BR102018015947A2 - INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE - Google Patents

Abstract

integrated internal combustion engine formed by a main unit of diesel cycle and a unit secondary to pistons and control process for the thermodynamic cycle of the engine refers to the present invention to a thermal engine of internal combustion of diesel cycle, integrated to a unit secondary circuit closed by pistons, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit, with energy input by internal combustion in an isobaric process, and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process. it is a concept of an internal combustion engine with a diesel cycle, whose theoretical efficiency is approximately 80%, compared to the theoretical efficiency of approximately 60% of the conventional diesel cycle engine.

Description

INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [001] The present invention relates to an internal combustion engine with diesel cycle, integrated with a secondary closed circuit piston unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit, with energy input by internal combustion in an isobaric process, and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process. It is a concept of an internal combustion engine with a diesel cycle, whose theoretical efficiency is approximately 80%, compared to the theoretical efficiency of approximately 60% of the conventional diesel cycle engine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the 19th century at the beginning of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underpin all the motor cycles known to date.

[003] The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the development of engines.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a system

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2/20 thermodynamic in which energy and matter can enter and exit this system. Examples of open thermodynamic systems are the internal combustion engines of the Otto cycle, of the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, of the Diesel cycle, of the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel cycle, of the Brayton cycle of internal combustion. The materials that enter these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaustion, gases and waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical work energy and part of the dissipated heat.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and exit this system. Examples of closed thermodynamic systems are external combustion engines such as the Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat or external combustion cycle, Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energies that come out of this system are the mechanical energy of work and part of the dissipated heat, but no matter comes out of these systems, as occurs in the open system.

[006] Both systems, open and closed, the entire mass of the working gas is exposed to incoming energy, heat or combustion and all of it is also exposed to cooling or cooling, that is, the mass of the working gas is constant in their processes and the difference between them is that in the open system the mass of working gas passes through the system, and in the closed system the mass remains in the system.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE [007] The engines currently known are basically the oldest Rankine cycle engines, Stirling cycle, Otto cycle, Brayton cycle and Diesel cycle.

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There are others, but they are basically versions of these. Most of them were invented in the 19th century and since their invention they have been improved. In the 20th century, some combined cycles emerged. The combined cycle engines known to date have been invented and designed by joining two engine concepts idealized in the 19th century, based on open thermodynamic systems, or closed thermodynamic systems, the best known being the combined cycles of an engine. Brayton cycle with a Rankine cycle engine and the combined cycle of a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine or Organic Rankine cycle engine and combined Otto cycle and Organic Rankine cycles already occur.

[008] The basic concept of a combined cycle is a system composed of an engine operating by means of a high temperature source, so that the heat rejection of this engine is the energy that drives a second engine that requires a lower temperature of operation, both forming a combined system of converting thermal energy into mechanical energy for the same common purpose or not.

[009] The current state of the art reveals combined cycles formed by a main Brayton cycle engine that works with a main source with a temperature above 1000 ^o C and with exhaust gases in the range between 600 ^o C and 700 ^o C and these gases in turn, they are channeled to power another Rankine cycle engine or “Organic Rankine '' (ORC). The conventional Rankine cycle has water as its working fluid, the organic Rankine cycle uses organic fluids, these are more suitable for projects at lower temperatures than projects with the conventional Rankine cycle, so they are normally used in some of the combined cycles.

[010] Some of the main disadvantages of current combined cycles, considering the second machine as an organic Rankine or Rankine cycle engine are the change of the physical state of the working fluid, that is, there is a phase

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4/20 liquid demanded by the thermodynamic cycle processes that must be controlled, and the heating energy of the liquid phase and the latent state change phase cannot be converted into useful working energy, are losses imposed by the Rankine concept. This system requires engine items that imply more processes, more weight, more control and more losses, liquid reservoirs, reservoir for steam generation, cooler type condensation exchanger, condensation reservoir, pump for fluid flow in the liquid state, liquid and gaseous process control valves, multiple stages and recuperators to improve efficiency. This set of features implies additional weight, additional volume, additional thermal losses, reduced overall efficiency and, consequently, higher pollution rates, higher implementation costs and lower sustainability rates in these projects.

[011] An integrated motor with a single resulting cycle is not known to date.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION [012] The major problems of the state of the art, specifically with respect to known cycles, cogeneration systems and combined cycles are found in limited efficiency. The technology closest to this invention, the combined cycle of a Brayton turbine with a Rankine machine or a Diesel cycle engine also with a Rankine machine imposes many losses with condensation, changing the physical state of the working fluid, pumping the liquid to the steam tank, new physical state change, latent heat, these properties require energy that will not be converted into mechanical energy.

[013] The objective of the invention focuses on eliminating some of the existing problems, minimizing other problems and offering new possibilities, to achieve these objectives, objectives of improving efficiency, a new concept

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5/20 thermal engines started to show substantial advantages. A new concept, a step that has evolved from the combined cycle to the integrated cycle, that is, we will no longer have a cycle of a unit whose heat rejects from it starts to feed another independent unit, now we have a cycle fully integrated with another where the process of energy transfer starts to be conceptualized as regeneration that interconnects two units forming a new unit integrated mechanically and thermodynamically in order to have a single resulting cycle.

[014] This new concept has proven to have better theoretical efficiency than any other known cycle, be it independent, such as Otto, Diesel, Stirling, Brayton and Rankine, as well as any other known combined cycle, such as Diesel with Rankine, and Brayton with Rankine or organic Rankine. The demonstrations of these advantages are found in the equations presented in the text of this patent.

[015] Therefore, the objective is to present a concept of a new thermal engine technology that offers more efficiency in the conversion to mechanical strength and energy generation compared to conventional technologies from thermal sources.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [016] The integrated cycle motors, different from the combined ones, are characterized by constituting a single motor formed by two units and with a single resulting thermodynamic cycle.

[017] The present concept considers an internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle integrated to a secondary unit of closed circuit with pistons, forming a mechanically integrated unit, whose process between the units is of total energy regeneration and with energy input by combustion internal in an isobaric process in the main cycle unit

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Diesel, and the heat rejection occurs only in the secondary unit by pistons by an isothermal compression process.

[018] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanics through the concept of mechanical and thermodynamic integration forming a new resulting cycle. Figure 3 shows the detail of the total regeneration between the main unit and the secondary unit, with all incoming energy entering the main unit and all the heat discharged, it is theoretically and entirely discharged by the secondary unit. Figure 9 shows how the main unit is connected to the secondary unit by a regenerative process and Figure 11 shows the thermodynamic cycle resulting from this integration. Figure 17 shows a complete construction model of the fully integrated engine. Some of the main advantages of the invention of this integrated internal combustion engine that can be verified are the absence of elements for changing the physical phase of the working fluid and its associated losses, the absence of condensation and vaporization elements, therefore the absence of losses associated with the latent heat of the working fluid, the absence of circuits, pumps, control elements intended for the processes of changing the physical phase of the fluid and its associated losses, items present in the combined cycles of the current state of the art. Therefore, the innovation presented with this invention is significant.

[019] The internal combustion thermal engine with a main diesel cycle internal combustion unit integrated with a piston closed circuit secondary unit, can be built with materials and techniques similar to conventional combined cycle engines and with widely known techniques, offering viability for its development, construction and practical application.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [020] The attached figures demonstrate the main characteristics and properties of the new concept of an internal combustion engine with diesel cycle integrated into a secondary piston closed gas unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit with a thermodynamic cycle resulting from five main processes and two others, one of exhaustion and one of aspiration, an isobaric process of energy input, an adiabatic expansion process, an isochoretic regenerative process, an isothermal process of compression and heat rejection and a process regenerative isochoric, represented as follows:

Figure 1 shows the thermodynamic cycle of the main diesel cycle internal combustion unit;

Figure 2 shows the detail of the isothermal line 15 between points (1) and (3) of the thermodynamic cycle of the main unit, which is necessary to generate the regeneration that allows the formation of the thermodynamic cycle of five processes;

Figure 3 shows the energy flow 22 from the regeneration of the isochoric process of the main diesel cycle unit to the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit;

Figure 4 shows in the crosshatched area the work added to the main cycle of the Diesel cycle engine by the secondary engine with pistons;

Figures 5 and 6 show how the mechanical units and the thermodynamic cycle begin to be integrated;

Figures 7 and 8 show how the piston secondary unit's thermodynamic cycle fits into the main unit's thermodynamic cycle.

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8/20 Diesel cycle to form the integrated engine;

Figure 9 shows the complete diagram of the integrated engine composed of a main internal combustion unit with a diesel cycle and a secondary unit with pistons connected by a regenerator;

Figure 10 shows more clearly the integration of the thermodynamic cycle of the main internal combustion unit of the Diesel cycle with a net work shown by region 63 of the graph, integrated with the net work shown by region 64 of the piston secondary unit forming a new cycle. result shown in figure 11 with a net work shown by region 67 of the graph;

Figure 11 shows the thermodynamic cycle resulting from the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle with the secondary unit by pistons;

Figure 12 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit with the piston secondary unit with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit indicating the performance of the valve (V1) in the isochoric process heating by regeneration;

Figure 13 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle with the secondary piston unit with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the adiabatic expansion process of the secondary piston unit indicating that the working gas remains adiabatically confined by the valve blockages (V1), (V2) and (V3) in the adiabatic expansion and work process;

Figure 14 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit with the secondary piston unit, with the detail of the energy and gas flow of the isothermal compression process of the

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9/20 piston secondary unit indicating the action of the valve (V2), (V3) and the turbocharger 47 in the isothermal process of compression and heat rejection;

Figure 15 shows the diagram of the integrated engine, formed by the main internal combustion unit with the secondary piston unit, again in the initial state of its respective regenerated energy input cycle;

Figure 16 shows the diagram of the integrated engine formed by the main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle with the secondary piston unit with the detail of the coupling of the mechanical forces of both units by means of a single shaft or common crankshaft 113;

Figure 17 shows a drawing of a constructive model of an integrated engine, consisting of a main unit of internal combustion of Diesel cycle with a unit secondary to pistons;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [021] Understanding the concept of the integrated internal combustion engine, formed by a main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle and a secondary unit by pistons, requires the initial analysis of the cycle of the main unit shown in figure 1. To configure an integrated engine with a thermodynamic cycle resulting from five processes, it is necessary that the main unit of the Diesel cycle be configured or designed with parameters such that the temperature (T4) is equal to the cold temperature (Tf) and the temperature (T1) is equal to the final temperature of the adiabatic expansion process (T3), in order to have an isothermal line between the temperature (T3) and (T1) shown by 15 in figure 2. This requirement is very evident since we want to theoretically regenerate all energy indicated by 14 of the isochoric process (3-4), figure 2, for the piston secondary unit, recovering this energy in the isochoric process (5-1) d and heating of this piston secondary unit shown in figure 3. So as shown in figure 3, we will have the

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10/20 energy 22 theoretically fully regenerated from the main unit to the piston secondary unit where the temperature (T5) of the isochoric process of the secondary piston unit is equal to the temperature (Tf) of the lowest temperature segment of the regenerator and the temperature (T1 ) of the piston secondary unit isochoric process is equal to the temperature (T3) of the highest temperature segment of the regenerator.

[022] Figure 4 shows the result of the integration of the cycle of the main unit with the cycle of the secondary unit by pistons and two distinct cycles, one of four thermodynamic processes and the other of three thermodynamic processes. single cycle of five processes, an isobaric expansion (1-2) of energy input, an adiabatic expansion (2-3), a regenerative isochoric (3-4), a compression isotherm and heat rejection (4- 5) and a regenerative isochoric (5-1).

[023] Figures 5 and 6 show the thermodynamic cycle and the mechanical model of the main diesel cycle unit, respectively. The internal combustion energy 31 performs the isobaric process (1-2) and the combustion takes place inside the combustion chamber 34. In the sequence according to the energy flow, the adiabatic expansion process occurs through the movement of the piston 36 inside the cylinder 35, this piston by means of a connecting rod acts by rotating the shaft or crankshaft 37. Next, the isochoric process (3-4) occurs, when the gas 32 flows out of the cylinder and proceeds to the regenerator. Next, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) occurs shortly after the gas 33 is aspirated by the process (a-4) from the environment and compressed by piston 36 to the combustion chamber 34.

[024] Figures 7 and 8 show the thermodynamic cycle and the mechanical model of the secondary unit respectively by pistons with closed circuit gas. The energy indicated by 41 of the regenerator 43 promotes the isochoric heating process (5-1) with the constant volume movement of the pistons of cylinders 45 and 46. Next, the adiabatic

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11/20 expansion (1-4) with the expansion of the gas by moving the piston of the cylinder 46, generating mechanical force in the driving force elements 412. Following is the isothermal process of compression and heat rejection (4-5) with the gas being compressed by the piston of the cylinder 46 forcing the gas to pass through the isothermal exchanger 44 moving the piston of the cylinder 45 and this process occurs with the aid of the turbocharger 47 moved electrically by the electric motor 48.

[025] Figure 9 shows the integrated internal combustion engine, formed by a main unit of Diesel cycle 53 powered by internal combustion with another unit with pistons with closed loop gas 54 powered by a regenerative process, the main unit being Diesel cycle is fed by internal combustion 31 containing a combustion chamber 34 which expands the combustion gas in an isobaric process and in the adiabatic sequence acting on the piston 36 inside the cylinder 35 acting by means of a connecting rod or shaft 37 which in turn instead produces useful work, and part of the kinetic energy of the shaft acts on piston 36 making an isochorical process with exhaust of the still hot gas through valve 39, feeding, transferring the energy to the regenerator which is an isochoric heat exchanger 43, and the exchanger of isochoric heat 43, responsible for regeneration, feeds the secondary unit to pistons with closed circuit gas 54, by means of u m isochorical process, acting on the gas displacement cylinder 45 which is an aid to the isochoric and isothermal processes, and on the mechanical force cylinder 46, responsible for useful work, which through a dynamic angular position sensor called encoder 55 fixed on the axis of the mechanical force elements 412 and an electronic or mechanical control unit 56, acts on the valves or set of valves (V1) 49, (V2) 410 and (V3) 411 and controls the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit 54, and so that the isothermal process of the piston secondary unit occurs by the rejection of heat in an isothermal exchanger 44 with the aid of an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor 47 and an electric motor 48, and

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12/20 the result of the process is the mechanical force on the shaft that connects the power elements 412, featuring the engine integrated by a main unit of Diesel cycle 53 powered by internal combustion with a secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas 54, powered by a regenerative process.

[026] Figures 10 and 11 show graphically all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated with its mechanical model shown in figure 9, formed by a main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle 53 and a secondary unit by pistons with closed circuit gas 54. The engine has a thermodynamic cycle, the phenomena of which are generated from a combustion thermal source 61, which produces the expansion of the gas in the combustion chamber 34 of the main internal combustion unit of the Diesel cycle. 53, and that generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with an isobaric expansion (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature with the constant pressure (Ph) from (T1) to (Tq), after the process of isobaric expansion (1-2), the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs, with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder 35 by the movement of the piston 36, where the gas reduces the temperature from (Tq) to (T3) and reduces the pressure from (Ph) to (P3), after the adiabatic expansion process (2-

3), the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of energy with constant volume (V3) from the main unit of the Diesel cycle 53 to the heat exchanger, isochoric regenerator 43, releasing the gas resulting from combustion 51 at the at cold temperature (Tf), after the regenerative isochoric process (3-4), the exhaustion and aspiration process (4-a) and (a-4) occur respectively in the main unit 53 and sequentially, after the exhaustion process and aspiration occurs the adiabatic compression process (4-1) inside the cylinder 35, by the piston compression movement 36 where the gas increases the temperature from (Tf) to (T1) and pressure from (PL) to (Ph), finalizing the processes in the main unit of internal combustion of Diesel cycle 53 and these processes (1-2), (2-3), (3-4), (4-a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in

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13/20 an order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain, and from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the Diesel 53 main cycle unit, with the hot gas flow 32 transferring its energy to the regenerator 43, the isochoric heating process (5-1) of the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas 54 occurs simultaneously, where the gas in constant volume (V1) with the simultaneous movement of the pistons of cylinders 45 and 46, passing the gas through the regenerator 43 where the gas increases its temperature from (Tf) to (T1) and increases the pressure from (P5) to (Ph), after the isochoric heating process (5-1) the expansion process occurs adiabatic (1-4) in the mechanical force cylinder 46, where the piston moves from the volume (V1) to the volume (V3) with the expansion of the gas producing mechanical force in the driving elements 412, and in this process the gas reduces the temperature from (T1) to (Tf) and reduces the pressure from (Ph) to (PL), after the adiabatic expansion process (1-

4), occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and elements of driving force 412, the process of compression and heat rejection 62 isothermal (4-

5), ending the processes in the piston secondary unit 54 with closed loop gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1-4), and (4-5) occur in a sequential order in the time domain ending the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine, integrated by a main unit of internal combustion of Diesel cycle and a secondary unit with pistons with gas in closed circuit, in order to characterize a new complex machine with two integrated units that in the set operates through a cycle 611 formed essentially by five thermodynamic processes, by an isobaric energy input process (1-2) by internal combustion 65, an adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with work performance 68, an isochoric process (3-4) regenerative 69, a heat rejection process by isothermal compression (4-5), 66, an isochoric heating process (5-1), 610 regenerated by the isobaric process (3-4) and still a process d and exhaust and suction (4-a, a-4), so that the engine

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14/20 integrated internal combustion performs the liquid work 67 resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle.

[027] Table 1 shows the four processes (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-1) that form the partial cycle of the engine of the Diesel cycle internal combustion unit, and the processes (4-a , a-4) of exhaustion and aspiration, shown step by step, with an isobaric process, two adiabatic processes and an isochoric process.

Table 1

Step Process Internal combustion unit 1 1-2 Expansion isobaric Power input Combustion 2 2-3 Adiabatic expansion 3 3-4 Isochoric Energy regeneration Energy transferred to the unit by pistons 4 4-1 Compression adiabatic 5 4-a Exhaustion of gases 6 a-4 Air suction

[028] Table 2 shows the three processes (5-1, 1-4, 4-5) that form the cycle of the secondary unit with closed circuit pistons shown step by step, with an isochoric energy input process, a adiabatic process of useful work and an isothermal process of compression and heat rejection.

Table 2

Step Process Closed circuit piston unit 1 5-1 Heating isochoric Power input Regeneration 2 1-4 Adiabatic expansion 3 4-5 Compression isotherm Heat rejection

[029] Table 3 shows the five processes (1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-1) that form the thermodynamic cycle resulting from the internal combustion engine

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15/20 integrated, plus the processes of exhaustion and aspiration (4-a, a-4), formed by an internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle integrated to a secondary closed circuit piston unit, forming a mechanically and thermodynamically integrated unit , with energy input by internal combustion, in an isobaric expansion process and heat rejection by an isothermal compression process.

Table 3

Step Process Integrated unit 1 1-2 Expansion isobaric Power input 2 2-3 Adiabatic expansion 3 3-4 Isochoric Energy regeneration Energy transferred to the regenerator 4 4-5 Compression isotherm Heat rejection 5 5-1 Heating isochoric Energy regeneration Energy returned by the regenerator 6 4-a Exhaustion of gases 7 a-4 Air suction

[030] All the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the integrated motor, can be demonstrated by means of mathematical equations. The input energy of the internal combustion engine of the diesel cycle integrated into a secondary closed circuit piston unit, occurs through an isobaric process, and combustion in the combustion chamber 34 produces an increase in energy from the point ( 1), figure 10, of the isobaric process (1-2) of expansion and heating represented by the expression (a).

¢ = (a) [031] In equation (a), (Q,) represents the total energy entering the system by combustion, in “Joule”, (n) represents the number of moles belonging to the main diesel cycle unit, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (T _q ) represents the maximum gas temperature in “Kelvin” at

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16/20 point (2) of the process, figure 10, (Ti) represents the temperature at the initial point (1) of the isobaric process, figure 10, and (γ) represents the coefficient of adiabatic expansion. The temperature (T1) at point (1) is equal to the temperature (T3) at point (3).

[032] The process following the isobaric process (1-2), of the cycle, is an adiabatic expansion process (2-3), it is a working process with the movement of the piston 36 inside the cylinder 35 and is represented by expression (b).

(b) [033] The subsequent process of the cycle is an isochoric regenerative process (3-4), figure 10, where the gas of the diesel cycle internal combustion unit transfers its energy to a regenerator, isochoric heat exchanger 43 and is represented by the expression (c).

Qr and _g = - ^. (Tf-TJ (c) [034] In equation (c), (Q _reg ) represents the total energy transferred to the regenerator by the isochoric process (3-4), in “Joule”, this energy will feed the secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons.

[035] The subsequent process of the cycle is an adiabatic compression process (4-1), figure 10, where piston 36 compresses the gas at pressure (Ph) and temperature (T1) and is represented by the expression (d).

M4-i = ^ - (Ti-T »(d) [036] The processes of the diesel cycle internal combustion unit, occur in an order of energy flow, and sequentially in the time domain.

[037] The process that feeds the secondary unit, is an isochoric process

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17/20 (5-1) and is the regenerative process of the isochoric process (3-4) of the main internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle, this process was defined by the expression (c) by (Q _reg ). In the secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons it is represented by the expression (e).

Qs-i (e) [038] Considering that the number of moles of gas of the piston secondary unit is defined as (np), to have an equalization of the regeneration, the equations (c) and (e) must be equal, this way so the number of moles of gas of the piston secondary unit must be (n _p = n), therefore the equation of the compensated isochoric process will be defined by the expression (f).

^ = ^ - (^ 1 - ^) ([039] The adiabatic expansion process (1-4) of the piston secondary unit will be represented by the expression (g).

= (g) [040] The heat rejection process of the piston secondary unit is an isothermal process (4-5), this isothermal compression and heat rejection process will be represented by the expression (h).

W ₄ _ ₅ = nRT _f . \ N ^ (h) [041] The total useful work, from the internal combustion engine of diesel cycle integrated to a secondary closed circuit unit with pistons, is represented graphically by the hatched area, indicated by 67 of figure 11, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between the input and output of the energy and expression (i) is shown below.

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18/20 ⁼ -Tk) - nRT _f An (^ (i) [042] In this way, the efficiency of the internal combustion thermal engine of Diesel cycle integrated with a secondary closed circuit piston unit, ideal, is represented by the expression (j) or (k), which reveal in ideal conditions that the integrated internal combustion engine per Diesel cycle can achieve efficiencies in the order of 80%.

η. = 1Y- (Tq ~ Ti) (j) n = i / (Tq-Tl) (k) [043] The equations (a) to (k) demonstrate mathematically all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the motor , useful work and efficiency. These equations demonstrate mathematically how the phenomena occur, their origin through internal combustion, each of the resulting processes, the resulting useful work and the unused energy in converting the work rejected to the environment.

[044] The integrated engine formed by an internal combustion unit with a diesel cycle and a secondary piston unit with closed circuit gas, constitutes a single fully integrated machine so that both units have a single common shaft, crankshaft, shown in drawing in figure 16 indicated by 113.

[045] The parameters of each unit, the Diesel cycle unit and the closed circuit unit, closed system, do not necessarily need to be the same, that is, the volumes (V1), (V3), the number of moles ( n), type of gas, etc., these need not be the same, such parameters do not alter the theoretical efficiency of the engine. Various parameters can be changed offering new features, such as power density,

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19/20 rotation of the units, without changing efficiency and the main concept.

[046] For maximum thermal efficiency and efficiency of the integrated engine, it is suggested that the use of electric turbochargers be considered also in the Diesel unit, avoiding the use of hot exhaust gases, leaving this, the exhaust gas, exclusively for the secondary unit regeneration.

[047] A constructive model of the integrated engine, formed by a main unit of internal combustion of Diesel cycle and a piston unit with gas in closed circuit and its main elements is shown in figure 17. The main unit of internal combustion of Diesel cycle shown in figure 17, it has a mixer 1215 for the air intake, the cylinders of the main unit for internal combustion 121, the secondary unit for pistons with closed circuit gas 122, a shaft, common crankshaft 128, water pump 1213, thermostat type sensor 1214, fan 1211, radiator for the internal combustion main unit 129, radiator for cooling the isothermal compression process 1210, regenerator 125, isothermal process cooler exchanger 126, electric turbocharger 123, hot gas outlet manifold 124 , exhaust exhaust end 127.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS [048] Integrated engines formed by an internal combustion unit with a diesel cycle and a secondary unit with pistons with gas in closed circuit, have numerous applications, one of which can be intended for vehicles, as an alternative to the combined cycles of the Diesel engine with Organic Rankine, another application would be in power generation plants, as it has the direct benefit of its ability to convert a greater amount of energy into work compared to traditional technologies and the current technologies of combined cycles. This integrated engine has a theoretical efficiency superior to the well-known Diesel cycle engines,

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Brayton, Rankine cycle and their combined cycles, as shown by the presented equations and by the efficiency equation (j).

Claims (24)

1) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, characterized by the integration of a main Diesel cycle unit (53), powered by internal combustion with another secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas (54), fed by a regenerative process, the main unit of the Diesel cycle being fed by internal combustion (31), containing a combustion chamber (34), which expands the combustion gas in an isobaric process and in the adiabatic sequence, acting on the piston (36) inside the cylinder (35) activating the shaft (37), which in turn produces useful work, and part of the axis kinetic energy, acts on the piston (36) making a isochoric process with exhaust of the gas still hot through the valve (39), feeding, transferring the energy to the regenerator that is an isochoric heat exchanger (43), and the isochoric heat exchanger ( 43) responsible for regeneration, feeds the piston secondary unit (54) through an isochoric process, acting on the gas displacement cylinders (45) which is an aid to the isochoric and isothermal processes, and the mechanical force cylinder (46 ), responsible for the useful work that through a dynamic angular position sensor called an encoder (55), fixed on the axis of the mechanical force elements (412) and an electronic or mechanical control unit (56), acts on the valves or set valves V1 (49), V2 (410) and V3 (411) and control the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit (54), and so that the isothermal process of the piston secondary unit, occurs by the heat rejection in a isothermal exchanger (44) with the aid of an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor (47) and an electric motor (48), and the result of the process is the mechanical force on the shaft that links the power elements 412, featuring the engine integrated by a main diesel cycle unit (53), powered by internal combustion with a secondary unit with closed circuit gas pistons (54), powered by Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 26/51 2/9 a regenerative process. 2) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by the integration of a Diesel cycle main unit (53), powered by internal combustion , with a secondary piston unit with closed loop gas (54), powered by a regenerative process. 3) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a combustion chamber (34), which expands the combustion gas in isobaric process, and then performs an adiabatic expansion process and then the isochoric exhaust, aspiration and adiabatic compression processes. 4) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by an axis (37) that in turn produces useful work. 5) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by a valve (39), which feeds, transferring the energy with the gas mass to the regenerator (43). 6) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being made up of a regenerator that is an isochoric heat exchanger (43), and the exchanger in Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 27/51 3/9 isochoric heat (43), responsible for regeneration, feeds the isochoric process of the piston secondary unit (54). 7) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of a gas displacement cylinder (45) auxiliary to the isochoric and isothermal processes. 8) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of a mechanical force cylinder (46) responsible for useful work. 9) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of a dynamic angular position sensor called an encoder (55), attached to the axis of the mechanical force elements (412). 10) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of an electronic or mechanical control unit (56), which acts on the valves or set of process control valves. 11) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A UNIT Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 28/51 4/9 SECONDARY TO PISTONS, according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of a secondary piston unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of a set of valves V1 (49), V2 (410) and V3 (411) and control the thermodynamic processes of the piston secondary unit (54). 12) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of an electric turbocharger or gas circulator, formed by a rotor (47) and an electric motor (48) that assists in the isothermal heat compression and rejection process. 13) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of an isothermal heat exchanger (44) for cooling the waste heat. 14) INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FORMED BY A MAIN DIESEL CYCLE UNIT AND A PISTON SECONDARY UNIT, according to claim 1, characterized by being constituted by a piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, composed of mechanical force elements (412) responsible for transmitting the power to perform useful work. 15) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, characterized by thermodynamic processes that generate a thermodynamic cycle, whose phenomena are generated from a combustion thermal source (61), which produces the expansion of the gas in the combustion chamber (34) of the internal combustion diesel cycle main unit Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 29/51 5/9 (53), and that generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with an isobaric expansion (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature with the constant pressure Ph from T1 to Tq, after the expansion process isobaric (1-2) the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder (35) by the movement of the piston (36), where the gas reduces the temperature from Tq to T3 and reduces the pressure from Ph to P3, after the adiabatic expansion process (2-3), the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of energy with constant volume V3 from the main unit of the Diesel cycle (53) to the exchanger heat, isochoric regenerator (43), releasing the gas resulting from combustion (51) to the environment at cold temperature Tf, after the regenerative isochoric process (3-4), the exhaustion and aspiration process takes place in the main unit (53) (4-a) and (a-4) respectively and sequentially, after the process of exhaustion and aspiration the the adiabatic compression process (4-1), inside the cylinder (35), runs through the piston compression movement (36), where the gas increases the temperature from Tf to T1 and pressure from PL to Ph, ending the processes in the main internal combustion unit of the Diesel cycle (53), and these processes (1-2), (2-3), (3-4), (4a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in a order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain, and from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the Diesel cycle main unit (53) with the hot gas flow (32), transferring its energy to the regenerator (43), the isochoric heating process (5-1) of the secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas (54) occurs simultaneously, where the gas, in constant volume V1 with the simultaneous movement of the cylinder pistons ( 45) and (46), passing the gas through the regenerator (43), where the gas increases its temperature from Tf to T1 and increases the pressure from P5 to Ph, after the pr the isochoric heating process (5-1), the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) occurs in the mechanical force cylinder (46), where the piston moves from volume V1 to volume V3 with the expansion of the gas , producing mechanical force in the driving force elements 412, and in this Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 30/51 6/9 process the gas reduces the temperature from T1 to Tf and reduces the pressure from Ph to PL, after the adiabatic expansion process (1-4), it occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and driving forces elements 412, the heat compression and rejection process (62) isothermal (4-5), ending the processes in the piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1-4) , and (4-5) occur in a sequential order in the time domain, ending the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated by a main combustion unit of diesel cycle and a unit with pistons with gas in circuit closed, in order to characterize a new complex machine with two integrated units, which as a whole operates through a cycle (611) formed essentially by five thermodynamic processes, by an isobaric energy input process (1-2) by internal combustion (65 ), a process of and x adiabatic expansion (2-3) with work performed (68), an isochoric process (3-4) regenerative (69), a heat rejection process by isothermal compression (4-5), (66), a process of isochoric heating (5- 1), (610) regenerated by the isobaric process (3-4) and also an exhaust and suction process (4-a, a-4), so that the integrated internal combustion engine performs the liquid work (67), resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle. 16) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by processes whose phenomena are generated from a combustion thermal source (61), which produces the expansion of the gas in the combustion chamber (34) of the main internal combustion unit for the Diesel cycle (53), which generates the energy input process of the thermodynamic cycle with an isobaric expansion (1-2), where the gas increases the temperature with the constant pressure Ph of T1 to Tq. 17) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE COMBUSTION ENGINE Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 31/51 7/9 INTEGRATED INTERNAL, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isobaric expansion process (1-2) the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) occurs, with the expansion of the gas inside the cylinder (35) by the movement of the piston (36), where the gas reduces the temperature from Tq to T3 and reduces the pressure from Ph to P3. 18) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the adiabatic expansion process (2-3) the isochoric regenerative process (3-4) occurs, with the transfer of energy with constant volume V3 from the main unit (53) to the heat exchanger, isochoric regenerator (43), releasing the gas resulting from combustion (51) to the environment at cold temperature Tf. 19) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isochoric regenerative process (3-4), the exhaust and suction process takes place in the main unit (53) ( 4-a) and (a-4) respectively and sequentially. 20) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where, after the exhaust and suction process, the adiabatic compression process (4-1) takes place inside the cylinder (35 ) by the piston compression movement (36), where the gas increases the temperature from Tf to T1 and pressure from PL to Ph, ending the processes in the main piston internal combustion unit (53), and these processes (1-2 ), (2-3), (3-4), (4-a, a-4) and (4-1) occur in an order according to the energy flow and sequentially in the time domain. 21) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 32/51 8/9 a process, where from the regenerative isochoric process (3-4) of the main unit (53) with the hot gas flow (32), transferring its energy to the regenerator (43), the isochoric process occurs simultaneously with this heating unit (5-1) of the unit with closed circuit gas pistons (54), where the gas in constant volume V1 with the simultaneous movement of the cylinder pistons (45) and (46) passing the gas through the regenerator (43) , where the gas increases its temperature from Tf to T1 and the pressure from P5 to Ph. 22) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the isochoric heating process (5-1), the adiabatic expansion process (1-4) occurs in the cylinder of mechanical force (46), where it moves from volume V1 to volume V3 with the expansion of the gas, producing mechanical force in the driving force elements 412, and in this process, the gas reduces the temperature from T1 to Tf and reduces the pressure from Ph to PL. 23) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claim 15, characterized by a process where after the adiabatic expansion process (1-4), it occurs through the kinetic energy stored in the axes and force elements motive 412, the heat compression and rejection process (62) isothermal (4-5), ending the processes in the piston secondary unit (54) with closed circuit gas, and these three processes (5-1), (1 -4), and (4-5) occur in a sequential order in the time domain, ending the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle of the internal combustion engine integrated by an internal combustion unit of Diesel cycle and a secondary unit with pistons with closed circuit gas. 24) CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE INTEGRATED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, according to claims 15 to 23, characterized in an integrated way by a cycle (611) formed essentially Petition 870180067608, of 08/03/2018, p. 33/51 9/9 by five thermodynamic processes, by an isobaric energy input process (1-2) by internal combustion (65), an adiabatic expansion process (2-3) with work done (68), an isochoric process ( 3-4) regenerative (69), an isothermal compression heat rejection process (4-5), (66), an isochoric heating process (5-1), (610) regenerated by the isobaric process (3-4 ) and also a process of exhaustion and aspiration (4-a, a- 4), so that the integrated internal combustion engine performs the liquid work (67) resulting from the sum of all the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle.