CA1219549A - Cutting tool and method of manufacture thereof - Google Patents
Cutting tool and method of manufacture thereofInfo
- Publication number
- CA1219549A CA1219549A CA000445276A CA445276A CA1219549A CA 1219549 A CA1219549 A CA 1219549A CA 000445276 A CA000445276 A CA 000445276A CA 445276 A CA445276 A CA 445276A CA 1219549 A CA1219549 A CA 1219549A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- base
- metal
- working surface
- coat
- tool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
- B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
- B23B27/141—Specially shaped plate-like cutting inserts, i.e. length greater or equal to width, width greater than or equal to thickness
- B23B27/145—Specially shaped plate-like cutting inserts, i.e. length greater or equal to width, width greater than or equal to thickness characterised by having a special shape
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
- B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
- B23B27/148—Composition of the cutting inserts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/0021—Reactive sputtering or evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A cutting tool comprises a base having a coat including a refractory microcrystal compound comprising a metal and elements of the C, N, O, B, Si group, said coat being formed by heating the base with metal-ion bombardment and simultaneously intro-ducing a gas reagent containing elements of the C, N, O, B, Si group. The base is heated to a point not less than 100°C. below its softening temperature and maintained within the range from said tempera-ture to +50°C. A maximum number of the micro-crystals is oriented parallel to the base in the same crystallographic plane at a gas-reagent pres-sure being kept in the range from 13.33 to 1.33-10-2Pa.
Description
95~9 Ihe present invention relates to metal working and, in particular, to cutting tools and methods of manufacture thereof.
T~e invention may be used for making cutting tools from various tool materials.
One of the modern trends in developing metal wor-king techniques is improvement of operating characteris-tics of cutting tools by applying wear-resistant coats to their surfaces.
Hitherto much attention has been paid to refining tool characteristics by choosing a proper chemical com-position of coatings to suit particular operating condi-tions. However, the tool characteristics may also be refined by improving the structure of coatings.
There is known a cutting tool comprising a base made of hard alloys and having a wear-resistant coat ~ composed of microcrystals of a refractory compound in-; cluding metals and elements of the C, N and/or B group.
In such a cutting tool a wear-resistant coat includes metals from the Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta group.
There is also known a method of manufacturing a cutting tool (cf. UK accepted application no.l,303,910, Cl. C23C 11/08, Jan.l, 1973 published Jan. 24,-1973) comprising the steps of heating a base to a temperature of 1,000 to 1,100C introducing reagents containing metals and elements from the C, N, B group, and forming a coat on the surface of said cutting tool, said ..~.~
'. ` .
5~
coat including microcrystal3 of a refractory Metal compound, the coat being obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between reagents containing components thereof.
liowever, the foregoing cutting tools manufactured by the above method have high surface energy, a factor leading to its active adhesive and diffusive interaction with a material being machined.
Also known in the art i9 a cutting tool comprising a base who~e working surface i~ provided vlith a wear-resistant coat including microcrystals of a refractory metal compound comprising elements of the C, N, 0, B group.
There i6 also known a method of manufacturing a cutting tool comprising the steps of evaporating and ionizing metal in a vacuum environment, and subsequently introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment, the gas reagent contai-ning elements C, N, 0, B the final step being formation of a wear-resistant coat as a result of interaction between said metal and said elements. In this method metals are evapora-ted by an electron beam, using a special purpose electroe'e for their ionization, metals interacting with the elements from the C, N, 0, B group on a cool surface.
But the temperature conditions during coating application in this method of manufacturing cutting tools result in absor-btion of energy of interacting metals and elements from the C, N, 0, 3 group by the cool base which in turn results in formation of a coating having a high level of free surface energy and impair~ durability of cutting tools.
In addition, thi~ method oP manufacturin~, cutting tools employs the steps of evaporation and ioni~ation of metals without reaching a suitably high level of their ionization which also leads to formation of a coating having a high level of free surface energy, a factor already mentioned above as detrimental to durability of cutting tools.
Known in the art is another method of manufacturing cutting tools (cf., for example, thesis by S.V~ Kasianov, Inve~tigation of Cutting Properties of Tools Having Wear-Re-sistant Coatings and ~evelopment Trends in the Field, Il:osco~q, 1979, Moskovsky Stanko-Ins-trumentalny Institut, p.50, in Rus-sian) comprising the steps of evaporation and ionization of at least one metal in a vacuum environment, heating the base of the cutting tool and cleaning the working surface thereof by bombardment by ions of at least one metal, subsequent introduction of a gas reagent into the vacuum environment and interaction of at lsast one metal .with at least one ele-ment until a ~ear-resistant coating is formed.
But even this method of manufacturing cutting tools cannot help achieve ~he minimum working surface free energy, a disadvanta~e causing intensive diffusive and adhesive in-teraction of the working surface and the material being machined which in turn reduces durability of the prior art cutting tools.
It is an object of the present invention to provide cutting tools having higher durability.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method of manufacturing such cutting tools having higher durability.
.
~L23L9S~
There is provided a cutting tool comprising a base whose working surface has a wear-resistant coa-ting lncluding microcrystals of a refractory com-pound comprising at least one metal and at least one element from the C, N, O, B group, in which, accor-ding -to the invention, a maximum number of micro-crystals of the refractory compound comprising at least one metal and a-t least one element from the C, N, O, B group, and additionally Si, is oriented ]0 in parallel to -the working surface of the base in the same crystallographic plane.
It is advantageous that in the cutting tool according to the invention the crystallographic plane in which said microcrystals are oriented should have minimum surface energy.
There is also provided a method of manu-facturing the proposed cutting -tool, comprising the steps of evaporating and ionizing at least one metal in a vacuum environment, heating a base of said cut-ting tool and cleaning its working surface by bom-bardment by ions of at least one metal, and subse-quently introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment, and interacting of at least one metal with at least one element to form a wear-resistant coat made of their compound and comprising micro-crystals, in which, according to the invention, the base of the cutting tool is heated to a temperature not less than 100C. below its softening temperature, ..
~2~ 9 - 4a -a heating tempera-ture of the base during coa-t forma-tion being maintained within the range of from .said temperature of the base and +50C., and -the gas-reagent pressure kept in the range from 13.33 to --21.33.10 Pa.
In compliance with the invention inter-molecular interaction between the cutting tool and a material being machined r; - ;3 ~ "
9~ 9 is minimized, an ac'vantage ~ecreasing intonsity of adhesi~e, c!~lcmical and diffusive processes occurring betw~en the cut-ting tool and the material being machined, which, in turn, enhances durability of the cutting tool forming the subject of the invention.
The invention ~Nill now be described further with reference to a specific embodiment thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings ~herein:
The other objects and advantages of the present invention ~rill become apparent from the discussion of a specific embodi-ment thereof 9 taken in conjunction with the accompanying dra-~ings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a general view of a cutting tool manufactured in accordance with the proposed method (a partial cut-a~lay view);
~ IGURE 2 is a general view of the cutting tool of FIGU-RE 1 with crystallographic planes of microcrystals having minimum surface energy according to the invention (a partial cut-away view).
Refe~ring ~o the drawings the cutting tool forming the subject of the in~ention comprises a base 1 (FIG. 1) whose orking surface 2 has a coat 3 formed by a TiN compound.
FIGURE 1 is an enlarged sc.^ematic view of TiN microcrys-tals oriented by similar crystallographic planes 4 parallel o the base 1.
FIGURE 2 is an enlarged schematic view of the TiN micro-crystals oriented by a crystallographic plane 5 having min-' F:Um surfase energy parallel to the base 1-~
~L2~
The proposed method of manufacturing -the cutting -tool in compliance with the invention com-prises the steps of evaporating and ionizing at least one metal in a vacuum environment. Thereafter the base of the cut-ting tool is heated, and its working surface is cleaned by metal-ion bombardment. The base of the cu-tting tool is heated -to a temperature which is not less than 100C. below its softening temperature. The heating temperature of the base during coat formation is main-tained within the range from this temperature to +50C. Next, there is introduced a gas reagent comprising elements C, N, O, B, Si, its pressure being adjusted in the range from 13.33 to 1.33-10 2Pa, the following step being interaction between at leas-t one metal and at least one element from the C, N, O, B, Si group, which results in foxmation of a wear-resistan-t coat inclu-ding microcrystals of a refractory compound compris-ing at least one metal and at least one element from the group C, N, O, B, Si, said microcrystals being oriented by the same crystallographic plane parallel to the working surface of the base.
The cutting tool forming the subject of the invention operates in the following manner.
During metal-working procedures, the wear-resistant coat 3 (FIGS. 1, 2) interacts with a metal workpiece under high temperature and pressure conditions occurring in the cutting zone. Orientation 3L2~
- 6a -of a maximum number of microcrys-tals by the same crystallographic plane 4 parallel to the working sur-face 2 of the base 1 permits decreasing free energy of the working surface 2 of the base 1, a feature reducing in-~' tensity of intermolecular interaction betvJeen the YJorking surface 2 and the material bein~ machined.
~ hen the crystallographic plane 5 (FIG. 2), ~/herein said microcrystals are oriented, ha~ minimum surface energy, intermolecular interaction is minimized, a advantage increa-sing still further durability of the cutting tool. Examples belov~ are given to enable better understanding of the pre-sent invention.
Example 1 There were provided drills, dia, 5 mm, and specimens for an X-ray diffraction analysis of a steel coating having the following composition:
... . _ _ . . _ . _ C Cr W V 2ilo ~e 0.85 3.6 6.o 2.0 500 The balarr ., _ _ , , . . . _ _ The steel tempering temperature was 560C.
The drills and the specimen to be subjected to an X-ray di~fraction analysis were cleaned of contamination, placed in special containers and simultaneously immersed in a va-cuum chamber in which a titanium cathode was installed. A va-cuum of 6,65-10 3 Pa was created in the chamber Y~hereupon an electric arc was initiated. Thus, the titanium was evaporated and ionized.
The drills and the specimen subjeGted to zn X-ray diffrac-tion analysis were fed ith a negative voltage accelerating positively charged titanium ions. Bombardment of the ~orkin&
.
5~L~
surface of the drills and specimen with titanium iona vJas used to clean their ~urfaces and heat the base. Then the voltage applied to the drills and the specimen wa~ decre-ased. Simultaneou~ly nitrogen was introduced into the cham-ber. Said nitrogen reacted ~ith the -titanium, thereby for-ming a coat of a refractory compound (TiN) comprising mic-rocry~tals. The coat of TiN was applied to the working sur-face of the drills and to the surface of the test specimen under different heating conditions thereof and at different nitrogen pressures.
A new set of drills and a new test specimen were used in each test mode. The degree of orientation of the microcrys-tals of the refractory TiN compound was evaluated by perfor-ming an X-ray diffraction analysis of the test specimen with respect to the height of the diffraction peak of ~-radiation from the crystallographic plane 4 (5) of a micro-crystal having~minimum surface energy. The maximum height of the diffraction peak of X-radiation from the plane 4 (5) in the given aeries of experiments was taken to be lOO~o. In other experiment3, the above height was used for referenca in evaluating the height of diffraction peaks in said plane containing the TiN microcrystals.
Five drills of each lot of finished articles having a coat of a refractory TiN compound were tested in drilling holes, 15 mm deep, in steel having the following composition:
0.42-0.49 Balance ~L~195~
-- g 1~ vert,ical drilling machine was u~ed under tho follo~ing operating conditions:
speed, 45 m/min;
feed, 0.13 mm.
The table below give~ the results obtained in testing lots of drills and specimens subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysis, which were manufactured under nine different ope-rating conditions. The test results sho~ that the highest durability of the drills was obtained under the following conditions: a drill-base heating temperature of 500 to 550C
before introduction of nitrogen; a nitrogen pressure of 1~19 Pa; and a drill-heating temperature of ~50 to 500C at the time titanium reacts with nitrogen. The highest durabi-lity was obtained in the case of drills having a coat of a refractory TiN compound including microcrystals~ a maximum number of which vJas oriented parallel to the working ~urface of the base by the plane 4 (53.
Example 2 There were manufactured drills, dia. 5 mm, and specinens to be subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysisO The hard alloy used had the follo~ling composition:
WC Co 92~ Balance ~ he softenin~ temperature was t = 700-720C.
The drills and the specimen to be subjected to an ~-ray diffraction analysis were simultaneously loaded into a 7a-cuum chamber containing a cathode made of an alloy which ~ ~9 ~ ~ ~
was 50/o Ti and 50~ Hf. The coat was applied in rnuch the same manner as in Exa~nple 1, the sole differenoe being that the cathode installed in the chamber was 50~ Ti and 505~0 Hf.
The surfaces of the drills and the test 6pecimens were coa-ted with a refractory compound (Ti, Hf) N under different heating conditions thereof and at different nitrogen pressu-res. The degree of orientation of microcrystals of the ài-fficulty fusible compound was evaluated as in ~xample 1.
~ ive drills of each lot of` finished articles having a coat of the refractory compourd (Ti, ~'f) ~ were tested by drilline holes in graphite with a vertical drilling machine under the follo;ing cutting con~itions:
speed, 68 m/min;
feed, 0.18 mm/r;
hole depth, 16 mm.
The table below give8 the results obtained in testing tha drills and specimens subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysis under different operating conditions. The test re-sults shov/ that the highest durability of the drills vas obtained under the following con~itions: a hard-alloy base heating temperature of 600 to 700C before introduction of nitrogen; a nitrogen pressure of 6.65-10 lPa; and a hard-alloy base heating temperature of 100 to 600C at the time the coat v~as applied The highest durability was obtained in the case of drills having a coat oI a refractory compound (Ti, Hf) N, that included microcrystals, a maximum nuLnber of which was oriente~ parallel to the v~orkin~ surface of the base b~ the plane 4(5) havi~g minimum surface energy~
-- 11 ~
Table . . . . . , _ . . . . . .
No. Tool metalion coat forma-bombardment tion (C) (C) 1. Steel drill~ 500 400 coated with TiN
refractory com- 500 400 pound 500 400
T~e invention may be used for making cutting tools from various tool materials.
One of the modern trends in developing metal wor-king techniques is improvement of operating characteris-tics of cutting tools by applying wear-resistant coats to their surfaces.
Hitherto much attention has been paid to refining tool characteristics by choosing a proper chemical com-position of coatings to suit particular operating condi-tions. However, the tool characteristics may also be refined by improving the structure of coatings.
There is known a cutting tool comprising a base made of hard alloys and having a wear-resistant coat ~ composed of microcrystals of a refractory compound in-; cluding metals and elements of the C, N and/or B group.
In such a cutting tool a wear-resistant coat includes metals from the Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta group.
There is also known a method of manufacturing a cutting tool (cf. UK accepted application no.l,303,910, Cl. C23C 11/08, Jan.l, 1973 published Jan. 24,-1973) comprising the steps of heating a base to a temperature of 1,000 to 1,100C introducing reagents containing metals and elements from the C, N, B group, and forming a coat on the surface of said cutting tool, said ..~.~
'. ` .
5~
coat including microcrystal3 of a refractory Metal compound, the coat being obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between reagents containing components thereof.
liowever, the foregoing cutting tools manufactured by the above method have high surface energy, a factor leading to its active adhesive and diffusive interaction with a material being machined.
Also known in the art i9 a cutting tool comprising a base who~e working surface i~ provided vlith a wear-resistant coat including microcrystals of a refractory metal compound comprising elements of the C, N, 0, B group.
There i6 also known a method of manufacturing a cutting tool comprising the steps of evaporating and ionizing metal in a vacuum environment, and subsequently introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment, the gas reagent contai-ning elements C, N, 0, B the final step being formation of a wear-resistant coat as a result of interaction between said metal and said elements. In this method metals are evapora-ted by an electron beam, using a special purpose electroe'e for their ionization, metals interacting with the elements from the C, N, 0, B group on a cool surface.
But the temperature conditions during coating application in this method of manufacturing cutting tools result in absor-btion of energy of interacting metals and elements from the C, N, 0, 3 group by the cool base which in turn results in formation of a coating having a high level of free surface energy and impair~ durability of cutting tools.
In addition, thi~ method oP manufacturin~, cutting tools employs the steps of evaporation and ioni~ation of metals without reaching a suitably high level of their ionization which also leads to formation of a coating having a high level of free surface energy, a factor already mentioned above as detrimental to durability of cutting tools.
Known in the art is another method of manufacturing cutting tools (cf., for example, thesis by S.V~ Kasianov, Inve~tigation of Cutting Properties of Tools Having Wear-Re-sistant Coatings and ~evelopment Trends in the Field, Il:osco~q, 1979, Moskovsky Stanko-Ins-trumentalny Institut, p.50, in Rus-sian) comprising the steps of evaporation and ionization of at least one metal in a vacuum environment, heating the base of the cutting tool and cleaning the working surface thereof by bombardment by ions of at least one metal, subsequent introduction of a gas reagent into the vacuum environment and interaction of at lsast one metal .with at least one ele-ment until a ~ear-resistant coating is formed.
But even this method of manufacturing cutting tools cannot help achieve ~he minimum working surface free energy, a disadvanta~e causing intensive diffusive and adhesive in-teraction of the working surface and the material being machined which in turn reduces durability of the prior art cutting tools.
It is an object of the present invention to provide cutting tools having higher durability.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method of manufacturing such cutting tools having higher durability.
.
~L23L9S~
There is provided a cutting tool comprising a base whose working surface has a wear-resistant coa-ting lncluding microcrystals of a refractory com-pound comprising at least one metal and at least one element from the C, N, O, B group, in which, accor-ding -to the invention, a maximum number of micro-crystals of the refractory compound comprising at least one metal and a-t least one element from the C, N, O, B group, and additionally Si, is oriented ]0 in parallel to -the working surface of the base in the same crystallographic plane.
It is advantageous that in the cutting tool according to the invention the crystallographic plane in which said microcrystals are oriented should have minimum surface energy.
There is also provided a method of manu-facturing the proposed cutting -tool, comprising the steps of evaporating and ionizing at least one metal in a vacuum environment, heating a base of said cut-ting tool and cleaning its working surface by bom-bardment by ions of at least one metal, and subse-quently introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment, and interacting of at least one metal with at least one element to form a wear-resistant coat made of their compound and comprising micro-crystals, in which, according to the invention, the base of the cutting tool is heated to a temperature not less than 100C. below its softening temperature, ..
~2~ 9 - 4a -a heating tempera-ture of the base during coa-t forma-tion being maintained within the range of from .said temperature of the base and +50C., and -the gas-reagent pressure kept in the range from 13.33 to --21.33.10 Pa.
In compliance with the invention inter-molecular interaction between the cutting tool and a material being machined r; - ;3 ~ "
9~ 9 is minimized, an ac'vantage ~ecreasing intonsity of adhesi~e, c!~lcmical and diffusive processes occurring betw~en the cut-ting tool and the material being machined, which, in turn, enhances durability of the cutting tool forming the subject of the invention.
The invention ~Nill now be described further with reference to a specific embodiment thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings ~herein:
The other objects and advantages of the present invention ~rill become apparent from the discussion of a specific embodi-ment thereof 9 taken in conjunction with the accompanying dra-~ings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a general view of a cutting tool manufactured in accordance with the proposed method (a partial cut-a~lay view);
~ IGURE 2 is a general view of the cutting tool of FIGU-RE 1 with crystallographic planes of microcrystals having minimum surface energy according to the invention (a partial cut-away view).
Refe~ring ~o the drawings the cutting tool forming the subject of the in~ention comprises a base 1 (FIG. 1) whose orking surface 2 has a coat 3 formed by a TiN compound.
FIGURE 1 is an enlarged sc.^ematic view of TiN microcrys-tals oriented by similar crystallographic planes 4 parallel o the base 1.
FIGURE 2 is an enlarged schematic view of the TiN micro-crystals oriented by a crystallographic plane 5 having min-' F:Um surfase energy parallel to the base 1-~
~L2~
The proposed method of manufacturing -the cutting -tool in compliance with the invention com-prises the steps of evaporating and ionizing at least one metal in a vacuum environment. Thereafter the base of the cut-ting tool is heated, and its working surface is cleaned by metal-ion bombardment. The base of the cu-tting tool is heated -to a temperature which is not less than 100C. below its softening temperature. The heating temperature of the base during coat formation is main-tained within the range from this temperature to +50C. Next, there is introduced a gas reagent comprising elements C, N, O, B, Si, its pressure being adjusted in the range from 13.33 to 1.33-10 2Pa, the following step being interaction between at leas-t one metal and at least one element from the C, N, O, B, Si group, which results in foxmation of a wear-resistan-t coat inclu-ding microcrystals of a refractory compound compris-ing at least one metal and at least one element from the group C, N, O, B, Si, said microcrystals being oriented by the same crystallographic plane parallel to the working surface of the base.
The cutting tool forming the subject of the invention operates in the following manner.
During metal-working procedures, the wear-resistant coat 3 (FIGS. 1, 2) interacts with a metal workpiece under high temperature and pressure conditions occurring in the cutting zone. Orientation 3L2~
- 6a -of a maximum number of microcrys-tals by the same crystallographic plane 4 parallel to the working sur-face 2 of the base 1 permits decreasing free energy of the working surface 2 of the base 1, a feature reducing in-~' tensity of intermolecular interaction betvJeen the YJorking surface 2 and the material bein~ machined.
~ hen the crystallographic plane 5 (FIG. 2), ~/herein said microcrystals are oriented, ha~ minimum surface energy, intermolecular interaction is minimized, a advantage increa-sing still further durability of the cutting tool. Examples belov~ are given to enable better understanding of the pre-sent invention.
Example 1 There were provided drills, dia, 5 mm, and specimens for an X-ray diffraction analysis of a steel coating having the following composition:
... . _ _ . . _ . _ C Cr W V 2ilo ~e 0.85 3.6 6.o 2.0 500 The balarr ., _ _ , , . . . _ _ The steel tempering temperature was 560C.
The drills and the specimen to be subjected to an X-ray di~fraction analysis were cleaned of contamination, placed in special containers and simultaneously immersed in a va-cuum chamber in which a titanium cathode was installed. A va-cuum of 6,65-10 3 Pa was created in the chamber Y~hereupon an electric arc was initiated. Thus, the titanium was evaporated and ionized.
The drills and the specimen subjeGted to zn X-ray diffrac-tion analysis were fed ith a negative voltage accelerating positively charged titanium ions. Bombardment of the ~orkin&
.
5~L~
surface of the drills and specimen with titanium iona vJas used to clean their ~urfaces and heat the base. Then the voltage applied to the drills and the specimen wa~ decre-ased. Simultaneou~ly nitrogen was introduced into the cham-ber. Said nitrogen reacted ~ith the -titanium, thereby for-ming a coat of a refractory compound (TiN) comprising mic-rocry~tals. The coat of TiN was applied to the working sur-face of the drills and to the surface of the test specimen under different heating conditions thereof and at different nitrogen pressures.
A new set of drills and a new test specimen were used in each test mode. The degree of orientation of the microcrys-tals of the refractory TiN compound was evaluated by perfor-ming an X-ray diffraction analysis of the test specimen with respect to the height of the diffraction peak of ~-radiation from the crystallographic plane 4 (5) of a micro-crystal having~minimum surface energy. The maximum height of the diffraction peak of X-radiation from the plane 4 (5) in the given aeries of experiments was taken to be lOO~o. In other experiment3, the above height was used for referenca in evaluating the height of diffraction peaks in said plane containing the TiN microcrystals.
Five drills of each lot of finished articles having a coat of a refractory TiN compound were tested in drilling holes, 15 mm deep, in steel having the following composition:
0.42-0.49 Balance ~L~195~
-- g 1~ vert,ical drilling machine was u~ed under tho follo~ing operating conditions:
speed, 45 m/min;
feed, 0.13 mm.
The table below give~ the results obtained in testing lots of drills and specimens subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysis, which were manufactured under nine different ope-rating conditions. The test results sho~ that the highest durability of the drills was obtained under the following conditions: a drill-base heating temperature of 500 to 550C
before introduction of nitrogen; a nitrogen pressure of 1~19 Pa; and a drill-heating temperature of ~50 to 500C at the time titanium reacts with nitrogen. The highest durabi-lity was obtained in the case of drills having a coat of a refractory TiN compound including microcrystals~ a maximum number of which vJas oriented parallel to the working ~urface of the base by the plane 4 (53.
Example 2 There were manufactured drills, dia. 5 mm, and specinens to be subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysisO The hard alloy used had the follo~ling composition:
WC Co 92~ Balance ~ he softenin~ temperature was t = 700-720C.
The drills and the specimen to be subjected to an ~-ray diffraction analysis were simultaneously loaded into a 7a-cuum chamber containing a cathode made of an alloy which ~ ~9 ~ ~ ~
was 50/o Ti and 50~ Hf. The coat was applied in rnuch the same manner as in Exa~nple 1, the sole differenoe being that the cathode installed in the chamber was 50~ Ti and 505~0 Hf.
The surfaces of the drills and the test 6pecimens were coa-ted with a refractory compound (Ti, Hf) N under different heating conditions thereof and at different nitrogen pressu-res. The degree of orientation of microcrystals of the ài-fficulty fusible compound was evaluated as in ~xample 1.
~ ive drills of each lot of` finished articles having a coat of the refractory compourd (Ti, ~'f) ~ were tested by drilline holes in graphite with a vertical drilling machine under the follo;ing cutting con~itions:
speed, 68 m/min;
feed, 0.18 mm/r;
hole depth, 16 mm.
The table below give8 the results obtained in testing tha drills and specimens subjected to an X-ray diffraction analysis under different operating conditions. The test re-sults shov/ that the highest durability of the drills vas obtained under the following con~itions: a hard-alloy base heating temperature of 600 to 700C before introduction of nitrogen; a nitrogen pressure of 6.65-10 lPa; and a hard-alloy base heating temperature of 100 to 600C at the time the coat v~as applied The highest durability was obtained in the case of drills having a coat oI a refractory compound (Ti, Hf) N, that included microcrystals, a maximum nuLnber of which was oriente~ parallel to the v~orkin~ surface of the base b~ the plane 4(5) havi~g minimum surface energy~
-- 11 ~
Table . . . . . , _ . . . . . .
No. Tool metalion coat forma-bombardment tion (C) (C) 1. Steel drill~ 500 400 coated with TiN
refractory com- 500 400 pound 500 400
2. Hard-alloy drill3 650 600 coated with refrac-650- 600 ~tory compound,(TiHf)N. 650 600 :: 650 600 ~50 600 .
54~
Table continued No. Nitrogen pressure Intensity Te3t re- Durability (Pa) of diffrac- sults gain tion of X- (number factor -radiation o~
from micro- holes) crystal orientation plane 1. 1.33-10- ~ 40 450 1.0 2.66~10-2 6.65-10-2 60 650 1.44
54~
Table continued No. Nitrogen pressure Intensity Te3t re- Durability (Pa) of diffrac- sults gain tion of X- (number factor -radiation o~
from micro- holes) crystal orientation plane 1. 1.33-10- ~ 40 450 1.0 2.66~10-2 6.65-10-2 60 650 1.44
3.99,1o~2 gO 750 1.7 : 1.19 lG0 810 1.8 2.66 - 350.
3.99.10~1 30 450 1.0 3.99O10-1 80 700 1.6 3,99.1o~l 90 750 1.7 3.99-10-1 100 800 1.8 2. 1.33-10-2 40 410 1.8 6.65-10-2 60 500 2.08 1~19 . 90 800 3.3 1.33 100 1070 4.4 2.66 - 240 6.65-10-1 30 260 1.1 6.65-10-1 60 500 2.1 6.65-10-1 80 750 3.1 6.65-10-1 100 1070 4.4 6.65-10-1 100 800 3.3 : 6.65-10-1 85 580 2.4 5~9 This invention can be used Por metal working under various cutting conditions.
Furthermore, this invention makes it po~sible to improve the quality oP decorative and antirust coats.
Al80, the invention may improve operating characteristics of ~riction unit partq.
3.99.10~1 30 450 1.0 3.99O10-1 80 700 1.6 3,99.1o~l 90 750 1.7 3.99-10-1 100 800 1.8 2. 1.33-10-2 40 410 1.8 6.65-10-2 60 500 2.08 1~19 . 90 800 3.3 1.33 100 1070 4.4 2.66 - 240 6.65-10-1 30 260 1.1 6.65-10-1 60 500 2.1 6.65-10-1 80 750 3.1 6.65-10-1 100 1070 4.4 6.65-10-1 100 800 3.3 : 6.65-10-1 85 580 2.4 5~9 This invention can be used Por metal working under various cutting conditions.
Furthermore, this invention makes it po~sible to improve the quality oP decorative and antirust coats.
Al80, the invention may improve operating characteristics of ~riction unit partq.
Claims (3)
1. A cuting tool comprising:
a base having a working surface;
a wear-resistant coat on the working surface of the base characterized in that the coat contains microcrystals of a refractory compound including at least one metal with at least one element of the C, N, O, B group including additionally Si, each of said microcrystal having at least a similar crystallographic plane, whereby most of said micro-crystals are oriented such that said similar crystallographic plane of each microcrystal is parallel to said working surface of the tool.
a base having a working surface;
a wear-resistant coat on the working surface of the base characterized in that the coat contains microcrystals of a refractory compound including at least one metal with at least one element of the C, N, O, B group including additionally Si, each of said microcrystal having at least a similar crystallographic plane, whereby most of said micro-crystals are oriented such that said similar crystallographic plane of each microcrystal is parallel to said working surface of the tool.
2. A tool according to claim 1, wherein said similar crystallographic plane of said microcrystals is the plane having minimum surface energy.
3. A method of manufacturing a cutting tool comprising the following sequence of steps:
evaporating at least one metal in a vacuum environment ionizing said metal in the vacuum environ-ment simultaneously with said evaporation step;
heating said base of the cutting tool by bombarding said working surface with ions of said metal to a point not less than 100°C. below the softening temperature of said base, the heating temperature of said base being maintained within the range of from said heating temperature to +50°C.;
cleaning said working surface simultane-ously with said heating by bombardment with said ions of said metal;
introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment while simultaneously maintaining said temperature of said base, said gas reagent including at least one said element from the C, N, O, B, Si group, its pressure being adjusted in the range from 13.33 to 1.33-10-2 Pa to effect interaction between at least one of said elements of the C, N, O, B, Si group and at least one said metal to form a wear-resistant coat.
evaporating at least one metal in a vacuum environment ionizing said metal in the vacuum environ-ment simultaneously with said evaporation step;
heating said base of the cutting tool by bombarding said working surface with ions of said metal to a point not less than 100°C. below the softening temperature of said base, the heating temperature of said base being maintained within the range of from said heating temperature to +50°C.;
cleaning said working surface simultane-ously with said heating by bombardment with said ions of said metal;
introducing a gas reagent into said vacuum environment while simultaneously maintaining said temperature of said base, said gas reagent including at least one said element from the C, N, O, B, Si group, its pressure being adjusted in the range from 13.33 to 1.33-10-2 Pa to effect interaction between at least one of said elements of the C, N, O, B, Si group and at least one said metal to form a wear-resistant coat.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SU1983/000031 WO1985000999A1 (en) | 1983-08-25 | 1983-08-25 | Cutting tool and method of manufacture thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1219549A true CA1219549A (en) | 1987-03-24 |
Family
ID=21616809
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000445276A Expired CA1219549A (en) | 1983-08-25 | 1984-01-13 | Cutting tool and method of manufacture thereof |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60502093A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU563891B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8307747A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1219549A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH667605A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3390522C2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK179185A (en) |
| FI (1) | FI851486A0 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2558087B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2156387B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8320321A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO851602L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE453468B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1985000999A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62116762A (en) * | 1985-11-15 | 1987-05-28 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Production of external parts |
| DD243514B1 (en) * | 1985-12-17 | 1989-04-26 | Karl Marx Stadt Tech Hochschul | HARD COATINGS FOR MECHANICAL AND CORROSIVE CLADDED PARTS |
| DE3606529A1 (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1987-09-03 | Glyco Metall Werke | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LAYING MATERIAL OR LAYING MATERIAL PIECES BY EVAPORATING AT LEAST ONE METAL MATERIAL ONTO A METAL SUBSTRATE |
| EP0404973A1 (en) * | 1989-06-27 | 1991-01-02 | Hauzer Holding B.V. | Process and apparatus for coating substrates |
| DE3936550C1 (en) * | 1989-11-03 | 1991-04-18 | Arthur Klink Gmbh, 7530 Pforzheim, De | Substrate coating for wear resistance - with titanium nitride in vacuum chamber contg. titanium evaporator and heater with rotary substrate holder |
| DE19629456C1 (en) * | 1996-07-23 | 1997-11-20 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Tool, in particular, for cutting materials |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1160895A (en) * | 1965-08-25 | 1969-08-06 | Rank Xerox Ltd | Coating Surfaces by Vapour Deposition |
| AT301299B (en) * | 1970-09-09 | 1972-08-25 | Plansee Metallwerk | Use of cutting tools to process steel that forms deposits |
| DE2727659B2 (en) * | 1977-06-20 | 1980-01-10 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Process for the production of coarsely crystalline or monocrystalline metal layers |
| US4169913A (en) * | 1978-03-01 | 1979-10-02 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Coated tool steel and machining tool formed therefrom |
| JPS56156767A (en) * | 1980-05-02 | 1981-12-03 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Highly hard substance covering material |
-
1983
- 1983-08-25 DE DE19833390522 patent/DE3390522C2/en not_active Expired
- 1983-08-25 CH CH1659/85A patent/CH667605A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-08-25 JP JP83503361A patent/JPS60502093A/en active Pending
- 1983-08-25 BR BR8307747A patent/BR8307747A/en unknown
- 1983-08-25 NL NL8320321A patent/NL8320321A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-08-25 GB GB08508271A patent/GB2156387B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-08-25 AU AU21223/83A patent/AU563891B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-08-25 WO PCT/SU1983/000031 patent/WO1985000999A1/en active Application Filing
-
1984
- 1984-01-13 FR FR8400509A patent/FR2558087B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-01-13 CA CA000445276A patent/CA1219549A/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-04-03 SE SE8501672A patent/SE453468B/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1985-04-12 FI FI851486A patent/FI851486A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1985-04-22 DK DK179185A patent/DK179185A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1985-04-22 NO NO851602A patent/NO851602L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2156387B (en) | 1987-03-18 |
| FI851486L (en) | 1985-04-12 |
| GB8508271D0 (en) | 1985-05-09 |
| SE8501672D0 (en) | 1985-04-03 |
| WO1985000999A1 (en) | 1985-03-14 |
| CH667605A5 (en) | 1988-10-31 |
| SE8501672L (en) | 1985-04-03 |
| DE3390522T1 (en) | 1985-10-03 |
| FI851486A0 (en) | 1985-04-12 |
| DE3390522C2 (en) | 1987-10-15 |
| GB2156387A (en) | 1985-10-09 |
| NO851602L (en) | 1985-04-22 |
| AU563891B2 (en) | 1987-07-23 |
| SE453468B (en) | 1988-02-08 |
| FR2558087A1 (en) | 1985-07-19 |
| NL8320321A (en) | 1985-07-01 |
| DK179185D0 (en) | 1985-04-22 |
| AU2122383A (en) | 1985-03-29 |
| BR8307747A (en) | 1985-07-30 |
| FR2558087B1 (en) | 1986-06-20 |
| DK179185A (en) | 1985-04-22 |
| JPS60502093A (en) | 1985-12-05 |
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