CA2383075C - Ingot mould for the continuous casting of steel into billet and cogged ingot formats - Google Patents
Ingot mould for the continuous casting of steel into billet and cogged ingot formats Download PDFInfo
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- CA2383075C CA2383075C CA002383075A CA2383075A CA2383075C CA 2383075 C CA2383075 C CA 2383075C CA 002383075 A CA002383075 A CA 002383075A CA 2383075 A CA2383075 A CA 2383075A CA 2383075 C CA2383075 C CA 2383075C
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/059—Mould materials or platings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/057—Manufacturing or calibrating the moulds
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Abstract
According to prior art, ingot moulds for the con-tinuous casting of steel into billet and cogged ingot formats are usually made of a water-cooled copper pipe which forms an inner body, a water cooling jacket and a housing of the ingot mould.
The aim of the invention is to prevent the costly production of said copper pipes. To this end, an inner body is provided as the ingot mould pipe of the inventive ingot mould. Said inner body comprises a support (6) for a coating. Said support is made of alu-minium or an aluminium alloy and is provided with a coating (7) that is introduced into the die cavity (4). The aim of the invention is to subsequently adapt the coating (7) to the measurements of the die cavity by means of a treatment.
The aim of the invention is to prevent the costly production of said copper pipes. To this end, an inner body is provided as the ingot mould pipe of the inventive ingot mould. Said inner body comprises a support (6) for a coating. Said support is made of alu-minium or an aluminium alloy and is provided with a coating (7) that is introduced into the die cavity (4). The aim of the invention is to subsequently adapt the coating (7) to the measurements of the die cavity by means of a treatment.
Description
INGOT MOULD FOR THE CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL INTO BILLET
AND COGGED INGOT FORMATS
The invention relates to a chill mould for the continuous casting of steel.
In the continuous casting of billet formats and small bloom formats, nowadays use is made almost exclusively of tubular chill moulds, the mould cavity of which is defined by a chill-mould tube. Such chill-mould tubes consist, as a rule, of a tube made of copper or a copper alloy having a wall thickness of 8 - 25 mm, which is produced by a large number of costly operations. Chill-mould tubes made of copper or a copper alloy are, as a rule, cold-drawn in order to achieve an increase in hardness that gives the chill-mould tube the requisite strength. In addition to the material costs, the measures for hardening the material and for shaping, in particular, force up the costs of production. The chill-mould tube is provided with a casting cone in the mould cavity and is provided with a smooth wall or with smooth walls on the outside. In many cases the mould cavity is endowed with coverings made of chromium and nickel which are applied by electrodeposition.
with a view to cooling such tubular chill moulds, water is forced through at high speed, e.g. at 6 - 14 m/s, on the outside of the copper tube in a water gap. For uniform cooling of the copper tube, a water gap having a regular width is required. The water gap is determined, on the one hand, by the external dimension of the copper tube and, on the other hand, by a water jacket that is matched to this external dimension.
In the continuous casting of billet and bloom formats the.
copper tubes represent wearing parts which have to be replaced after 120 - 200 castings on account of scratches, warpage etc. With a view to increasing the economic efficiency, various processes have become known which all have as their objective making such costly copper tubes suitable for use for a second and possibly a third time.
The wear pattern of such chill moulds is characterised, as a rule, by warpage and cracking in the region of the surface-level of the bath, caused by the high thermal stress, and by abrasive wear and scratches in the lower half of the chill mould. If such flaws in the mould cavity are removed by machining, the mould cavity increases in size and the cross-sectional dimension of the cast strands becomes larger.
In order to avoid such enlargements of the cross-section of the strand, the explosive deforming of chill-mould tubes on a mandrel that is matched to the dimension of the mould cavity has become known. Other pressing processes for reforming the widened tubes have also become known. All these reforming processes, such as explosion recalibration or press recalibration, have as a common disadvantage a reduction in the external cross-section of the chill-mould tube. As a result of this reduction in cross-section, the water gap between the chill-mould tube and the water jacket becomes enlarged in uncontrolled manner, which in turn exerts a disadvantageous influence on the cooling of the chill mould.
The object underlying the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages in the state of the art that have been described and, in particular, to redesign the structure of the chill mould for tubular chill moulds in such a way that the costly production of billet chill moulds and bloom chill moulds with cold-drawn tubes made of copper or copper alloys can be avoided. A further objective is seen in a chill-mould structure that has a substantially longer lifespan and is capable of being brought back to desired dimensions by recalibration in the region of the mould cavity.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by a chill mould for the continuous casting of steel in billet and bloom formats, consisting of an inner body forming the mould cavity, which is cooled by means of a cooling medium, characterised in that the inner body comprises a coating substrate which is manufactured from aluminium or an aluminium alloy and is provided on the mould-cavity side with a coating which after its introduction into the mould cavity is brought to the dimension of the mould cavity by a processing operation.
With the chill mould according to the invention it is possible to overcome the disadvantages in the state of the art that have been described in the case of tubular chill moulds and to avoid the costly production of billet chill moulds and bloom chill moulds from cold-drawn copper tubes.
In the case where the coating is renewable, it is possible to recoat the coating substrate as often as desired, without thereby changing casting parameters such as strand format or water gap. By virtue of the freedom that is granted as regards the design and the choice of material of the coating substrate, the heat output of the chill mould can easily be adapted to specific requirements. The coating, which is introduced in the form of a thick layer and is brought to the desired dimension of the mould cavity by a preferably metal-cutting processing operation, can also be adapted with respect to cooling capacity and, if desired, also with respect to wear to the specific requirements in the course of continuous casting, depending on the continuous-casting parameters, for example the casting temperature or the composition of the steel. It is presupposed that the coating exhibits an appropriate strength at the casting temperature.
AND COGGED INGOT FORMATS
The invention relates to a chill mould for the continuous casting of steel.
In the continuous casting of billet formats and small bloom formats, nowadays use is made almost exclusively of tubular chill moulds, the mould cavity of which is defined by a chill-mould tube. Such chill-mould tubes consist, as a rule, of a tube made of copper or a copper alloy having a wall thickness of 8 - 25 mm, which is produced by a large number of costly operations. Chill-mould tubes made of copper or a copper alloy are, as a rule, cold-drawn in order to achieve an increase in hardness that gives the chill-mould tube the requisite strength. In addition to the material costs, the measures for hardening the material and for shaping, in particular, force up the costs of production. The chill-mould tube is provided with a casting cone in the mould cavity and is provided with a smooth wall or with smooth walls on the outside. In many cases the mould cavity is endowed with coverings made of chromium and nickel which are applied by electrodeposition.
with a view to cooling such tubular chill moulds, water is forced through at high speed, e.g. at 6 - 14 m/s, on the outside of the copper tube in a water gap. For uniform cooling of the copper tube, a water gap having a regular width is required. The water gap is determined, on the one hand, by the external dimension of the copper tube and, on the other hand, by a water jacket that is matched to this external dimension.
In the continuous casting of billet and bloom formats the.
copper tubes represent wearing parts which have to be replaced after 120 - 200 castings on account of scratches, warpage etc. With a view to increasing the economic efficiency, various processes have become known which all have as their objective making such costly copper tubes suitable for use for a second and possibly a third time.
The wear pattern of such chill moulds is characterised, as a rule, by warpage and cracking in the region of the surface-level of the bath, caused by the high thermal stress, and by abrasive wear and scratches in the lower half of the chill mould. If such flaws in the mould cavity are removed by machining, the mould cavity increases in size and the cross-sectional dimension of the cast strands becomes larger.
In order to avoid such enlargements of the cross-section of the strand, the explosive deforming of chill-mould tubes on a mandrel that is matched to the dimension of the mould cavity has become known. Other pressing processes for reforming the widened tubes have also become known. All these reforming processes, such as explosion recalibration or press recalibration, have as a common disadvantage a reduction in the external cross-section of the chill-mould tube. As a result of this reduction in cross-section, the water gap between the chill-mould tube and the water jacket becomes enlarged in uncontrolled manner, which in turn exerts a disadvantageous influence on the cooling of the chill mould.
The object underlying the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages in the state of the art that have been described and, in particular, to redesign the structure of the chill mould for tubular chill moulds in such a way that the costly production of billet chill moulds and bloom chill moulds with cold-drawn tubes made of copper or copper alloys can be avoided. A further objective is seen in a chill-mould structure that has a substantially longer lifespan and is capable of being brought back to desired dimensions by recalibration in the region of the mould cavity.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by a chill mould for the continuous casting of steel in billet and bloom formats, consisting of an inner body forming the mould cavity, which is cooled by means of a cooling medium, characterised in that the inner body comprises a coating substrate which is manufactured from aluminium or an aluminium alloy and is provided on the mould-cavity side with a coating which after its introduction into the mould cavity is brought to the dimension of the mould cavity by a processing operation.
With the chill mould according to the invention it is possible to overcome the disadvantages in the state of the art that have been described in the case of tubular chill moulds and to avoid the costly production of billet chill moulds and bloom chill moulds from cold-drawn copper tubes.
In the case where the coating is renewable, it is possible to recoat the coating substrate as often as desired, without thereby changing casting parameters such as strand format or water gap. By virtue of the freedom that is granted as regards the design and the choice of material of the coating substrate, the heat output of the chill mould can easily be adapted to specific requirements. The coating, which is introduced in the form of a thick layer and is brought to the desired dimension of the mould cavity by a preferably metal-cutting processing operation, can also be adapted with respect to cooling capacity and, if desired, also with respect to wear to the specific requirements in the course of continuous casting, depending on the continuous-casting parameters, for example the casting temperature or the composition of the steel. It is presupposed that the coating exhibits an appropriate strength at the casting temperature.
In the case of the tubular chill moulds the chill-mould tube has to guarantee a high extraction of heat, on the one hand, and the requisite stability under load, on the other hand. The operating life during casting operation is regarded as a measure of the stability under load. At least two factors contribute to the stability of a chill-mould tube. The stability of a chill-mould tube is determined, on the one hand, by its capacity to withstand the high thermal loading in casting operation, conditioned by the contact with a melt on the inside, accompanied by a simultaneous intense cooling on the outside. The stability of a chill-mould tube is further determined by its capacity to withstand the mechanical stresses in casting operation.
In order to enable a sufficient dimensional stability of the chill-mould tube, its compressive strength has.to be such that it withstands the pressure of the cooling water, particularly since the pressure of the cooling water acts practically on the entire outer jacket of the chill-mould tube, whereas on the mould-cavity side above the casting level no corresponding counterpressure is present and merely a counterpressure that increases with the spacing from the casting level is brought~ about by the melt.
Copper tubes which, despite the thermal and mechanical loads in casting operation, are intended to display an acceptable stability under load usually have - depending on the casting format - wall thicknesses of 8 - 25 mm. With increasing wall thickness the extraction of heat is reduced, even in the case of materials displaying high thermal conductivity. In the case of the chill mould according to the invention there is freedom to optimise the requirements with regard to the dissipation of heat and the stability of the inner body forming the mould cavity independently of one another through the choice of suitable materials for the coating substrate, on the one hand, and for the coating, on the other hand. For example, the coating substrate may be designed in such a way that it provides for a high mechanical strength of the inner body and consequently guarantees the desired stability of the inner body, whereas the coating can be suitably chosen with regard to its thermal properties and its thickness in order to optimise the dissipation of heat from the inner body. A
coating substrate that is manufactured from a material having increased mechanical strength may exhibit a reduced wall thickness and therefore enable an increase in the heat extraction of the chill mould. Presupposing that the coating is renewable, a substantially longer operating life of the chill mould can then be obtained by repeated repair.
In accordance with the invention it is proposed to manufacture the coating substrate from aluminium or an aluminium alloy, for example from the alloy.AlMgSil which is known as Anticorodal WN 6082. Aluminium or aluminium alloys exhibit a thermal;conductivity in the range 130 -220 W/mK. Since the coating substrate in casting operation is always located at a finite spacing, determined by the thickness of the coating, from a melt which has been introduced into the mould cavity and the inner body is, in addition, cooled, a coating substrate that is manufactured from aluminium or an aluminium alloy can be maintained in casting operation at a temperature at which aluminium or aluminium alloys exhibit a particularly high strength.
Moreover, hardened mouldings made of aluminium or an aluminium alloy can be produced relatively inexpensively, for example by extrusion.
The coating can be adapted to the specific requirements in the course of continuous casting, varied in the longitudinal direction of the chill mould, and also with regard to various grades of steel to be cast. A material displaying high thermal conductivity, for example copper or a copper alloy having a thermal conductivity of 200 - 400 W/mK, is preferably chosen for the coating, at least in the upper region close to the surface-level of the bath. In the lower region of the mould cavity, harder coatings, made of nickel for example, are also conceivable.
In order to ensure that the coating substrate in casting operation does not overheat and displays a high degree of strength and dimensional stability, even under extreme conditions, the coating is realised in the form of a thick layer with a thickness of 0.5 - 5 mm, preferably 1 - 4 mm.
Such a coating can be produced by electrodeposition or by cladding or by means of thermal spraying, for example flame spraying or plasma spraying, and can be provided by a processing operation with a surface that corresponds to the desired shape of the mould cavity with the requisite precision.
In addition to the heat extraction or the wear resistance etc, questions concerning the lubrication of the strand that is formed can also be taken into account when choosing the material for the coating. Therefore, according to one embodiment example, it is proposed to intercalate into the coating a lubricant for lubricating the shell of the strand. By way of lubricant, those based on molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably MoS2 and/or WSZ, are proposed.
Depending on the choice of materials for the coating substrate and for the coating, heat extractions can be obtained that are equal to or even higher than those in the case of the classical chill mould pertaining to the state of the art that has been described, even if the thermal conductivity of the coating substrate is lower than the thermal conductivity of the renewable coating. The wall thicknesses, particularly of the coating substrate, that are definitive for the transmission of heat can be made relatively thin.
With a view to enlarging the surface that the coolant flows around, according to one embodiment example the coating substrate can be provided with cooling fins on the side facing away from the mould cavity. With a view to adjusting the cooling parameters, a spacing between the cooling fins of, for example, 5 - 8 mm can be chosen. In the case of such structural designs the wall thickness of the coating substrate between the cooling fins may amount to 2 - 10 mm, preferably 5 - 8 mm. Together with a copper coating of 3 mm, for example, a coating substrate with such thin wall thicknesses guarantees a high extraction of heat.
It is conceivable for the coating substrate to be produced with appropriate cooling fins in one pressing operation from a cold-pressable aluminium alloy. It is also possible to assemble the coating substrate from several parts and subsequently to coat it on the inside. Coating substrates for chill moulds with a polygonal mould-cavity cross-section can, for example, be assembled from several flat or curved sheets which each form one of the side walls of the chill mould bounding the mould cavity.
The materials that differ from the classical tubular chill mould impart to the chill mould according to the invention, given optimal choice of the wall thickness of the coating substrate and of the thickness of the coating, a number of properties which can be utilised with advantage with regard to casting operation and the structural design of casting installations. The chill mould according to the invention affords advantages with regard to the use of an electro-magnetic stirrer on the outside of the coating substrate.
7a Given optimal selection of the material of the coating substrate, in comparison with known chill moulds with an identical stirrer an enhanced stirring capacity can be achieved or a lower-power stirrer can be used for the purpose of achieving the same stirring effect. For, compared with copper or copper alloys, aluminium or aluminium alloys result in a significantly lower attenuation of the electromagnetic field generated by an electromagnetic stirrer. On account of the use of aluminium or an aluminium alloy for the coating substrate, the chill mould according to the invention is relatively lightweight in comparison with a corresponding chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. In the case of the chill mould according to the invention, on account of the lower weight the oscillation of the chill mould that is necessary in casting operation can be implemented with simplified means in comparison with a corresponding chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. The lower weight generally results in easier handling of the chill mould according to the invention, particularly in the course of interchange or in the course of installation and removal and in the course of transportation of the chill mould. All the measures associated'with transportation of the chill mould can be implemented by simplified means.
Moreover, aluminium acts absorptively to a lesser degree than copper in respect of radioactive radiation. The chill mould according to the invention therefore exhibits increased transparency in respect of radioactive radiation in comparison with a comparable chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. This property of the chill mould according to the invention can be used with advantage with regard to the layout of devices for measuring the level of the bath surface of a melt which has been introduced into the mould cavity of the chill mould. The level of the bath surface of a melt is conventionally determined with the aid of a measurement of the transmission of radioactive radiation through the walls of the chill mould at right angles to the casting direction. The chill mould according to the invention permits such transmission measurements to be carried out with enhanced sensitivity and optionally permits working with weaker radioactive radiation sources and/or with simpler measurement technology.
The invention is additionally elucidated in the following on the basis of examples. Illustrated are:
Fig. 1 a vertical section through a chill mould, Fig. 2 a horizontal section through the chill mould along line I-I in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 a vertical section through another example of a chill mould.
A billet chill mould or bloom chill mould 3 with a mould =cavity 4 for the continuous casting of steel is represented schematically in Figs. 1 and 2. Such chill moulds are cooled intensely with a cooling medium, preferably with cooling water. The direction of flow of the cooling water is represented by arrows 5. The structure of the chill mould is as follows. On the mould-cavity side a coating substrate 6 bears a highly thermally conductive renewable coating 7 made of copper or of a copper alloy having a thermal conductivity of 200 - 400 W/mK. This coating 7 can be applied onto the coating substrate 6 by electro-deposition. But it can also be applied by thermal spraying, for example flame spraying or plasma spraying, or by cladding. After application of the coating 7 in a thickness of 0.5 - 5 mm, preferably 2 - 4 mm, the mould cavity 4 is brought to the desired dimension and to the desired surface finish by a processing operation. For the processing of the surface of the mould cavity, all processes that are known in the state of the art can be employed; particularly suitable are metal-cutting processing operations such as milling, grinding, spark erosion or processing operations involving laser beams. A
lower and an upper sealing plate of the chill mould are represented by 10, 10' . A jacket is represented by 9.
The choice of the material of the coating substrate 6 is oriented with priority towards the stability under load for the purpose of performing the supporting function and towards good dimensional stability at elevated temperature.
The strength of the coating substrate 6 should be higher than that of the coating at the temperatures that are realised in casting operation. Aluminum or aluminium alloys enter into consideration as materials for the coating substrate. In the production of a coating substrate 6 the excellent properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys in the course of pressing, for example, can also be a decisive factor. Coating substrates 6 that are assembled from several parts can also be used without disadvantages, because the coating in the mould cavity covers the seam points between the individual parts seamlessly. The coating substrate can, for example, be constructed from several parts which are held together by means of welding, with the aid of suitable fastening means such as screws or rivets, or in some other way.
The.coating substrate 6 in this example is provided with cooling fins 11 on the side facing away from the mould cavity 4. In order to obtain an appropriately large cooling surface, the spacings between the cooling fins 11 amount to 5 - 8 mm. The wall thickness 12 of the coating substrate 6 between the cooling fins 11 can also have a thin dimension at 2 - 10 mm, preferably 5 - 8 mm.
In Fig. 3 a chill mould 20 with, by way of example, square cross-section is provided with a stirring device 21. By virtue of the different structure of the chill mould in comparison with classical tubular chill moulds, the stirring device 21 can be brought closer to the mould cavity 22. It is also possible to optimise the material for the coating substrate 23 and for the jacket 24 with regard to the demands as regards operation of the electromagnetic stirring device 21. For example, the strength of the electromagnetic field that is generated by the stirring device 21 in the mould cavity 22 can be maximised by a suitable presetting in respect of the electrical conductivity of the coating substrate 23. The use of aluminum or an aluminium alloy in this context affords advantages on account of the relatively low electrical conductivity of these materials.
A coating 26 consisting of a highly thermally conductive material is applied in the bath-level region 25 or in the upper half of the chill mould, and a coating 28 consisting of a material that is harder than copper, for example.
nickel, is applied in the lower part or the lower half of the mould cavity.
Lubricants (indicated by dots) for lubricating a strand crust are intercalated in the coatings 26 and 28.
Lubricants based on molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably MoS2 and/or WSz, can be intercalated in the course of introduction of the coating, for example by flame spraying, into a highly diverse range of coating materials. Other lubricants known in the state of the art that are capable of being intercalated into coatings are also included within the spirit of the invention.
In the examples of Figures 1 - 3 only straight chill moulds are represented. But the invention is not restricted to such chill moulds having a straight mould cavity. All chill moulds for the continuous casting of steel in billet and bloom formats that exhibit a tubular coating substrate fall within the subject-matter of the invention. The geometry of the mould cavity can be chosen arbitrarily.
For certain steel alloys, in particular peritectic steels, it can be advantageous if an interlayer 29 consisting of a material having lower thermal conductivity than copper, for example nickel, is applied in the region of the bath surface-level 25 between the highly thermally conductive coating 26 and the coating substrate 23.
fi CA 02383075 2002-02-15 In the course of application of the coating it is possible to embed measuring probes, for example temperature sensors, into the coating at selected points. Prior to application of the coating the measuring probes to be embedded can be arranged with great precision on or close to the surface of the coating substrate to be coated and in the course of application of the coating can be covered with the material forming the coating. In this way the measuring probes can be arranged within the coating without having to rely, after application of the coating, on producing bores that terminate in the coating and that are suitable for receiving the measuring probes. As is generally known, the positioning of measuring probes in bores can be controlled only in relatively imprecise manner. Such inexactitudes, which represent a cause of inaccuracies in measurements by means of the measuring probes, are avoided if the measuring probes - as described above - are embedded in the coating in the course of production of the coating.
Aluminium is a relatively base metal. Parts made of aluminium or an aluminium alloy therefore have a tendency towards corrosion in the event of a connection to other metals that is obtained via an electrolyte. The corrosion resistance of the coating substrate of the chill mould according to the invention can be achieved with known means, for example by applying suitable protective layers at exposed points.
In order to enable a sufficient dimensional stability of the chill-mould tube, its compressive strength has.to be such that it withstands the pressure of the cooling water, particularly since the pressure of the cooling water acts practically on the entire outer jacket of the chill-mould tube, whereas on the mould-cavity side above the casting level no corresponding counterpressure is present and merely a counterpressure that increases with the spacing from the casting level is brought~ about by the melt.
Copper tubes which, despite the thermal and mechanical loads in casting operation, are intended to display an acceptable stability under load usually have - depending on the casting format - wall thicknesses of 8 - 25 mm. With increasing wall thickness the extraction of heat is reduced, even in the case of materials displaying high thermal conductivity. In the case of the chill mould according to the invention there is freedom to optimise the requirements with regard to the dissipation of heat and the stability of the inner body forming the mould cavity independently of one another through the choice of suitable materials for the coating substrate, on the one hand, and for the coating, on the other hand. For example, the coating substrate may be designed in such a way that it provides for a high mechanical strength of the inner body and consequently guarantees the desired stability of the inner body, whereas the coating can be suitably chosen with regard to its thermal properties and its thickness in order to optimise the dissipation of heat from the inner body. A
coating substrate that is manufactured from a material having increased mechanical strength may exhibit a reduced wall thickness and therefore enable an increase in the heat extraction of the chill mould. Presupposing that the coating is renewable, a substantially longer operating life of the chill mould can then be obtained by repeated repair.
In accordance with the invention it is proposed to manufacture the coating substrate from aluminium or an aluminium alloy, for example from the alloy.AlMgSil which is known as Anticorodal WN 6082. Aluminium or aluminium alloys exhibit a thermal;conductivity in the range 130 -220 W/mK. Since the coating substrate in casting operation is always located at a finite spacing, determined by the thickness of the coating, from a melt which has been introduced into the mould cavity and the inner body is, in addition, cooled, a coating substrate that is manufactured from aluminium or an aluminium alloy can be maintained in casting operation at a temperature at which aluminium or aluminium alloys exhibit a particularly high strength.
Moreover, hardened mouldings made of aluminium or an aluminium alloy can be produced relatively inexpensively, for example by extrusion.
The coating can be adapted to the specific requirements in the course of continuous casting, varied in the longitudinal direction of the chill mould, and also with regard to various grades of steel to be cast. A material displaying high thermal conductivity, for example copper or a copper alloy having a thermal conductivity of 200 - 400 W/mK, is preferably chosen for the coating, at least in the upper region close to the surface-level of the bath. In the lower region of the mould cavity, harder coatings, made of nickel for example, are also conceivable.
In order to ensure that the coating substrate in casting operation does not overheat and displays a high degree of strength and dimensional stability, even under extreme conditions, the coating is realised in the form of a thick layer with a thickness of 0.5 - 5 mm, preferably 1 - 4 mm.
Such a coating can be produced by electrodeposition or by cladding or by means of thermal spraying, for example flame spraying or plasma spraying, and can be provided by a processing operation with a surface that corresponds to the desired shape of the mould cavity with the requisite precision.
In addition to the heat extraction or the wear resistance etc, questions concerning the lubrication of the strand that is formed can also be taken into account when choosing the material for the coating. Therefore, according to one embodiment example, it is proposed to intercalate into the coating a lubricant for lubricating the shell of the strand. By way of lubricant, those based on molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably MoS2 and/or WSZ, are proposed.
Depending on the choice of materials for the coating substrate and for the coating, heat extractions can be obtained that are equal to or even higher than those in the case of the classical chill mould pertaining to the state of the art that has been described, even if the thermal conductivity of the coating substrate is lower than the thermal conductivity of the renewable coating. The wall thicknesses, particularly of the coating substrate, that are definitive for the transmission of heat can be made relatively thin.
With a view to enlarging the surface that the coolant flows around, according to one embodiment example the coating substrate can be provided with cooling fins on the side facing away from the mould cavity. With a view to adjusting the cooling parameters, a spacing between the cooling fins of, for example, 5 - 8 mm can be chosen. In the case of such structural designs the wall thickness of the coating substrate between the cooling fins may amount to 2 - 10 mm, preferably 5 - 8 mm. Together with a copper coating of 3 mm, for example, a coating substrate with such thin wall thicknesses guarantees a high extraction of heat.
It is conceivable for the coating substrate to be produced with appropriate cooling fins in one pressing operation from a cold-pressable aluminium alloy. It is also possible to assemble the coating substrate from several parts and subsequently to coat it on the inside. Coating substrates for chill moulds with a polygonal mould-cavity cross-section can, for example, be assembled from several flat or curved sheets which each form one of the side walls of the chill mould bounding the mould cavity.
The materials that differ from the classical tubular chill mould impart to the chill mould according to the invention, given optimal choice of the wall thickness of the coating substrate and of the thickness of the coating, a number of properties which can be utilised with advantage with regard to casting operation and the structural design of casting installations. The chill mould according to the invention affords advantages with regard to the use of an electro-magnetic stirrer on the outside of the coating substrate.
7a Given optimal selection of the material of the coating substrate, in comparison with known chill moulds with an identical stirrer an enhanced stirring capacity can be achieved or a lower-power stirrer can be used for the purpose of achieving the same stirring effect. For, compared with copper or copper alloys, aluminium or aluminium alloys result in a significantly lower attenuation of the electromagnetic field generated by an electromagnetic stirrer. On account of the use of aluminium or an aluminium alloy for the coating substrate, the chill mould according to the invention is relatively lightweight in comparison with a corresponding chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. In the case of the chill mould according to the invention, on account of the lower weight the oscillation of the chill mould that is necessary in casting operation can be implemented with simplified means in comparison with a corresponding chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. The lower weight generally results in easier handling of the chill mould according to the invention, particularly in the course of interchange or in the course of installation and removal and in the course of transportation of the chill mould. All the measures associated'with transportation of the chill mould can be implemented by simplified means.
Moreover, aluminium acts absorptively to a lesser degree than copper in respect of radioactive radiation. The chill mould according to the invention therefore exhibits increased transparency in respect of radioactive radiation in comparison with a comparable chill mould made of copper or a copper alloy. This property of the chill mould according to the invention can be used with advantage with regard to the layout of devices for measuring the level of the bath surface of a melt which has been introduced into the mould cavity of the chill mould. The level of the bath surface of a melt is conventionally determined with the aid of a measurement of the transmission of radioactive radiation through the walls of the chill mould at right angles to the casting direction. The chill mould according to the invention permits such transmission measurements to be carried out with enhanced sensitivity and optionally permits working with weaker radioactive radiation sources and/or with simpler measurement technology.
The invention is additionally elucidated in the following on the basis of examples. Illustrated are:
Fig. 1 a vertical section through a chill mould, Fig. 2 a horizontal section through the chill mould along line I-I in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 a vertical section through another example of a chill mould.
A billet chill mould or bloom chill mould 3 with a mould =cavity 4 for the continuous casting of steel is represented schematically in Figs. 1 and 2. Such chill moulds are cooled intensely with a cooling medium, preferably with cooling water. The direction of flow of the cooling water is represented by arrows 5. The structure of the chill mould is as follows. On the mould-cavity side a coating substrate 6 bears a highly thermally conductive renewable coating 7 made of copper or of a copper alloy having a thermal conductivity of 200 - 400 W/mK. This coating 7 can be applied onto the coating substrate 6 by electro-deposition. But it can also be applied by thermal spraying, for example flame spraying or plasma spraying, or by cladding. After application of the coating 7 in a thickness of 0.5 - 5 mm, preferably 2 - 4 mm, the mould cavity 4 is brought to the desired dimension and to the desired surface finish by a processing operation. For the processing of the surface of the mould cavity, all processes that are known in the state of the art can be employed; particularly suitable are metal-cutting processing operations such as milling, grinding, spark erosion or processing operations involving laser beams. A
lower and an upper sealing plate of the chill mould are represented by 10, 10' . A jacket is represented by 9.
The choice of the material of the coating substrate 6 is oriented with priority towards the stability under load for the purpose of performing the supporting function and towards good dimensional stability at elevated temperature.
The strength of the coating substrate 6 should be higher than that of the coating at the temperatures that are realised in casting operation. Aluminum or aluminium alloys enter into consideration as materials for the coating substrate. In the production of a coating substrate 6 the excellent properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys in the course of pressing, for example, can also be a decisive factor. Coating substrates 6 that are assembled from several parts can also be used without disadvantages, because the coating in the mould cavity covers the seam points between the individual parts seamlessly. The coating substrate can, for example, be constructed from several parts which are held together by means of welding, with the aid of suitable fastening means such as screws or rivets, or in some other way.
The.coating substrate 6 in this example is provided with cooling fins 11 on the side facing away from the mould cavity 4. In order to obtain an appropriately large cooling surface, the spacings between the cooling fins 11 amount to 5 - 8 mm. The wall thickness 12 of the coating substrate 6 between the cooling fins 11 can also have a thin dimension at 2 - 10 mm, preferably 5 - 8 mm.
In Fig. 3 a chill mould 20 with, by way of example, square cross-section is provided with a stirring device 21. By virtue of the different structure of the chill mould in comparison with classical tubular chill moulds, the stirring device 21 can be brought closer to the mould cavity 22. It is also possible to optimise the material for the coating substrate 23 and for the jacket 24 with regard to the demands as regards operation of the electromagnetic stirring device 21. For example, the strength of the electromagnetic field that is generated by the stirring device 21 in the mould cavity 22 can be maximised by a suitable presetting in respect of the electrical conductivity of the coating substrate 23. The use of aluminum or an aluminium alloy in this context affords advantages on account of the relatively low electrical conductivity of these materials.
A coating 26 consisting of a highly thermally conductive material is applied in the bath-level region 25 or in the upper half of the chill mould, and a coating 28 consisting of a material that is harder than copper, for example.
nickel, is applied in the lower part or the lower half of the mould cavity.
Lubricants (indicated by dots) for lubricating a strand crust are intercalated in the coatings 26 and 28.
Lubricants based on molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably MoS2 and/or WSz, can be intercalated in the course of introduction of the coating, for example by flame spraying, into a highly diverse range of coating materials. Other lubricants known in the state of the art that are capable of being intercalated into coatings are also included within the spirit of the invention.
In the examples of Figures 1 - 3 only straight chill moulds are represented. But the invention is not restricted to such chill moulds having a straight mould cavity. All chill moulds for the continuous casting of steel in billet and bloom formats that exhibit a tubular coating substrate fall within the subject-matter of the invention. The geometry of the mould cavity can be chosen arbitrarily.
For certain steel alloys, in particular peritectic steels, it can be advantageous if an interlayer 29 consisting of a material having lower thermal conductivity than copper, for example nickel, is applied in the region of the bath surface-level 25 between the highly thermally conductive coating 26 and the coating substrate 23.
fi CA 02383075 2002-02-15 In the course of application of the coating it is possible to embed measuring probes, for example temperature sensors, into the coating at selected points. Prior to application of the coating the measuring probes to be embedded can be arranged with great precision on or close to the surface of the coating substrate to be coated and in the course of application of the coating can be covered with the material forming the coating. In this way the measuring probes can be arranged within the coating without having to rely, after application of the coating, on producing bores that terminate in the coating and that are suitable for receiving the measuring probes. As is generally known, the positioning of measuring probes in bores can be controlled only in relatively imprecise manner. Such inexactitudes, which represent a cause of inaccuracies in measurements by means of the measuring probes, are avoided if the measuring probes - as described above - are embedded in the coating in the course of production of the coating.
Aluminium is a relatively base metal. Parts made of aluminium or an aluminium alloy therefore have a tendency towards corrosion in the event of a connection to other metals that is obtained via an electrolyte. The corrosion resistance of the coating substrate of the chill mould according to the invention can be achieved with known means, for example by applying suitable protective layers at exposed points.
Claims (22)
1. A chill mould for the continuous casting of steel in billet and bloom formats, consisting of an inner body forming the mould cavity (4), which is cooled by means of a cooling medium, characterised in that the inner body comprises a coating substrate (6, 23) which is manufactured from aluminium or an aluminium alloy and is provided on the mould-cavity side with a coating (7, 26) which after its introduction into the mould cavity (4) is brought to the dimension of the mould cavity by a processing operation.
2. Chill mould according to claim 1, characterised in that the coating is highly thermally conductive at least in the upper region close to the surface-level of the bath.
3. Chill mould according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that lubricants for lubricating a strand crust are intercalated within the coating.
4. Chill mould according to claim 3, characterised in that lubricants based on molybdenum and/or tungsten are intercalated.
5. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the thermal conductivity of the coating substrate is lower than the thermal conductivity of the coating in the upper region close to the surface-level of the bath.
6. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the stability under load of the coating substrate (6, 23) is higher than that of the coating (7, 26).
7. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the thickness of the coating (7, 26) amounts to 0.5 - 5 mm.
8. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterised, in that after its introduction the coating (7, 26) is processed in metal-cutting manner, in erosive manner, or by means of laser beams to predetermined mould-cavity dimensions.
9. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the coating (28) in a lower part of the mould cavity (22) is resistant to abrasive wear.
10. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that an interlayer (29) consisting of a material that exhibits a lower thermal conductivity than the coating is applied in the bath-level region (25) between the coating (7, 26) and the coating substrate (6, 23).
11. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that the coating (7, 26) consists, at least in one part of the mould cavity (22), of copper or of a copper alloy having a thermal conductivity of 200 - 400 W/mK.
12. Chill mould according to claim 9, characterised in that the coating (28) in the lower part of the mould cavity (22) consists of nickel.
13. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that the coating (7, 26) in the upper and/or lower regions is galvanic, clad or thermally sprayed, for example flame-sprayed or plasma-sprayed.
14. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that after its processing to mould cavity dimension the coating (7, 26) is covered with a layer of hard chromium.
15. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterised in that the chill mould is provided with a stirring device (21).
16. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterised in that the coating substrate (6, 23) is provided with cooling fins (11) on the side facing away from the mould cavity (4, 22).
17. Chill mould according to claim 16, characterised in that the wall thickness of the coating substrate (6) between the cooling fins (11) amounts to 2 - 10 mm.
18. Chill mould according to claim 16 or 17, characterised in that the spacing between the cooling fins (11) amounts to 5 - 8 mm.
19. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterised in that the coating substrate (6, 23) is assembled from several parts.
20. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterised in that one or more measuring probes is/are embedded in the coating.
21. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterised in that the coating substrate exhibits a protective layer against corrosion.
22. Chill mould according to any one of claims 1 to 21, characterised in that the coating is renewable.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1560/99 | 1999-08-26 | ||
| CH156099 | 1999-08-26 | ||
| PCT/EP2000/007716 WO2001014084A1 (en) | 1999-08-26 | 2000-08-09 | Ingot mould for the continuous casting of steel into billet and cogged ingot formats |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2383075A1 CA2383075A1 (en) | 2001-03-01 |
| CA2383075C true CA2383075C (en) | 2008-08-26 |
Family
ID=4213281
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002383075A Expired - Fee Related CA2383075C (en) | 1999-08-26 | 2000-08-09 | Ingot mould for the continuous casting of steel into billet and cogged ingot formats |
Country Status (20)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1212159B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4603746B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100607855B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1187147C (en) |
| AR (1) | AR025350A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE241440T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU7273600A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2383075C (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ295184B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE50002384D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1212159T3 (en) |
| EG (1) | EG22198A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2194770T3 (en) |
| MY (1) | MY122657A (en) |
| PE (1) | PE20010411A1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT1212159E (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2243849C2 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR200200502T2 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW464564B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001014084A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH695210A5 (en) * | 2000-12-11 | 2006-01-31 | Concast Ag | Mold for the continuous casting of molten steel. |
| DE50300582D1 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2005-06-30 | Concast Holding Ag Zuerich | Tubular mold for continuous casting |
| EP1815925B1 (en) * | 2005-12-24 | 2011-07-27 | Concast Ag | Method and apparatus for the continuous casting of double-T-bleam blanks |
| DE102006037728A1 (en) * | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-14 | Sms Demag Ag | Mold for the continuous casting of liquid metal, in particular of steel materials |
| CN102527958A (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2012-07-04 | 太原科技大学 | Crystallizing device for continuous casting steel |
| CN103341598A (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2013-10-09 | 烟台孚信达双金属股份有限公司 | Crystallizer for casting of copper-clad aluminum composite materials |
| DE102014223922A1 (en) * | 2014-11-25 | 2016-05-25 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Die casting mold in shell construction with multilayer shell |
| CN106834759A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-06-13 | 东莞市佳乾新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of processing method of high-strength high-tractility magnadure |
| RU2672460C1 (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-11-14 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный технологический университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "КубГТУ") | Method of manufacturing products of non-oxygen copper for a continuous casting machine crystallizer |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2315344A1 (en) * | 1975-06-27 | 1977-01-21 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | ELECTROROTATIVE CONTINUOUS CASTING LINGOTIER |
| JPS5586658A (en) * | 1978-11-30 | 1980-06-30 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Continuous casting method |
| JPS5686656A (en) * | 1979-12-17 | 1981-07-14 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Mold for continuous casting |
| JPS57202949A (en) * | 1981-06-10 | 1982-12-13 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Assembled mold for continuous casting |
| JPS58353A (en) * | 1981-06-24 | 1983-01-05 | Mishima Kosan Co Ltd | Mold for continuous casting |
| JPS589749A (en) * | 1981-07-10 | 1983-01-20 | Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> | Mold for continuous casting of steel |
| JPS58221636A (en) * | 1982-06-16 | 1983-12-23 | Mishima Kosan Co Ltd | Casting mold for continuous casting |
| JPS5973152A (en) * | 1982-10-21 | 1984-04-25 | Mishima Kosan Co Ltd | Mold for continuous casting and its production |
| DE3415050A1 (en) * | 1984-04-21 | 1985-10-31 | Kabel- und Metallwerke Gutehoffnungshütte AG, 3000 Hannover | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A CONTINUOUS CASTING CHILL WITH A WEAR-RESISTANT LAYER |
| JPH0160744U (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1989-04-18 | ||
| EP0355940A3 (en) * | 1988-06-27 | 1991-10-30 | Chaparral Steel Company | Continuous casting mold with removable insert |
| JP2895100B2 (en) * | 1989-08-09 | 1999-05-24 | 三島光産株式会社 | Continuous casting mold |
| FR2747400B1 (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 1998-05-22 | Usinor Sacilor | PROCESS FOR CONDITIONING THE EXTERNAL COPPER OR COPPER ALLOY SURFACE OF AN ELEMENT OF A CONTINUOUS METAL CASTING LINGOTIER, OF THE TYPE INCLUDING A NICKELING STEP AND A DENICKELING STEP |
| JPH10286651A (en) * | 1997-04-15 | 1998-10-27 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | Mold for continuous casting |
-
2000
- 2000-08-09 JP JP2001518210A patent/JP4603746B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-09 CN CNB008120897A patent/CN1187147C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-09 DK DK00960417T patent/DK1212159T3/en active
- 2000-08-09 TR TR2002/00502T patent/TR200200502T2/en unknown
- 2000-08-09 PT PT00960417T patent/PT1212159E/en unknown
- 2000-08-09 AU AU72736/00A patent/AU7273600A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-09 AT AT00960417T patent/ATE241440T1/en active
- 2000-08-09 ES ES00960417T patent/ES2194770T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-09 DE DE50002384T patent/DE50002384D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-09 EP EP00960417A patent/EP1212159B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-09 RU RU2002107419/02A patent/RU2243849C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-09 CZ CZ2002670A patent/CZ295184B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-09 CA CA002383075A patent/CA2383075C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-09 WO PCT/EP2000/007716 patent/WO2001014084A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-08-09 KR KR1020027001038A patent/KR100607855B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-19 EG EG20001070A patent/EG22198A/en active
- 2000-08-22 TW TW089117001A patent/TW464564B/en active
- 2000-08-22 AR ARP000104336A patent/AR025350A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-08-22 MY MYPI20003847A patent/MY122657A/en unknown
- 2000-08-22 PE PE2000000853A patent/PE20010411A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1187147C (en) | 2005-02-02 |
| TW464564B (en) | 2001-11-21 |
| EP1212159A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
| MY122657A (en) | 2006-04-29 |
| DK1212159T3 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
| CN1371313A (en) | 2002-09-25 |
| EP1212159B1 (en) | 2003-05-28 |
| KR20020026549A (en) | 2002-04-10 |
| JP4603746B2 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
| TR200200502T2 (en) | 2002-06-21 |
| EG22198A (en) | 2002-10-31 |
| AR025350A1 (en) | 2002-11-20 |
| CA2383075A1 (en) | 2001-03-01 |
| ATE241440T1 (en) | 2003-06-15 |
| PT1212159E (en) | 2003-10-31 |
| RU2243849C2 (en) | 2005-01-10 |
| JP2003507190A (en) | 2003-02-25 |
| DE50002384D1 (en) | 2003-07-03 |
| CZ2002670A3 (en) | 2002-07-17 |
| WO2001014084A1 (en) | 2001-03-01 |
| ES2194770T3 (en) | 2003-12-01 |
| PE20010411A1 (en) | 2001-04-18 |
| AU7273600A (en) | 2001-03-19 |
| CZ295184B6 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
| KR100607855B1 (en) | 2006-08-02 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |