BR102016019875B1 - DIFFERENTIAL CYCLE THERMAL ENGINE COMPOSED OF FOUR ISOTHERMAL PROCESSES, FOUR ISOCORIC PROCESSES WITH ACTIVE REGENERATOR AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE - Google Patents

Abstract

differential cycle thermal engine composed of four isothermal processes, four isochoric processes with active regenerator and control process for the thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine. The present invention refers to a heat engine and its thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, more specifically it is a heat engine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each one operates a thermodynamic cycle of four processes, however interdependent on each other, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this binary system is closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system or can also be called a binary thermodynamic system, this system carries out a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes of in a way that it executes, at any time in the cycle, two simultaneous and interdependent, complementary processes, four of which are "isothermal" and four "isochoric" processes with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[001] The present invention refers to a heat engine and its thermodynamic cycle of eight processes, more specifically it is a heat engine characterized by two interconnected thermodynamic subsystems, each one operates a thermodynamic cycle of four processes, but interdependent between itself, forming a complex cycle of eight processes, operates with gas, the circuit of this system is closed in a differential configuration, based on the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system, this system carries out a thermodynamic cycle composed of eight processes so that it executes in any moment of the cycle, two simultaneous and interdependent, complementary processes, four of these processes being “isothermal” and four “isochoric” with variable mass transfer, which may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the 19th century at the beginning of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.

[003] The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this thermodynamic system concept does not offer properties that allow the development of engines.

[004] The open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are internal combustion engines, the Otto cycle, the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, the Diesel cycle, the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel cycle, the Brayton cycle with internal combustion, the Rankine cycle with exhaust from steam to the environment. The matter that enters these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The matter that comes out of these systems is the exhaust from combustion or the working fluid, gases, waste, the energy that comes out of these systems is the mechanical work energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples of a closed thermodynamic system are external combustion engines such as the Stirling cycle, the Ericsson cycle, the Rankine cycle with working fluid in a closed circuit, the Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, the Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energy that comes out of this system is the mechanical work energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter leaves these systems, as occurs in the open system.

[006] Both systems, open and closed, as input they have at time (t1) the temperature (Tq), mass (m1) and the number of moles (n1) and at the exit, at time (t2), both have the temperature (Tf), the mass (m1) and the number of moles (n1), the mass is constant, the difference between them is that in the open system the mass (m1) crosses the system and in the closed system, the mass (m1) remains in the system, as shown in figure 1.

CURRENT STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE

[007] The engines known to date are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and a single process occurs at a time until the cycle is completed, as can be seen in the pressure/volume graph in figure 2. These are the Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson cycle engines and the ideal theoretical Carnot cycle.

[008] The internal energy of the working gas of engines based on open and closed systems is not constant during their cycle, the equation that represents the internal energy is indicated in equation (a)

[009] In equation (a), (U) represents the internal energy in “Joule”, (n) represents the number of moles, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (T) represents the temperature of the gas in “Kelvin” and (ç) represents the adiabatic expansion coefficient.

[010] As only one process always occurs at a time in engines designed with the concept of open or closed system, the internal energy varies with time, since the product: number of moles (n) by temperature (T), ( n.T) is not constant during the cycle, as the temperature (T) is a variable in the processes and the number of moles (n) is a constant in the processes.

[011] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is also characterized by the property where the output of the process, work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, that is, when more work is needed, If more heat is injected or more combustion is promoted, all processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced, in other words, the engines are controlled by direct power supply. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to obtain greater power, more fuel and more oxygen are injected and thus more work is produced, more rotation. To obtain greater power with constant rotation, reduction or rotation transformation boxes are normally used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in electricity to direct current motors, which, to increase power, increase the motor's supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a series of internal combustion and external combustion engines, most of these engines require a second auxiliary engine to start them up. Internal combustion engines require compression, mixing of fuel with oxygen and a spark or pressure combustion, so an auxiliary starting engine, usually electric, is used. External combustion engines, such as the Stirling or Ericsson cycle engines, in turn, also require auxiliary and high-power engines, as they need to overcome the resting state under pressure to start operating. An exception is the Rankine cycle engine, which can start via valve control to supply steam pressure to the driving force elements.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a series of engines, most of them, dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each of which requires its specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, flexibility in the fuel is very limited. In this category, of the engines based on open and closed systems, the most flexible engine is the Rankine cycle engine, with external combustion or the Stirling, also with external combustion, these are more flexible in terms of source.

[014] The current state of the art comprises a series of cycle engines, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and, therefore, the need for oxygen.

[015] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high temperatures for operation, especially those with internal combustion, usually operate with working gas at temperatures above 1500 oC. External combustion engines or those operated by external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stirling cycles, are normally designed to operate with working gas temperatures between 400 oC and 800 oC. In addition to engines based on open and closed systems most of the time requiring high temperatures to operate, all of them have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).

[016] In equation (b), (y) is the yield, (Tf) is the temperature of the cold source and (Tq) is the temperature of the hot source, both in “Kelvin”.

[017] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, basically comprises six engine cycles and some versions of these: the Otto cycle, the Atkinson cycle, similar to the Otto cycle, the Diesel cycle, the Sabathe cycle, similar to the Diesel, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle, ideal theoretical reference for engines based on open and closed systems. The latest developments in the current state of the art have been presented through innovations combining more than one old cycle to form combined cycles, that is: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating with fossil fuels, gas or oil and a Rankine cycle machine dependent on the heat rejected by the Brayton cycle machine. Or the same philosophy, combining a Diesel cycle engine with a Rankine cycle engine or even an Otto cycle engine, also combining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[018] The current state of the art presents a series of limitations and also offers a series of problems. Most engines, such as internal combustion, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton cycle engines, require specific fuels for each concept, for example: gasoline, diesel oil, gas, kerosene, coal, and high calorific value, They need to work at high temperatures and consequently, for many years, they have been dependent on fossil fuels, causing serious damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The thermodynamic system under which these engines are designed has Carnot's theorem as an efficiency limitation which, due to its principle, imposes the efficiency limit as a direct and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[019] Most of today's engines require refined and polluting fuels with harmful effects on the climate and the environment and, therefore, compromise sustainability. One of the most recent technologies developed to minimize the impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, in such a way that the waste heat of the first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, however the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an engine under the open system concept and an engine under the closed system concept, independent, that is, it is classified as a combined system, two completely independent cycles, it is not characterized as a hybrid system.

[020] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycles, are engines under the closed system concept, they are external combustion or external heat sources. Due to their properties, although they have the simplest engine concepts, they are difficult to build. They require matched project parameters, that is, they work well, with good efficiency, only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply, or they do not operate. Therefore, they are machines that are rarely used for industrial or popular use.

[021] Carnot's ideal engine, figure 3, in turn, although it is considered the ideal engine, most perfect to date, it is so in theory and within the concepts of open and closed system considering all ideal parameters, for This motif remains the reference to this day for all existing engine concepts. The Carnot engine is not found in practical use because real materials do not have the properties required to make the Carnot engine a reality, the physical dimensions so that the Carnot cycle can be executed as in theory, would be unfeasible in a practical case. , therefore it is an ideal Engine in the concepts of open system and closed system, but in the theoretical concept.

[022] The power, rotation and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton cycle engines, these internal combustion, result directly from the supply of fuel and oxygen and as a result offer greater rotation and torque simultaneously. To separate torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at least, offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles.

[023] The control of power, rotation and torque of existing Rankine cycle engines, this one with external combustion, are due to the flow and pressure of the steam or working gas, and as a result they offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[024] The power, rotation and torque control of existing Stirling and Ericsson cycle engines, these with external combustion, are due to the mass or pressure of the working gas, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result they offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow range of operability. In these cases, projects that do not work are common because the parameters, in their interdependencies, may not offer the conditions that make the engine work.

[025] The current state of the art has recently revealed some references that already have similar concepts of the hybrid system, they are engines that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes operating simultaneously in a system formed by two integrated subsystems. The patent “PI 1000624-9” registered in Brazil defined as “Thermomechanical energy converter” consists of two subsystems that operate through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes, without regeneration. The patent “PCT/BR2013/000222” registered in the United States of America defined as “Thermal engine that operates in accordance with the thermodynamic Carnot cycle and control process” which consists of two subsystems and operates in each subsystem, one cycle thermodynamic formed by two isothermal processes of two adiabatic processes. The patent “PCT/BR2014/000381” registered in the United States of America defined as “Differential thermal machine with cycle of eight thermodynamic transformations and control process” which consists of two subsystems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes. These references differ from the present invention in terms of the thermodynamic processes that form their cycles, each cycle offering the engine its own characteristics. The concept of a hybrid or binary thermodynamic system offers the basis for the development of a new family of thermal engines, each engine will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute their respective thermodynamic cycles, such as the Otto engine and the Diesel engines are based on the open thermodynamic system of internal combustion, but they constitute distinct engines and what distinguishes them are details of their thermodynamic cycles. The Otto engine cycle is basically constituted by an adiabatic compression process, an isochoric combustion process, a adiabatic expansion process and an isochoric exhaust process and the Diesel engine cycle consists of an adiabatic compression process, an isobaric combustion process, an adiabatic expansion process and an isochoric exhaust process, therefore they differ in only one of the processes that form their cycles, enough to give each one specific and different properties and uses. Likewise, the concept of a hybrid or binary system offers the basis for a new family of thermal engines made up of two subsystems and these will operate with so-called differential cycles formed by processes where two processes will always occur simultaneously, each one will have its own particularities which will characterize each of the motor cycles.

OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

[026] The major problems in the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies based on open and closed systems to meet sustainable projects, due to the dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with serious impacts on the environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures, demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of controllability due to limitations in the variability of model parameters based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility regarding energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels , high dependence on air (oxygen) for combustion and many of them depend on a second engine to take them into operation (a starter motor).

[027] The objective of the invention focuses on eliminating some of the existing problems and minimizing other problems, however the main objective was to develop new motor cycles based on a new concept of thermodynamic system so that the efficiency of the engines would not be reduced. more dependent exclusively on temperatures and whose energy sources can be diversified and which would allow the design of engines for environments including without air (oxygen). The concept of a hybrid system, a specific characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials where the mass of the gas is constant and for this reason they cancel each other out in the equations, in hybrid systems the mass is not necessarily constant, therefore they do not cancel each other and their efficiencies depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, that is, the pressures. The concept of a hybrid system provides dependent potentials, proportional to the product of the working gas mass and temperature, as in the hybrid system, unlike open and closed systems, the mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-exclusive function of temperature , but dependent on mass and for a differential cycle engine composed of four isothermal processes, four isochoric regenerative processes, the efficiency is demonstrated as shown in equation (c) and figure 4.

[028] In equation (c), (y) is the yield, (Tf) is the temperature of the cold source, (Tq) is the temperature of the hot source both in “Kelvin”, (n1) is the number of moles of the subsystem 1, indicated by region 21 of figure 4, (n2) is the number of moles of subsystem 2, indicated by region 23 of figure 4.

[029] The dependence on high temperatures of most engines in the current state of the art also leads to dependence on fuels with high calorific value, making it difficult to use clean sources which normally offer a lower temperature. The concept of differential cycle under the hybrid system , and working fluid whose processes do not require the change of physical phase, eliminates this mandatory dependence on high temperatures, The differential concept where the cycle always operates two processes at a time, (26 and 27) of figure 5, simultaneously and interdependent, enables machines that can operate at low temperatures and consequently, clean renewable sources, such as thermosolar, geothermal, become fully viable and their efficiencies now have the mass, or number of moles, as shown in equation (c), as a parameter to obtain better efficiencies, even with relatively low temperature differentials.

[030] The main known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the theoretical ideal Carnot cycle execute a single process at a time sequentially, as shown in figure 2, referenced to the mechanical cycle of driving force elements, their control is a direct function of the energy source supply, in turn, the differential cycles of the hybrid system, execute two processes at a time, figure 5, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separate from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and in this way the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and no longer the opposite.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[031] Differential cycle engines are characterized by having two subsystems, forming a hybrid system, represented by (21 and 23) in figure 4, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute two simultaneous and interdependent processes . Otherwise, considering a hybrid system with properties of open and closed systems simultaneously, it is said that the system executes a compound thermodynamic cycle, figure 5, that is, it always executes two simultaneous processes at a time (26 and 27) in figure 5, interdependent, including mass transfer. Therefore, these are completely different engines and cycles from engines and cycles based on open or closed systems. In figure 6, the relationship between the hybrid or binary system and the differential thermodynamic cycle can be seen.

[032] The concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system is new, it is characterized by thermal engines where differential cycles or binary cycles run, formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is an exchange of matter and energy and both supply energy outside their limits. form of work and part of the energy in the form of heat dissipated. This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of heat engines.

[033] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy, whether for use in power generation or other use, such as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: total flexibility regarding the source of energy (heat), independence from the atmosphere, it does not require an atmosphere for a differential cycle engine to operate, flexibility regarding temperatures, the Differential cycle can be designed to operate in a very wide range of temperatures, much higher than most engines based on open and closed systems, in fact, a differential cycle engine can be designed to operate with both temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, it is enough that the design conditions promote the expansion and contraction of the working gas and it is enough that the materials chosen for its construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at the design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the differential cycle engine based on the hybrid system is its controllability due to the ease in modulating thermodynamic processes and in engine designs that do not require the use of starter motors, or at least, these would be small. , due to the ease of generating torque through the force differential provided by the system formed by two conversion chambers, that is, two subsystems. Therefore, the advantages found include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources as operational advantages, being able to operate theoretically in any temperature range and its ability to control rotation and torque.

[034] The differential cycle engine based on the hybrid system concept shown in figures 7 to 13, can be built with materials and techniques similar to conventional engines and Stirling cycle engines, as it is an engine that works with gas in a circuit closed, considering the complete system, that is, the complete system is formed by two integrated thermodynamic subsystems (31) and (37), configuring a binary thermodynamic system, each subsystem is formed by a chamber (33) and (35), containing working gas and each of these, are formed by three subchambers, one heated (33) with (317) and (35) with (42), one cooled (33) with (41) and (35) with (318), and another isolated (33) with (32) and (35) with (36), connected to these two chambers there is a driving force element, (312), each subsystem has an active regenerator (310) and (314), between the subsystems there is an element of mass transfer (34), therefore the subsystems are open to each other, between the complete system and the external environment, it is considered closed, these two subsystems simultaneously execute each one of them, a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a unique differential thermodynamic cycle (82) of eight processes, four of which are isothermal, (a-b), (1-2), (c-d) and (3-4), four are isochoric, (b-c), (2-3 ), (d-a) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer. This concept of a closed working gas circuit in relation to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases, leaks can be admitted, as long as they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted, they are similar, in this aspect, to Stirling cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be different, each one will provide specific characteristics, as an example the gases can be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[035] The conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid system, may be built with different materials, depending on the design temperatures, the working gas used, the pressures involved, the environment and operating conditions. These chambers each have three subchambers and these must be designed observing the requirement for thermal insulation between them to minimize the flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for the overall efficiency of the system. These chambers have internal elements that move the working gas between the hot, cold, and isolated subchambers. These elements can be of different geometric shapes, depending on the requirement and project parameters, they could, for example, be in the form of discs, in a cylindrical shape or other that allows the movement of the working gas in a controlled manner between the subchambers.

[036] The mass transfer element (34) connects the two chambers (33) and (35), this element is responsible for transferring part of the working gas mass between the chambers that occurs at a specific moment during the isochoric processes. This element can be designed in various ways depending on the project requirements, it can operate by simple pressure difference, that is, in the form of a valve, or it can operate in a forced way, for example, in the form of a turbine, in the form of pistons or in another geometric shape that allows it to perform the mass transfer of part of the working gas.

[037] The active regenerators (310) and (314) operate with a specific working gas and this gas stores the energy of the engine gas during the isochoric temperature lowering processes through internal expansion (89), and regenerates ( 84), that is, it returns this energy to the engine gas during the isochoric processes of temperature elevation through compression. This regenerator is called an active regenerator because it carries out its regeneration process dynamically through mobile mechanical elements and its own working gas, unlike the known passive regenerators, which operate through thermal exchange between the gas and a static element, operating by heat conduction between the gas and your body.

[038] The driving force element (312) is responsible for performing the mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the forces of the engine's working gas. This element can be designed in various ways, depending on the design requirements, it can, for example, be in the form of a turbine, in the form of pistons with cylinders, connecting rods, crankshafts, in the form of a diaphragm or in another form that allows work to be done from gas forces during thermodynamic conversions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[039] The attached figures demonstrate the main characteristics and properties of the old concepts of thermal machines and the proposed innovations based on the hybrid system, which are related as follows: Figure 1 represents the concept of an open thermodynamic system and the concept of a closed thermodynamic system ; Figure 2 represents the characteristics of all thermodynamic cycles based on open and closed systems; Figure 3 shows the original idea of Carnot's thermal engine, conceptualized in 1824 by Nicolas Sadi Carnot; Figure 4 represents the concept of a hybrid thermodynamic system; Figure 5 represents the characteristic of the differential thermodynamic cycles based on the hybrid system; Figure 6 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system and a differential thermodynamic cycle and the detail of the two thermodynamic processes that occur simultaneously; Figure 7 shows the mechanical model consisting of the two thermodynamic subsystems that form a thermal engine under the concept of a hybrid system and its active regenerator; Figure 8 shows the engine indicating the phase in which one of the regenerators, element (310), equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source; Figure 9 shows the engine indicating the phase in which the second regenerator, element (314), equalizes its temperature to the temperature of the hot source; Figure 10 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), carrying out the high-temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the low-temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 11 shows one of the subsystems, group (31), carrying out the isochoric process of lowering the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the isochoric process of raising the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 12, in turn, shows the first subsystem, group (31), carrying out its low-temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the high-temperature isothermal process of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 13 shows the first subsystem, group (31), carrying out the isochoric process of raising the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle and the second subsystem, group (37), carrying out the isochoric process of lowering the temperature of the thermodynamic cycle; Figure 14 shows the ideal thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator; Figure 15 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat transfer process for its respective active regenerator; Figure 16 shows the detail of the thermodynamic cycle of one of the subsystems and the thermodynamic cycle in the heat regeneration process by its respective active regenerator; Figure 17 shows the ideal differential thermodynamic cycle composed of two high-temperature isothermal processes, two low-temperature isothermal processes, two isochoric temperature-lowering processes, heat transfer, two isochoric temperature-raising processes, heat regeneration, and the active regenerator thermodynamic processes; Figure 18 shows an example of the engine application for an electricity generating plant with geothermal energy as its primary source; Figure 19 shows an example of the engine application for an electricity generating plant with thermosolar energy as its primary source.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[040] The differential cycle engine consisting of two high-temperature isothermal processes, two low-temperature isothermal processes, two isochoric heat transfer processes, two isochoric heat regeneration processes with active regenerator is based on a hybrid thermodynamic system, as it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform a thermodynamic cycle that interact with each other, being able to exchange heat, work and mass as represented in figure 4. In (22), in figure 4, the hybrid system is shown, composed of two subsystems indicated by (21) and (23).

[041] Figure 6 shows again the hybrid thermodynamic system and the differential thermodynamic cycle, detailing, in this case, the isothermal processes, which when in one of the subsystems, at time (t1) the cycle operates with mass (m1), number of mol (n1) and temperature (Tq), at the same moment, simultaneously, in the other subsystem, the cycle operates with mass (m2), number of mol (n2), temperature (Tf). In a machine based on a hybrid system, composed of two subsystems, the sum of the working gas mass is always constant (m1 + m2 = cte), but they are not necessarily constant in their respective subsystems, there may be an exchange of mass between them. .

[042] Figure 7 shows the engine model based on the hybrid system, containing two subsystems indicated by (31) and (37). Each subsystem has its thermomechanical conversion chamber (33) and (35), a driving force element (312), an active regenerator (310) and (314), its transmission shafts, respectively (38), (39), (311) and (313), (315), (316). Connecting the subsystems for mass transfer processes is a mass transfer element (34). In subsystem (31) the semicycle (1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1) runs and in subsystem (37) the semicycle (a-b, b-c, c-d and d-a) runs, interdependent, and both form the complete cycle with eight regenerative processes, four isothermal (1-2, 3-4, a-b and c-d) and four isochoric (2-3, 41, b-c and c-d).

[043] Figure 8 and Figure 9 show the process responsible for generating the initial operating state of the regenerators, (310) and (314). In the initial state of operation, the regenerators are both brought to equalize with the temperature of the hot source (Tq). In figure 8, while one of the subsystems, (31), performs its high temperature isotherm, its respective regenerator is pressurized by mechanical force through the transmissions, (38), (39) and (311), equalizing with the temperature of the working gas of subsystem 31 in (Tq), shown in the graph in figure 14 on the path indicated in (71). In figure 9, while the second subsystem (37) performs its high temperature isotherm, its respective regenerator is pressurized by mechanical force through transmissions (316), (315) and (313), equalizing with the gas temperature of subsystem (37) in (Tq), also shown in the graph in figure 14 on the path indicated in (71).

[044] Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 show how the eight processes occur mechanically, four isothermal and four isochoric with mass transfer and regeneration of energy, heat, figures 14, 15 and 16 show how the active regenerator operates and figure 17 shows the complete regenerative differential cycle with all its processes. Like any thermal engine, this engine operates through the flow of energy that occurs between two thermal potentials, that is, two temperatures where the source of energy is heat, which can come from different sources, through combustion or heat from of other processes and the cold source can also be through various forms of cooling, cooling, dissipation and so that in the subsystem (31) the thermodynamic half-cycle formed by the processes (1-2, 2-3, 34 and 4-1) runs and in subsystem (37) runs the thermodynamic half-cycle formed by the processes (a-b, b-c, c-d and d-a) which are interdependent and which together form the differential cycle. Following the figures, the engine's operational process begins with energy, heat, indicated by (810) in figure 17 of the cycle, physically entering the subsystem (31), figure 10, through the gas heat exchanger (317) which is found in (33) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the hot source (Tq) and carry out an isothermal expansion process (1-2), shown in figure 17, so that the volume of the gas in the subsystem (31) will expand from (V1) to (V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312), simultaneously, considering that the engine consists of two subsystems that operate a differential thermodynamic cycle with cooling or cooling, heat removal, indicated by (811) in figure 17 of the cycle, heat being physically removed from the subsystem (37), figure 10, through the heat exchanger (318) next to the gas from the subsystem (37) located in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, cooling or cold cooling (Tf) and will perform an isothermal compression process (c-d), so that the volume of gas in the subsystem (37) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work from energy stored in the driving force element (312), as shown in figure 17, after the isothermal processes (1-2) and (c-d), the isochoric cooling process (2- 3), shown in figure 17, with the gas at 33 contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (31) indicated by (33), taking the gas from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), simultaneously, still in figure 11, the isochoric heating process (d-a) occurs in the subsystem (37), shown in figure 17, with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (36), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (37), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas releases the stored energy, regenerates the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (37) indicated by (35), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq) and during the isochoric processes (2-3) and (d-a), the gas mass transfer occurs simultaneously from the subsystem (31) which is at higher pressure , for the subsystem (37) which is at lower pressure, in a controlled manner, transfer which can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34), after the isochoric regenerative processes (23) and (d-a), occurs in the subsystem (31) with cooling or cooling, heat removal, indicated by (811) in figure 17 of the cycle, heat being physically removed from the subsystem (31), figure 12, through the heat exchanger (41) together to the gas of the subsystem (31) found in (33) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, cooling or cold cooling (Tf) and will carry out an isothermal compression process (3-4), so that the volume of the gas in the subsystem (31) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work from the energy stored in the driving force element (312), as shown in figure 17, simultaneously occurs in the subsystem (37) with the energy, heat, indicated by (810) in figure 17 of the cycle, physically entering the subsystem (37), figure 12, through the heat exchanger (42) to the gas found in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the hot source (Tq) and will execute an isothermal expansion process (a-b), shown in figure 17, so that the gas volume in the subsystem (37) will expand from (V1) to (V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312 ) subsequent to the isothermal processes (3-4) and (a-b), occurs in subsystem (31), in figure 13, the isochoric heating process (4-1), shown in figure 17, occurs in subsystem (31), with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), the regenerator being of the active type, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas yields the stored energy , regenerates the heat of the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (31) indicated by (33), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq), simultaneously, still in figure 13, occurs in the subsystem (37), the isochoric cooling process (b-c), shown in figure 17, with the gas in (35) contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (36), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator ( 37), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the thermal engine gas fraction contained in the subsystem (37) indicated by (35), taking the gas from the hot temperature ( Tq) for the cold temperature (Tf), and during the isochoric processes (4-1) and (b-c), the mass transfer of gas from the subsystem (37), which is at higher pressure, to the subsystem (37) occurs simultaneously ) which is at lower pressure, in a controlled manner, a transfer that can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34), thus completing the eight processes that form the differential thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine based on the hybrid thermodynamic system. The processes that form the active regenerator cycle are two, an adiabatic expansion, heat absorption, and an adiabatic compression, regeneration, shown in figures 14, 15 and 16 and later integrated into the engine cycle, shown in figure 17. The thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator consists of an adiabatic process of expansion of the regenerator gas, but with the added heat of the regenerator's own gas with the heat of the respective gas fraction of its subsystem, absorbing all the heat indicated by (813 ) in figure 17, and transferring its energy to the mechanical elements of the regenerator in the form of kinetic energy, lowering the temperature of the engine and regenerator gases, both, from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), subsequently the regenerator returns the heat, indicated by (812), that is, it regenerates the kinetic energy, heating the gases in the regenerator itself and in the engine again, raising the temperature from (Tf) to (Tq). Therefore, within the differential cycle, the subsystem that will execute isothermal processes of expansion and high temperature may, not necessarily, have more gas mass than the subsystem that simultaneously executes the isothermal process of compression and low temperature.

[045] The graph in figure 14 clarifies how the active regenerator works, the curve indicated by (71) shows the initial process to condition the operability of the regenerator, the curve indicated by (72) shows the regenerator process in operation with the cycle of the engine, heat transfer occurs alternately and sequentially from the engine gas to the regenerator, which goes from the hot temperature (Tq) to the temperature (Tf) and regeneration occurs when the process occurs in reverse, starting from the temperature (Tf) to the temperature (Tq). These processes always occur during the isochorics of the engine cycle.

[046] Curve (71) in figure 14 is an adiabatic process and its energy in units (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[047] This energy (W71) is the internal energy of the regenerator's own gas that remains internally throughout the time the engine is running.

[048] Curve (72) in figure 14 is also an adiabatic process and its energy in unit (Joule) is represented by the following expression:

[049] The first energy term (W72) is the internal energy of the gas shown by (W71) and remains indefinitely in the regenerator, the second term is the adiabatic energy of the engine cycle in isochoric processes.

[050] The thermodynamic process of curve (72) in figure 14 occurs under the conditions shown in the mechanical drawings in figures 11 and 13.

[051] Figure 15 shows in (73) the processes that form the cycle of one of the subsystems. Process (b-c) of the cycle shown in (73) is isochoric and starts at point (b) at constant volume at hot temperature (Tq), with (n1) moles of gas and continues to point (c), transferring part of the mass of gas, equivalent to (n1-n2) mol of gas to the other subsystem and transferring its heat (energy) to the regenerator, reaching point (c) at the cold temperature (Tf) and with (n2) mol of gas. The graph (75) shows the process in which the regenerator removes heat from the gas in the subsystem, through the expansion of the internal gas of the active regenerator.

[052] Figure 16 shows in (77), simultaneously with the cycle shown in figure 15, the processes that form the cycle of the other subsystem that comprises the concept of the engine formed by two interdependent subsystems. The isochoric process (b-c) shown in figure 15 in the first subsystem involves lowering the gas temperature, its energy is transferred to the active regenerator, simultaneously an isochoric process (4-1) of temperature growth occurs in the second subsystem, shown in figure 16, the mass of gas equivalent to (n1 - n2) moles of gas from the first subsystem is transferred from point (b), shown in (73), to the second subsystem which begins this isochoric process with (n2) mole of gas in (4) and arrives with (n1) mole of gas in (1) at the hot temperature (Tq) received from the stored energy of the active regenerator, whose process curve is indicated in (76).

[053] Figure 17 shows the ideal differential engine cycle, of eight processes, complete, based on the concept of a hybrid or binary thermodynamic system, where two simultaneous processes always occur in the engine, exemplified by indications (86) and (88), until forming the complete cycle of eight processes and cycles of two processes in each of the two active regenerators. In (82), the sequence (1-2-3-4-1) shows the processes of one of the subsystems that form the engine cycle, the sequence (a-b-c-d- a) shows the processes of the other subsystem, in (81) the processes of one of the active regenerators are shown, in (83) the processes of the other active regenerator are shown.

[054] In figure 17, in (82). The curve indicated by (87) shows the processes (a-b-c-d-a) of one of the subsystems, the process (a-b) is a high temperature isothermal where energy enters the system, it occurs simultaneously with the low temperature isothermal process (3-4 ) where unused energy is discarded, from the curve indicated by (85) of the other subsystem. Process (b-c) is isochoric in terms of temperature reduction, it occurs simultaneously with process (4-1), also isochoric, but with an increase in temperature, in process (b-c) the transfer of heat (energy) from the engine gas to the regenerator whose cycle is shown in 83, in an adiabatic process indicated in curve (89), simultaneously in process (4-1) the regeneration of heat (energy) for the engine gas received from the regenerator whose cycle is shown in (81) occurs ), also in an adiabatic process indicated in curve (84), simultaneously, during the isochoric processes of the engine cycle and during the adiabatic processes of the active regenerators, mass transfer occurs, leaving (n1 - n2) mol of gas in the process (b-c), for the other subsystem during the isochoric process (4-1), shown in detail (78) of graph (77) in figure 16. Processes (2-3) and (d-a) are identical to processes (b-c) and (4-1). Process (c-d) is low-temperature isothermal and occurs simultaneously with process (1-2), high-temperature isothermal. Process (d-a) is an isochoric process of temperature increase (regeneration), with an increase in mass and occurs simultaneously with the isochoric process (2-3) of temperature reduction (heat transfer to the regenerator), with mass reduction, thus completing the process. thermodynamic cycle with eight engine processes, always two simultaneous and the cycles of the two active regenerators, each with two adiabatic processes. The sum of the working gas mass of the two subsystems that make up the engine is always constant.

[055] In the engine conversion chambers, the isothermal processes of the engine cycle (1-2), (a-b), (3-4) and (c-d) are carried out with the gas confined in a geometry that favors the transfer of heat between the gas and the hot and cold elements. This geometry must be characterized by low depth for the trajectory of the heat flow in the gas and by a rapid displacement, transition, of the working gas between the hot, cold and isolated chambers. The geometry of the conversion chambers and gases with high thermal diffusivity favor the realization of isothermal processes and the speed of gas displacement, transition, the higher this speed, the shorter the transition time, the better defined the processes that form the thermodynamic cycle will be. . The isochoric processes of the engine cycle (2-3) and (b-c) are carried out with the gas in a thermally isolated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the regenerator is in thermal contact with the gas. work will carry out a rapid, adiabatic expansion, transferring the energy of the gas to the mechanical elements of the regenerator, storing the energy in the form of kinetic energy and in the isochoric processes of the engine cycle (4-1) and (d-a) are also carried out with the gas in a thermally isolated region or in the transition between the hot and cold areas of the engine, and in this process the regenerator in thermal contact with the working gas will perform a rapid, adiabatic compression, transferring the kinetic energy of its elements back to the gas of the engine, raising its temperature, completing regeneration.

[056] Table 1 shows process by process that form the differential cycle of eight heat engine processes shown step by step, with four isothermal processes, four isochoric processes and the thermodynamic cycle with two adiabatic active regenerator processes and heat transfer steps. mass.Table 1

[057] This differential cycle of an engine composed of two subsystems based on the concept of a hybrid or binary system, whose pressure and volume curve is indicated in figure 17, has eight processes, two isothermal high-temperature energy input processes in the system, curves (1-2) and (ab) are represented by expressions (f) and (g), two low-temperature isothermal processes for disposing of unused energy, curves (3-4) and (cd) represented by expressions (h) and (i), two isochoric heat transfer processes (2-3) and (bc) through an active regenerator, represented by expressions (j) and (k), two isochoric heat regeneration processes ( 4-1) and (da), represented by the expressions (l) and (m). The expressions consider the sign of the direction of the flow of energies.

[058] The total energy input to the engine is the sum of the energies Q(1-2) and Q(ab) and is represented by the expression (n) below.

[059] The total energy discarded to the external environment is the sum of the energies Q(3-4) and Q(cd) and in its positive form, it is represented by the expression (o) below.

[060] The total useful work of the motor, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between the energy input and output and is represented by the expression (p) below.

[061] The isochoric processes, shown by expressions (j), (k), (l) and (m) are regenerative, energy is transferred in the process of lowering the temperature and regenerated in the processes of increasing the temperature, that is, energy is conserved in the subsystems.

[062] The final theoretical demonstration of the efficiency of the differential cycle of eight processes, four isothermal processes, four isochoric processes with mass transfer and active regenerator is given by expression (q) below, characterizing that the differential cycles based on the hybrid thermodynamic system or Binary cycles also have as an efficiency parameter the number of moles or mass in the processes and therefore these cycles do not have their efficiencies dependent exclusively on temperatures.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

[063] Differential cycle engines based on the hybrid system operate with heat, do not require combustion, although it can be used, do not require burning of fuels, although it can be used, therefore they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical phase of the working gas. Due to their properties exposed in this description, differential cycle engines can be designed to operate in a wide temperature range, higher than most existing engine cycles based on open or closed systems. Differential cycle engines are completely flexible in terms of the energy source (heat). Figure 18 shows an application for using the differential cycle engine to generate energy from geothermal sources. Figure 18 shows a heat transfer system from the ground (96) to a collector (94), basically formed by a pump (97) that injects a fluid, normally water, through the duct (93). The heat in the collector (94) is transferred to the differential cycle engine (91), which discards part of the energy to the external environment through the heat exchanger (95) and converts another part of the energy into work, operating a generator ( 92) which produces electricity.

[064] Figure 19 shows another useful application for the differential cycle engine for producing energy from the sun's heat. The sun's rays are collected through the concentrator (103), the energy (heat) is transferred to the element (104) which directs the heat to the differential cycle engine (101), which converts part of the energy into useful work to operate an electricity generator (102), part of the energy is discarded to the external environment through the exchanger (105).

Claims (11)

1) “THERMAL ENGINE”, characterized by being composed of two thermodynamic subsystems, (31) and (37), configuring a hybrid thermodynamic system, with each subsystem formed by a chamber, (33) and (35), containing working gas and each of these two chambers is formed by three subchambers, one heated, (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), one cooled, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and another isolated, (33 with 32 ) and (35 with 36), connected to these two chambers there is a driving force element, (312), each subsystem has an active regenerator, (310) and (314), between the subsystems there is a mass transfer element, (34), these two subsystems each simultaneously execute a cycle of four interdependent processes forming a differential thermodynamic cycle, (82), unique, of eight processes, four of which are isothermal, (a-b), (1-2), (c-d) and (3-4), four isochorics, (b-c), (2-3), (d-a) and (4-1), with variable mass transfer. 2) “THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 1, characterized in that it is composed of two chambers, (33) and (35), each chamber is divided into three subchambers, a heated subchamber, (33 with 317) and (35 with 42), a cooled subchamber, (33 with 41) and (35 with 318), and a thermally insulated subchamber, (33 with 32) and (35 with 36), forming each chamber, a subsystem, (31) and ( 37), and the junction of these two subsystems forms a hybrid thermodynamic system. 3) “THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 1, characterized by having a driving force element, (312), connected to the two thermodynamic conversion chambers, (33) and (35). 4) “THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 1, characterized by having an active regenerator, (310) and (314), in each of the chambers. 5) “THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 1, characterized by having a working gas mass transfer element, (34), between the chambers. 6) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMAL ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE”, particularly for controlling the thermodynamic cycle of the heat engine of claims 1 to 5, characterized by a differential thermodynamic cycle formed by two interdependent half-cycles of four processes each, forming a differential cycle of eight processes, four isothermal and four isochoric with mass transfer and energy regeneration, this thermal engine operates through the flow of energy that occurs between two thermal potentials, that is, two temperatures, so that in the subsystem ( 31) runs the thermodynamic half-cycle formed by the processes (1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1) and in the subsystem (37) runs the thermodynamic half-cycle formed by the processes (a-b, b-c, c-d and d-a) which are interdependent and together form the differential cycle, the engine's operational process begins with energy, heat (810), physically entering the subsystem (31), through a heat exchanger (317) to the gas that is in (33) and the gas will maintain the hot source temperature (Tq) and carry out an isothermal expansion process (1-2), so that the gas volume in the subsystem (31) will expand from (V1) to (V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312), simultaneously, considering that the engine consists of two subsystems that operate a differential thermodynamic cycle, with cooling or cooling, heat removal (811), heat being removed physically of the subsystem (37), through the heat exchanger (318) next to the subsystem gas (37) located in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, cooling or cold cooling (Tf) and will perform an isothermal compression process (c-d), so that the volume of gas in the subsystem (37) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work from the energy stored in the driving force element (312), subsequent to the isothermal processes ( 1-2) and (c-d), the isochoric cooling process (2-3) occurs in subsystem (31), with the gas in (33) contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (31) taking the gas from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), simultaneously, the subsystem (37) also occurs the isochoric heating process (d-a), with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (36), but with conduction of heat with the subsystem regenerator (37), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas releases the stored energy, regenerating the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (37 ), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq), and during the isochoric processes (2-3) and (d-a), the mass transfer of gas from the subsystem (31) which is located with higher pressure, to the subsystem (37) which is at lower pressure, in a controlled manner, transfer which can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34), after the isochoric regenerative processes (2-3) and (d-a), occurs in the subsystem (31) with cooling or cooling, heat removal (811), heat being physically removed from the subsystem (31), through the heat exchanger (41) next to the subsystem gas (31 ) which is found in (33) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, of cold cooling (Tf) and will carry out an isothermal compression process (3-4), so that the volume of gas in the subsystem (31) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work from the energy stored in the driving force element (312), simultaneously occurs in the subsystem (37) with the energy, heat, indicated by (810), physically entering the subsystem (37), through the heat exchanger (42) to the gas found in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the hot source (Tq) and carry out an isothermal expansion process (a-b), so that the volume of gas in the subsystem (37) will expand from (V1) to (V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312), subsequent to the isothermal processes (3-4) and (a-b), occurs in the subsystem (31), the isochoric heating process (4-1), with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas releases the stored energy, regenerates the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (31), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq), simultaneously running in subsystem (37), the isochoric cooling process (b-c), with the gas in (35) contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (36), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (37), the regenerator is of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (37), taking the gas from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf ), and during the isochoric processes (4-1) and (b-c), gas mass transfer occurs simultaneously from the subsystem (37) which is at higher pressure, to the subsystem (31) which is at lower pressure, in a controlled manner, a transfer that can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34), thus completing the eight processes that form the differential thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine based on the hybrid thermodynamic system. 7) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 6, characterized by a process where energy, heat (810), physically enters the subsystem (31), through the heat exchanger ( 317) to the gas found in (33) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the hot source (Tq) and carry out an isothermal expansion process (1-2), so that the volume of gas in the subsystem (31) will expand by (V1) to (V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312), simultaneously, considering that the engine consists of two subsystems that operate a differential thermodynamic cycle, with cooling or cooling, heat removal ( 811), heat being physically removed from the subsystem (37) located in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, cooling or cold cooling (Tf) and will carry out an isothermal compression process (c-d), of so that the gas volume in the subsystem (37) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work from the energy stored in the driving force element (312). 8) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 6, characterized by a process where subsequent to the isothermal processes (1-2) and (c-d), occurs in the subsystem (31), the process isochoric cooling system (2-3), with the gas in (33) contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), with the regenerator being of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (31), taking the gas from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), simultaneously, yet, occurs in the subsystem (37) the isochoric heating process (d-a), with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (36), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (37), and the regenerator is of the type active, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas releases the stored energy, regenerates the heat of the thermal engine gas fraction contained in the subsystem (37), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq) , and during the isochoric processes (2-3) and (d-a), the transfer of gas mass occurs simultaneously from the subsystem (31) which is at higher pressure, to the subsystem (37) which is at lower pressure, of controlled way, transfer which can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34). 9) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 6, characterized by a process where subsequently the regenerative isochoric processes (2-3) and (d-a), occur in the subsystem (31) with the cooling or cooling, heat removal (811), heat being physically removed from the subsystem (31), through the heat exchanger (41) next to the subsystem gas (31) which is located in (33) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the cold source, cooling or cold cooling (Tf) and will execute an isothermal compression process (3-4), so that the gas volume in the subsystem (31) will compress from (V2) to (V1), receiving work of the energy stored in the driving force element (312), simultaneously occurs in the subsystem (37) with the energy, heat, indicated by (810), physically entering the subsystem (37), through the heat exchanger (42) at the gas that is found in (35) and the gas will maintain the temperature of the hot source (Tq) and carry out an isothermal expansion process (a-b), so that the volume of gas in subsystem (37) will expand from (V1) to ( V2) generating work, driving force, in the driving force element (312). 10) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claim 6, characterized by a process where subsequent to the isothermal processes (3-4) and (a-b), occurs in the subsystem (31), the process isochoric heating system (4-1), with the gas contained in a region isolated from the external environment (32), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (31), and the regenerator is of the active type, with gas, and the compression of the regenerator gas releases the stored energy, regenerates the heat of the thermal engine gas fraction contained in the subsystem (31), taking the gas from the cold temperature (Tf) to the hot temperature (Tq), simultaneously running in the subsystem (37), the isochoric cooling process (b-c), with the gas in (35) contained in a region isolated from the external environment through (36), but with heat conduction with the subsystem regenerator (37), with the regenerator is of the active type, with gas and the expansion of the regenerator gas absorbs the heat from the gas fraction of the thermal engine contained in the subsystem (37), taking the gas from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), and during the isochoric processes (4-1) and (b-c), gas mass transfer occurs simultaneously from the subsystem (37) which is at higher pressure, to the subsystem (31) which is at lower pressure, so controlled, transfer which can be zero, through the mass transfer element (34), thus completing the eight processes that form the differential thermodynamic cycle of the thermal engine based on the hybrid thermodynamic system. 11) “CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THE THERMAL ENGINE”, according to claims 1 to 10, characterized by an active regeneration process carried out by an active gas regenerator, whose cycle consists of an adiabatic expansion process , heat absorption (83), and an adiabatic compression, regeneration (81), and later integrated into the engine cycle (82), forms the complete differential thermodynamic cycle of the engine, so that the thermodynamic cycle of the active regenerator consists of an adiabatic process of expansion of the regenerator gas, but with the added heat of the regenerator gas itself with the heat of the respective gas fraction of its subsystem, absorbing all the heat (813), and transferring its energy to the mechanical elements of the regenerator in the form of kinetic energy, lowering the temperature of the engine and regenerator gases, both, from the hot temperature (Tq) to the cold temperature (Tf), subsequently the regenerator returns the heat (812), that is, it regenerates the kinetic energy, heating the gases in the regenerator itself and in the engine again, raising the temperature from (Tf) to (Tq).