CA1084392A - Methods for carburizing steel parts - Google Patents
Methods for carburizing steel partsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1084392A CA1084392A CA273,665A CA273665A CA1084392A CA 1084392 A CA1084392 A CA 1084392A CA 273665 A CA273665 A CA 273665A CA 1084392 A CA1084392 A CA 1084392A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- vestibule
- work chamber
- workpieces
- furnace
- carburizing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 160
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 105
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002844 continuous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010730 cutting oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/665,844 US4049473A (en) | 1976-03-11 | 1976-03-11 | Methods for carburizing steel parts |
| US665,844 | 1976-03-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1084392A true CA1084392A (en) | 1980-08-26 |
Family
ID=24671786
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA273,665A Expired CA1084392A (en) | 1976-03-11 | 1977-03-10 | Methods for carburizing steel parts |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4049473A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS52109441A (OSRAM) |
| BR (1) | BR7701518A (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA1084392A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE2710748B2 (OSRAM) |
| ES (1) | ES456738A1 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2343817A1 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1560255A (OSRAM) |
| IT (1) | IT1071340B (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1575342A (en) * | 1977-04-27 | 1980-09-17 | Air Prod & Chem | Production of furnace atmospheres for the heat treatment of ferrous metals |
| US4145232A (en) * | 1977-06-03 | 1979-03-20 | Union Carbide Corporation | Process for carburizing steel |
| JPS5915964B2 (ja) * | 1977-10-14 | 1984-04-12 | オリエンタルエンヂニアリング株式会社 | 鋼の熱処理方法 |
| CH628092A5 (de) * | 1978-03-21 | 1982-02-15 | Ipsen Ind Int Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur regelung des kohlenstoffpegels eines chemisch reagierenden gasgemisches. |
| US4175986A (en) * | 1978-10-19 | 1979-11-27 | Trw Inc. | Inert carrier gas heat treating control process |
| US4281824A (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1981-08-04 | Metals, Inc. | Heat treating apparatus |
| US4208224A (en) * | 1978-11-22 | 1980-06-17 | Airco, Inc. | Heat treatment processes utilizing H2 O additions |
| US4249621A (en) * | 1979-03-22 | 1981-02-10 | Smith International, Inc. | Friction bearing rock bit and segment |
| DE3071318D1 (en) * | 1979-07-09 | 1986-02-13 | Ford Motor Co | Method of heat treating ferrous workpieces |
| US4288062A (en) * | 1979-08-09 | 1981-09-08 | Holcroft | Apparatus for control and monitoring of the carbon potential of an atmosphere in a heat-processing furnace |
| CH643597A5 (de) * | 1979-12-20 | 1984-06-15 | Maag Zahnraeder & Maschinen Ag | Verfahren zum regelbaren aufkohlen oder erwaermen in schutzgas von werkstuecken aus stahl. |
| EP0033403A1 (en) * | 1980-01-31 | 1981-08-12 | Ford Motor Company | Method of treating the surfaces of high carbon steel bodies and bodies of high carbon steel |
| JPS585259B2 (ja) * | 1980-04-22 | 1983-01-29 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | ガス浸炭方法及び装置 |
| DE3017978C2 (de) * | 1980-05-10 | 1986-03-13 | Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Verfahren zur vorübergehenden Stillegung von Durchstoßaufkohlungsanlagen |
| JPS6032114Y2 (ja) * | 1980-07-07 | 1985-09-25 | 中外炉工業株式会社 | 連続ガス浸炭炉 |
| DE3038078A1 (de) * | 1980-10-08 | 1982-05-06 | Linde Ag, 6200 Wiesbaden | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum aufkohlen metallischer werkstuecke |
| US4415379A (en) * | 1981-09-15 | 1983-11-15 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Heat treatment processes |
| US4470854A (en) * | 1981-10-01 | 1984-09-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho | Surface hardening thermal treatment |
| IT1171606B (it) * | 1981-10-23 | 1987-06-10 | Italtractor | Procedimento per trattamento termico di cementazione ad alta temperatura con atmosfera cementante prodotta in situ tempra diretta rinvenimento alle estremita' di distensione totale di boccole per catenarie di trattori o mezzi cingolati |
| DE3310733C2 (de) * | 1983-03-24 | 1986-04-03 | Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Verfahren zur Verringerung des Schutzgasverbrauchs sowie der Randoxidation von zu behandelnden Bauteilen in Schleusen-Durchstoßanlagen mit Endogas als brennbarem Schutzgas |
| US4540447A (en) * | 1983-06-09 | 1985-09-10 | Huck Manufacturing Company | Method of making a multigrip fastener and fastener made thereby |
| US4495004A (en) * | 1983-10-20 | 1985-01-22 | Italtractor Itm Spa | Process for high-temperature carburizing treatment of track bushes for tractors or tracked vehicles |
| US4512558A (en) * | 1984-01-03 | 1985-04-23 | Ultra-Temp Corporation | Coffin delivery system for metallurgical furnace |
| US4540363A (en) * | 1984-03-01 | 1985-09-10 | Seco/Warwick Corporation | Ingot pusher furnace |
| DE3411605C2 (de) * | 1984-03-29 | 1986-07-17 | Joachim Dr.-Ing. 7250 Leonberg Wünning | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Gasaufkohlung von Stahl |
| GB8608717D0 (en) * | 1986-04-10 | 1986-05-14 | Lucas Ind Plc | Metal components |
| JPH0232682Y2 (OSRAM) * | 1987-05-27 | 1990-09-04 | ||
| DE4400391A1 (de) * | 1994-01-08 | 1995-07-13 | Messer Griesheim Gmbh | Verfahren zur Vermeidung von Randoxidation beim Aufkohlen von Stählen |
| US6635121B2 (en) * | 2000-02-04 | 2003-10-21 | American Air Liquide, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling the decarburization of steel components in a furnace |
| US7638727B2 (en) * | 2002-05-08 | 2009-12-29 | Btu International Inc. | Plasma-assisted heat treatment |
| US20030226620A1 (en) * | 2002-06-05 | 2003-12-11 | Van Den Sype Jaak Stefaan | Process and apparatus for producing amtospheres for high productivity carburizing |
| DE10235131A1 (de) * | 2002-08-01 | 2004-02-19 | Ipsen International Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Schwärzen von Bauteilen |
| CA2866646A1 (en) * | 2014-10-06 | 2016-04-06 | Michel Jozef Korwin | Method for heat treating long steel pipes |
| SE539347C2 (en) * | 2015-11-02 | 2017-07-18 | Solid lubricant-coated steel articles, method and apparatus for manufacturing thereof and quenching oil used in the manufacturing |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2161162A (en) * | 1938-01-06 | 1939-06-06 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Method of carburizing |
| US2975083A (en) * | 1959-11-05 | 1961-03-14 | William E Engelhard | Carburizing procedure |
| US3058815A (en) * | 1960-07-11 | 1962-10-16 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Measurement and control of constituent potentials |
| DE1433735B1 (de) * | 1963-09-21 | 1969-09-04 | Werner Goehring | Verfahren zur Erzielung einer Ofenatmosphaere,mit der eine oxydationsfreie Waermebehandlung von Werkstuecken aus Stahl unter gleichzeitiger Beeinflussung des Kohlenstoffgehalts durchfuehrbar ist |
| US3397875A (en) * | 1966-05-20 | 1968-08-20 | Leeds & Northrup Co | Apparatus for maintaining a carburizing atmosphere during heat treatment |
| GB1208134A (en) * | 1967-03-22 | 1970-10-07 | Gibbons Brothers Ltd | Improvements in or relating to continuous carburising |
| US3467366A (en) * | 1967-10-02 | 1969-09-16 | Hayes Inc C I | Furnace construction having atmosphere curtain |
| US3662996A (en) * | 1970-03-23 | 1972-05-16 | Holcroft & Co | Multi-chamber carburizing apparatus |
| DE2133284C3 (de) * | 1970-07-09 | 1975-11-27 | Fabrica De Utilaje Si Piese De Schimb Metalotehnica, Tirgu-Mures (Rumaenien) | Verfahren zum Weichnitrieren von Stahl und Gußeisen |
| DE2324918C3 (de) * | 1973-05-17 | 1983-12-08 | Fa. J. Aichelin, 7015 Korntal | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Epsilon-Karbonitridschichten auf Teilen aus Eisenlegierungen |
| US3891473A (en) * | 1973-05-17 | 1975-06-24 | Chrysler Corp | Heat treating atmospheres |
| JPS5128571B2 (OSRAM) * | 1974-02-15 | 1976-08-20 |
-
1976
- 1976-03-11 US US05/665,844 patent/US4049473A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1977
- 1977-02-28 IT IT20767/77A patent/IT1071340B/it active
- 1977-02-28 GB GB8280/77A patent/GB1560255A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-03-09 FR FR7707026A patent/FR2343817A1/fr active Granted
- 1977-03-10 CA CA273,665A patent/CA1084392A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-03-11 BR BR7701518A patent/BR7701518A/pt unknown
- 1977-03-11 DE DE2710748A patent/DE2710748B2/de not_active Ceased
- 1977-03-11 JP JP2687977A patent/JPS52109441A/ja active Granted
- 1977-03-11 ES ES456738A patent/ES456738A1/es not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2343817A1 (fr) | 1977-10-07 |
| DE2710748A1 (de) | 1977-10-20 |
| BR7701518A (pt) | 1977-11-29 |
| DE2710748B2 (de) | 1981-01-22 |
| IT1071340B (it) | 1985-04-02 |
| US4049473A (en) | 1977-09-20 |
| JPS5524500B2 (OSRAM) | 1980-06-30 |
| GB1560255A (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| FR2343817B1 (OSRAM) | 1980-03-07 |
| JPS52109441A (en) | 1977-09-13 |
| ES456738A1 (es) | 1978-01-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |