BR102017008545B1 - DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention refers to a heat engine and its thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, more specifically it is a heat engine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each one operates a thermodynamic cycle of four processes, however interdependent on each other, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system is closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, this system carries out a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it executes at any time in the cycle, two simultaneous and interdependent, complementary processes, four of which are isobaric and four polytropic with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[001] The present invention refers to a heat engine and its thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, more specifically, it is a heat engine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each one operates a thermodynamic cycle of four processes, but interdependent between themselves, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this hybrid system is closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, this system carries out a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it performs at any time in the cycle, two simultaneous and interdependent, complementary processes, four of these processes being “isobaric” and four “polytropic” with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the 19th century at the beginning of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.

[003] The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this thermodynamic system concept does not offer properties that allow the development of engines.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are internal combustion engines, the Otto cycle, the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, the Diesel cycle, the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel cycle, the Brayton cycle with internal combustion, the Rankine cycle with exhaust from steam to the environment. The materials that enter these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that leave these systems are the exhaust from combustion or the working fluid, gases, waste, the energies that leave these systems are the mechanical work energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples of a closed thermodynamic system are external combustion engines such as the Stirling cycle, the Ericsson cycle, the Rankine cycle with working fluid in a closed circuit, the Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, the Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energy that leaves this system is the mechanical work energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter leaves these systems, as occurs in the open system.

[006] Both systems, open and closed, as input they have at time (t1) the temperature (Tq), mass (m1) and the number of moles (n1) and at the exit, at time (t2), both have the temperature (Tf), the mass (m1) and the number of moles (n1), the mass is constant, the difference between them is that in the open system the mass (m1) crosses the system and in the closed system, the mass (m1) remains in the system, as shown in figure 1.

CURRENT STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE

[007] The engines known to date are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle is completed, as can be seen in the pressure/volume graph in figure 2. These are the Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson cycle engines and the ideal theoretical Carnot cycle and the Brayton cycle also belongs to the open or closed systems , however, unlike the others, its four processes all occur simultaneously.

[008] The internal energy of the working gas of engines based on open and closed systems is not constant during their cycle, the equation that represents the internal energy is indicated in equation (a)

[009] In equation (a), (U) represents the internal energy in “Joule”, (n) represents the number of moles, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (T) represents the temperature of the gas in “Kelvin” and (Y) represents the adiabatic expansion coefficient.

[010] As only one process always occurs at a time in most engines designed with the open or closed system concept, the internal energy varies with time, since the product: number of moles (n) by temperature (T) , (n.T) is not constant during the cycle, as the temperature (T) is a variable in the processes and the number of moles (n) is a constant in the processes.

[011] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is also characterized by the property where the output of the process, work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, that is, when more work is needed, If more heat is injected or more combustion is promoted, all processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced, in other words, the engines are controlled by direct power supply. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to obtain greater power, more fuel and more oxygen are injected and thus more work is produced, more rotation. To obtain greater power with constant rotation, reduction or rotation transformation boxes are normally used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in electricity to direct current motors, which, to increase power, increase the motor's supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a series of internal combustion and external combustion engines, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to start them up. Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing of fuel with oxygen and a spark or pressure combustion, so an auxiliary starting engine, usually electric, is used. External combustion engines, such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle engines, in turn, also require auxiliary and high-power engines, as they need to overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating. An exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via valve control to supply steam pressure to the driving force elements.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a series of engines, most of them, dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each of which requires its specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, flexibility in the fuel is very limited. In this category, of the engines based on open and closed systems, the most flexible engine is the Rankine cycle engine, with external combustion or the Stirling, also with external combustion, these are more flexible in terms of source, but have other important deficiencies.

[014] The current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and, therefore, the need for oxygen.

[015] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high temperatures for operation, especially those with internal combustion, usually operate with working gas at temperatures above 1000 °C. External combustion engines or those operated by external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stirling cycles, are normally designed to operate with working gas temperatures between 400 °C and 800 °C. In addition to engines based on open and closed systems most of the time requiring high temperatures to operate, all of them have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).

[016] In equation (b), (q) is the yield, (Tf) is the temperature of the cold source and (Tq) is the temperature of the hot source, both in “Kelvin”.

[017] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, basically comprises six engine cycles and some versions of these: the Otto cycle, the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, the Diesel cycle, the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle, ideal theoretical reference for engines based on open and closed systems. The latest developments in the current state of the art have been presented through innovations joining more than one old cycle to form combined cycles, that is: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating with fuels of fossil origin, gas or oil and a Rankine cycle machine dependent on the heat rejected by the Brayton cycle machine. Or the same philosophy, combining a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine cycle engine or even an Otto cycle engine, also combining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[018] The current state of the art presents a series of limitations and also offers a series of problems. Most engines, such as internal combustion, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton cycle engines, require specific fuels for each concept, for example: gasoline, diesel oil, gas, kerosene, and with high calorific value, they need to work under high temperatures and consequently, for many years it has depended on fossil fuels, causing serious damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The thermodynamic system under which these engines are designed has Carnot's theorem as an efficiency limitation which, due to its principle, imposes the efficiency limit as a direct and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[019] Most of today's engines require refined and polluting fuels with harmful effects on the climate and the environment and, therefore, compromise sustainability. One of the most recent technologies developed to minimize the impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, in such a way that the waste heat of the first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, however the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an engine under the open system concept and an engine under the closed system concept, independent, that is, it is classified as a combined system, two completely independent cycles, it is not characterized as a hybrid system.

[020] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycles, are engines under the closed system concept, they are external combustion or external heat sources. Due to their properties, although they have the simplest engine concepts, they are difficult to build. They require matched project parameters, that is, they work well, with good efficiency, only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply, or they do not operate. Therefore, they are machines that are rarely used for industrial or popular use.

[021] Carnot's ideal engine, figure 3, in turn, although it is considered the ideal engine, most perfect to date, it is so in theory and within the concepts of open and closed system considering all ideal parameters, for This motif remains the reference to this day for all existing engine concepts. The Carnot engine is not found in practical use because real materials do not have the properties required to make the Carnot engine a reality, the physical dimensions so that the Carnot cycle can be executed as in theory, would be unfeasible in a practical case. , therefore it is an ideal Engine in the concepts of open system and closed system, but in the theoretical concept.

[022] The power, rotation and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton cycle engines, these internal combustion, result directly from the supply of fuel and oxygen and as a result offer greater rotation and torque simultaneously. To separate torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at least, offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles.

[023] The control of power, rotation and torque of existing Rankine cycle engines, this one with external combustion, are due to the flow and pressure of the steam or working gas, and as a result they offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[024] The power, rotation and torque control of existing Stirling and Ericsson cycle engines, these with external combustion, are due to the mass or pressure of the working gas, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result they offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow operating range. In these cases, projects that do not work are common because the parameters, in their interdependencies, may not offer the conditions that make the engine work.

[025] The current state of the art has recently revealed some references that already have similar concepts of the hybrid system, they are engines that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes operating simultaneously in a system formed by two integrated subsystems. The patent “PI 1000624-9” registered in Brazil defined as “Thermomechanical energy converter” consists of two subsystems that operate through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes, without regeneration. The patent “PCT/BR2013/000222” registered in the United States of America defined as “Thermal engine that operates in accordance with the thermodynamic Carnot cycle and control process” which consists of two subsystems and operates in each subsystem, one cycle thermodynamic formed by two isothermal processes of two adiabatic processes. The patent “PCT/BR2014/000381” registered in the United States of America defined as “Differential thermal machine with cycle of eight thermodynamic transformations and control process” which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes. These references differ from the present invention in terms of the thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle offering the engine its own characteristics. The concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system offers the basis for the development of a new family of thermal engines, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute their respective thermodynamic cycles, as for example, the Otto engine and the Diesel engine are engines based on the open thermodynamic system of internal combustion, but they constitute distinct engines and what distinguishes them are details of their thermodynamic cycles, the Otto engine cycle is basically constituted by an adiabatic compression process, an isochoric combustion process, an adiabatic process of expansion and an isochoric exhaust and the Diesel engine cycle is made up of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isochoric exhaust process, therefore they differ in only one of the processes that form their cycles, enough to give each one specific and different properties and uses. Likewise, the hybrid system concept offers the basis for a new family of thermal engines consisting of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles formed by processes where two simultaneous processes will always occur, each one will have its own particularities that will characterize each one of the motor cycles.

[026] In more in-depth research in order to accurately verify the current state of the art, some documents were found that, even if distant from the present solution, can help us establish the technology closest to the registration request in question. Let's see:

[027] Document RU 2189481 - “ENGINE DESIGN AND OPERATION METHOD”, refers to the design and operation method of engines with external heat supply (external combustion engines) and can be used in the design of ecologically omnivorous engines high-economy clean. The invention aims to solve the problem of executing two working times in four variable volumes of two working cylinders in one revolution of the power take-off shaft in the isobaric process of expansion and displacement of the working medium, also improving the processes of exchange of heat in regenerators, arrangement of valve control mechanisms and sealing of rods in cold areas and improving all relative characteristics of the engine. According to the invention, when at bottom dead center the maximum pressure compensator is placed in communication with the piston expansion space through the regenerator and heater, the working medium rushes into the piston space and the working stroke occurs at constant pressure and at the same time the same amount of cold working medium is compressed into the rod space and forced out into the maximum pressure compensator. EFFECT: possibility of creating compact high-economy engines with external heat supply, surpassing all known heat engines by absolute and relative characteristics. 3 cl, 6 dwg.

[028] Document DE 2342103 - “HOT GAS ENGINE, HAS A CYCLE INVOLVING ISOTHERMAL, ISOCORIC AND ISOBARIC PHASES AND INCORPORATES REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER”, brings a heat engine using a cycle that has isothermal, isochoric and isobaric phases and which would produce high cycle efficiencies when used as a propulsion cycle for a motor vehicle. The engine uses carbon dioxide as a working medium and has a burner that provides heat to the system. Cold gas is induced from a reservoir into a water-cooled cylinder through a valve. The gas is compressed in the cylinder and delivered to a higher pressure reservoir, from where it passes to a second, larger cylinder through a regenerative heat exchanger. The larger cylinder passes additional compressed gas through a heat exchanger heated by the burner before returning it to the reservoir via the regenerator.

[029] Document WO 2014 109667 - “REYLEIGH CYCLE THERMAL MACHINE”, the present invention is intended for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. A heat engine operates according to the Rayleigh cycle and comprises a chamber (1) with a smaller volume and a chamber (2) with a larger volume. Inside the chambers there are bidirectional displacers moving in identical phases and connected to an operating axis with a flywheel through a mechanism for converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The volume of chamber 1, having a low temperature, is connected via a cooling recovery heat exchanger to a regenerative heat exchanger. The volume of chamber 2, having a high temperature, is connected by means of a heating recovery heat exchanger to a regenerative heat exchanger. The intermediate temperature ends of the chamber volumes are connected to a four-way rotary gas distribution valve, as are the regenerative heat exchangers. Isochoric gas transfer is provided from one side of a displacer to the other side of it by means of recuperative and regenerative heat exchangers, and isobaric gas transfer is provided from the intermediate temperature end of the volume of a chamber to the volume of the another chamber through the gas distribution valve and the regenerative and recuperative heat exchangers. The invention aims to increase the efficiency of a heat engine. Isochoric gas transfer is provided from one side of a displacer to the other side of it by means of recuperative and regenerative heat exchangers, and isobaric gas transfer is provided from the intermediate temperature end of the volume of a chamber to the volume of the another chamber through the gas distribution valve and the regenerative and recuperative heat exchangers. The invention aims to increase the efficiency of a heat engine. Isochoric gas transfer is provided from one side of a displacer to the other side of it by means of recuperative and regenerative heat exchangers, and isobaric gas transfer is provided from the intermediate temperature end of the volume of a chamber to the volume of the another chamber through the gas distribution valve and the regenerative and recuperative heat exchangers. The invention aims to increase the efficiency of a heat engine.

[030] Document JP 2004 084564 - “EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY DEVICE”, aims to remove exhaust thermal energy from an isothermal expansion process in which the working fluid is expanded by exhaust heat, based on the Ericsson cycle principle in which isothermal expansion, isothermal compression, isobaric heating and isobaric cooling are repeated. ;SOLUTION: This exhaust heat collecting device is equipped with a heat engine 10 to discharge the exhaust, a compressor part 1 to discharge the sucked working fluid by applying isothermal compression to it, a reproducer 2 to apply isobaric heating to the working fluid by exhaust heat and to apply isobaric cooling to the exhaust by the working fluid, and an expanding part 3 to apply isobaric expansion to the working fluid by exhaust heat, which is obtained by heat exchange between the working fluid and the exhaust.

[031] Document WO 2016 114683 - “INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND METHOD OF OPERATION THEREOF”, presents an internal combustion engine operating based on the following theoretical thermodynamic cycle: isothermal compression, isochoric heat supply, isothermal or isobaric expansion , adiabatic expansion and removal of isobaric or isochoric thermal energy. Isochoric heat supply occurs partially using the heat of exhaust gases in a regenerator 6. Isothermal compression occurs in a compressor 8 with internal cooling of compressed air. Injection of a charge, injection of fuel and expansion of a working fluid occur in an engine with opposing cylinders 1 and 2. The pairs of communicating cylinders are displaced axially to accommodate the valves. The piston of a cylinder with an intake valve moves at a forward angle towards the piston of a cylinder with an exhaust valve. The inlet of the working fluid.

[032] Document DE 3304729 - “PROCESS FOR OPERATING A THERMAL MACHINE WITH A GAS MEDIUM”, a very efficient operating process for the operation of a thermal machine with a gaseous medium works entirely in the superheated range in a cycle comprising a large first isobaric section, a second adiabatic or isothermal section, a second large isobaric section and a fourth section, which also functions adiabatically or isothermally, the pressure differential between the two isobars being comparatively small and the temperature differences comparatively large, and the work obtained due to volume expansion being converted isobarically into admission work in the heat engine.

[033] Document JPS 5732038 - “GAS SYSTEM EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE”, Improving the efficiency of a gas system external combustion engine by allowing said engine to repeat the heat cycle of adiabatic compression, isobaric heating, adiabatic expansion and isobaric cooling. CONSTITUTION: Tanks 1, 2, 3 and 4 contain each gas under each condition corresponding respectively to points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the pv diagram. First, valves 6, 9 are closed and valves 5, 7, 8 and 10 are opened. When the pistons 19, 20 are operated from bottom dead center and the pistons 21, 22 from top dead center, the gas in tank 3 lowers the piston 21 and the gas below the piston 22 enters the tank 4. The gas above the piston 19 enters tank 2 and the gas in tank 1 enters under piston 20. Then when valves 6, 9 are opened and valves 5, 7, 8 and 10 are closed.

[034] It is important to highlight that, despite the documents above belonging to the same technical field, they do not come even remotely close to the present solution presented here.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

[035] The major problems in the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies in meeting sustainable projects, due to the dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with serious impacts on the environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures , demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of controllability due to limitations in the variability of model parameters based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility regarding energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels, high dependence on air ( oxygen) for combustion and many of them depend on a second engine to take them into operation (a starter motor).

[036] The objective of the invention focuses on eliminating some of the existing problems and minimizing other problems, however the main objective was to develop new motor cycles based on a new concept of thermodynamic system so that the efficiency of the motors would no longer be dependent exclusively of temperatures and whose energy sources can be diversified and that would allow the design of engines for environments including without air (oxygen). The concept of a hybrid system, a specific characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials where the mass of the gas is constant and for this reason they cancel each other out in the equations, in hybrid systems the mass is not necessarily constant, therefore they do not cancel each other and their efficiencies depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, that is, the pressures. The concept of a hybrid system provides dependent potentials, proportional to the product of the working gas mass and temperature, as in the hybrid system, unlike open and closed systems, the mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-exclusive function of temperature , but dependent on mass and for a differential cycle engine composed of four isobaric processes, four regenerative polytropic processes, the efficiency is demonstrated as shown in equation (c) and figure 4.

[037] In equation (c), (q) is the yield, (T1) is the initial temperature of the high-temperature isobaric process, (T2) is the final temperature of the high-temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize with the temperature of the hot source (Tq), (T3) is the initial temperature of the low-temperature isobaric process, (T4) is the final temperature of the low-temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize with the temperature of the cold source ( Tf), all temperatures in “Kelvin”, (n1) is the number of moles of subsystem 1, indicated by region (21) of figure 4, (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region (23 ) of figure 4.

[038] The dependence on high temperatures of most engines in the current state of the art also leads to dependence on fuels with high calorific value, making it difficult to use clean sources which normally offer lower temperatures. The concept of differential cycle under the hybrid system , and working fluid whose processes do not require the change of physical phase, eliminates this mandatory dependence on high temperatures, The differential concept where the cycle always operates two processes at a time, (26) and (27) of figure 5, simultaneously and interdependent, enables machines that can operate at low temperatures and consequently, clean renewable sources, such as thermosolar, geothermal, become fully viable and their efficiencies begin to have the mass, or number of moles, as shown in the equation (c ), as a parameter to obtain better efficiencies, even with relatively low temperature differentials.

[039] The main known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the Carnot cycle execute a single process at a time sequentially, as shown in figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements, its control is a direct function of the energy source supply, in turn, the differential cycles of the hybrid system, execute two processes at a time, figure 5, making it possible to control the thermodynamic cycle separately from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and In this way, the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and no longer the opposite.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[040] Differential cycle engines are characterized by having two subsystems, forming a hybrid system, represented by (21) and (23) of figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous processes and interdependent. Otherwise, considering a hybrid system with properties of open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system executes a compound thermodynamic cycle, figure 5, that is, it always executes two simultaneous processes at a time (26) and (27) in figure 5, interdependent, including mass transfer. Therefore, these are completely different engines and cycles from engines and cycles based on open or closed systems. In figure 6 the relationship between the hybrid system and the differential thermodynamic cycle can be seen.

[041] The concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system is new, it is formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is an exchange of matter and energy and both supply, outside their limits, energy in the form of work and part of the energy in the form of heat dissipated . This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of heat engines.

[042] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy, whether for use in power generation or another use, such as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: total flexibility regarding the source of energy (heat), independence from the atmosphere, it does not require an atmosphere for a differential cycle engine to operate, flexibility regarding temperatures, the Differential cycle can be designed to operate in a very wide range of temperatures, much higher than most engines based on open and closed systems, in fact, a differential cycle engine can be designed to operate with both temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, it is enough that the design conditions promote the expansion and contraction of the working gas and it is enough that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at the design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the differential cycle engine based on the hybrid system is its controllability due to the ease in modulating thermodynamic processes and in engine designs that do not require the use of starter motors, or at least, these would be small. , due to the ease of generating torque through the force differential provided by the system formed by two conversion subchambers, that is, two subsystems. Therefore, the advantages found include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources as operational advantages, being able to operate theoretically in any temperature range and its ability to control rotation and torque.

[043] The differential cycle engine based on the hybrid system concept can be built with materials and techniques similar to conventional engines and Stirling cycle engines, as it is an engine that works with gas in a closed circuit, considering the complete system, that is, the complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), configuring a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem is formed by a chamber, (33) and (35), containing working gas and each one of these, are formed by three subchambers, one heated (33) with (317), and (35) with (42), one cooled (33) with (41), and (35) with (318), and another isolated , (33) with (32) and (35) with (36), or in some cases, it is non-existent, connected to these two chambers there is a driving force element (312), each subsystem has a regenerator, (310) and (314), which can be active or passive, between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34), therefore the subsystems are open to each other, between the complete system and the external environment it is considered closed, these two subsystems execute simultaneously each of them a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a differential thermodynamic cycle, (82), unique, of eight processes, four of which are isobaric, (a-b), (1-2), (c-d) and (3-4), four polytropics, (b-c), (2-3), (d-a) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer. This concept of a closed working gas circuit in relation to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases, leaks can be admitted, as long as they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted, they are similar, in this aspect, to Stirling cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be different, each one will provide specific characteristics, as an example the gases can be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[044] The conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid system, may be built with different materials, depending on the design temperatures, the working gas used, the pressures involved, the environment and operating conditions. These chambers each have three subchambers and these must be designed observing the requirement for thermal insulation between them to minimize the flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for the overall efficiency of the system. These chambers have internally elements that move the working gas between the hot, cold, and isolated subchambers when present, these elements can be of different geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and project parameters, it could, for example, be shaped of discs, in a cylindrical shape or another that allows the movement of the working gas in a controlled manner between the subchambers.

[045] The mass transfer element, (34), connects the two chambers, (33) and (35), this element is responsible for transferring part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific moment during polytropic processes. This element can be designed in various ways depending on the project requirements, it can operate by simple pressure difference, that is, in the form of a valve, or it can operate in a forced way, for example, in the form of a turbine, in the form of pistons or in another geometric shape that allows it to perform the mass transfer of part of the working gas.

[046] The active regenerators, (310) and (314), operate with a specific working gas and this gas stores the energy of the engine gas during the polytropic temperature lowering processes through internal expansion and regenerates, i.e. returns this energy to the engine gas during the polytropic processes of temperature elevation through compression. This regenerator is called an active regenerator because it carries out its regeneration process dynamically through mobile mechanical elements and its own working gas, unlike the known passive regenerators, which operate through thermal exchange between the gas and a static element, operating by heat conduction between the gas and your body. If the use of a passive regenerator is considered in the project, it generally operates with heat exchange by conduction between the working gas and the elements that form the regenerator. Passive regenerators do not use gas and moving elements.

[047] The driving force element, (312), is responsible for performing the mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the forces of the engine's working gas. This element can be designed in various ways, depending on the design requirements, it can, for example, be in the form of a turbine, in the form of pistons with cylinders, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or in another form that allows work to be done from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[048] The attached figures demonstrate the main characteristics and properties of the old concepts of thermal machines and the proposed innovations based on the hybrid system, in which they are represented: Figure 1 represents the concept of open thermodynamic system and the concept of closed thermodynamic system; Figure 2 represents the characteristics of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems; Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal engine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot; Figure 4 represents the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system; Figure 5 represents the characteristics of the differential thermodynamic cycles based on the hybrid system; Figure 6 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two thermodynamic processes that occur simultaneously; Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal engine under the concept of a hybrid system and its active regenerator; Figure 8 shows the engine indicating the phase in which one of the regenerators, element (310), equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source; Figure 9 shows the engine indicating the phase in which the second regenerator, element (314), equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source; Figure 10 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), carrying out the high-temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the low-temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 11 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), carrying out the polytropic process of lowering the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the polytropic process of raising the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 12, in turn, shows the first subsystem, group (31), carrying out its low-temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the high-temperature isobaric process of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 13 shows the first subsystem, group (31), carrying out the polytropic process of raising the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the polytropic process of lowering the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 14 shows the ideal thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator; Figure 15 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat transfer process for its respective active regenerator; Figure 16 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat regeneration process by its respective active regenerator; Figure 17 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high-temperature isobaric processes, two low-temperature isobaric processes, two polytropic temperature-lowering processes, heat transfer, two polytropic temperature-raising processes, heat regeneration, and the active regenerator thermodynamic processes; Figure 18 shows an example of the engine application for an electricity generating plant with geothermal energy as its primary source; Figure 19 shows an example of the engine application for an electricity generating plant with thermosolar energy as its primary source; and Figure 20 shows an example of applying the differential cycle engine to a combined system design, forming a combined cycle with an open system internal combustion engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[049] The differential cycle engine consisting of two high-temperature isobaric processes, two low-temperature isobaric processes, two polytropic heat transfer processes, two polytropic heat regeneration processes with active or passive regenerator is based on a thermodynamic system hybrid because it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform a thermodynamic cycle that interact with each other, being able to exchange heat, work and mass as represented in figure 4. In (22), in figure 4, the hybrid system composed of two subsystems indicated by (21) and (23).

[050] In Figure 6, the hybrid thermodynamic system and the differential thermodynamic cycle are shown again, detailing, in this case, the processes, which when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (m1), number of moles (n1) and temperature (Tq), at this same instant, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), number of moles (n2), temperature (Tf). In a machine based on a hybrid system composed of two subsystems, the sum of the working gas mass is always constant (m1 + m2 = cte), but they are not necessarily constant in their respective subsystems, as mass may be exchanged between them.

[051] Figure 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system containing two subsystems indicated by (31) and (37). Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber, (33) and (35), a driving force element, (312), an active regenerator, (310) and (314), its transmission shafts, respectively, (38), (39), (311) and (313), (315), (316). Connecting the subsystems for mass transfer processes is a mass transfer element (34).

[052] In figure 8 and figure 9, the process responsible for generating the initial operating state of the regenerators, (310) and (314), is shown. In the initial state of operation, the regenerators are both brought to equalize with the temperature of the hot source (Tq). In figure 8, while one of the subsystems, (31), carries out its high-temperature isobaric process, its respective regenerator is pressurized by mechanical force through the transmissions, (38), (39) and (311), equalizing with the temperature of the working gas of subsystem (31) in (Tq), shown in the graph in figure 14 on the path indicated in (71). In figure 9, while the second subsystem, (37), carries out its high-temperature isobaric process, its respective regenerator is pressurized by mechanical force through the transmissions, (316), (315) and (313), equalizing with the temperature of the working gas of subsystem (37) in (Tq), also shown in the graph in figure 14 on the path indicated in (71).

[053] Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show how the eight processes occur mechanically, four isobaric and four polytropic with mass transfer and heat regeneration. In figure 10, the subsystem (31) exposes the working gas to the hot source, at the temperature (Tq), indicated in (317), this subsystem executes the high temperature isobaric process and simultaneously the subsystem indicated by (37) exposes the working gas to the cold source, at the temperature (Tf), indicated in (318), and at this moment, simultaneously, this subsystem executes the low-temperature isobaric process. These processes alternate between the subsystems, as shown in figure 12. After completion of the isobaric processes, in figures 11 and 13 it is shown how the subsystems process their respective polytropic processes with or without mass transfer and with regeneration, after the subsystem ( 31) finishing its high temperature isobaric process, the gas is exposed to a thermally isolated region, indicated by (32), the gas, initially at the hot temperature (Tq), gives heat to the regenerator (310) which starts from the state hot, expands the internal gas until it removes the heat from the working gas and its own, until it reaches a cold temperature (Tf) through the expansion of the gas, transferring the energy to its axis in the form of mechanical kinetic energy, simultaneously, part of the gas of subsystem (31), with higher pressure, is transferred to the subsystem (37) at lower pressure through the mass transfer element indicated in (34), thus completing the polytropic process of lowering the subsystem's temperature ( 31), simultaneously, the subsystem (37) receives part of the working gas mass from the subsystem (31), and heat regeneration from the regenerator (314) also occurs simultaneously, taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to a hottest temperature at which the high-temperature isobaric process begins through the pressurization of the regenerator's internal gas by the mechanical energy in the axes obtained in the expansion process, completing the polytropic regeneration process. And the subsystem (37) now has a greater mass than the subsystem (31). However, in polytropic processes, the driving force elements also perform compressions and expansions and there is a sharing of heat and energy in the process between the gas as the regenerator and with the driving force elements simultaneously.

[054] The polytropic process in this motor cycle has intermediate characteristics between isochoric and adiabatic processes and can be described by expression (d).

[055] In the limit where (k ® +¥), the polytropic process gains isochoric characteristics, and in the limit where (k ® Y), the polytropic process gains isentropic or adiabatic characteristics, therefore, in practical projects, the parameter (k ) will be greater than (y), the adiabatic expansion coefficient, and the slope of the pressure variation curve with volume will be between the slope of the isochoric process and the slope of the adiabatic process.

[056] The graph in figure 14 clarifies how the active regenerator works, the curve indicated by (71) shows the initial process to condition the operability of the regenerator, the curve indicated by (72) shows the regenerator process in operation with the cycle of the engine, the transfer of heat from the engine gas to the regenerator occurs alternately and sequentially, this going from the hot temperature (Tq) to the hot temperature (Tf) and regeneration when the process occurs in reverse, starting from the temperature (Tf) to the temperature (Tq). These processes always occur during the polytropic processes of the engine cycle.

[057] Curve (71) in figure 14 is an adiabatic process and its energy in units (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[058] This energy (W71) is the internal energy of the regenerator's own gas that remains internally throughout the time the engine is running.

[059] Curve (72) in figure 14 is also an adiabatic process and its energy in unit (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[060] The first energy term (W72) is the internal energy of the gas shown by (W71) and remains indefinitely in the regenerator, the second term is the adiabatic energy of the engine cycle in polytropic processes, corresponding to the sum of energies of the regenerator gas expansion and the gas expansion of the engine itself, the parameters (Tq) and (Tf) are replaced by the parameters of the respective range in which heat transfer to the regenerator and regeneration occur, both are equal.

[061] The thermodynamic process of curve (72) in figure 14 occurs under the conditions shown in the mechanical drawings in figures 11 and 13.

[062] Figure 15 shows in (73) the processes that form the cycle of one of the subsystems. The process (b-c) of the cycle shown in (73) is polytropic and starts at point (b) at the hot temperature (Tq), with (n1) moles of gas and continues to point (c), transferring part of the gas mass , equivalent to (n1 -n2) mol of gas to the other subsystem and transferring its heat (energy) to the regenerator and simultaneously goes to the engine's driving force element, reaching point (c) at a colder temperature at the beginning of the isobaric process (Tc) and with (n2) moles of gas. The graph (75) shows the process in which the regenerator removes heat from the gas in the subsystem, through the expansion of the internal gas of the active regenerator.

[063] Figure 16 shows in (77), simultaneously with the cycle shown in figure 15, the processes that form the cycle of the other subsystem that comprises the concept of the engine formed by two interdependent subsystems. The polytropic process (b-c) shown in figure 15 in the first subsystem involves lowering the gas temperature, its energy is transferred to the active regenerator and the driving force element, simultaneously in the second subsystem a polytropic process (4-1) of temperature growth, shown in figure 16, the mass of gas equivalent to (n1 - n2) mole of gas from the first subsystem is transferred from point (b), shown in (73), to the second subsystem, indicated in detail (78), figure 16, which starts this polytropic process with (n2) moles of gas in (4) and arrives at (1) with (n1) moles of gas at a hotter temperature (T1) received from the stored energy of the active regenerator and the driving force element of the engine, whose curve of the regenerator portion of its process is indicated in (76).

[064] Figure 17 shows the ideal engine differential cycle, of eight processes, complete, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous processes always occur in the engine, exemplified by indications (86) and (88), until forming the complete cycle of eight processes and cycles of two processes in each of the two active regenerators. In (82), the sequence (1-2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the subsystems that form the engine cycle, the sequence (a-b-c-d- a) shows the processes of the other subsystem, in (81) the processes of one of the active regenerators are shown, in (83) the processes of the other active regenerator are shown, all interdependent.

[065] In figure 17, in (82). The curve indicated by (87) shows the processes (ab-c-d-a) of one of the subsystems, the process (a-b) is high temperature isobaric where the energy input into the system occurs, it occurs simultaneously with the low temperature isobaric process (3 -4) where unused energy is discarded, from the curve indicated by (85) of the other subsystem. Process (b-c) is polytropic of lowering temperature, it occurs simultaneously with process (4-1), also polytropic, but of increasing temperature, in process (b-c) the transfer of heat (energy) from the engine gas to the driving force element of the engine and also of the gas from the engine to the regenerator shown in (83), in an adiabatic process indicated by the curve (89), simultaneously in the process (4-1) the regeneration of heat (energy) occurs for the engine gas received from the driving force element of the engine and the regenerator shown in (81), also in an adiabatic process indicated by the curve (84), simultaneously also during the polytropic processes of the engine cycle and during the adiabatic processes of the active regenerators , mass transfer occurs, leaving (n1 - n2) moles of gas in process (b-c), to the other subsystem, during the polytropic process (4-1), shown in detail (78) in the graph curve (77) in figure 16. Processes (2-3) and (d-a) are identical to processes (b-c) and (4-1). Process (c-d) is low-temperature isobaric and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high-temperature isobaric. Process (d-a) is a polytropic process of temperature increase (regeneration), with an increase in mass and occurs simultaneously with the polytropic process (2-3) of temperature reduction (heat transfer to the regenerator), with mass reduction, thus completing the process. thermodynamic cycle with eight engine processes, always two simultaneous and the cycles of the two active regenerators, each with two adiabatic processes. The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems that make up the engine is always constant.

[066] In the engine conversion chambers, the isobaric processes of the engine cycle (1-2), (a-b), (3-4) and (c-d) are carried out with the gas confined in a geometry characterized by thermal inertia in which the gas has a temperature variation rate such that it tends to equalize with hot or cold elements only at the end of these processes, making the pressure relatively stable, that is, isobaric. This geometry must be characterized by a not too small depth for the penetration of heat into the gas, or by a displacement of the gas between the hot and cold elements not too fast in order to produce a rate of temperature variation throughout the isobaric process, making so that the pressure behaves constantly. The polytropic processes of the engine cycle (23) and (b-c) are carried out with the gas in a thermally isolated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the engine driving force element and the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will carry out a rapid, adiabatic expansion, transferring the energy of the gas to the mechanical elements of the regenerator and the engine, storing the energy in the form of kinetic energy and in the polytropic processes of the engine cycle (4-1) and (d-a) are also carried out with the gas in a thermally isolated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform rapid compression together with the power element engine motive force, adiabatic, transferring the kinetic energy of its elements back to the engine gas, raising its temperature, completing regeneration.

[067] Table 1 shows process by process that form the differential cycle of eight heat engine processes shown step by step, with four isobaric processes, four polytropic processes and the thermodynamic cycle with two adiabatic active regenerator processes and heat transfer steps. pasta.

[068] This differential cycle of an engine composed of two subsystems based on the concept of a hybrid system, whose pressure and volume curve is indicated in figure 17, has eight processes, two high-temperature isobaric processes of energy input into the system, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by expressions (g) and (h), two low-temperature isobaric processes for disposing of unused energy, curves (3-4) and (cd) represented by expressions (i ) and (j), two polytropic heat transfer processes (2-3) and (bc) through an active regenerator, represented by expressions (k) and (l), two polytropic heat regeneration processes (4- 1) and (da), represented by the expressions (m) and (n). The expressions consider the sign of the direction of the flow of energies.

[069] Considering that (T1 = Ta) and (T2 = Tb), the total energy input to the engine is the sum of the energies Q (1-2) and Q (ab) and is represented by expression (o) below .

[070] Considering that (T3 = Tc) and (T4 = Td), the total energy discarded to the external environment is the sum of the energies Q(3-4) and Q(cd) and in its positive form, it is represented by expression (p) below.

[071] The total useful work of the motor, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between energy input and output and is represented by expression (q) below.

[072] The polytropic processes, shown by expressions (k), (l), (m) and (n) are equal and regenerative, energy is transferred in the process of lowering the temperature and regenerated in the processes of increasing the temperature, i.e. That is, energy is conserved in the subsystems.

[073] The final theoretical demonstration of the efficiency of the differential cycle of eight processes, four isobaric processes, four polytropic processes with mass transfer and active regenerator is given by the expression (r), characterizing that the differential cycles based on the hybrid thermodynamic system have as efficiency parameter, also the number of moles or mass in the processes and therefore these cycles do not have their efficiencies dependent exclusively on temperatures.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

[074] Differential cycle engines based on the hybrid system operate with heat, do not require combustion, although it can be used, do not require burning of fuels, although it can be used, therefore they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical state of the working gas. Due to their properties exposed in this description, differential cycle engines can be designed to operate in a wide temperature range, higher than most existing engine cycles based on open or closed systems. Differential cycle engines are completely flexible in terms of the energy source (heat). Figure 18 shows an application for using the differential cycle engine to generate energy from geothermal sources. Figure 18 shows a heat transfer system from the ground 96 to a collector (94), basically formed by a pump (97) that injects a fluid, normally water, through the duct (93). The heat in the collector (94) is transferred to the differential cycle engine (91), which discards part of the energy to the external environment through the heat exchanger (95) and converts another part of the energy into work, operating a generator ( 92) which produces electricity.

[075] Figure 19 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine for producing energy from the sun's heat. The sun's rays are collected through the concentrator (103), the energy (heat) is transferred to the element (104) which directs the heat to the differential cycle engine (101), which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate an electricity generator, (102), part of the energy is discarded to the external environment through the exchanger (105).

[076] Figure 20 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines, forming combined cycles with them. The heat rejected by the exhausts, (116), of internal combustion engines, indicated by (112), powered by fuels, (117), Brayton cycle, Diesel cycle, Sabathe cycle, Otto cycle, Atkinson cycle, are channeled to the energy input (heat) from the differential cycle engine, (111), through an exchanger (113), promoting a flow of heat, (1111), from the internal combustion engine, (112), towards the cycle engine differential (111) and this converts part of this energy into useful mechanical force, (1113) which can be integrated with the mechanical force of the internal combustion engine, (1112) generating a single mechanical force, (118), or directed to produce electrical energy . The energy not converted by the differential cycle engine is discarded and sent to the external environment indicated by (1110). This application makes it possible to recover part of the energy that internal combustion engine cycles cannot use to carry out useful work and thus improve the overall efficiency of the system.

Claims (11)

1) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, characterized by being composed of two thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), configuring a hybrid thermodynamic system, each subsystem being formed by a chamber, (33) and (35), containing working gas and each of these two chambers is formed by three subchambers, one heated, (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), one cooled, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and another isolated one, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36), connected to these two chambers there is a driving force element, (312), each subsystem has an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34), these two subsystems simultaneously execute each one of them, a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a differential thermodynamic cycle, (82), unique, of eight processes , four of which are isobaric, (a-b), (1-2), (c-d) and (3-4), four are polytropic, (b-c), (2-3), (d-a) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer. 2) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claim 1, characterized by being composed of two chambers, (33) and (35), each chamber is divided into three subchambers, a heated subchamber, (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), a cooled subchamber, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and a thermally insulated subchamber, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36 ), forming each chamber, a subsystem, (31) and (37), and the junction of these two subsystems forms a hybrid thermodynamic system. 3) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized by having a driving force element, (312), connected to the two thermodynamic conversion chambers , (33) and (35). 4) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized by having an active or passive regenerator, (310) and (314), in each of the chambers (33) and (35). 5) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized by having a working gas mass transfer element, (34 ), between chambers (33) and (35). 6) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, characterized by a process carried out by the hybrid system forming a differential thermodynamic cycle of eight engine thermodynamic processes, (82), two of which are high-speed isobaric. temperature, (a-b) and (1-2), two low-temperature isobarics, (c-d) and (3-4), two temperature-lowering polytropics with mass transfer, (b-c) and (2-3), two polytropic processes of temperature elevation with mass receipt, (d-a) and (4- 1), and two adiabatic processes, (84) and (89), of the regenerator. 7) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claim 6, characterized by having a high temperature isobaric process, (a-b), in one of the subsystems which is executed simultaneously with another low-temperature isobaric process, (3-4), in the other subsystem and a low-temperature isobaric process, (c-d) in the first subsystem that runs simultaneously with another high-temperature isobaric process, (1-2), in the second subsystem, composing the four isobaric processes of the cycle. 8) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claim 6, characterized by having a polytropic process of temperature lowering and mass transfer, (b-c), in one of the subsystems which is executed simultaneously with another polytropic process, (4-1), in the second subsystem, this second process being the temperature increase through regeneration and this process receives the mass of the temperature lowering process and a polytropic process of temperature increase, regenerative with mass increase, (d-a), in the first subsystem, simultaneously with a polytropic process of temperature lowering, and mass transfer, (2-3), of the second subsystem, composing the four polytropic processes of the cycle. 9) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 6 and 8, characterized by having in the thermodynamic cycle, two energy regeneration processes - heat -, (84) and (89), which are carried out by the engine's driving force element and the regenerators, (310) and (314), where energy - heat - is transferred during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (b-c) and ( 2- 3), being stored in the regenerator and part in the driving force element of the engine, and received, regenerated by the polytropic processes of increasing temperature, (d-a) and (4-1). 10) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 6, 8 and 9, characterized by having two energy storage processes in the thermodynamic cycle, (89), carried out by the driving force element (312) of the engine and by the regenerators, (310) and (314), for subsequent regeneration, (84), through the regenerators, which absorb energy during the polytropic temperature lowering processes, (b-c ) and (2-3). 11) “DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR POLYTROPIC PROCESSES WITH REGENERATOR”, according to claims 6, 8 and 9, characterized by having two energy regeneration processes in the thermodynamic cycle, (84), carried out by the regenerators, (310) and (314), which return energy to the engine gas during the polytropic temperature raising processes, (d-a) and (4-1).