BR102018015950A2 - INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE ENGINE. - Google Patents

Abstract

integrated internal combustion engine formed by a main otto cycle unit and a secondary piston unit and control process for the thermodynamic cycle of the engine refers to the present invention to an internal combustion engine internal otto cycle, integrated into a unit secondary piston closed circuit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit, with energy input by internal combustion in an isochoric process, and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process. it is a concept of an internal otto cycle internal combustion engine, whose theoretical efficiency is approximately 80%, compared to the theoretical efficiency of approximately 60% of the conventional otto cycle engine.

Description

INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF THE OTTO CYCLE AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE ENGINE

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [001] The present invention relates to an internal combustion thermal engine of Otto cycle, integrated with a secondary closed circuit piston unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit, with energy input by internal combustion in an isochoric process, and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process. It is a concept of an internal Otto cycle internal combustion engine, whose theoretical efficiency is approximately 80%, compared to the theoretical efficiency of approximately 60% of the conventional Otto cycle engine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the 19th century at the beginning of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underpin all the motor cycles known to date.

[003] The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the development of engines.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a system

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2/20 thermodynamic in which energy and matter can enter and exit this system. Examples of open thermodynamic systems are the internal combustion engines of the Otto cycle, of the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, of the Diesel cycle, of the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel cycle, of the Brayton cycle of internal combustion. The materials that enter these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaustion, gases and waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical work energy and part of the dissipated heat.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and exit this system. Examples of closed thermodynamic systems, external combustion engines such as the Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat or external combustion cycle, theoretical Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energies that come out of this system are the mechanical energy of work and part of the dissipated heat, but no matter comes out of these systems, as occurs in the open system.

[006] In both open and closed systems, the entire mass of the working gas is exposed to incoming energy, heat or combustion and all of it is also exposed to cooling or cooling, that is, the mass of the working gas is constant in their processes and the difference between them is that in the open system the mass of working gas passes through the system, and in the closed system the mass remains in the system.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE [007] The engines currently known are basically the oldest Rankine cycle engines, Stirling cycle, Otto cycle, Brayton cycle and Diesel cycle.

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There are others, but they are basically versions of these. Most of them were invented in the 19th century and since their invention they have been improved. In the 20th century, some combined cycles emerged. The combined cycle engines known to date have been invented and designed by joining two engine concepts idealized in the 19th century, based on open thermodynamic systems, or closed thermodynamic systems, the best known being the combined cycles of an engine. Brayton cycle with a Rankine cycle engine and the combined cycle of a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine or Organic Rankine cycle engine and combined Otto cycle and Organic Rankine cycles already occur.

[008] The basic concept of a combined cycle is a system composed of an engine operating by means of a high temperature source, so that the heat rejection of this engine is the energy that drives a second engine that requires a lower temperature of operation, both forming a combined system of converting thermal energy into mechanical energy for the same common purpose or not.

[009] The current state of the art reveals combined cycles formed by a main Brayton cycle engine that works with a main source with a temperature above 1000 ^o C and with exhaust gases in the range between 600 ^o C and 700 ^o C and these gases in turn, they are channeled to power another Rankine cycle engine or “Organic Rankine” (ORC). The conventional Rankine cycle has water as its working fluid, the organic Rankine cycle uses organic fluids, these are more suitable for projects at lower temperatures than projects with the conventional Rankine cycle, so they are normally used in some of the combined cycles.

[010] Some of the main disadvantages of current combined cycles, considering the second machine as an organic Rankine or Rankine cycle engine are the change of the physical state of the working fluid, that is, there is a phase

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4/20 liquid demanded by the thermodynamic cycle processes that must be controlled, and the heating energy of the liquid phase and the latent state change phase cannot be converted into useful working energy, are losses imposed by the Rankine concept. This system requires engine items that imply more processes, more weight, more control and more losses, liquid reservoirs, reservoir for steam generation, cooler type condensation exchanger, condensation reservoir, pump for fluid flow in the liquid state, liquid and gaseous process control valves, multiple stages and recuperators to improve efficiency. This set of features implies additional weight, additional volume, additional thermal losses, reduced overall efficiency and, consequently, higher pollution rates, higher implementation costs and lower sustainability rates in these projects.

[011] An integrated motor with a single resulting cycle is not known to date.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION [012] The major problems of the prior art, specifically with respect to known cycles, cogeneration systems and combined cycles, are to be found in limited efficiency. The technology closest to this invention, the combined cycle of a Brayton turbine with a Rankine machine or a Diesel cycle engine also with a Rankine machine or even an Otto cycle engine with an Organic Rankine machine, impose many losses with condensation, exchange from the physical state of the working fluid, pumping the liquid to the steam tank, a new physical state change, latent heat, these properties require energy that will not be converted into mechanical energy.

[013] The objective of the invention focuses on eliminating some of the existing problems, minimizing other problems and offering new possibilities, to achieve these objectives, objectives of improving efficiency, a new concept

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5/20 thermal engines started to show substantial advantages. A new concept, a step that has evolved from the combined cycle to the integrated cycle, that is, we will no longer have a cycle of a unit whose heat rejects from it starts to feed another independent unit, now we have a cycle fully integrated with another where the process of energy transfer starts to be conceptualized as regeneration that interconnects two units forming a new unit integrated mechanically and thermodynamically in order to have a single resulting cycle.

[014] This new concept has proven to have better theoretical efficiency than any other known cycle, be it independent, such as Otto, Diesel, Stirling, Brayton and Rankine, as well as any other known combined cycle, such as Diesel with Rankine, Brayton with Rankine, Otto with Rankine or Organic Rankine. The demonstrations of these advantages are found in the equations presented in the text of this patent.

[015] Therefore, the objective is to present a concept of a new thermal engine technology that offers more efficiency in the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical strength and energy generation compared to conventional technologies from thermal sources.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [016] The integrated cycle motors, different from the combined ones, are characterized by constituting a single motor formed by two units and with a single resulting thermodynamic cycle.

[017] The present concept considers an internal combustion unit of Otto cycle integrated to a secondary unit of closed circuit with pistons, forming a mechanically integrated unit, whose process between the units is of total energy regeneration and with energy input by combustion internal in an isochoric process in the main cycle unit

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Otto, and the heat rejection occurs only in the secondary unit by pistons by an isothermal compression process.

[018] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanics through the concept of mechanical and thermodynamic integration forming a new resulting cycle. Figure 3 shows the detail of the total regeneration between the main unit and the secondary unit, with all the input energy from the source entering the main unit and all the heat discharged, it is theoretically and entirely discharged by the secondary unit. Figure 9 shows how the main unit is connected to the secondary unit by a regenerative process and Figure 11 shows the thermodynamic cycle resulting from this integration. Figure 17 shows a complete construction model of the fully integrated engine. Some of the main advantages of the invention of this integrated internal combustion engine, which can be seen are the absence of elements for changing the physical phase of the working fluid and its associated losses, the absence of condensation and vaporization elements, therefore the absence of losses associated with the latent heat of the working fluid, the absence of circuits, pumps, control elements intended for the processes of changing the physical phase of the fluid and its associated losses, items present in the combined cycles of the current state of the art. Therefore, the innovation presented with this invention is significant.

[019] The internal combustion thermal engine with an Otto cycle main unit integrated with a piston closed circuit secondary unit, can be built with materials and techniques similar to conventional combined cycle engines and with widely known techniques, offering viability for its development, construction and practical application.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [020] The attached figures demonstrate the main characteristics and properties of the new concept of an internal combustion engine with an Otto cycle integrated into a secondary piston closed gas unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit with a thermodynamic cycle resulting from five main processes and two others, one of exhaustion and one of aspiration, an isochoric energy input process, an adiabatic expansion process, an isochoretic regenerative process, an isothermal process of compression and heat rejection and a process regenerative isochoric, represented as follows:

Figure 1 shows the thermodynamic cycle of the main Otto cycle internal combustion unit;

Figure 2 shows the detail of the isothermal line 15 between points (1) and (3) of the thermodynamic cycle of the main unit, which is necessary to generate the regeneration that allows the formation of the thermodynamic cycle of five processes;

Figure 3 shows the energy flow 22 from the regeneration of the isochoric process of the main Otto cycle unit to the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit;

Figure 4 shows in the crosshatched area the work added to the main Otto cycle engine cycle by the piston secondary engine;

Figures 5 and 6 show how the mechanical units and the thermodynamic cycle begin to be integrated;

Figures 7 and 8 show how the piston secondary unit's thermodynamic cycle fits into the main unit's thermodynamic cycle.

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8/20 Otto cycle to form the integrated motor;

Figure 9 shows the complete diagram of the integrated engine consisting of a main internal combustion unit with an Otto cycle and a secondary unit with pistons connected by a regenerator;

Figure 10 shows more clearly the integration of the thermodynamic cycle of the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with a net work shown by region 63 of the graph, integrated with the net work shown by region 64 of the piston secondary unit forming a new cycle. result shown in figure 11 with a net work shown by region 67 of the graph;

Figure 11 shows the thermodynamic cycle resulting from the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit;

Figure 12 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the isochorical process of the piston unit indicating the performance of the valve (V1) in the isochorical heating process by regeneration;

Figure 13 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the adiabatic expansion process of the piston unit indicating that the working gas remains adiabatically confined by the valve blocks (V1), (V2) and (V3) in the adiabatic expansion and work process;

Figure 14 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit, with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the isothermal process.

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9/20 compression of the piston unit indicating the performance of the valve (V2), (V3) and the turbocharger 47 in the isothermal process of compression and heat rejection;

Figure 15 shows the diagram of the integrated engine, formed by the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit, again in the initial state of its respective regenerated energy input cycle;

Figure 16 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle with the secondary piston unit with the detail of the coupling of the mechanical forces of both units by means of a single shaft or common crankshaft 113;

Figure 17 shows a drawing of a constructive model of an integrated engine, consisting of a main internal combustion unit with an Otto cycle with a secondary unit with pistons;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [021] Understanding the concept of the integrated internal combustion engine, formed by a main internal combustion unit with an Otto cycle and a secondary piston unit, requires the initial analysis of the cycle of the main unit shown in figure 1. To configure an integrated motor with a thermodynamic cycle resulting from five processes, it is necessary that the Otto cycle main unit be configured or designed with parameters such that the temperature (T4) is equal to the cold temperature (Tf) and the temperature (T1) is equal to the final temperature of the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) (T3), so that we have an isothermal line between the temperature (T3) and (T1) shown by 15 in figure 2. This requirement is very evident since we wish to theoretically regenerate all the energy indicated by 14 of the isochoric process (3-4), figure 2, for the piston secondary unit, recovering this

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10/20 energy in the isochoric process (5-1) of heating of this piston secondary unit shown in figure 3. So as shown in figure 3, we will have the energy 22 theoretically fully regenerated from the main Otto cycle unit to the secondary piston unit where the temperature (T5) of the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit is equal to the temperature (Tf) of the lowest temperature segment of the regenerator and the temperature (T1) of the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit is equal to the temperature (T3) of the highest temperature segment of the regenerator.

[022] Figure 4 shows the result of the integration of the cycle of the main unit of cycle Otto with the cycle of the secondary unit by pistons and two distinct cycles, one of four thermodynamic processes and the other of three thermodynamic processes are replaced by a configuration and a behavior of a single cycle of five processes, an isochoric heating (1-2) of combustion energy input, an expansion adiabatic (2-3), a regenerative isochoric (3-4), a compression and tailing isotherm heat (4-5) and a regenerative isochoric (5-1).

[023] Figures 5 and 6 show the thermodynamic cycle and the mechanical model of the main Otto cycle unit, respectively. The internal combustion energy 31 performs the isochoric process (1-2) and the combustion takes place inside the combustion chamber 34. Following the flow of energy, the adiabatic expansion process occurs through the movement of the piston 36 inside the cylinder 35, this piston by means of a connecting rod acts by rotating the shaft or crankshaft 37. Next, the isochoric process (3-4) occurs, when the gas 32 flows out of the cylinder and proceeds to the regenerator. Next, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) occurs shortly after the gas 33 is aspirated by the process (a-4) from the environment and compressed by piston 36 to the combustion chamber 34.

[024] Figures 7 and 8 show the thermodynamic cycle and the mechanical model of the secondary unit respectively by pistons with circuit gas.

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11/20 closed. The energy indicated by 41 of the regenerator 43 promotes the isochoric heating process (5-1) with the constant volume movement of the pistons of cylinders 45 and 46. Next, the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) occurs with the expansion of the gas moving the piston of the cylinder 46, generating mechanical force in the driving force elements 412. Following is the isothermal process of compression and heat rejection (4-5) with the gas being compressed by the piston of the cylinder 46, forcing the gas to pass through the isothermal heat exchanger 44, moving the piston of the cylinder 45 and this process occurs with the aid of the turbocharger 47 moved electrically by the electric motor 48.

[025] Figure 9 shows the integrated internal combustion engine, formed by an Otto cycle main unit (53) powered by internal combustion with another secondary unit with closed circuit gas (54) powered by a regenerative process, the main Otto cycle unit is powered by internal combustion (31) containing a combustion chamber (34) which expands the combustion gas in an isochorical process by blasting the mixture of fuel with air, fired by a spark from the spark plug 310, and in the sequence an adiabatic expansion process acting on the piston (36) inside the cylinder (35) activating the shaft (37) by means of a connecting rod, which in turn produces useful work, and part of the axis kinetic energy acts in the piston (36) making an isochorical process with exhaust of the still hot gas through the valve (39), feeding, transferring the energy to the regenerator that is an isochoric heat exchanger (43), and the heat exchanger r isochoric (43), responsible for regeneration, feeds the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas (54), through an isochoric process, acting on the gas displacement cylinder (45) which is an aid to the isochoric and isothermal, and in the mechanical force cylinder (46), responsible for useful work, which through a dynamic angular position sensor called an encoder (55) fixed on the axis of the mechanical force elements (412) and an electronic control unit or mechanical (56), acts

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12/20 on the valves or set of valves V1 (49), V2 (410) and V3 (411) and control the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit (54), so that the isothermal process of the piston secondary unit occurs by the heat rejection in an isothermal exchanger (44) with the aid of an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor (47) and an electric motor (48), and the result of the process is the mechanical force on the shaft that interconnects the power elements 412, featuring the engine integrated by an Otto cycle main unit (53) powered by internal combustion with a secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons (54) powered by a regenerative process.

[026] Figures 10 and 11 show graphically all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated with its mechanical model shown in figure 9, formed by a main internal combustion unit of Otto cycle 53 and a secondary unit by pistons with closed circuit gas 54. The engine has a thermodynamic cycle, the phenomena of which are generated from a combustion thermal source 61, which produces the expansion of the gas in the fuel and air mixture in the combustion chamber 34 of the main Otto cycle of internal combustion 53, which generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with isochoric heating (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature from (T1) to (Tq) and the pressure from (P1) for (Ph), after the isochoric heating process (1-2), the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs, with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder 35 by the movement of the piston 36, where the gas reduces the temperature ura from (Tq) to (T3) and reduces the pressure from (Ph) to (P3), after the adiabatic expansion process (2-3), the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of energy with constant volume (Vb) of the main cycle unit Otto 53 for the heat exchanger, isochoric regenerator 43, releasing the gas resulting from combustion 51 to the environment at cold temperature (Tf), after the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) in the main cycle unit Otto 53 the exhaust and suction process (4-a) and

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13/20 (a-4) respectively and sequentially, after the process of exhaustion and aspiration, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) takes place inside the cylinder 35, by means of the piston compression movement 36 where the gas increases the temperature of (Tf) to (T1) and pressure from (PL) to (P1), ending the processes in the main internal combustion unit of Otto cycle 53 and these processes (1-2), (2-3), (3-4 ), (4-a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in an order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain, and from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the main unit cycle cycle Otto 53, with the hot gas flow 32 transferring its energy to the regenerator 43, the isochoric heating process (5-1) of the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas 54 occurs simultaneously, where the gas in volume constant (Va) with the simultaneous movement of the pistons of cylinders 45 and 46, passing the gas through the regenerator 43 where the gas increases the su the temperature from (Tf) to (T1) and the pressure from (P5) to (P1) increases, after the isochoric heating process (5-1) the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) occurs in the mechanical force cylinder 46, where the piston moves from the volume (Va) to the volume (Vb) with the expansion of the gas producing mechanical force in the driving force elements 412, and in this process the gas reduces the temperature from (T1) to ( Tf) and reduces the pressure from (P1) to (PL), after the adiabatic expansion process (1 -4), it occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and driving forces elements 412, the compression and rejection process of heat 62 isothermal (4-5), ending the processes in the secondary unit with pistons 54 with closed circuit gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1-4), and (4-5) occur in an order sequential in the time domain finishing the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine, integrated by a main unit of cycle Otto of internal combustion and a secondary unit with pistons with gas in closed circuit, in order to characterize a new complex machine with two integrated units that together operates through a 611 cycle formed essentially by five thermodynamic processes, by a process of

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14/20 isochoric energy input (1-2) by internal combustion 65, an adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with work performed 68, a regenerative isochoric process (3-4) 69, a heat rejection process by isothermal compression (4-5), 66, an isochoric heating process (5-1), 610 regenerated by the isochoric process (3-4) and also an exhaust and suction process (4-a, a-4), so that the integrated internal combustion engine performs the liquid work 67 resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle.

[027] Table 1 shows the four processes (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-1) that form the engine partial cycle of the internal combustion Otto cycle unit, and the processes (4-a , a-4) of exhaust and suction, shown step by step, with an isochorical process of heating by combustion, an adiabatic process of expansion, an isochorical process of regeneration and an adiabatic process of compression.

Table 1

Step Process Internal combustion unit 1 1-2 Heating isochoric Power input Combustion 2 2-3 Adiabatic expansion 3 3-4 Isochoric Energy regeneration Energy transferred to the unit by pistons 4 4-1 Compression adiabatic 5 4-a Exhaustion of gases 6 a-4 Air suction

[028] Table 2 shows the three processes (5-1, 1-4, 4-5) that form the unit cycle with closed circuit pistons shown step by step, with an isochoric energy input process, a process adiabatic of useful work and an isothermal process of compression and heat rejection.

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Table 2

Step Process Closed circuit piston unit 1 5-1 Heating isochoric Power input Regeneration 2 1-4 Adiabatic expansion 3 4-5 Compression isotherm Heat rejection

[029] Table 3 shows the five processes (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-1) that form the thermodynamic cycle resulting from the integrated internal combustion engine, plus the exhaust and suction (4-a, a-4), formed by an internal combustion unit with Otto cycle integrated to a secondary piston closed circuit unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit, with energy input by internal combustion, in a isochoric heating process and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process.

Table 3

Step Process Integrated unit 1 1-2 Heating isochoric Power input Internal combustion 2 2-3 Adiabatic expansion 3 3-4 Isochoric Energy regeneration Energy transferred to the regenerator 4 4-5 Compression isotherm Heat rejection 5 5-1 Heating isochoric Energy regeneration Energy returned by the regenerator 6 4-a Exhaustion of gases 7 a-4 Air suction

[030] All the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the integrated motor, can be demonstrated by means of mathematical equations. The input energy from the internal combustion engine of the Otto cycle integrated into a secondary piston closed circuit unit occurs through an isochoric process, and combustion in the combustion chamber 34

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16/20 produces an increase in energy from point (1), figure 10, of the isochoric process (1-2) of combustion heating represented by the expression (a).

^{Qi =} (a) [031] In equation (a), (Q) represents the total energy entering the system by combustion, in “Joule”, (n) represents the number of moles belonging to the main Otto cycle unit, ( R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (T _q ) represents the maximum gas temperature in “Kelvin” at point (2) of the process, figure 10, (T1) represents the temperature at the starting point (1) of the isochoric process of the Otto cycle unit, figure 10, and (γ) represents the coefficient of adiabatic expansion. The temperature (Ti) at point (1) is equal to the temperature (T3) at point (3).

[032] The process following the isochoric process (1-2), of the cycle, is an adiabatic expansion process (2-3), figure 10, of the main cycle unit Otto 53, figure 9, is a working process with the movement of the piston 36 inside the cylinder 35 and is represented by the expression (b).

™ ₂ -3 = ^ -. (T ₃ -Tq- ( ^b ) [033] The subsequent process of the cycle is an isochoric regenerative process (3-4), figure 10, where the gas of the Otto cycle internal combustion unit , transfers its energy to a regenerator, isochorical heat exchanger 43 and is represented by the expression (c).

Qr _ea = ₁ ^ -. (T _f -T ₃ - (c) [034] In equation (c), (Q _reg ) represents the total energy transferred to the regenerator by the isochoric process (3-4), in “Joule” , this energy will supply the unit with closed circuit gas pistons.

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17/20 [035] The subsequent process of the cycle is an adiabatic compression process (4-1), figure 10, where piston 36 compresses the gas from pressure (PL) to pressure (P1) and the temperature rises from ( Tf) for (T1) and is represented by the expression (d).

^ -1 = ^. (71-7 /) (d) [036] The processes of the Otto cycle internal combustion unit, occur in an order of energy flow, and sequentially in the time domain.

[037] The process that powers the secondary unit with closed circuit pistons, is an isochoric process (5-1) and is the regenerative process of the isochoric process (3-4) of the main Otto cycle internal combustion unit, this process was defined by the expression (c) by (Qreg). In the secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons it is represented by the expression (e).

V5-1 = ( _γ-1 ) · ⁽¹ 1 'p ^(e) [038] Considering that the number of moles of gas of the piston unit is defined as (n _p ), for an equalization of the regeneration, the equations (c) and (e) must be equal, so the number of moles of gas of the piston unit must be (n _p = n), therefore the equation of the compensated isochoric process will be defined by expression (f).

25-1 = (^. (71-7 /) ( ^f ) [039] The adiabatic expansion process (1-4) of the piston secondary unit will be represented by the expression (g).

^ 1-4 = (^). (7 / - 71) (g)

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18/20 [040] The heat rejection process of the piston secondary unit is an isothermal process (4-5), this isothermal compression process and heat rejection will be represented by the expression (h).

W ₄ - ₅ = nRT _f An &) (h) ^v b [041] The total useful work, from the internal combustion thermal engine of Otto cycle integrated to a secondary closed circuit piston unit, is represented graphically by the hatched area, indicated by 67 of figure 11, considering an ideal lossless model, it is the difference between the energy input and output and is represented by the expression (i) below.

^W u = - n. ^R .7} .ln (-) ⁽ⁱ⁾ [042] Thus, the efficiency of the internal combustion thermal engine of Otto cycle integrated with a secondary closed circuit piston unit, ideal, is represented by the expression (j) or (k), which reveal in ideal conditions that the integrated internal combustion engine per Otto cycle can achieve efficiencies in the order of 80%.

T = ^{1 -} (r-1) .T _f .ln (^) _________ ^{J v} a (Tq-T1)

TfAn (^) (Tq-T-i) (j) (k) [043] The equations (a) to (k) demonstrate mathematically all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the motor, the useful work and the efficiency. These equations demonstrate mathematically how the phenomena occur, their origin through internal combustion in the isochoric process (12), each of the resulting processes, the resulting useful work and the unused energy in converting the work rejected to the environment.

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19/20 [044] The integrated engine formed by an internal combustion Otto cycle unit and a piston unit with closed loop gas, constitutes a single fully integrated machine so that both units have a single common shaft, crankshaft, shown in the drawing in figure 16 indicated by 113.

[045] A constructive model of the integrated engine, formed by an internal combustion Otto cycle unit and a closed circuit gas piston unit and its main elements is shown in figure 17. The main Otto cycle internal combustion unit shown in figure 17, it has a mixer 1215 for the air intake, the cylinders of the main unit for internal combustion 121, the secondary unit for pistons with closed circuit gas 122, a shaft, common crankshaft 128, water pump 1213, sensor thermostat type 1214, fan 1211, radiator for the internal combustion main unit 129, radiator for cooling the isothermal compression process 1210, regenerator 125, isothermal process cooler exchanger 126, electric turbocharger 123, hot gas outlet manifold 124, exhaust exhaust end 127.

[046] The parameters of each of the units, the Otto cycle unit and the closed circuit unit, closed system, do not necessarily need to be the same, that is, the volumes (Va), (Vb), the number of moles ( n), type of gas, etc., these need not be the same, such parameters do not alter the theoretical efficiency of the engine. Various parameters can be changed offering new features, such as power density, unit rotation, without changing efficiency and the main concept.

[047] For maximum thermal efficiency and efficiency of the integrated engine, it is suggested that the use of electric turbochargers be considered also in the Otto cycle unit, avoiding the use of hot exhaust gases, leaving this, the exhaust gas, exclusively for secondary unit regeneration.

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EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS [048] Integrated engines formed by an internal combustion unit of Otto cycle and a piston unit with gas in closed circuit, have numerous applications, one of which can be used for vehicles, as an alternative to the combined engine cycles Otto with Rankine Orgânico, another application would be in portable power generation units, motorized machines, as it has the direct benefit of its ability to convert more energy into work compared to traditional technologies and current cycle technologies. combined. This integrated engine has a theoretical efficiency superior to the well-known Otto cycle engines, Diesel cycle, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle and their traditional combined cycles, as demonstrated by the presented equations and by the (j) or (k) efficiency equations.

Claims (24)

1) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, characterized by the integration of a main unit of cycle Otto (53), powered by internal combustion with another unit with pistons with gas in closed circuit (54), fed by a regenerative process, and the main unit of cycle Otto is fed by internal combustion (31), containing a combustion chamber (34), which after isochoric heating with increased pressure by combustion, expands the combustion gas in an adiabatic process, acting on the piston (36) inside the cylinder (35) activating the shaft (37), which in turn produces useful work, and part of the shaft's kinetic energy, acts on the piston (36) making an isochorical process of regeneration with exhaust of the gas still hot through the valve (39), feeding, transferring the energy to the regenerator which is an isocor heat exchanger ico (43), and the isochorical heat exchanger (43) responsible for regeneration, feeds the secondary unit of the piston closed system (54) through an isochoric process, acting on the gas displacement cylinders (45) which is auxiliary of the isochoric and isothermal processes, and in the mechanical force cylinder (46), responsible for the useful work that through a dynamic angular position sensor called an encoder (55), fixed on the axis of the mechanical force elements (412) and a electronic or mechanical control unit (56), acts on the valves or set of valves V1 (49), V2 (410) and V3 (411) and controls the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit (54), so that the isothermal process of the piston secondary unit, occurs by the rejection of heat in an isothermal exchanger (44) with the aid of an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor (47) and an electric motor (48), and the result of the process is the mechanical force on the shaft that links the 412 power elements, featuring the engine integrated by an Otto cycle main unit (53), powered by internal combustion with a Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 26/51 2/9 secondary piston unit with closed circuit gas (54), powered by a regenerative process. 2) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN OTTO CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by the integration of an Otto cycle main unit (53), powered by combustion internal, with a piston unit with closed circuit gas (54), fed by a regenerative process. 3) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a combustion chamber (34), which heats the combustion gas in an isochoric process increasing the pressure, and then executes an adiabatic expansion process and later the isochoric processes of regeneration, isobaric exhausting, isobaric aspiration and adiabatic compression processes. 4) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by an axis (37) that in turn produces useful work. 5) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by a valve (39), which feeds, transferring energy with the gas mass to the regenerator (43). 6) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT A Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 27/51 3/9 PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by constituting a regenerator that is an isochoric heat exchanger (43), and the isochoric heat exchanger (43), responsible for the regeneration, feeds the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit (54). 7) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) closed gas, composed by a gas displacement cylinder (45) auxiliary to the isochoric and isothermal processes. 8) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a piston unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of a mechanical force cylinder (46) responsible for useful work. 9) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a secondary piston unit (54) with closed circuit gas by a dynamic angular position sensor called an encoder (55), fixed on the axis of the elements of mechanical force (412). 10) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) closed gas, composed by an electronic or mechanical control unit (56), which acts on the valves or set of process control valves. Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 28/51 4/9 11) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) closed gas, composed by a set of valves V1 (49), V2 (410) and V3 (411) and control the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit (54). 12) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) closed gas, composed by an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor (47) and an electric motor (48) that assists in the compression process and isothermal heat rejection. 13) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a secondary piston unit (54) with closed circuit gas by an isothermal heat exchanger (44) for cooling the waste heat. 14) “INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN UNIT OF CYCLE OTTO AND A SECONDARY UNIT TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) closed gas, composed by elements of mechanical force (412) responsible for transmitting the power to perform useful work. 15) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, characterized by thermodynamic processes that generate a thermodynamic cycle, whose phenomena are generated from a combustion thermal source (61), which produces the expansion of the gas in the chamber Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 29/51 5/9 combustion (34) of the main internal combustion Otto cycle unit (53), which generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with an isochoric heating (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature of T1 for Tq and pressure from P1 to Ph, after the heating and isochoric compression process (1-2) the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder (35) by the movement of the piston (36), where the gas reduces the temperature from Tq to T3 and reduces the pressure from Ph to P3, after the adiabatic expansion process (2-3), the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of constant volume energy Vb from the main unit (53) to the heat exchanger, isochoric regenerator (43), releasing the gas resulting from combustion (51) to the environment at cold temperature Tf, after the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) , in the main Otto cycle unit (53), the process of exhaustion and aspiration (4-a ) and (a-4) respectively and sequentially, after the process of exhaustion and aspiration, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) occurs inside the cylinder (35), by the piston compression movement (36), where the gas increases the temperature from Tf to T1 and pressure from PL to P1, ending the processes in the main internal combustion unit of Otto cycle (53), and these processes (1-2), (2-3), (3-4 ), (4-a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in an order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain, and from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the main unit cycle cycle (53) with the hot gas flow (32), transferring its energy to the regenerator (43), simultaneously the isochoric heating process (5-1) of the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas ( 54), where the gas, in constant volume Va with the simultaneous movement of the pistons of the cylinders (45) and (46), passing the gas through the regenerator (43), where the gas increases its temperature from Tf to T1 and increases the pressure from P5 to P1, after the isochoric heating process (5-1), the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) in the mechanical force cylinder (at the secondary unit) ( 46), where the piston moves from the Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 30/51 6/9 volume Va to volume Vb with the expansion of the gas, producing mechanical force in the driving force elements 412, and in this process the gas reduces the temperature from T1 to Tf and reduces the pressure from P1 to PL, after the process of adiabatic expansion (1-4), occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and driving force elements 412, the isothermal compression and heat rejection process (62) (4-5), ending the processes in the piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1-4), and (4-5) occur in a sequential order in the time domain, ending the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated by a main internal combustion Otto cycle unit and a secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons, in order to characterize a new complex machine with two integrated units, which together operate by means of a cycle (611) formed essentially by five thermodynamic processes, by an isochoric energy input process (1-2) by internal combustion (65), an adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with work done (68), an isochoric process (3-4) regenerative process (69), an isothermal compression heat rejection process (4-5), (66), an isochoric heating process (5-1), (610) regenerated by the isochoric process (3-4) and a exhaust and suction process (4-a, a-4), so that the integrated internal combustion engine performs the liquid work (67), resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle. 16) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by processes whose phenomena are generated from a combustion thermal source (61), which produces the expansion of the gas in the combustion chamber (34) of the main internal combustion Otto cycle unit (53), which generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with isochoric heating (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature from T1 to Tq and the pressure from P1 to Ph. Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 31/51 7/9 17) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isochoric heating process (1-2) the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs, with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder (35) by the movement of the piston (36), where the gas reduces the temperature from Tq to T3 and reduces the pressure from Ph to P3. 18) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of energy with constant volume Vb from the main Otto cycle unit (53) to the heat exchanger, isochoric regenerator (43), releasing the gas resulting from combustion (51) to the environment at cold temperature Tf. 19) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isochoric regenerative process (3-4), the exhaust process takes place in the main Otto cycle unit (53) and aspiration (4-a) and (a-4) respectively and sequentially. 20) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where, after the exhaust and suction process, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) takes place inside the cylinder (35 ) by the piston compression movement (36), where the gas increases the temperature from Tf to T1 and pressure from PL to P1, ending the processes in the main internal combustion unit of the Otto cycle (53), and these processes (1- 2), (23), (3-4), (4-a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in an order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain. Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 32/51 8/9 21) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process, where from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the main Otto cycle unit (53) with the flow of hot gas (32), transferring its energy to the regenerator (43), the isochoric heating process (5-1) of the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas (54) occurs simultaneously, where the gas in constant volume Va with the simultaneous movement of the cylinder pistons (45) and (46) passing the gas through the regenerator (43), where the gas increases its temperature from Tf to T1 and increases the pressure from P5 to P1. 22) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isochoric heating process (5-1), the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) occurs in the cylinder of mechanical force (46), where it moves from volume Va to volume Vb with the expansion of the gas, producing mechanical force in the driving force elements 412, and in this process, the gas reduces the temperature from T1 to Tf and reduces the pressure from P1 to PL. 23) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the adiabatic expansion process (1-4), it occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and force elements motive 412, the heat compression and rejection process (62) isothermal (4-5), ending the processes in the piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1 -4), and (4-5) occur in a sequential order in the time domain, ending the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated by an internal combustion unit of Otto cycle and a unit with gas pistons closed circuit. Petition 870180067622, of 03/08/2018, p. 33/51 9/9 24) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claims 15 to 23, characterized in an integrated way by a cycle (611) formed essentially by five thermodynamic processes, by an isochoric energy input process (1 -2) by internal combustion (65), an adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with work carried out (68), a regenerative isochoric process (3-4) (69), an isothermal compression heat rejection process (4-5), (66), an isochoric heating process (5-1), (610) regenerated by the isochoric process (3-4) and also an exhaustion and aspiration process (4-a, a- 4), so that the integrated internal combustion engine performs the liquid work (67) resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle.