable for this.

Particularly suitable pyrethroids for the simultaneous or subsequent control of ectoparasites are those of the formula P below

where M is one of the radicals

and in what X, Xl, X2, X3 and X4, independently of one another, denote fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, trifluoromethyl and X also denote p-chlorophenyl, X5 denote hydrogen or fluorine, and Rl denote hydrogen, cyano or ethynyl, while R2 is phenyl, phenoxy or phenylamino which is unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl nucleus by chlorine, methyl, trifluoromethyl, and in which Y1 and Y are hydrogen or together form a double bond.

Preferred pyrethroids are phenothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, decamethrin (= deltamethrin), panecto (= Cl 206 797), cyhalothrin, flumethrin, cyfluthrin, tralomethrin, tralocythrin, fenvalerate, fluvalinate (= Mavrick).

Host animals that can be treated with o-nitrophenol or an attractant mixture according to the present invention, preferably punctiform, are basically all domestic and farm animals that are exposed to infestation by ectoparasites, in particular those of the acarina. Examples are ungulates (such as cattle, sheep, goats, deer, horses, pigs), poultry (chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, pigeons, songbirds and pet birds) and fur animals (dogs, cats, mink, guinea pigs, etc.).

Biological example 1 Evidence of the attractant effect of o-nitrophenol In the so-called arena test, the four corners of a plexiglass basin (34 x 17 x 20) were covered with filter paper (Macherey-Nagel No. 713, 8 cm) and a metal capsule with a metal grid on both sides was placed in each corner. On a cotton ball inside the capsule, 10 μl of a 0.03% diethyl ether solution of o-nitrophenol were applied in the test sector and 10 l of pure diethyl ether was applied to each of the other sectors. Before the start of the test, the ether was evaporated. 40 ticks were used in the middle of the tank for each batch. The distribution of the ticks in the four sectors was recorded and evaluated 10 minutes after the start of the test in the sense of a primary preference. The approach was carried out in an incubator under constant conditions and repeated 6 times each time.

At the concentration of 0.003 mg o-nitrophenol, 20-25 ticks gathered in the test corner. The remaining number wandered around in the open space of the arena.

The increase in the o-nitrophenol concentration in the test solution to 0.3 and 3% (0.01 and 0.1 mg application amount, respectively) did not result in any further increase in the primary attraction.

Biological example 2 In the same arena test described in Example 1, o-nitrophenol mixtures of the following composition were tested: A. 30 mg o-nitrophenol 15 lal pelargonic acid 10 ul salicylic acid methyl ester in 100 ml diethyl ether: Use in the test corner: 10 µm (= 0.01 ml).

B. 50 mg of o-nitrophenol 30 liters of capric acid 15 μl of guaiacol in 100 ml of diethyl ether; Application in the test corner: 10 ul.

C. 120 mg of o-nitrophenol 20 ll caprylic acid 20 µl of ethyl salicylate 5 µl of glycerin (or glycol) in 100 ml of acetone; Use in the test corner: 10 p1.

With the above attractant mixtures A, B and C, a higher attractiveness of an average of 24-32 ticks in the test corner was achieved in each case. In addition, the animals that had migrated there never left the preferred corner. The other animals wandered around in the arena.

The comparison solutions A ', B' and C 'without o-nitrophenol content tested in parallel were not attractive to ticks. A random distribution was observed in the arena after 10 minutes.

Further examples of attractant mixtures D. 50 mg o-nitrophenol 20 mg of o-chlorophenol 25 µl glycerin in 100 ml ethanol.

E. 80 mg of o-nitrophenol 55 mg of o-hydroxyacetophenone 10 µl caprylic acid 90 µl diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether.

F. 120 mg of o-nitrophenol 30 µl pelargonic acid 5 ul glycerin in 100 ml methyl ethyl ketone.

Examples of attractant mixtures with added pyrethroid G. B + 1 to 250 mg cypermethrin.

H. D + 1 to 250 mg fenvalerate.

1. E + 1 to 500 mg cypermethrin J. F + 1 to 300 mg decamethrin.

K. 30 mg of o-nitrophenol 15 ul pelargonic acid 10 111 glycerin 400 ml flumethrin or cyfluthrin in 100 ml diethyl ether.

Claims (3)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. Ectoparasites penetrate the skin tissue from the outside, as the itch mites (Sarcoptidae) show; 1. A method for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites, in particular of acarina of the suborder Metastigmata, characterized by the application of an attractant mixture containing ortho-nitrophenol as an essential component and at least one of the following components a) a phenol with the exception of o-nitrophenol. which carries an electron-withdrawing substituent or halogen in at least one ortho position; b) an aliphatic C0C18 carboxylic acid; c) an optionally polyhydric alcohol, which is optionally completely or partially etherified by alkyl and has an average chain length of 2-10 carbon atoms, on parts of the host animal's body and combating the male and / or female parasites concentrated there. 2. They penetrate inner air spaces, e.g. B. into the nasal cavity, the lungs, air sacs and trachea; 2. The method according to claim 1 for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites of the subclass Acarina. 3. The method according to claim 2 for interrupting the development cycle of acarina of the order of the Gamasida, the Ixodida, Actinedida, and the Acaridida. 4. The method according to claim 3 for interrupting the development cycle of acarina of the order Ixodida, in particular the genus Amblyomma. 5. The method according to claim 1 for interrupting the development cycle, wherein the attractant mixture additionally contains an ectoparasiticide. The present invention relates to a method for interrupting the development cycle of ectoparasites, in particular of acarina of the suborder Metastigmata, in which an attractant mixture in which ortho-nitrophenol is the essential component is used. Within the Acarina subclass, there are ectoparasites, which are major problem factors in veterinary and human medicine as pests and disease carriers. They are primarily bloodsuckers, who feed on blood, lymph, cells or liquefied tissue, and predominantly belong to the orders of Gamasida, Ixodida, Actinedida and Acaridida. Among the Sarcoptiformes, Sacoptidae and Psoroptidae are notorious as causative agents of scabies and mange in mammals. The transitions from ectoparasites to endoparasites are also fluid. Mites can also become endoparasites in 3 ways: 3. They penetrate the intestines. The invention accordingly also relates to those ectoparasites which cause endoparasitic symptoms. A large part of the bloodsuckers belongs to the multi-valued species in which the various stages of development. namely larvae, nymphs and adults parasitize on or in different hosts, which greatly increases the number of very different clinical pictures. For example, larvae and nymphs of the Ixodidae genus, Amblyomma, infest small mammals and birds, while nymphs and adults of the same genus parasitize on a large number of larger mammals (including humans). The tropical spotted tick Amblyomma variegatum alone is a primary and widespread vector of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of water-borne heart disease in cattle. Sheep and goats, it is also a carrier of Q fever (Coxiella burneti) and tick typhus (Rickettsia conori). The deep and rough bite of this tick also causes inflammatory and difficult-to-heal wounds, the presence of which facilitates the infestation by other parasites (dermatomyases and dermatophilosis). Finding new control methods and the aids to do so is an imperative. In addition to purely acaricidal or parasiticidal chemical control, there have been numerous attempts to specifically interrupt the development cycle of the parasites in other ways. One of these attempts consists in disrupting the sensory mediation systems of adult animals, which can cause the pests to mislead or flee. In particular, sexual pheromones can be used to mislead, e.g. B. can be used for punctiform collection with subsequent control of the adult pest. Since 2,6-dichlorophenol was identified as the sex pheromone of Schildzekke Amblyomma americanum L. (R. 5. Berger, Science 177, 704705 [1972]), this phenol derivative has also been found in other metastriatic tick genera such as Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Hyalomma detected as a sex pheromone. A general role of this compound and in particular of p-cresol and salicylaldehyde as pheromones in metastriatic ticks has been discussed (D. Kellum and R.S. Berger. J. Med. Entomol. 9, 67-70 [1977]). In contrast, it has now been shown and is the subject of the present invention that the use of o-nitrophenol as a communication substance among pests of the Acarina order, in particular with metastriatic ticks, offers far greater possibilities of misleading influence than the aforementioned substances. o-Nitrophenol can be used alone or in a mixture with other sensory components as an aggregation pheromone, i.e. as a substance that causes adult animals to congregate as close as possible to this compound. The areas highlighted in this way by sensors, for example on the host animal or in its surroundings, can be treated with suitable parasiticides which cause the pest to be killed off quickly. In Amblyomma species, e.g. B. A. variegatum, A. hebraeum, A. maculatum and others, o-nitrophenol acts as a pheromone on both male and female animals. In contrast to most metastriatic tick species, where it is primarily the partially saturated females who attract suckled and copulation-ready males with a sexual pheromone, in many Amblyomma species it is the sexually active males that are saturated with blood and the still hungry females , but also attract males with an aggregation pheromone and encourage them to linger in the immediate vicinity. In these species, the sober females only attach themselves to a host in the presence of fully suckled mature males or their extract. For their part, the males require a blood meal of several days for their gonads to develop fully. The release of pheromones only begins with sexual maturation. In this apparently complicated behavior pattern, as it has been described here as an example for only three types of tick and which in turn differs in a characteristic way in other species. it is very easy to deal with traces of 0.01-1 ug o-nitrophenol or 0.001-0.1 mg o-nitrophenol per ml of solvent or per ml of an ent ** WARNING ** End of CLMS field could overlap beginning of DESC **.