DE4338574A1 - Composting process and assembly incorporates a number of reactor zones within stack and associated gas spaces - Google Patents

Abstract

Organic substances are treated and composted within a closed rotting reactor (RX1 to RXN) incorporating a stack (10) and in the presence of microorganisms. The novelty is that there is more than one reactor zone both within the stack (10) and in other reactor gas spaces adjacent to the stack. Further that there are means to set, maintain, control adjust and regulate the ambient conditions, change these conditions and/or process parameters within the stack (10) through a steady-state, quasi steady state and/or unsteady operation of the reactor (RX1-RXN).

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a method and a front Direction for biological treatment, in particular compo tion, biogenic and abiogenic substances and / or substance amount in a rent in the presence of biologically active comm components, especially microorganisms, in one closed its reactor with several reactor zones.

Underlying state of the art

Such methods and systems are such. B. as industrial Composting processes and composting plants in the variety most known embodiments. In the rotting, i.e. H. Composting biogenic organic and abiogenic substances Under aerobic conditions, heat and metabolism arise gases that have to be removed via ventilation systems. Usually rotting mix of fresh air through flows and the corresponding exhaust air is blown out. With the fresh air supply, oxygen becomes uncontrolled supplied and with the exhaust air moisture and heat carried out. Gas, moisture and / or are formed Temperature gradients that are not influenced can be and which due to the networked operating or Process parameters only to describe the process dew gene.  

So with this conventional ventilation system important procedural goals. Is a what Waste discharge is desired, so is heat at the same time discharged in an uncontrolled manner. On the one hand, he can desired moisture content not adhered to and on the other hand important temperature specifications for the development of mesophilic and thermophilic microflora are not controlled independently become. It must also be dispensed with, via a defi Influenced oxygen influence on the microbial Take metabolic rate. The shortcomings of the current process tours show up in the problematic, reproducible and set targeted milieu conditions, e.g. B. at the Training of high temperature plateaus in certain areas phases of an undesirable dry stabilization tion of the rotting material and an unsatisfactory substance sales. In addition, there is a discharge of odorous substances Accumulation of condensate, the additional treatment facilities make necessary. Since the key parameters of the biologi process control, the oxygen supply, the tempe temperature and humidity are insufficiently maintained can lead even the connection of separate reactors a central air treatment for no improvement of the Rotte, especially since the contents of the reactors differ Show red degrees and with identical air quality and Air volume are supplied.

A basic concern in the further development of the compost Thus, the unsuccessful and incorrect use of the performance potential of special micro floren improve, the inevitably resulting poor reproducibility of desired qualities in the Repeal the meaning of the goods guidelines for composts and / or questionable niche formation for harmful flora in composts and to exclude its successors and the host Efficiency of the rotting process through optimal process management improvement. The risks of possible harmful effects in the diversified use of compost  otherwise not calculable and against the background of the pro product liability unreasonable.

DE-40 21 868 A1 - HERHOF - describes a method for Composting of waste known. The rotten crop placed in a closed container and in air microbially degraded feed. To compost quickly and reliably get going during the approach driving phase, the exhaust air emerging from the rotting material to the red tegut fed again. This air circulation phase is abandoned as soon as the oxygen content falls below 18%. This in This air circulation system described serves the Preservation of the biogenically generated heat, especially in the Winter.

DE-40 21 865 A1 - HERHOF - also describes a Method and device for composting Ab cases with air circulation. The air circulation serves the Hygienization over a period of 5 days. It will be first after dismantling the more easily degradable components because the biogenic heat build-up in the stormy Initial phase of the fabric treatment then not with the darge posed system if it regulates the Gas household is used. Only that remains for cooling Fresh air supply as part of an undefined parameter ver knotting.

Finally, DE-40 08 104 A1 - WIENECKE - describes Composting system that is only suitable for small containers net, since only convection is used for ventilation becomes. A control of the microbial metabolism is not possible.

With these composts that have already been put into practice systems (DE 40 21 868 A1; DE 40 21 865 A1; DE 40 08 104 A1) circulating air ducts are described, the concept nell are derived from a process technology that only  works with fresh air and what the possibilities that Offer climate specifications, (not known) not used. So will preferably on the optimal oxygenation (21%) in the gas phase, which is relatively low Air flow per volume and time can be achieved can. It is often referred to as the carbon dioxide concentration Control parameters, which is the case with whose pH is above 7 is nonsensical. The effort, Reaching the highest possible temperature plateaus leaves the Desire, the temperature in the red mass on the biological necessary conditions for desired substance conversions as to regulate the sine qua non, do not arise. There however, where this path is followed, it becomes clear that the air flow rates are set too low to to create homogeneous milieu conditions in the substrate.

The composting plant mentioned at the outset is from DE 40 34 400 A1 or the corresponding WO 92/07807 - GRABBE - known. This document is hereby - Avoid repetition - express reference genome men. It describes a process for biotechnological Treatment of a mixture of residues, preferably in the form a rent, through a microbial implementation process in a closed system, especially for the manufacture compost is suitable. Here are physi chemical, biological and process parameters in the Process management included and with each other in the sense of a Optimization of sanitation, odor suppression and long-term Formation of the mixture of residues on each of them tailored microbial metabolism required. For this the mixture of residues becomes two different types types or a mixture of these two Types of ventilation subject. According to one type of ventilation air is passed through the residue mixture. To the second type of ventilation, however, the air above the Residual batches run along. The two ventilation Types are used to build up the desired temperature, humidity  keits- and / or oxygen-carbon dioxide ratios, ins special profiles, so attached to each other in the batch fits variable mixing ratios between 0 to 100 % can be formed from the circulating air volume flow. The Means for ventilation are in each case fans or fans, one fan blowing the air above the residue and a second fan takes the air through the Blows through the residue.

The in the latter publications (DE 40 34 400 A1, The method described in WO 92 07807) generally works with success. However, problems can arise if the Density of the rotting mixture hinders a flow. in the Borderline case of an airtightness of the rotting mixture builds the fan le intended for the flow only a static pressure under the rent without that air can be made to flow even then not when both fans are running, i. H. the one for the Overflow of the fan provided for the rental Flow through the rent provided fan so far supports than the air flowing over the rent has a certain pull effect on the rent. Although both Fans running only causes the rent to overflow some air circulation in the system.

Further, not yet disclosed, property right applications of the applicant (German patent applications with the file number Chen P 42 15 269.0-41 and P 42 15 267.4 as well as PCT registration with the file numbers PCT / EP93 / 01142 and PCT / EP93 / 01143) describe variable air circulation systems in closed Rotting equipment for compost production, which the obvious disadvantages of the conventional systems besei term. They also have the advantage that the rele vanten process parameters controlled independently and in a suitable manner to optimize the process control can be combined. In contrast to this these parameters contradict each other in conventional systems  influenced and hindered the biological process. Of the Disclosure content of the above property rights applications hereby expressly also for the description content of the lying registration explained.

Disclosure of the invention

The present invention now aims to provide a ver drive and a device of the type mentioned to provide which one (s) a biologically fine sensitive regulation of desired operating methods, in particular to produce reproducible products economic way.

The aim of the invention is through the objects of Claims 1 and 20 achieved, ie by: a procedure ren and a device for biological treatment, ins special composting of biogenic and abiogenic substances and / or batch of substances in a rent in the presence of organic active components, especially microorganisms, in one closed reactor with multiple reactor zones, namely the rent itself and at least one on the rent igniting reactor gas room. The procedural milieu conditions, milieu state changes and / or process parameters in the rent by means of a stationary, quasi-stationary and / or unsteady operation of the reactor, adhered to, controlled or regulated, in the following common called sam regulated. The device has one for this closed reactor with the above-mentioned reactor zones on; means for setting, compliance, control and Rules (hereinafter collectively referred to as regulatory means) the milieu status, milieu status change and / or pro parameters in the rent by way of a stationary, quasi stationary and / or transient operation of the reactor.

Through these measures, desired and necessary can be Milieu conditions by fine-tuning the climate transfer Observe the supply from the gas space to the solid mixture and  thus affect the general microbial metabolism; furthermore, the services and synergistic effect optimize specially promoted populations. These Measures also allow optimal adjustment of the process control to different starting points and rotting layer thickness.

According to claims 2 and 21 are preferably at least two Reactor zones, especially the rent itself and one to it adjacent reactor zone, via gas, especially air flows coupled with each other. This will u. a. following before parts achieved: the batch works in the case of high density as a flow blockage, a flow is bloc Kiert, can be by fluid coupling reactor zones above and below the rent nevertheless still a variety of flow variants reali with which the milieu condition affects the rent can be. So at least the boundary layers of the Rent to the gas rooms are climate-conditioned; if necessary finally the blockage again To get picked up.

According to claims 3 and 22, the reactor is operated appropriate interpretation of the regulating means via or several stationary, quasi-stationary and / or non-stationary guided gas flows regulated. This allows extreme Milieu conditions at the rental interfaces, e.g. B. Off drying, avoid; furthermore temperature fluctuations or Put changes in the gas budget into perspective.

According to claims 4 and 23 are the regulating means designed so that with them at least one or more Gas flows can be selected from the following gas flow types can: flow through, overflow, underflow and flow around men of rent. This can also make development more extreme Conditions during the composting process in good time  and be effectively counteracted. A so-called "festival driving "the rent is thereby prevented in practice.

According to claims 5 and 24 are by means of Regu Liermittel at least two different gas flow types combined with each other and in particular the Volume, pressure, temperature and / or speed ratios of gas flow types continuously regulated. The Volumes, pressures and / or velocities of the gas flows Types of flow can be - also continuously - between 0 and 100% can be set. Especially through the continuous change and the combination of different cher gas flow types, the formation of ge desired gradients of the milieu parameters, e.g. B. O₂, CO₂, Target humidity and temperature in a targeted and sensitive manner. So can, for example, through finely adjusted mixed forms of Flow and overflow or underflow the convection promoted or counteracted. There is also the possibility of the type of heat transfer from the rent to control. There can be between convection and conduction contingent mechanisms are chosen and so the degree of Coupling the heat removal to the mass transport determined become.

According to claims 6 and 25 are with the help of Regu the flow directions of the gas flow types reversible at least once during treatment. These Measures have the following advantage: B. unwanted interface states compensated or zer be disturbed, such as unwanted dehydration on the Interfaces of rent.

According to claims 7 and 26 are the regulating means for a periodically alternating or aperiodically old reversing flow direction reversal of the gas flow types designed. Both through the periodically and through the aperiodically alternating reversals of the flow direction  in certain cases, quasi-stationary or but create unsteady flow conditions. The one The position of quasi-stationary states can be Period duration or the frequency of the change of flow depend direction. Very high frequency change of direction can then lead to unsteady flow conditions, if there is no equalization due to the high frequency can build up in the flow. Also through this Guidance of the gas streams can cause undesirable interfaces cancel or compensate for the situation. By suitable You can change the parameters that determine the process data in the case of large layer thicknesses, narrow temperature and humidity ranges adhere to the

According to claims 8 and 27, the regulators allow medium a laminar and / or turbulent guidance of the gas types of flow. This can also be undesirable Avoid or remove interface states. Can too thereby the intensity of the convection or of material transfer gears, but also heat transfers are influenced.

According to claims 9 and 28 can with the help of Regu Lier between a laminar and a turbulent Flow routing alternating periodically or aperiodically be alternated alternately. Increase these measures continue the ways undesirable above interface states by adapting the heat transfer counteracting coefficient.

According to claims 10 and 29, the regulators medium control valves and / or sliding flow restrictors nisse, including so-called baffles, with wel chen, for example by alternating the positions of the Control valves a laminar gas flow in a turbulent Gas flow can be transferred. This also makes the Diversity of funds increases, with which undesirable Interface states can be counteracted. Here  is of course to take into account that the rent itself, including its surface structure as a stream obstacle to mung is already to be grasped by the superiors Area structure of the rent in the vortex area or turbulence can be generated. The vertebrae change regularly the local heat transfer coefficient; likewise gas exchange - analogous to local swirls in otherwise laminar liquid flows.

According to claims 11 and 30 are steplessly controlled erable control devices, in particular control valves and controllable fans provided in control systems with which the gas flows and the ratios of the gas flows are mutually infinitely variable. Through this measure The following advantages can be achieved: drive from red masses of heterogeneous compositions.

According to claims 12 and 31 are the regulating means for process-dependent manual, program-controlled and / or computer-aided control of the control devices, especially the fans and control valves. The following advantages can be achieved through these measures Chen: targeted transition from one treatment phase to the next other, e.g. B. from the incubation phase to hygiene development phase.

According to claims 13 and 32, the temperature the reactor air and / or the temperature of the rent as Re Gel size selected and controlled depending on the process. For this the regulating means have temperature measuring devices, preferably in conjunction with setpoint devices, Kompara gates and controllers for process-dependent control or regulation are designed. This allows the biogenic heat education than poorly adjustable size better in the tem Include temperature control, for example by first Reactor air until a predetermined temperature is reached values and then the temperature in the rent  becomes. It should be borne in mind that the temperature of the Reactor air should only serve as a control variable as long as the rent does not release any biogenic heat into the reactor air. In good time before this point is preferred by one Regulation of the temperature of the reactor air for regulation the temperature of the rent passed. This can Time by comparing the temperatures in the reactor air and in the rent are often sufficiently accurate in time be predetermined.

According to claims 14 and 33, temperature differences limit in the rent and / or the state variables of the Gass currents and / or the exhaust air, such as the temperature, the humidity te, the O₂ / CO₂ ratio, the gas pressure, the flow rate speed and / or the throughput volume, as a control variable used. For this purpose, the regulating means correspond Measuring devices for determining the temperature differences limit and / or to determine the actual values of the state sizes of the gas flows and / or the exhaust air. The exit values of the measuring devices are then in comparators compared the output values of setpoint devices and that Comparison result, the so-called control deviation, controllers fed. Their output values are then used for control or regulation of said temperature differences and / or State variables used. This allows milieuan sayings of certain microorganisms or microorganisms types (anaerobic, aerobic, protective gassing with high CO₂ tolerance etc.) set specifically.

According to claims 15 and 34, the gas flows in a closed air circulation system with or without fresh air feed led. This also allows the gas house just manipulate in a known way.

According to claims 16 and 35, the gas is the gas flow to the desired ones in conditioning devices Condition variables conditioned.  

According to claims 17 and 36, a defined Relationship between recirculated air and fresh air by one Corresponding circulating air discharge is switched on provides, preferably via appropriate control valves.

The condition follows the claims 18 and 37 nation of the flowing gas preferably by adjusting Temperature, pressure and ingredients, such as the content of Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and water, for example by increasing CO₂ partial pressure, CO₂ tole Protect rante microflora from competitors.

According to claims 19 and 38, the rent is by means of a transfer device mechanically treated, in particular circulated. This measure serves to loosen and therefore easier flow of the rent; furthermore the homogeneous nization of the compost material and the equalization milieu conditions in rent; finally to microcom to destroy portions in the batch so that microorganisms and substrate are constantly being mixed anew complete dismantling and remodeling is made possible.

According to claim 39, the device has several sepa rate reactors and is the air circulation system as central Ventilation device designed. We are preferred at least one or more, particularly preferably all Reactors assigned to facilities that are independent of the reactor dependent and individual adjustability of the micro bielle material conversion determining process parameters are. As a result, the milieu conditions of several individual ner reactors to the respective state of rotting and that rotting material sensitive and independent of each other be regulated. According to claim 40 are the individual reactors optionally with central ventilation device connectable, preferably via control valves. According to claim 41, each reak is also preferred door with its own controllable fresh air supply  fitted. This will increase the degree of independence of the individual reactors further increased.

According to claim 42, a reactor has an upper half and below the reactor zone adjacent to the rent and these reactor zones are each via gas flow lines lines and control valves arranged therein bindable. This allows the variety of gas flow species and their combinations increase what a fine current regulation of milieu conditions.

According to claim 43, the gas flow lines and Control valves in groups mirror-symmetrical to Reactor arranged. This makes a particularly over Visible construction of the device achieved. At the same time this creates a simple way that Reverse directions of gas flows. . .

According to claim 44, the above and below reactor zones on either side of the reak tors each via a first control valve having gas flow line connected to each other. This makes it not only the Volu that is particularly convenient mina but also the directions and types of gas flow regulate gene.

An increase in the variety of regulations is counter reached claim 45, namely by that one on each side of the first control valve second control valve arranged in the gas flow line is; a total of three control valves in each of the the gas flow line connecting the two reactor zones.

According to claim 46, the device has at least one or two fans, each over one downstream third control valve with a two between the first and the second control valve  Place of the gas flow line is connected. Hereby there can be a further increase in the variety of regulations visually of the gas flow types, their directions and com achieve binations. Furthermore, the one fan others can be switched on. Basically you can but practically all with a single fan Combinations of gas flow types can be set.

According to claim 47, that gas flow line, which the ends of the above facing away from the fans and reactor zones below the rent connects, at one between their first and second re position on the valve side is a branch for the air circulation line on. The air can be circulated through this branch close circle. According to claim 50, the air circulation line prefers a fifth control valve with which the flow cross-section of the air recirculation line is regulated lets, once in the sense of a continuous air circulation, on the other hand also in the sense of shutting off the circulating air conduction and thus enforcing a complete flow the rent.

According to claim 48, the variety of gas flow Variations increased in that the recirculation line in two further lines branched, namely one into the con ditionier opening gas flow line and further gas flow line opening into the reactor. Here through, in particular, depending on the flow conditions, achieve turbulence effects. Their diversity can be branched further into the reactor space mouth are increased, especially if in a fourth control valve for each of the other branch lines is arranged (claim 49).

Overall, the invention thus enables a flow variant in which only an overflow of the Rent takes place, a simultaneous flow and flow  the rent is therefore prevented. According to another variant only a flow can be set, d. H. overflow and flow can be prevented. Close Lich, the invention allows only one flow provide a simultaneous overflow and throughflow prevent. Of course some or all of them three of these flow variants used simultaneously become.

The invention allows substance conversions under defined Conditions of the climate and milieu. Three different ones Operating modes are adjustable:

• 1. Stationary mode of operation - selected process without time-dependent influence on predetermined and / or desired state variables.
• 2. Quasi-stationary mode of operation - change from stationary Operating modes:
• - Alternating ventilation by reversing the flow direction,
• - Any combination of the variants.
• 3. Unsteady mode of operation - change of ventilation, before stationary conditions occur:
• - pure reversal of the flow direction
• - any combination of variants
• - Change of relationships
• - permanent change in conditions selected time intervals.

The above-mentioned modes of operation allow the batches rent different flow variants put. This makes the control extremely flexible system and procedures provided by the help the very different biological activity becomes controllable from residues. Defined Wed  Lying conditions in the Rottegut can be checked using the air recirculation system generate a given climate on the firmer fabric transmits mixture, especially by changing the flow parameters and management, including optional Overflow and / or underflow and / or throughflow and / or flow around the rent.

The gas exchange in dormant solid mixtures can free convection and flow through with blown in Air turned off. Neither one nor the other metho de alone allows fine-tuning to the needs of microbial metabolism. The variable combination an overflow to influence the convection with a flow through a networked controllable air flow so far has never been realized. What procedure technical possibilities are thereby opened up outlined briefly below:

Only he can define defined milieu conditions in the Rottegut testify if the air circulation system allows flow guidance light that regulates the climate to a solid residue transmits batch whose density can be different. The Air volume flow must be so flexible and easy to handle be able to see that the very different biological Activity of residues remains controllable. This happens by changing the flow parameters and - management and conditioning of the flow medium (e.g. temperature, pressure, pH, humidity, O₂ content, CO₂-Ge stop, removal of substances such as ammonia). Through the manu Any or programmed specification and / or computer-aided Change of variable flow routing and speed It is possible to avoid unwanted heat build-up and congestion to suppress or to remove excess heat from the system distant without other process-relevant parameters be changed. This gives rise to advantages that are have it described as follows:  

The temperature plateaus for general (e.g. composting process) and special metabolic benefits (e.g. Metabolite extraction in the pharmaceutical industry) involved micro floras can be controlled in a targeted manner. On composting process, the relationships and dependencies can be best represent. The hygienization can be done thermally and achieve optimal biochemical at temperatures <60 ° C. Odorants are always recycled through the rotting material cloned and degraded. In the course of litigation the material turnover via regulated temperature profiles so opti that certain classes of substances prefer- and be dismantled. The supply of oxygen can do so be regulated that between strict anaerobia and strict ter Aerobie all states about the gas phase in the air recirculation system can be displayed continuously and a spread of Temperature and milieu conditions in the solid mixture is avoided. Result from this bioprocess management shorter dwell times, the operation of closed rotting Make systems more economical.

In its recirculation version, a composting plant offers with several reactors the advantage of a basic con ditioning of the circulating air independent of the volume under fresh air. Last tere is now used to set a desired acid substance content. The process parameters of the connected Reactors are fine-tuned, individually and independently of each other in each reactor desired process conditions taking into account the process relationships there.

The connected reactors can, for example, like follows.

• 1. The connected reactors have a set-up conditioning for heating, cooling and Humidification register for the air volumes that are internal  flow through the compost. With a corresponding Airflow will ensure that the room climate is identical to the batch climate. The exhaust air is fed into the central air circulation and again inte freezes. Excess air is discharged through biofilters. In this process control, the central air circulation low oxygen when the semi-anaerobic or anaerobic milieu conditioning is required. In addition, the reactors have their own Fresh air feed.
• 2. The connected reactors also have or instead of post-conditioning via heating, cooling and humidification register own air circulation system, its flow parameters separately and individually are adjustable. The desired climate in the reactor occurs within a very short time and can be over Partial air flows from the central air treatment be stabilized. The desired oxygen entry can be via the incoming circulating air and / or separate Fresh air is fed in. Corresponding Exhaust air volumes are integrated into the central air circulation. Excess air volumes are controlled by a central one Biofilter released.
• 3. Finally, the individual reactors can also be found under be connected to each other, for example for a warmth swap or use the furthest stepped rotting as a biofilter of the least most converted crop, i.e. the freshest rent, especially after completing the sanitation phase.

The basic preparation of the circulating air can be done on the belt width of the needs of reactors differently red content, the easier it is to cut, the more identical the composition of the respective starting batch in the Reactors is. Here it comes down to compliance  recipes. The separate air circulation allows the Setting of flow parameters, which the biologi activities of the respective reactor batch in the steer the desired tracks. This applies e.g. B. for construction the temperature plateau during the hygienization, for which Reduction of temperature peaks, the avoidance of heat build-up or the management of temperature profiles. With the internal Air circulation is also achieved that odorants via the reactor's own rotting mixture as an internal biofilter be dismantled. This relieves the load on the central air recirculation system and the connected external biofilter.

Further preferred features of the invention result from the following description of preferred embodiments games. These exemplary embodiments are shown schematically in FIGS attached drawings.

Brief description of the drawings

The drawings show:

Fig. 1 the metabolic rate dynamics during composting;

Fig. 2.1 a diagram of a circulating air system for closed reactors

Fig. 2.2 another diagram of a recirculation system for closed reactors

Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of an air circulation system for several sepa rate reactors

Fig. 3.2 a detail of a single reactor with a recirculation connection according to Fig. 3.1

Fig. 4.1 to 4.3 different types and variations of air flow

Fig. 5 is a control table for controlling the control valves and fans shown in Fig. 2.1 to 3.2 for setting the air flow types and variants shown in Fig. 4.1 to 4.3.

Examples for carrying out the invention

Fig. 1 illustrates the known dynamic process of biomass formation and metabolism that takes place during composting as a function of time and the respective microflora. The easily usable carbon and nitrogen compounds are mineralized. As this process is rapid, the temperature rises to 80 ° C. This phase of composting serves to sanitize and break down the stinky materials.

After the breakdown of those classes of substances that can preferably be broken down by the mixed bacterial flora, there are changes in the population composition. This now consists of bacteria and fungi, as shown in Fig. 1. Then the composting process leads to the exclusive oxidative degradation. In this phase, the predominantly aerobic fungal flora slowly degrades the lignocellulose.

It is characteristic of the composting process that the metabolism can initially take place under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This is the reason why deposited fresh material leads to the formation of fermentation gases. The composting, on the other hand, results in a turnover of material that requires strict aerobics, as shown in Fig. 1. At this stage, the microbial metabolism comes to a complete standstill if the oxygen supply is cut off. This can easily be demonstrated. A plastic bag in which final or stable compost is packed airtight takes on the appearance of a vacuum-sealed peanut pack after a while. The oxygen consumption of the microflora creates a vacuum in the plastic sack. If the stable compost stage had not yet been reached - an anaerobic microflora could still be active under the prevailing conditions - there would be evidence of gas formation (N₂ or N₂O, methane, stink gases). The sack would inflate.

During composting, volume reduction (approx. 50% rotting loss) permanent humus formed, the following Based on material turnover. The oxidative breakdown of the three-dimensionally cross-linked lignin macromolecule about fragments that are either completely mineralized or together with microbially formed auto-oxidable phe can be repolymerized to humic substances. This biolo genically induced and chemically catalyzed process is in the dynamics of the material turnover involved in such a way that A compost is created, the organic substance of which is one increasing persistence against microbial degradation among Conditions of metabolism of the aquatic and terrestrial Has ocosystems.

The invention is based on the desired To grant microflora a selection advantage in that the optimal environmental parameters for this flora, such as Tem targeted temperature, humidity and gas composition can be controlled and thus the microflora an optimal Environment is provided.

In this application, the same or the same function che parts consistently in all embodiments che reference numerals used.

Fig. 2.1 shows the diagram of a first embodiment for a composting plant according to the invention. Thereafter, recirculated air can be passed through a heat exchanger W1 with the control valve R5 open. The heat recovery in the heat exchanger W1 is preferably used to temper fresh air via a heat exchanger W2, which flows in via a channel K1. The fresh air entry is controlled by a control valve R16 and supplied via two fans V1 and V2 connected in parallel to a reactor gas space above and below a rent 10 . The rent 10 and the reactor gas rooms are also called reactor zones in the following. The corresponding air discharge is carried out with the control valve R17 open via a fan V3 connected in series with the two fans V1 and V2. The blown-out air is passed through a biofilter B.

In the channel K1 behind the heat exchanger W2, a temperature sensor T _is assigned, which measures the temperature of the air supplied. Its output data are fed to a process computer (not shown) for electronically controlling the composting process.

A sensor O₂ for determining the O₂ content is arranged below the control valve R16 in the channel K1. Its output values are also fed to the process computer. The channel K1 branches into a channel K2, in which the fan V2 is arranged. A sensor VL2, which measures the air volume, is arranged in front of the fan V2. Its output value is in turn fed to the process computer. The fan V2 is followed by a further sensor P2 which measures the flow pressure. Channel K2 opens into the reactor zone above rent 10 . It contains, downstream of the valve V2, a control valve R4 which can be controlled by the process computer. Fan V2 can also be controlled by the process computer. Immediately before the channel K2 opens into the gas space above the rent 10 , a further temperature sensor T2 is arranged, the output signal of which in turn is fed to the process computer.

The upper reactor zone opens into a channel K5, which is equipped with a temperature sensor Tab. Its measured values are in turn fed to the process computer. The free flow cross section of the channel K5 is controlled by the control valve R5. The channel K5 is finally fed via the heat exchanger W1 to a branch point from which the channels K7 and K8 branch off. Channel K7 is returned to channel 1 via a control valve R7 which can be controlled by the process computer. The free flow cross section of the channel K8 is set by a further control valve R17. The control valve R17 is followed by a pressure sensor P8, which is followed by the fan V3. The V3 fan blows the exhaust air into the open via the B biofilter.

Directly upstream of the heat exchanger W1 are a further pressure sensor P4, an air quantity sensor VL _total and an NH₃ sensor NH₃. The output values of these sensors are also fed to the process computer.

In front of the latter sensors branches off from channel K5 Channel K52 from which already has a control valve R6 with the called channel K2 is connected.

The channel K1 is continued beyond its branch line leading to the fan V2, namely to the ventila tor V1. Between the fans V2 and V1 there is a control valve R3 in channel K1 - again controllable by the process computer. Immediately in front of the fan V1, an air volume sensor VL1 measures the air volume flowing to the fan V1. The fan V1 blows air via the channel K3 into the reactor gas space below the rent 10 . A pressure sensor P1 is in turn connected downstream of the fan V1, specifically before a branch line K23, which connects the channel K2 to the channel K3 via a control valve R2. A temperature sensor T1 is arranged immediately before the mouth of the channel K3 into the reactor zone below the rent 10 .

A pressure sensor P3 measures the pressure in the gas space below the rent 10 . The gas spaces below and above the rent 10 are connected to one another via a channel K4. A control valve R1 controls the free flow cross section in channel K4.

Finally, several temperature sensors T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 are arranged in the rent 10 .

In combination with the other control valves, the control valve R1 enables in particular the gas, in particular air-flow variants shown in Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 under Examples 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the control valves are process computer controlled and the output data of all measuring devices are fed to the process computer. The outputs of the 3 fans V1, V2 and V3 are also process computer controlled.

The illustrated embodiment illustrates the immense diversity of the flow that can be achieved with it variants with the help of only two fans and the genann control valves. First the variety of flow variants enables the Pro to be cut precisely and delicately parameters on the desired microbial Material turnover, d. H. the adaptation of the process parameters to the desired microflora. This is the only way biolo be acted on the metabolic effect.

Overall, a recirculation system for closed rottesy represented systems in which the flow parameters and the flow guidance to the purposes of a defined bio chemical process control are sensitive adaptable. By this adjustment can be made variable in process control become. Dormant or mixed rents can over-, be flowed through or around. All combinations of these Flow variants are possible. Overall, compliance with the desired climatic and milieu conditions, to control and close the microbial metabolism sensitively regulate.

In order to be able to combine the performance of the two fans V1, V2, the combination of the underflow with the overflow through the channel K4 with built-in control valve R1 is a problem solution which has considerable advantages over the prior art. It serves in particular the flow variants shown in Figs. 4.1 to 4.2 under 1, 3, 5 and 8.

In contrast, the document mentioned at the beginning describes GRABBE (WO 92/07807) a relatively simple duct equipment with restriction of the gas routing variants. First the Channel networking with the corresponding control valves enables networking of fan outputs and gas stream. This is done by hand or computer-aided loosely adjustable control valve R1 of great importance. There by fine-tuning the bioprocess management in Previously unknown quality possible.

Fig. 2.2 shows a schematic of another exemplary embodiment of the invention. This embodiment takes over the fans V1 and V2, the control valves R1, R2, R4, and R5, the conduits K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 as well as the reactor zones of the previous embodiment (see Fig. 2.1). However, it supplements that with the control valves R8, R9, R10, R11, R12 and R14, the conduits K6 and K10, as well as the air conditioning 11 . The exact arrangement of the aforementioned elements can be seen in Fig. 2.2, to which we hereby expressly refer. Thereafter, any combination of the following gas flow types can be selected in the ventilation system for closed reactors: flow through, flow above, flow below and around the rent 10 . This is done by optionally combining the control valves to different control systems with at least one running fan. In this case, R2 R4 R5 R8 R9, R10, R11, R12, R13 permits the optional combination of the set in Fig. 2.2 Darge control valves R1,,,,,, and R14 the setting or stepless regulation of the flow variants. In particular, the flow variants shown in Fig. 4.1 to 4.3 under example 1-15 (without the flow variants 10 , 11 , 14 , and 15 ) can be represented with only one fan and one control system.

Fig. 3.1 shows a schematic of another exemplary embodiment of the invention. According to this, the air recirculation system (see Fig. 2.1 and 2.2) can not only be used for a single reactor to condition the air circulation, but also enables the air conditioning of several separate reactors, also rotting boxes RX1, RX2,. . . Called RXN. This is tors by coupling the Zuluftführungen of each reac with a central ventilation device 11, 12 _to reach reactor 13 via constant control valves _to R1 to RN2. The control valve R1 _is constantly assigned to the Rottebox RX1, the control valve R2 _is constantly assigned to the Rottebox RX2, etc.

According to Fig. 3.1, the composting plant has several separate reactors, rotting boxes RX1, RX2, RXN, each of which has inlet and outlet lines L1 _in , L1 _in , L2 _in , L2 _in , LN _in , LN _in with the central ventilation device 11 , 12 , 13 are connected. The central ventilation device has a circulating air conditioning 11 , which is connected via a duct K11 to a main fan 12 . The main fan 12 is connected via a channel K12 to a controllable main control valve 13 . The main control valve 13 is finally connected via a channel K13 to the recirculation 11 . The air conditioning 11 , the main fan 12 and the main control valve 13 are connected in series. Together with the ducts K11 to K13, these devices form a circulating air loop.

The lines L1 _to LN to branch _to the channel, and K12 füh are among the respective composting boxes RX1, RX2, RXN. Lines L1ab to LNab connect the rotting boxes RX1, RX2, RXN to channel K13. Each of the lines L1 _zu to LN _zu contains a controllable control valve R1 _zu , R2 _zu or R3 _zu . The air conditioning 11 , the duct K11, the main fan 12 , the duct K12 and each of the supply and discharge lines L1 _ab to LN _ab thus also form a branch loop together with the rotting box.

Fig. 3.2 shows the flow diagram of a single reactor from the exemplary embodiment of the invention from Fig. 3.1. Each individual reactor then has its own controllable fresh air supply LF, RF16 and at least one fan, with which a reactor-specific recirculation and control of the air flow variants as well as a coupling of the running system to the recirculation system via the recirculation connection lines L1 _to , L1 _off ) and Control valves R15, R7 is controllable.

Representing all individual reactors, the Rottebox RX1 is shown with an individually associated air duct system. The rent in Rottebox 1 again has the reference number 10 .

The individual air recirculation system for the Rottebox RX1 has the fresh air supply line LF, which supplies fresh air via an RF16 control valve. The line LF divides after the control valve RF16 into a branch line K3 with built-in fan V1 and a downstream control valve R11. The conduit leads _to K3 in the feed line L1, which opens below the rent 10 in the rotting box RX1. The conduit connects via the control valve K4 R1 the gas spaces above and below the rent 10, on which the Zuführlei tung L1 _to the opposite end of the rotting box RX1. At which the opposite end of the line K4 Rottebox RX1, so the same end, in which the supply line L1 _to an opens, the line K2 from the gas space above the rent 10 from the rotting box RX1 out leads. This line K2 is fed back via the further controllable valve R3 and the line K1 to the line K3, specifically at a point between the control valve RF16 and the fan V1. The connections just described represent a first air circulation loop for the Rottebox RX1.

The line K2 branches between the RX1 Rottebox and Re gelventil R3 in the line L1 _ab ab, via a control valve wei teres R15. In addition, the lines K3 and K2 are connected to one another via a further control valve R2 and a line K23, directly in front of the rotting box RX1. The K5 line connecting _from the reactor zone above the rent 10 with the exhaust pipe L1 via the control valve R5. The line K5 starts from that end of the rotting box RX1 which is directly adjacent to the line K4. It opens into the line L1 _from behind the control valve R15.

This type of air duct optionally enables an overflow, an underflow, a flow and / or a flow through the rent 10 , in principle in the same way as in the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 2.1 and 2.2.

Figs. 4.1 to 4.3 illustrate the various types and variants of air flow according to the invention, the respective position of the valves and the switching status of the fans being shown in Fig. 5.

Examples 1.) / 2.)

Flow through the rent 10 from bottom to top or from top to bottom.

In the case of flow from bottom to top (example 1, Fig. 4.1), fan V2 is switched off and control valves R2, R4, R5, R8, R9 and R13 are closed. The control valves R10, R11, R12 and R14 are opened. For amplification, the (for example weaker) fan V2 can be switched on in series and the control valves R2 and R13 can be opened. The position of the control valves and fans of Example 2 in Fig. 4.1 are given in Fig. 5.

Examples 3.) / 4.)

Flow around the rent 10 from bottom to top or from top to bottom.

In the case of flow from bottom to top (example 3, Fig. 4.1) only fan V1 runs and the control valves R5, R8, R10, R11 and R12 are open; the control valves R2, R4, R9, R13 and R14, on the other hand, are closed (see Fig. 5).

If required, fan V2 can be switched on and control valves R2 and R13 opened. The connected fan V2 is then used to add the air quantities delivered in the various air routing variants. The position of the control valves and fans of Example 4 in Fig. 4.1 is also shown in Fig. 5.

Example 5.)

Overflow and underflow of rent 10 . In the overflow and underflow of the rent 10 (example 5, Fig. 4.1), both fans V1 + V2 either work in parallel, or V2 is switched off. If only fan V1 is used, the control valves R2, R4, R8, R10, R11, R12 and R14 are open and the control valves R5, R9 and R13 are closed. In this flow variant, the rent 10 is exposed to the same effect on both sides (top and bottom) as in the variant according to Example 6, Fig. 4.2, ie the pure overflow, which acts only on one side.

Examples 6.) / 7.)

Overflow or underflow of rent 10 . For the purpose of overflow (example 6, Fig. 4.2), the air is led over the rent 10 . In this case, fan V1 or V2 is running. If fan V2 is running, control valves R1 and R2 are closed; the control valves R4, R12 and R14, however, open. A laminar air flow gently dissipates heat and exhaust gases. It also leads to a slight suction of the gases from the rent 10 into the overflowing air. The position of the control valves and fans of Example 7 in Fig. 4.1 are given in Fig. 5.

Examples 8.) / 9.)

Flow from bottom to top and Overflow or flow of up down and undercurrent.

In order to combine the overflow with a throughflow (example 8, Fig. 4.2), the fan V1 runs and the control valves R2, R4, R10, R11, R12 and R14 are open (see Fig. 5). . The valves R5, R8, R9 and R13 are closed. The advantages of this flow variant are described in detail in DE 40 34 400 A1 and the corresponding WO92 / 07807 - GRABBE -. To avoid repetition, express reference is made to the content of the document mentioned. The position of the control valves and fans of Example 9 in Fig. 4.1 are given in Fig. 5.

Examples 10.) / 11.)

Like examples 8.) / 9.), However with at least two fans.

Here too, reference is made to Fig. 5.

Examples 12.) / 13.)

Flow from bottom to top and simultaneous flow from below upward or flow from top to bottom below and simultaneous flow from top to bottom.

With this flow variant, the control of valves R8 and / or R1 (see Fig. 2.2) and valves R12 and / or R1 in conjunction with R14 allows the continuous change from a pure flow to a mixed form between flow and flow. Furthermore, by additional control of the valves R2, R10, and R4, it is possible to switch continuously between the flow patterns of Examples 12 and 13. This flow change corresponds to a reversal of the flow (see Fig. 5, flow variants 12 and 13 ).

Examples 14.) / 15.)

Like Examples 1.) / 2.), But with at least two fans.

By regulating the valve position and / or by introducing flow obstacles, the proportions of laminar and / or turbulent flow can be set in all flow guides and thus produce a differentiated and selective effect on the upper and lower surfaces of the rent ( 10 ).

Claims (50)

1. Process for biological treatment, in particular composting of biogenic and abiogenic substances and / or mixtures in a rent ( 10 ) in the presence of biologically active components, in particular microorganisms, in a closed reactor (RX1 to RXN) with several reactor zones, namely the rent ( 10 ) itself and at least one reactor gas space adjacent to the rent ( 10 ), in which method milieu conditions, milieu state changes and / or process parameters in the rent ( 10 ) by means of stationary, quasi-stationary and / or unsteady operation of the reactor (RX1 to RXN) can be set, adhered to, controlled or regulated, hereinafter referred to as regulated together. 2. The method according to claim 1, in which at least two reactor zones, in particular the rent ( 10 ) and one of the reactor zones adjoining them, are coupled to one another via gas, in particular air streams. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the Reactor operation by one or more stationary, quasi-stationary and / or non-stationary gas flows me is regulated. 4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, in which at least one or more gas flows are selected from the following gas flow types: through, over, under and flow around the rent ( 10 ). 5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, in which chem at least two different gas flows types can be combined with each other and in particular especially the volume, pressure, temperature and / or Ge speed ratios of the gas flow types stu be regulated without a window. 6. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 5, in which chem the flow directions of the gas flow types reversed at least once during treatment become. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the flow directions of gas flow types periodically alternate reversing alternating aperiodically. 8. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 7, in which chem the gas flow types laminar and / or turbulent be performed. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein between one laminar and a turbulent flow peri alternating or alternating aperiodically is alternated. 10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the laminar gas flow by introducing flow obstacles and / or alternating steles lungs of control valves (R1, R2, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R12) is converted into a turbulent gas flow. 11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, at which, for the stepless adjustment of the gas flows and of the relationships of the gas flows to one another directions, especially control valves (R1 to R17) and / or controllable fans (V1, V2, V3) in Re gel systems can be used.   The method of claim 11, wherein the rule is Manual, program-controlled directions depending on the process and / or controlled by a computer. 13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the temperature of the reactor air and / or that of the rent ( 10 ) is selected as a controlled variable and controlled depending on the process. 14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which temperature differences in the rent ( 10 ) and / or the state variables of the gas flows and / or the air (temperature, humidity, O₂ - CO₂ ratio, gas pressure, flow rate and / or throughput volume) can be used as control variables. 15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, which, the gas flow system as a closed air recirculation system with or without fresh air supply becomes. 16. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, at which, the gas in the gas flow system is conditioned. 17. The method according to any one of claims 15 and 16, which has a defined relationship between and fresh air by a correct for fresh air supply the corresponding circulating air discharge is set. 18. The method according to any one of claims 16 or 17, which the conditioning of the flowing gas in known way by adjusting temperature, Pressure and ingredients, especially the content Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and Water takes place.   19. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the lease ( 10 ) is mechanically treated with a transfer device. 20. Device for biological treatment, in particular composting of biogenic and abiogenic substances and / or mixtures in a rent ( 10 ) in the presence of biologically active components, in particular microorganisms, with

• a) a closed reactor (RX1 to RXN) with several reactor zones, namely the lease ( 10 ) itself and at least one reactor gas space adjoining the lease ( 10 ); and
• b) means (V1 to V3, R1 to R17, RF16, LF, L1zu to LNzu, L1ab to LNab, K1 to K13, 10 to 13) for setting, maintaining, controlling or regulating, hereinafter referred to as common regulating means, the milieu conditions, Milieu state change and / or process parameters in the rent ( 10 ) by means of a stationary, quasi-stationary and / or transient operation of the reactor (RX1 to RXN).

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the regulating means have gas, in particular air flow spaces for coupling at least two reactor zones, in particular the rent ( 10 ) and a further reactor zone adjoining the rent ( 10 ). 22. The apparatus of claim 20 or 21, in which the Regulation means for stationary, quasi-stationary and / or unsteady guidance of the gas streams in the reak door operation are designed. 23. The apparatus of claim 21 or 22, in which the regulating means for through, over, under and / or flow around the rent ( 10 ), hereinafter referred to as gas flow types, are designed. 24. The device according to any one of claims 21 to 23, in which the regulating means for combining at least two different types of gas flow and in particular especially for the continuous regulation of volume, Pressure, temperature and / or speed ratio niche of the gas flow types are designed. 25. The device according to any one of claims 21 to 24, in which the regulating means for at least one reversal the flow directions of the gas flow types sets are. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, in which the regulator means for periodically alternating or aperiodic alternating direction reversal of the gas flow types are designed. 27. The device according to one of claims 21 to 26, in which is the regulating means for laminar and / or turbulent guidance of the gas flow types are. 28. The apparatus of claim 27, in which the regulators means for a periodically alternating or aperitif or alternating alternation between a laminar and a turbulent flow are designed. 29. The apparatus of claim 27 or 28, in which the Control valve (R1, R2, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R12) and / or displaceable flow obstacles have and for an alternating change of Positions of the control valves or the flow restrictors nisse are designed.   30. Device according to one of claims 24 to 29, in which the regulation means infinitely adjustable Fans (V1, V2, V3) and control valves (R1 to R17) in control systems. 31. The apparatus of claim 30, in which the ventila Depending on the process, manual, program-controlled and / or can be controlled by computer. 32. Device according to one of claims 20 to 31, in which the regulating means have measuring devices (T1 to T10, tab) for detecting the temperature of the reactor air and / or the rent ( 10 ), preferably in conjunction with setpoint transmitters, comparators and regulators process-dependent control or regulation of the temperature of the reactor air and / or the rent ( 10 ). 33. Device according to one of claims 20 to 32, in which the regulating means measuring devices for determining the temperature differences in the rent and / or for determining the state variables of the gas flows and / or the exhaust air (temperature, humidity, O₂ / CO₂ ratio, Have gas pressure, flow rate and / or throughput volume), especially in conjunction with setpoint generators, comparators and controllers for controlling or regulating the temperature differences in the rent ( 10 ) and / or the state variables of the gas flows and / or the exhaust air. 34. Device according to one of claims 20 to 33, in which is the regulating means for guiding the gas flow as a closed air circulation system with or without fresh air supply are designed.   35. Device according to one of claims 20 to 34, with a conditioning device for conditioning the Gas flows. 36. Apparatus according to claim 34 or 35, in which the Regulating means regulating valves (R16, R17) for defi setting of the relationship between fresh have air intake and exhaust air discharge. 37. Apparatus according to claim 35 or 36, in which the Conditioning device for conditioning the flow menden gas means for adjusting temperature, Pressure and ingredients, especially the content Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and Has water. 38. Device according to one of claims 20 to 37 with a conversion device for mechanical implementation of the rent ( 10 ). 39. Apparatus according to claim 34 or one of claims 35 to 38, which refers back to claim 34, having a plurality of separate reactors (RX1, RX2,... RXN), in which the air circulation system is designed as a regulated central ventilation device ( 11 , 12 , 13 ) and has at least one or more devices ( Fig. 3.1, 3.2), preferably assigned to all reactors, for reactor-independent and individual adjustment of the process parameters determining the microbial metabolism. 40. Device according to claim 30, in which the reactors RX1 to RXN can be connected to the central ventilation device ( 11 , 12 , 13 ) optionally, preferably via control valves (R1zu... RNzu). 41. Apparatus according to claim 39 or 40, in which the Reactors (RX1 to RXN) each with their own right gellable fresh air supply (LF, RF16) are. 42. Device according to one of claims 20 to 41, in which the reactor (RX1 to RXN) each has an upper half and below the rent ( 10 ) adjoining reactor zone, the reactor zones adjoining the rent ( 10 ) each via gas flow lines and control valves (R1, R2, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R12) arranged therein can be connected to one another. 43. The apparatus of claim 42, in which the gas streams Power lines and control valves in groups of mirrors are arranged symmetrically to the reactor (RX1 to RXN). 44. Device according to one of claims 42 and 43, in which the above and below the rent ( 10 ) lying reactor zones on both sides of the reactor are each connected via a gas flow line, each having a first control valve (R1, R2) . 45. Apparatus according to claim 44, in which to both Sides of the first control valves (R1 and R2) each second control valve (R4, R8, R10, R12) in the Gas flow line is arranged. 46. Apparatus according to claim 45, in which at least a fan (V1, V2) via a fan connected downstream third control valve (R11, R13) with one between the first and second control valve (R2, R4; R2, R10) lying point of the gas flow line connected is.   47. Apparatus according to claim 46, in which the gas flow line (K4), which connects the ends of the reactor zones facing away from the fans (V1, V2) above and below the rent ( 10 ), connects to one another between their first and second rule valves (R1, R8; R1, R12) has a branch for the air recirculation line (K6). 48. Device according to one of claims 42 to 47, in which the air recirculation line (K6) branches into two further lines, namely one opening into the device ( 11 ) for air conditioning conditioning (K5) and one opening into the reactor (RX1 to RXN) Line (K52). 49. Apparatus according to claim 48, in which the in the Reactor (RX1 to RXN) leading line (K52) in two further, each with a fourth control valve (R5, R9) equipped branch lines (K10o, K10u) ver branches, one of which is in the upper reactor ne and the other opens into the lower reactor zone. 50. Device according to one of claims 47 to 49, in which the recirculation line (K6) with a fifth Re gel valve (R14) is fitted.