CA1068116A - Process for the treatment of platinum group metals and gold - Google Patents
Process for the treatment of platinum group metals and goldInfo
- Publication number
- CA1068116A CA1068116A CA244,171A CA244171A CA1068116A CA 1068116 A CA1068116 A CA 1068116A CA 244171 A CA244171 A CA 244171A CA 1068116 A CA1068116 A CA 1068116A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- metals
- precious
- residue
- aluminum
- precious metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 47
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 44
- -1 platinum group metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims description 8
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrochloric acid Substances Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000923 precious metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 229960000443 hydrochloric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007133 aluminothermic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold silver Chemical compound [Ag].[Au] PQTCMBYFWMFIGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 24
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium peroxide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][O-] PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017060 Fe Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WNQQFQRHFNVNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ca].[Fe] Chemical compound [Ca].[Fe] WNQQFQRHFNVNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KYCIUIVANPKXLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-(2-phenoxyethyl)-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)azanium Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1C[N+](C)(C)CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 KYCIUIVANPKXLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JGLNNORWOWUYFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead platinum Chemical group [Pt].[Pb] JGLNNORWOWUYFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
- C22B3/06—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in inorganic acid solutions, e.g. with acids generated in situ; in inorganic salt solutions other than ammonium salt solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/04—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA00750593A ZA75593B (en) | 1975-01-29 | 1975-01-29 | A process for the treatment of mixtures of platinum group metals and gold |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1068116A true CA1068116A (en) | 1979-12-18 |
Family
ID=25568593
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA244,171A Expired CA1068116A (en) | 1975-01-29 | 1976-01-26 | Process for the treatment of platinum group metals and gold |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5823449B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| BE (1) | BE838029A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| CA (1) | CA1068116A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| DE (1) | DE2602827C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR2299411A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1481295A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| NO (1) | NO141444C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| ZA (1) | ZA75593B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4685963A (en) * | 1978-05-22 | 1987-08-11 | Texasgulf Minerals And Metals, Inc. | Process for the extraction of platinum group metals |
| US4295881A (en) * | 1979-04-23 | 1981-10-20 | Texasgulf Inc. | Process for extraction of platinum group metals from chromite-bearing ore |
| ZA807646B (en) | 1979-12-31 | 1982-02-24 | Johnson Matthey Co Ltd | Refining of refractory materials |
| DE3279726D1 (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1989-07-06 | Matthey Rustenburg Refines | Recovery of precious metals from leach residues |
| DE3279625D1 (en) * | 1981-09-16 | 1989-05-24 | Matthey Rustenburg Refines | Recovery of platinum group metals from scrap and residues |
| RU2204620C2 (ru) * | 2001-07-30 | 2003-05-20 | ОАО "Красноярский завод цветных металлов им. В.Н.Гулидова" | Способ переработки осадков на основе оксидов железа, содержащих благородные металлы |
| RU2207390C2 (ru) * | 2001-07-30 | 2003-06-27 | ОАО "Красноярский завод цветных металлов им. В.Н. Гулидова" | Способ переработки гидроксидных осадков аффинажа палладия |
| RU2286399C1 (ru) * | 2005-03-29 | 2006-10-27 | ОАО "Горно-металлургическая компания "Норильский никель" | Способ переработки материалов, содержащих благородные металлы и свинец |
| MX2010006407A (es) * | 2007-12-10 | 2011-04-26 | Prior Engineering Services Ag | Recuperación de metal, particularmente plata, de cloruros metálicos mediante la reducción con hidrógeno. |
| RU2397259C1 (ru) * | 2009-03-10 | 2010-08-20 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Санкт-Петербургский Государственный политехнический университет" (ГОУ "СПбГПУ") | Способ переработки серебросодержащих свинцовых отходов для извлечения серебра и свинца в виде продуктов |
| RU2532697C2 (ru) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-11-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Научно-исследовательский и проектный институт "ТОМС" | Способ переработки серебросодержащих концентратов |
| JP6585955B2 (ja) * | 2015-07-31 | 2019-10-02 | Ｊｘ金属株式会社 | セレン白金族元素含有物からＲｕ、ＲｈおよびＩｒを分離する方法 |
| CN114703375A (zh) * | 2022-03-04 | 2022-07-05 | 金川集团股份有限公司 | 一种脱除高含铁贵金属合金中杂质的方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE350598C (de) * | 1919-09-30 | 1922-03-21 | Carl Wilhelm Drais | Verfahren zur Wiedergewinnung von Edelmetall aus edelmetallhaltigen Rueckstaenden, insbesondere Gekraetzasche |
| DE843015C (de) * | 1943-03-06 | 1952-07-03 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zum Loesen von Platinmetallen |
| US2946677A (en) * | 1958-11-24 | 1960-07-26 | Oregon Metallurgical Corp | Treatment of alloys containing iron group metals |
| US3920790A (en) * | 1973-08-02 | 1975-11-18 | Swarsab Mining | Separating and purification of platinum group metals and gold |
-
1975
- 1975-01-29 ZA ZA00750593A patent/ZA75593B/xx unknown
-
1976
- 1976-01-26 NO NO760228A patent/NO141444C/no unknown
- 1976-01-26 CA CA244,171A patent/CA1068116A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-01-27 DE DE2602827A patent/DE2602827C2/de not_active Expired
- 1976-01-28 FR FR7602279A patent/FR2299411A1/fr active Granted
- 1976-01-29 GB GB349576A patent/GB1481295A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-01-29 JP JP51008823A patent/JPS5823449B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1976-01-29 BE BE163894A patent/BE838029A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2602827C2 (de) | 1987-01-02 |
| BE838029A (fr) | 1976-07-29 |
| FR2299411A1 (fr) | 1976-08-27 |
| FR2299411B3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1979-04-27 |
| DE2602827A1 (de) | 1976-08-05 |
| JPS51125626A (en) | 1976-11-02 |
| NO141444B (no) | 1979-12-03 |
| JPS5823449B2 (ja) | 1983-05-16 |
| NO760228L (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1976-07-30 |
| NO141444C (no) | 1980-03-12 |
| ZA75593B (en) | 1976-09-29 |
| GB1481295A (en) | 1977-07-27 |
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