CA2095250A1

CA2095250A1 - Process and device for biotechnologically processing mixtures of residual substances

Info

Publication number: CA2095250A1
Application number: CA002095250A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Klaus Grabbe
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1990-10-29
Filing date: 1991-10-29
Publication date: 1992-04-30
Also published as: DE59103247D1; EP0555287B1; WO1992007807A1; ATE112759T1; EP0555287A1; DE4034400C2; DE4034400A1

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY PROCESSING
MIXTURES OF RESIDUAL SUBSTANCES

A process and device are disclosed for biotechnologically processing a homogeneous or heterogeneous, biogeneous and/or abiogeneous mixture (R) of residual substances by a microbial transformation process in a closed system.
Physical, chemical and biological process parameters are interrelated and adapted to each status of the microbial transformation process in order to optimize the hygiene, the deodorization and the permanent humus formation of the mixture (R) of residual substances.

Description

2 ~ 2 ~ ~

PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR TH~ BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY PROCESSING
MIXTUR~S OF RESIDUAI, SUBgTANCES
Technical field The invention relates to a process and to a device for the biotechnological treatment of solid residual substance mixtures.
State of the art The working up of biogenic residual substances and the elimination of xenobiotics from all areas of human activity requires, for reasons of environmental protection, a high technical expenditure in order to achieve three process goals, namely a satis~actory bygienic status, a complete elimination of fetid substances and a metabolism which leads to the forrnation of lasting humus as part of the natural substance cycle and to the fixation of harmful substances.
The preparation systems offered on the market often have a high state of technical development but operate mostly biologically suboptimally and thereforefrequently extremely uneconomically. This is associated with the inadequate heeding of biological metabolism, which by reason of their differing frame conditions require a variable conduction of processes. Frequent errors are unbalanced recipes, deficient through mixing and comminution of heterogeneous material, excessively high temperatures and excessively long tarrying times.
Theoretically the working-up of biogenic residual substances can be performed in open root-crop rot, which practice offers itself for starting materials that consist predominantly of lignocellulose containing vegetable residual substances, for example, small wood cutting, tree bark. Animal and vegetable residual substances with high albumin constituents, however, tend, as a consequence of the microbial metabolism to emit harmful gases, for example ammonia, and fetid substances. Moreover, there . , :: ; . .. : ., ~ - . ............. .
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209~250 occurs the formation of percolating water. The resulting complications are circumvented by the means that the residual substance mixtures are treated in closed system Imtil they have reached a state which makes possible an open after-treatment.
The treatment in closed systems can be caxried out statically in resting heaps, S or dynamically by agitation. Th~re are known tunnel and container systems which are lled with residual substances. The requisite fresh air is blown from below or laterally through the heaps and the corresponding waste air is given off to the environment over bio~llters, for example compost ~llters. The fresh air serves, by the supplying of oxygen, to force the oxidative (aerobic) metabolism and/or to maintain the temperature within desired ranges. In order tO operate the thorough mixing, there are also used rotating systems with moistening and airing arrangements.
Both systems have as a rule devices for introduction of fresh air and discharge of waste air, with or without conditioning, i.e. adjustment of the temperature and moisture according to desired values. A recirculated-air system, i.e. an air return conduction, is not provided. The installations, therefore, are in actual fact not closed systems. They caus~ under some circumstances sim~lar environmental problems to those of open installations. The fresh air feed s~ves for the cooling or ~or themaintenance o~ a regulating interval over the continuous air throughput in the direction toward the waste-air ~ischarge. The process choice is ~nade mostly acco~ding to economic considerations; biological criteria remain unconsidered.
With the exception of the composting of bark and of the crop wastes from gardening and landscaping, open processing installations meet with the resistance of the public especially when large amounts of residual substances are converted with intensive odour formation.

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- 3 -In order to take environmental protection into account, processes were developed the mechanical layout of which ensures that the microbial metabolism proceeds lmder aerobic conditions at high temperatures. There is known the method of injecting fresh air into a so-called closed system and to blow the corresponding waste air over a compost filter. By a continuous measuring of the carbon dioxidecontent of the waste air it is deterrnined when the microbial metabolism has reached its highest formation rates. Thereupon, the air throughput is adjusted. An example for this is given by German patent DE 38 00 201 Cl tGREEB).
In order to optimize the heat development in the presence of an air introduction with corresponding air discharge or to govern it within ce~tain ranges, an endeavour has been made by aeration networks (Gennan patent application O~fenlegungsschrift DE34 01 889 Al (WYSS)) and conversion programs (German patent application Offenlegungsschrift DE 36 42 626 Al (VOELSKOW) and Ge~nan patent 37 43 904 C2 (AL~KSEEV) in so-called closed systems and in open systems. There it is overlooked that the simple air throughput in such systems exer~s disadvantageousinfluence on the microbial metabolism pe~formance. Thus the introduction of fresh air into heated reaction spaces frequently leads to undesired drying-out or in winter to problems in the biogenic heat development. Furthermore, the above-described regulating principle that is based on the air throughput as regulating stretch, permits no manipulation for the setting-in of stable carbon dioxide:oxygen relations~ Such an adjusting possibility, however is necessary in order to make it possible to con~ol the microbial metabolism in the direction of an intensified or retarded biogenic heat development. The possibility of being able to regulate the biogenic heat development is necessary, in turn, in order to use certain temperature ranges for desired metabolism .. , ~ , ..

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~g~o performances, for example nitrification, lignin decomposition, mineralization ofoffensive odours.
esenta on of the invention The invention solves, or at least lessens, the above-addressed problems with the objects of patent claims 1 and 14, therefore by: a process and a device for the biotechnolo~ical treatment of a homogeneous or heterogeneous, biogenic and/or abiogenic residual substance mixture, preferably in the form of a refuse heap, by a micr~bial conversion process in a closed system, especially for the production of compost, in which physical, chemical and biological process parameters are cross-linked by means of arrangements suited for this and in the process cut to measure or adjusted in the sense of an optimization of the hygienization, odour eradication and lasting humus formation of the residual substance mixture to therequired microbial metabolism for this.
The basis of the leaching according to the invention is the pinpointed cross-linking of physical, chemical and biological mechanisms of the terrestrial ecological system in a ~iotechnologically conceived processing installation under the aspect of environmental protection. This cross-linking is based, on the part of the regulating technology, not on the hitherto usual process-describing detection of measurement values, but uses the data obtained for the purpose of varying desired value assignments with the aid of the actual value development in such a way that certain goal states, i.e.
the microbial metabolisms performances correspondin~ to the respective goal assignments are rapidly achieved and claimed, i.e. maintained. This process conduction, above all computer-supported, is realized in a closed system, which is characterized by conduction of recirculated air. The surrounding air conduction '~
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-.. . . , .. . ~.. . . , . .... -2~9~250 permits there a high air throughput with desired gas compositions. The air throughput necessary in its functioning as measuring and regulating stretch loses its double function which consists in that oxygen is fed in positively over the fresh air and moisture is discharged over the waste air. The parameter decoupling according to the S invention now permits the pinpointed g~verning and control of the microbial metabolism, which is linked to very different frame cond;tions. The process condition is especially supported by a variable recirculated air condition; further by mechanical influencing measures which serve for the thorough mixing of the residual substance mixture.
In solid biogenic residual substance mixtures the water and air-filled cavities can be designated as rnicrocompartments, the substrate quality of which generally offers chances of development to microorganisms or only to specific types of microorganisms. In static systems the settling populations, because of their locally , fixed positioning, afford a metabolism limited by the typ~ of nutrient offering. This metabolism, depending on the aeration relations, can be brought about by the aeration relations of aerobic populations, optionally aerobic or anaerobic. Through the variation of the aeration intensity ~he metabolism can be influenced over the oxygen offering. An additional through mixing creates new microcompartments and therewith new milieu conditions. From this it follows that only materially uniform residual substances by reason of the substrate identity, for example comminuted tree bark, show a fully satisfactory rotting; heterogeneous refuse mixtures ~rom households, m contrast, regularly require frequent thorough mixing in dynarnically operating systeins.
The teaching of the invention is the transfer of the open refuse heap rotting to a (dynamic) treatment of the residual substance mixture in a closed system. This is ,- ~
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2~9~2~0 characterized in that the recirculated air is conducted conditioned in variable circulations and thereby the control of the microbial metabolism can take plaee in a solid substance fermentation. i.e. the composting similarly subtle as is possible in liquid fermentations, for example in the production of antibiotics. The fresh air feed S no longer serves for the cooling or maintenance of a regulating stretch over the continuous air throughput in the direction toward the air discharge, but now only for the conditioning of the gas phase, for example of the oxygen gradient. This system produces comparatively little waste air, which results in the reduction of the filter capacity, and in the case of lacking biofilters worl~s out as reduced environmental burdening, for example ammonia, odorous substances.
The process of the invention and the device of the invention lead to a physically, chemically and biolo~ically optimal process which takes into consideration especially biological viewpoints.
Further preferred embodiments of the invention and their advantages are yielded ' lS from the dependent patent clairns described in the following.
`' According t~ an especially preferred embodiment the resting residual substance mixture is thoroughly mixed time-variably and/or section wise, and ~or this preferably there is used a mixing arrangement, especially a drum roller which is ~aid out for the time variable and/or section-wise thorough mixing of the resting residual substance mixture (claim ''15 ) .
According to a furthcr especially advantageous form of execution, in which the residual substance mixturu is aerated, the residual substance mixture is subjected at - least to a first type of aeration, to at least one second type of aeration differing therefrom or to a mixed form between these two types of aeration (claim 3). For this .. . ,. " ,, . .... , . i , - . ,, , ., . . ,, :, .
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there is suited a device with means of residual substance aeration in which the aeration means of the residual substance mixture present at least two aerators, in particular radial ventilators, and each of the two aerators blasts another surface of the residual substance mixture. The radial ventilators can be switched there in parallel or in series (claim 16).
The process according to claims 2 and 3 as well as the device according to claims IS and 16 present in result a combination of conventional static systems (compost rests in a tunnel and is transaerated). It is only hereby that the process or process conduction can be adjusted in each case to the desired microbiological conversions in the residual substance mixture, namely by the means that for the microorganism types necessary for the desired conversion there is present in each case the suitable milieu.
By mixed forms of the aeration types the gradient of the oxygen carbon dioxide ratio can be especially conveniendy adjusted. A complete aeration of the residual substance n~ixture leads regularly to high oxygen feed, which has a favourable effect especially in the eradication of odours. The thorough mixing of the residual substance mixture leads finally to a physical distribution of the nutrient substances and microorganisms present altogether il3 the residual substance mixture, with the consequence of auniformly favourable microbial metabolism in the residual substance mixtllre.
Altogether, with the invention microbially decomposable and/or attackable biogenic or abio~,~ rlic organic substances can be subjected to a microbial conversion pNcess in which both the space climate and also especially the climatic relations in the residual substance mixture inclusive of the o~cygen-carbon dioxide gradient are adaptable to the aerobicanaerobic, mesophyllic and/or thermophilic microorganisms.

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~0~2S0 An advantageous measure consists in that several sections with equal or di~ferent partial amounts of the resting residual substance mixture are mixed synchronously or asynchronously with equal or different velocity (claim 4). This measure can be realized advantageously by the means that several mixing arrangements are provided for a section-wise thorough mixing of the residual substance mixture and are connected with a control arrangement for the synchronous or asynchronous driving-through of the residual substance mixture at an equal or unequal rate, especially in such manner that the mixing arrangements of the residual substance mixture run through forward and backward (claim 17).
Preferably the thoroughly mixed sections in each case are moved through the entire residual substance mixture, preferably in the manner of a back-and-forth movement (claim 5~. Preferably the mixing arr~ulgement(s) is/are one or more drum rollers arranged horizontally in the residual substance mixture, which are conducted preferably along a likewise horizontal guide rail ~claim 18).
Advantageously the thoroughly mixed residual substance section in each case is comminuted during the thorough mixing (claim 6), preferably by a tool mounted onthe mixing arrangemelu for the comminuting and/or moving of the residual substance rnixture, preferably counter to the running direction of the mixing arrangement in ~he residual substance mixture (claim 19).
A further advantageous measure consists in that the section-wise con~inuted and~or thoroughly mixed residual substance mixture is moved counter to thé r~mning direction of the through mixing apparatus or section (claim 7).

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2 ~9~250 Preferably the residual substance mixture is equalized during the thorough mixin~
(claim 8), preferably by accessory arrangements for the equalizing of the residual substance mixture (claim 20).
According to a further embodiment in the first aeration type the air is conducted through the residual substance mixture, in the second aeration type, in contrast, the air is conducted above the residual substance mixture. For build-up ~or the establishing - of desired temperature, moisture and/or oxygen-carbon dioxide relations, especially profiles, the two types of aeration in the residual substance mixture are adapted to one another so that variable mixing ratios (0-100%) can be formed from the surrounding air volume stream (claim 9~. .
Preferably the first and/or the second air conduction is conducted as circulating recirculated air in the sense of a closed system (claim 10). Advantageously the aerators are laid out and arranged in such manner ~at the f~rst aerator conducts the .
air through the residual substance mixture and the second aerator conducts the air ,` -along and above the residual substance mixture (claim 21).
According to an advantageous measure from time to time a defined amount of fresh air (outside air), pure oxygen or pure carbon dioxide is fed to the closed system ` over suitable a~rangements and a corresponding amount of waste air is led off, preferably over a biofilter (claims 11, 25 and 26).
Advantageously the residual substance mixture itself is used as biofilter (claim 12) and the air stream or streams are heated or cooled and/or dried or moistened (claim 13~.
Preferably each aerator is controllable in respect to its air throughput and connected with an a~rangement of its own for the control of the air throughput.

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~V~1~2~0 Especially preferably both air throughput control arrangements are connected with a further control element for the control of the ratio of the air throughputs of the two aerators (claim 22).
According to a further advantageous development the device of the invention has S an arrangement for the return conduction of the air blown out by ~he aeration means within the closed system (claim 23) further registers, especially heating or cooling registers, including heat exchangers, as well as moisture registers for regulating the space climate in the closed system (claim 24).
Preferably the device of the invention has manual and/or computer-supported regulating systems for the control of the mixing aIrangements, of the aeration means, of the registers andlor ~ the arrangements for the supplying of fresh air, pure oxygen or carbon dioxide and for the lead-off of the waste air (claim 27).
In the following the invention is explained in more detail with the aid of an example of execution in context with the drawing.
Brief descripuon of the drawin The sole figure shows:
a section through a system constructed according to the invention.
Courses for the execution of ~e invention The basic unit of the system is a closed space (see Fig.). The space has preferably vapour diffusion-tight walls with low heat conductivity, in order to keep the ef~ect of the outside climate low. Therewith, the structure is completely or at any rate largely gastight. The building substance and/or inner lining consist advantageously of materials which withstand extreme temperature fluctuations and, further, are insensitive to moisture and aggressive substances, for examPle ammonia. ~ -.... . .

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The closed space has a recirculated air systern with two radial fans 4 and 5, subdivided in such manner that the volume stream can be conducted either completely through the residual substance refuse heap A or only over the refuse heap. In the latter case, in dependence on the flow rate of the volume stream circulating over the refuse heap, an air throughput through the refuse heap is convectlvely produced. By thediffering shutter setting 3 the convection can be supported over a partial stream of the recirculated air through the refuse heap. What is important is that the two radial fans are arranged paTallel and the recirculated air volume stream can be subdivided in ratios between 0 and 100%. The installation of the parallel-switched Mdial fan in position 4 can also occ~ in position 3 (draw-off side of the recirculated air channel).
In the case of this seTies switching the effect of the radial fan in position S is promoted. The sense of this variability lies in the dosable, subtle influencing upon the particular desired microbial metabolism:
In contrast to liquid fermentation, solid-substance ferrnentations can be acted upon only with difficulty over the gas phase. A flow through the refuse heap leads to the identity of space climate and substrate climate. This holds also for the composition of the gaseous phase in respect to the relation between oxygen and carbon dioxide, which relation directly influences the microbial metabolism. A convectively operated gas exchange leads to the gradient formation in the refuse heap with massive retroaction on the micro~ial metabolism. The combinations according to the invention in the recirculated air conduction create those play spaces that are necessary in ord to achieve the process goals described. In the following let this be explained by way of example: -Hygienization:

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- 12- ~0~250 Frequent thorough mixing with recirculated air conduction through the refuse heap R, in which the apportioned fresh air infeed holds the oxygen content at 21% and the temperature does not exceed 60C.
Odour elimination:
~requent thorough mixing with recirculated air conduction through the refuse heap R, in which the dosed fresh-air infeed maintains the natural oxygen content.
Furthermore, the recirculated air and fresh air can be enriched with oxygen if the persistence of the odorous substant~es require this or abiogenic organic substances, for example xenobiotics are to be bonded into a decomposition or immobilization process.
The process temperature is maintained below 600C.
Rot:
The decomposition of lignocellulose leads $o lasting humus formation. It takes place only at temperatures below 500C. Furthermore the oxygen content of the recirculated air can be reduced by more than half the natural content.
The recircul~lted air can be heated, cooled, dAed or moistened in order to make it possible to set in the climatic frame conditions for the microbial metabolism. The dosable feed of fresh air serves ~o keep the oxyg~n-carbon dioxide ratio in the desired order of magnitude. The corresponding waste air can be given off into the environment odour-neutrally over a biofilter. Blogenic excess heat can be removed from the process over the heat recovery. Furthermore, through the pinpointed influencing of the air stat~ e desired climate can be moistened and dried.
The faultless flow throu~h the refuse heap R presumes that a carefully prep~red residual substance mixture presents as equal as possible density relations in the refuse heap. Through the use of a correspondingly forrned drum 6 which runs through the . -. ..... , .. ., . , ....... . .. ,.. , .. ., . .... ... : .. , . . ~
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- 13- 2~)9~'2~jo heap at selectable time intervals it is ensured that the ref`use heap R is thoroughly mixed in its ent~re width and height wi~hout thickenings. By means of allocated drums 6 in the case of heterogeneous material the thorough mixing can be intensified;
furthelmore, by accessory aIrangements, for example by means of comb strips, it is possible to achieve a comminution. Thorough mixing and comminution bring about the destruction of established compartments, which accelerates and optin~izes the microbial metabolism. The described conversion apparatus provides also for the maintenance of the refuse heap height according to an adaptation necessary through settling processes and rot losses.
In order to make it possible to achieve the desired goal states, by means of a computer-supported measuring and regulating technique it must be ensured that the hygienization runs off at temperatures about 600C and a rapid decomposition of fedit substances occurs. A precondition is the mechanical thorough mixing of the refuse heap. Thereby anaerobic zones are avoided and the restrictively acting compartment formation is pressed. Air charged with fetid substances is conducted as recirculated air again and again through the refuse heap, so that an internal biofilter action is achieved.
The system described can be constructed modular, which has the advantage that the treatment units can be bundled in measur~ng and regulating technology. The software for the computer-supported operation is cut to measure for the biotechnical requirements of the individual processing steps.
Convective operation 1: ~
In convective operation only the radial fan 4 is in operation. The variable air flow lies over the resting refuse heap, in which, because o~ the low air throughput, an .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . ... . ...
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oxygen:carbon dioxide gradient builds up which has retroactions on the biogenic heat production. This air throughput can be reduced or reinforced by choking or increasing the flow rate of the volume stream flowing over the re~use heap, which leads to the enrichment of carbon dioxide or oxygen. Through the variation of the flow rate, the S heat transport can be regulated in such a way that equal temperatures prevail in the refuse heap and the recirculated air.
This regulation has the following adYantages over conventional systems which operate with temperature differences between refuse heap and recirculated air: i) the microbial metabolism can be kept oxygen-limited;; ii) the compost does not dry out.
This process conduction offers itself for the substrate preparation in edible mushroom cultivation.
i Aeration operation 2:
In aeration operation only the rallial fan S runs and presses the air through the refuse heap R. A high air throughput brings about an identity between space climate and compost climate. The temperature constancy of the recirculated air, conditioned by the register 7, is impi~ed to the compost.
The advantage of thi~ regulation is the optimal supply of oxygen to the compost,which brings about a microbial metabolism. This process conduction offers itself for hygienization and odour elimination.
Combined operation:
In combined op ~ration both radial fans a, and S are running, conveying `~ performance adding ~!P to 100% of a guide value which is characteristic for various performance stages. Thereby suction influences are avoided.

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2 ~ 2 ~ 0 This regulation has the following advantages: the gradient build-up described under "convective operation I" can be pinpointedly manipulated. Hereby the microbial metabolism can be finely tuned, which is of great importance with the process goal of "lasting humus forrnation".
S Drum operation 6:
The thorough mixing of the refuse heap brings about the optimation of the microbial metabolism by redistribution of the m~crobial populations and substrates to newly forming compartments. The thorough rnixing can proceed in the presence of the air conductions and air conditionings described.
Registers 7:
Registers 7 serve for the conditioning of the recirculated air. Through the air conduction system described there can be established an identity between air temperature and compost temperature, which has the consequence that in the removal of the biogenic excess heat by cooling registers or heat exchange the moisture relations remain constant. A special case would be the cooling for the recircula~ed air at the end of a process, when the dry cooled air is to lead off not only heat but also moisture so that a compost drying is achieved.
Valves 3:
The valves are needed for the air conduction. They can be driven as setting members and make possible the feeding-in of fresh air, the discharge of the waste air or the blocking and opening of the recirculated air paths in the various operating states described .

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Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. Process for the biotechnological treatment of a homogeneous or heterogeneous, biogenic and/or abiogenic residual substance mixture, preferably in the form of a refuse heap, by a microbial conversion process in a closed system, especially for the production of compost, characterized in that physical, chemical and biological process parameters are cross-linked and cut to measure in the sense of an optimation of the hygienization, odour elimination and lasting humus formation of the residual substance mixture for the in each case requisite microbial metabolism therefor.

2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the resting residual substance mixture is thoroughly mixed time-variably and/or section-wise.

3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, in which the residual substance mixture is aerated, characterized in that the residual substance mixture is subjected at least to a first type of aeration, at least to a second aeration type differing therefrom or to a mixed form between these two types of aeration.

4. Process according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that several sections with equal or different partial amounts of the resting residual substance mixtures are thoroughly mixed with the same or different velocity.

5. Process according to any of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the sections thoroughly mixed in each case are moved through the entire residual substance mixture, preferably in the manner of a back-and-forth movement.

6. Process according to any of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the thoroughly mixed residual substance mixture section is comminuted in each case during the thorough mixing.

7. Process according to any of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the section-wise comminuted and/or thoroughly mixed residual substance mixture is moved counter to the running direction of the thorough mixing apparatus.

8. Process according to any of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that the residual substance mixture is equalized during the thorough mixing.

9. Process according to any of claims 3 to 8, characterized in that in the first type of aeration the air is conducted through the residual substance mixture, in the second type of aeration, in contrast, the air is conducted along above the residual substance mixture and there the two aeration types are adapted to one another for the build-up of desired temperature, moisture and/or oxygen-carbon dioxide relations, in particular profiles, in the residual substance mixture so that variable mixing ratios (0-100%) can be formed from the recirculated air volume stream.

10. Process according to claim 9, characterized in that the first and/or the second air conduction is conducted as circulating recirculated air in the sense of a closed system.

11. Process according to any of claims 3 to 10, characterized in that to the closed system there is fed from time to time a defined amount of fresh air (outside air), pure oxygen or pure carbon dioxide, and a corresponding amount of waste air is led off, preferably over a biofilter.

12. Process according to any of claims 3 to 11, characterized in that the residual substance mixture itself is used as a biofilter.

13. Process according to any of claims 3 to 12, characterized in that the air stream or streams are heated or cooled and/or dried or moistened.

14. Device for the biotechnological treatment of a homogeneous or heterogeneous, biogenic and/or abiogenic residual substance mixture (R), especially in the form of a refuse heap, by a microbial conversion process in a closed system, especially for the execution of the process according to any of claims 1 to 13, characterized by arrangements for the cross-linking of physical, chemical and biological process parameters in the sense of an optimation of the hygienization, odour elimination and lasting humus formation of the residual substance mixture (R) with adjustment of the microbial conversion process desired in each case.

15. Device according to claim 14, characterized by at least one mixing arrangement (6), in particular a drum roller, which is laid out for time-variable and/or section-wise thorough mixing of the resting residual substance mixture (R).

16. Device according to claim 14 or 15, with means for the aeration of the residual substance mixture (R), characterized in that the aeration means of the residual substance mixture (R) have at least two aerators, in particular radial fans (4,5), each of the two aerators blowing against another surface of the residual substance mixture (R), in which system the arrangement of the radial fans can be switched in parallel or in series.

17. Device according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that several mixing arrangements (6) are provided for the section-wise thorough mixing of the residual substance mixture (R) and are connected with a control arrangement for the synchronous or asynchronous, equal-speed or unequal-speed driving-through of the residual substance mixture, in particular in such manner that the mixing arrangements (6) drive through the residual substance mixture forward and backward.

18. Device according to any of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the mixing arrangement(s) (6) are one or more drum roller(s) arranged horizontally in the residual substance mixture, which are preferably conducted along a likewise horizontal guide rail (F).

19. Device according to any of claims 15 to 18, characterized by tools mounted on the mixing arrangement (6) for the comminuting and/or moving of the residual substance mixture, preferably counter to the running direction of the mixing arrangement (6) in the residual substance mixture (R).

20. Device according to any of claims 15 to 19, characterized by accessory arrangements for the equalization of the residual substance mixture.

21. Device according to any of claims 16 to 20, characterized in that the aerators (4, 5) are laid out and arranged in such manner that the first aerator (5) conducts the air through the residual substance mixture (R) and the second aerator (4) conducts the air along above the residual substance mixture (R).

22. Device according to any of claims 16 to 21, characterized in that each aerator (4, 5) is controllable with respect to its air throughput and is connected with an arrangement of its own for the control of the air throughput and both air throughput control arrangements are connected with a further control element for the control of the relation of the air throughputs of the two aerators (4,5).

23. Device according to any of claims 16 to 22, characterized by an arrangement 3 (recirculated air channel) for the return of the air blown out from the aeration means (4,5) within the closed system.

24. Device according to any of claims 16 to 23, characterized by registers (7), in particular heating and cooling registers, respectively, inclusive of heat exchangers, as well as moisture registers for the regulation of the space climate in the closed system.

25. Device according to any of claims 16 to 24, characterized by a fresh air feed, a waste-air lead-off and a biofilter.

26. Device according to any of claims 16 to 25, characterized in that arrangements are present for the feed of pure oxygen or pure carbon dioxide.

27. Device according to any of claims 16 to 26, characterized by manual and/or computer-supported regulating systems for the control of the mixing arrangement (6), of the aeration means (4,5), of the registers (7) and/or of the arrangements for the feed of fresh air, pure oxygen or carbon dioxide and for the lead-off of the waste air.