CA2790890C - Electrical systems - Google Patents
Electrical systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2790890C CA2790890C CA2790890A CA2790890A CA2790890C CA 2790890 C CA2790890 C CA 2790890C CA 2790890 A CA2790890 A CA 2790890A CA 2790890 A CA2790890 A CA 2790890A CA 2790890 C CA2790890 C CA 2790890C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- power
- voltage
- current
- high frequency
- load
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 43
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004800 psychological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/355—Power factor correction [PFC]; Reactive power compensation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/31—Phase-control circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/32—Pulse-control circuits
- H05B45/325—Pulse-width modulation [PWM]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/382—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] with galvanic isolation between input and output
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/39—Circuits containing inverter bridges
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/24—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
- H02M3/325—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
- H05B45/38—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using boost topology
Landscapes
- Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0904719.2 | 2009-03-19 | ||
| GB0904728A GB0904728D0 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2009-03-19 | A luminaire |
| GB0904728.3 | 2009-03-19 | ||
| GB0904719A GB0904719D0 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2009-03-19 | A power supply |
| GB0908208.2 | 2009-05-13 | ||
| GB0908208A GB0908208D0 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2009-05-13 | A power distribution system |
| GB0908207A GB0908207D0 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2009-05-13 | A power supply |
| GB0908207.4 | 2009-05-13 | ||
| PCT/GB2010/050472 WO2010106375A2 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2010-03-19 | Electrical systems |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2790890A1 CA2790890A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
| CA2790890C true CA2790890C (en) | 2019-05-21 |
Family
ID=42199215
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2790890A Active CA2790890C (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2010-03-19 | Electrical systems |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9107259B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP2409548B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP5650713B2 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2790890C (enExample) |
| DK (1) | DK2409548T3 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2667949T3 (enExample) |
| HU (1) | HUE038293T2 (enExample) |
| PL (1) | PL2409548T3 (enExample) |
| PT (1) | PT2409548T (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2010106375A2 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (38)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9198237B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2015-11-24 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | LED lighting system |
| US10154551B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2018-12-11 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | AC light emitting diode and AC LED drive methods and apparatus |
| US10091842B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2018-10-02 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | AC light emitting diode and AC LED drive methods and apparatus |
| US10506674B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2019-12-10 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | AC light emitting diode and AC LED drive methods and apparatus |
| US10499465B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2019-12-03 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | High frequency multi-voltage and multi-brightness LED lighting devices and systems and methods of using same |
| US10575376B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2020-02-25 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | AC light emitting diode and AC LED drive methods and apparatus |
| US12279345B2 (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2025-04-15 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | Light emitting diode and LED drive apparatus |
| TW201132222A (en) | 2009-12-28 | 2011-09-16 | Lynk Labs Inc | High frequency multi-voltage and multi-brightness LED lighting devices and systems and methods of using same |
| KR20110108596A (ko) * | 2010-03-29 | 2011-10-06 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 전력 수신장치 및 무선전력 송수신시스템 |
| KR101623838B1 (ko) * | 2010-03-29 | 2016-06-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 전력 수신장치 및 무선전력 전송시스템 |
| CN101909394B (zh) * | 2010-09-02 | 2015-06-03 | Bcd半导体制造有限公司 | 一种调光的led灯驱动电路和方法 |
| JP5671940B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-28 | 2015-02-18 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 点灯装置ならびにこの点灯装置を備える照明器具 |
| US9247597B2 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2016-01-26 | Lynk Labs, Inc. | Color temperature controlled and low THD LED lighting devices and systems and methods of driving the same |
| GB201120955D0 (en) | 2011-12-06 | 2012-01-18 | Isotera Ltd | A coupler for use in a power distribution system |
| JP6088234B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-23 | 2017-03-01 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 受電装置、無線給電システム |
| DE102012007478B4 (de) | 2012-04-13 | 2023-08-03 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Wandler für ein Leuchtmittel, LED-Konverter und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Wandlers |
| US8926133B2 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2015-01-06 | Lumastream, Inc. | System, method, and apparatus for dissipating heat from a LED |
| US10290419B2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2019-05-14 | Hunza Holdings Limited | Power supply systems |
| DE102012224212B4 (de) * | 2012-12-21 | 2023-05-04 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Primärseitig gesteuerter Konstantstrom-Konverter für Beleuchtungseinrichtungen |
| KR20150130978A (ko) | 2013-02-11 | 2015-11-24 | 그라코 미네소타 인크. | 유체 도포기 시스템을 위한 원격 모니터링 |
| US9380654B2 (en) * | 2013-07-11 | 2016-06-28 | General Electric Company | Light emitting diode (LED) lamp replacement driver for linear fluorescent lamps |
| US9380660B2 (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2016-06-28 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Electronic ballast and luminaire with the same |
| AT14739U1 (de) * | 2013-08-19 | 2016-05-15 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Primärseitig gesteuerter Konstantstrom-Konverter für Beleuchtungseinrichtungen |
| GB2520037B (en) * | 2013-11-07 | 2021-08-11 | Greengage Lighting Ltd | Power distribution |
| US20150163874A1 (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-11 | General Electric Company | Multi-mode controller circuit |
| GB201322022D0 (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2014-01-29 | Led Lighting Consultants Ltd | Improvements relating to power adaptors |
| AT14262U1 (de) * | 2014-01-13 | 2015-07-15 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Treiberschaltung für Leuchtmittel, insbesondere LEDs |
| AT14343U1 (de) * | 2014-03-31 | 2015-09-15 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Betriebsgerät, Leuchte und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Leuchtmittels |
| EP3150026B1 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2020-11-11 | Signify Holding B.V. | Led driver circuit, led circuit and drive method |
| EP3172944A2 (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2017-05-31 | Philips Lighting Holding B.V. | Signal carrier for contactless lighting system and lighting system including signal carrier |
| JP6588531B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-07 | 2019-10-09 | シグニファイ ホールディング ビー ヴィ | ドライバ装置及び駆動方法 |
| CN108240613B (zh) * | 2016-12-23 | 2021-10-26 | 首尔半导体股份有限公司 | Led驱动用系统级封装及含其的led照明装置 |
| CN107785985B (zh) * | 2017-11-09 | 2020-06-26 | 黎辉 | 一种高低频复合式供电装置 |
| US10985555B2 (en) * | 2018-09-11 | 2021-04-20 | Valve Corporation | Systems and methods for long reach high efficiency power distribution |
| US11418125B2 (en) | 2019-10-25 | 2022-08-16 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Three phase bidirectional AC-DC converter with bipolar voltage fed resonant stages |
| EP4189824A1 (en) | 2020-07-31 | 2023-06-07 | Energy Research Lab Ltd | An inverter |
| GB2600492B (en) | 2020-11-03 | 2023-11-29 | Energy Res Lab Ltd | Power supply apparatus |
| GB202318526D0 (en) * | 2023-12-04 | 2024-01-17 | Energy Res Lab Ltd | High frequency AC-DC converter |
Family Cites Families (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3787752A (en) | 1972-07-28 | 1974-01-22 | Us Navy | Intensity control for light-emitting diode display |
| US4264827A (en) * | 1978-11-06 | 1981-04-28 | The Boeing Company | Current mode data or power bus |
| US5998936A (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1999-12-07 | Nilssen; Ole K. | Fire-initiation-safe lighting system |
| EP0587923A1 (en) | 1992-09-14 | 1994-03-23 | U.R.D. Co. Ltd. | High-frequency constant-current feeding system |
| JPH0787691A (ja) * | 1993-09-14 | 1995-03-31 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | 無結線給電システム |
| JPH07337005A (ja) * | 1994-06-03 | 1995-12-22 | Hitachi Ltd | Ｄｃ／ｄｃコンバータおよび電源装置 |
| DE69535873D1 (de) * | 1994-07-13 | 2008-12-04 | Auckland Uniservices Ltd | Induktiv gespeiste Beleuchtung |
| DE69605530T2 (de) * | 1995-09-25 | 2000-07-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V., Eindhoven | Leistungsversorgungsschaltung mit einem transformator und einem schalter auf der sekundärseite des transformators |
| US6188179B1 (en) * | 1995-10-24 | 2001-02-13 | Auckland Uniservices Limited | Induction circuits for lighting |
| US6172466B1 (en) | 1999-02-12 | 2001-01-09 | The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology | Phase-controlled dimmable ballast |
| US6271633B1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-08-07 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | High power factor electronic ballast with fully differential circuit topology |
| US6301139B1 (en) * | 2000-04-06 | 2001-10-09 | Power-One, Inc. | Self-driven synchronous rectifier circuit for non-optimal reset secondary voltage |
| US6563719B1 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2003-05-13 | Bel-Fuse, Inc. | Self-driven synchronous rectification scheme |
| US7646279B2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2010-01-12 | Limpkin George A | Apparatus for supplying energy to a load and a related system |
| JP2005174725A (ja) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-06-30 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | 発光ダイオードの点灯回路ならびにそれを用いる照明ユニットおよび調光システム |
| IES20050086A2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-09-21 | William M Kelly | A utility lamp |
| US7082043B2 (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2006-07-25 | Tyco Electronics Power Systems, Inc. | Drive circuit for a synchronous rectifier, method of providing drive signals thereto and power converter incorporating the same |
| US7646029B2 (en) * | 2004-07-08 | 2010-01-12 | Philips Solid-State Lighting Solutions, Inc. | LED package methods and systems |
| US7658510B2 (en) | 2004-08-18 | 2010-02-09 | Remco Solid State Lighting Inc. | System and method for power control in a LED luminaire |
| DE602005006587D1 (de) * | 2005-11-22 | 2008-06-19 | Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Antriebsvorrichtung für LED-zellen |
| US7928664B2 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2011-04-19 | Emd Technologies, Inc. | Illumination systems |
| US8942018B2 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2015-01-27 | ConvenientPower HK Ltd. | Single-phase self-driven full-bridge synchronous rectification |
-
2010
- 2010-03-19 CA CA2790890A patent/CA2790890C/en active Active
- 2010-03-19 WO PCT/GB2010/050472 patent/WO2010106375A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-03-19 EP EP10714355.4A patent/EP2409548B1/en active Active
- 2010-03-19 US US13/256,946 patent/US9107259B2/en active Active
- 2010-03-19 ES ES10714355.4T patent/ES2667949T3/es active Active
- 2010-03-19 HU HUE10714355A patent/HUE038293T2/hu unknown
- 2010-03-19 PL PL10714355T patent/PL2409548T3/pl unknown
- 2010-03-19 JP JP2012500321A patent/JP5650713B2/ja active Active
- 2010-03-19 DK DK10714355.4T patent/DK2409548T3/en active
- 2010-03-19 PT PT107143554T patent/PT2409548T/pt unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20120001563A1 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
| PT2409548T (pt) | 2018-05-09 |
| WO2010106375A2 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
| JP5650713B2 (ja) | 2015-01-07 |
| JP2012521085A (ja) | 2012-09-10 |
| WO2010106375A3 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
| DK2409548T3 (en) | 2018-05-22 |
| ES2667949T3 (es) | 2018-05-16 |
| EP2409548B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
| US9107259B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 |
| PL2409548T3 (pl) | 2018-07-31 |
| HUE038293T2 (hu) | 2018-10-29 |
| EP2409548A2 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
| CA2790890A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request |
Effective date: 20150306 |