AU2018286614B1 - An eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef - Google Patents

An eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef Download PDF

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AU2018286614B1
AU2018286614B1 AU2018286614A AU2018286614A AU2018286614B1 AU 2018286614 B1 AU2018286614 B1 AU 2018286614B1 AU 2018286614 A AU2018286614 A AU 2018286614A AU 2018286614 A AU2018286614 A AU 2018286614A AU 2018286614 B1 AU2018286614 B1 AU 2018286614B1
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reef
coral
mimetic
artificial
coral reef
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AU2018286614A
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Hui Huang
Lijuan LONG
Jianping Yin
Tao Yuan
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South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of CAS
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South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of CAS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/70—Artificial fishing banks or reefs
    • A01K61/77—Artificial fishing banks or reefs of monolithic form, e.g. blocks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish

Abstract

Abstract The present invention discloses an eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef which is extensively applicable to the construction of the coral ecologic patch reef and the reef area re-construction in three-dimensional structure of the coral reef ecosystem restoration. Focusing on the engineering restoration of the coral reef ecosystem in open sea, islands and reefs, lagoon and offshore, construct artificial mimetic coral reef with the shape and functions highly similar to the natural coral reef by simulation. The present mimetic reef is made from unique eco-friendly raw materials, with many structure characteristics of irregular shape, large internal interspace, rough reef surface, large surface area and high special heterogeneity, and with advantages of high hardness, pollution-free and high biological adhesion rate. The present mimetic reef provides not only a growth base to the coral reef ecosystem key reef-building organisms such as coral, giant clam and reef-building seaweed, but also space for the growth, habitat and reproduction of other organism groups protecting the reef. Representative figure

Description

Specification
An Eco-friendly Artificial Mimetic Coral Reef
Technical Field
The present invention belongs to the artificial restoration technology field of ocean ecological environment, relates to a device of a coral reef ecosystem used in the ecological restoration, specifically an eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef applied for offshore, islands and reefs, lagoon and open sea.
Background
Coral reef ecosystem is one of the most productive and biodiversity ecosystems in the world. More than 30% of the marine organisms live in the marine coral reef ecosystem, which is a valuable resource pool for human beings. Healthy coral reef ecosystem has important ecological functions and plays an important role in maintaining global biochemical earth cycle, protecting islands and reefs, environmental purification, enriching fishery resources and protecting marine biodiversity. As a marine ecosystem with comprehensive benefits, the utilization of coral reef fishery resources, medicinal biological resources and tourism resources can bring huge benefits. However, in recent years, with the factors of marine pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing caused by human activities, extreme weather caused by global climate change and ocean acidification, the coral reef ecosystem has declined sharply worldwide, and human activities such as reclamation and development and utilization of coral reefs have also contributed to the health of regional coral reef ecosystems. The situation has had a greater impact. The present situation of coral reef ecosystem in the waters under our jurisdiction is also not optimistic. Most of the reef-building corals distribute in the waters with different degrees of degradation of coral reef ecosystem. The coverage of reef-building corals in some areas has decreased from 30% to less than 1% on average ten years ago. The natural recovery rate of coral reef ecosystem is very low due to the slow growth of coral and high environmental requirements. In this context, in view of the damaged coral reef ecosystem, by human intervention, the construction of a stable basement environment suitable for the healthy growth of coral reef ecosystem, the implantation of key reef-building/reef-protecting functional organisms such as corals, giant clam, reef-building algae, and the promotion of rapid restoration and 10003 I III 11II 1
2006 7 | III 11 ||
Specification sustainable development of coral reef ecosystem have become the latest development trend of the restoration of damaged coral reef ecosystem. By rebuilding and restoring the damaged coral reef ecosystem, we can effectively enhance the stability of the structure of the coral reef ecosystem, restore the normal service function of the coral reef ecosystem, promote the stability and sustainable development of the marine ecosystem, create significant ecological, social and economic benefits, contribute to the construction of marine ecological civilization, and guarantee the ecological security and national security of our country.
Reef-building/reef-protecting functional organisms are mostly adhesion organisms, and suitable reefs are the most basic conditions for their adhesion and growth. At present, it has been generally accepted that artificial coral reef foundations can promote coral adhesion and growth in the world, but now most of the common coral reef foundations are made of simple concrete geometries, which have low spatial heterogeneity, large differences in morphology, structure, material and material with natural reefs, resulting in insufficient microdynamic environment and low adhesion rate of reef-building/reef-protecting organisms. The problems of poor wind and wave resistance, weak resistance to enemy damage and low biodiversity of attached organisms cannot effectively promote the rapid restoration of coral reef ecosystem.
Summary of the Invention
An objective of the present invention is to restore regional coral reef ecosystem, provide an eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef for the construction of the coral ecologic patch reef and the re-construction in three-dimensional structure of the coral reef ecosystem restoration in the regions under different damaged situations. It is extensively suitable for the coral reef ecological restoration engineering of coral reef in tropical coral reef region reef rocks, coral gravels, reef sand bottom materials.
The purpose of the present utility model is achieved by the following technical solution:
An eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef, the artificial mimetic coral reef is mainly constructed by unsaturated polyester resin added with carbonate calcium, the carbonate calcium particularly includes coral sand, shell, the mixture of coral sand and shell, etc.
The preparation method of the artificial mimetic coral reef: to take the natural reef rock as a template, firstly to match hermatypic corals of various species as component parts based on the
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Specification ecological environment of the ocean area that the reef is disposed, and then to mimic the shape of the natural reef rock, combine and fix the hermatypic corals of different species according to their space positions in the reef area to form artificial basic master mould of the mimetic reef. To make an artificial mimetic coral reef mould by the process of fixing and pouring silica gel into a mould (The hardness of the silica gel is 30°-45°), To make a mould in slices with resin as external mould materials according to the reef size to strengthen the stiffness of the mould. Lastly, to pour the reef materials mixed by environmental unsaturated resin and other functional components into the mould, after curing, to reinforce the interior and decorate the exterior of the reef.
The reef materials do not contain any fishes that greatly affect the growth of the coral larva toxic heavy mentals, environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), etc. The preparation and production of the artificial mimetic reef strictly follow the relative environmental protection testing standards of RoHS- 2002/95/EC, the raw materials is moulded after being added with related treating agent, without releasing lead, copper, iron or any toxic substance, it is used in the open water areas such as sea coast, lagoon, islands and reefs, without any toxic side effects to the aquatic organisms.
The design of the artificial mimetic coral reef shape adopts irregular geometric construction, the specifications of the coral reef rock is: 2500~3000mm in depth, the 1600~2000mm in width, 1200-1800mm in height.
Taking stable structure, big interspace, rough reef surface, more surface area, high spatial heterogeneity, combinable, being suitable for wide range of bottom materials types, outstanding subaqueous landscape effects as the main design basis, particularly includes:
(1) The overall shape of the artificial mimetic coral reef is an irregular irregularities of “emulated cone” to keep the gravity center of the reef locates in the vertical axis of the reef and the height of the artificial mimetic coral reef is lower than 1/3 of the total reef height.
(2) Mimicing the natural coral reef, the interior of the artificial mimetic coral reef keeps the interspace with various sizes by the means of “cavity”, “channel”, the interspace volume is not less than 2/3 of that of the “emulated cone” corresponding to the whole reef.
(3) The surface-to-volume ratio of the artificial mimetic coral reef is not less than 30. The reef surface mimics the natural coral reef rock surface, construct various kinds of highly simulated structure formed by coral cup body and reef pores that are produced by the calcification growth of
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Specification hermatypic corals. The template of a single reef consists of at least four hermatypic corals genus of natural reef rock, the artificial mimetic coral reef is combined and matched according to the distribution proportion of different coral species in the natural reef rock in different ecological restoration ocean areas and the ecological niche of the living coral, the natural reef rock template for preparing the artificial mimetic coral reef comprises the following hermatypic corals genus: Acropora Oken, Porites Link, Favia Oken, Pocillopora Lamarck, Montipora de Blainville, Favites Link, Diploastrea Matthai, Goniopora de Blainville, Pavona Lamarck.
(4) The artificial mimetic coral reef has impact and pressure resistence, the thickness of the side wall of the prepared artificial mimetic coral reef is not less than 7mm, the 316 stainless steel bars with the thickness of 3mm~5mm are used for internal fixing and the fixing base frame to increase the effective strength. The artificial mimetic coral reef has good impact resistence (above the Bacoor hardness standard 35).
(5) The conditions of the transportation and storage of the artificial mimetic coral reef are the temperature is between -20°C~+50 °C, the humidity is between 70%~90%. The artificial mimetic coral reef has alkali resistance and sea erode resistance. It will not be disintegrated by corrosion and be embrittled even it is prolonged immersed in saltwater.
> Fixing method of the artificial mimetic coral reef
The fixing base frame of the artificial mimetic coral reef connects with the concrete foundations, the fixing base frame comprises 316 stainless steel bars with 3mm thickness set in six directions, the fixing base frame connects with the internal support frame, two long flat fixing bolt holes are provided in the stainless steel bars in each direction, by this method, the fixing base frame can be combined and connected with the precast concrete foundations and fixed in the designated sea-bed area; the precast concrete foundations is in a rectangular shape with the weight of 2000~3000kg, its volume is customized based on the base area of the reef, the position and length of the base frame, 316 stainless steel bolts are embedded in the fixing bolt holes at the top of the base frame for connecting the artificial mimetic coral reef.
4> The disposed position and density of the artificial mimetic coral reef are decided based on the research results of the preselected microbial community:
(1) Select the shape and size of the artificial mimetic coral reef by considering the key microbial community composition and species living habits. Especially the key microbial community
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Specification composition and species living habits, including coral, giant clam, reef-building seaweed, fish, crustacean, shellfish, etc., reef in various shapes and sizes are designed and specifically allocated based on the function requirements.
(2) The size of the reef is designed based on the environmental conditions such as regional wind and wave, ocean current being researched in the early stage to ensure the stability of the reef.
(3) The spatial layout of the artificial mimetic coral reef comprises the forms of single, combination, group and band. Three- dimensional habitat environment with various water power characteristics is constructed based on the current direction of tide and ocean to meet the requirements of different organisms.
> Methods of coral transplantation (1) Dominant coral species are selected for transplanted based on the community composition of the existing coral reef ecosystem in the disposed sea area. Coral is adhered to the reef that similar to the habitat based on their life habit. The micro-habitat conditions in the natural condition that the coral lives is mimicked as much as possible.
(2) The artificial mimetic coral reef of the present invention can be used as the long-term basic reef rock for the bottom planting and transplantation and the breading of coral during the coral reef ecosystem restoration. 15 to 35 coral can be bottom planted in a single artificial ecological reef rock based on the required bottom planting transplantation density, the size of the coral plant, the differences between coral species and the sizes of the reef in the premise that sufficient growth space is reserved for every coral, the specific operation method is as below: 1) Holes are punched on the preset positions of the surface of the artificial mimetic coral reef by the electric hand drill on shore based on the species and density of the coral needed to be bottom planting and transplantation; 2) 304 stainless steel hollow expansion bolts are embedded in the preset holes; 3) The artificial mimetic coral reef embedded with the expansion bolts on shore is installed in the designated underwater area, T-shaped 316 stainless steel nails are installed in the expansion bolts, 5~6cm of the expansion bolts nails and the cross bar are exposed on the surface of the artificial mimetic coral reef; 4) The coral plants needed to be bottom planting and transplanted are bound and fixed on the stainless steel nails between the cross bar and the surface of the reef by the aluminium wire or iron wire, the transplanted coral plants should be close against the surface of the reef to ensure the transplanted coral are able to grow by being sessile on the surface of the reef afterwards to enhance
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Specification the survival rate of the bottom planting transplantation, the T-shaped stainless steel nails help to fixing the coral plants and prevent them from moving and slipping.
Compare the prior art the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
In current, the artificial reef of the coral reef ecological restoration in home and abroad are mainly classified as three classes: metal frame reef, plastic frame reef and concrete matrix reef, the artificial mimic reef of the present invention has the obviously advantages from the perspective of underwater engineering operation, ecological restoration effects and environmental friendliness comparing with the traditional reef.
(1) The present invention has the obvious advantages from the perspective of materials durability and environmental friendliness comparing with the plastic frame reef, the performance index, such as the stiffness, corrosion resistance, oxidation rate and impact resistance of the reef, is better than that of the artificial reef which is made of PVC pipe and plastic plate;
(2) The natural reef rock is the template of the structure and shape of the artificial mimetic coral reef of the present invention, the reef is with high stimulation, carbonate calcium is added during preparation without releasing toxic substance. The artificial mimetic coral reef will integrate with the natural coral reef rock in the appearance and ecological functions in two to three years, such that the environmental friendliness and ecological restoration effect are better than that of the existing reef types;
(3) The main materials of the artificial mimetic coral reef of the present invention is unsaturated polyester resin, which is the obvious advantage in the weight per unit area comparing with the reef of metal frame and concrete matrix, more convenient for the operation during transportation, ship transport, underwater hoisting, has higher three-dimensional structural complexity and more reef surface area are available for coral transplantation and coral larvae adhesion with the same weight. The undergoing coral reef ecosystem restoration practice shows that the artificial mimetic coral reef of the present invention achieves better effects on reef-building coral group restoration and fish attraction, the biomass index of the reef disposed area is obviously higher than that of the other reef types.
(4) The planula larva of the reef-building coral has obvious selectivity on the adhesion substrate, the first choice of adhesion substrate is natural coral reef rock, the second choice is the other substrate; the microstructure (coral cup body, reef pores) of the coral reef surface formed by a
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Specification certain kind of coral has obvious inducing effect to the adhesion behavior of the coral planula larva of the same species. The artificial mimetic coral reef is combined and constructed by various hermatypic corals of natural reef rock as a template, the template of a single reef consists of at least four hermatypic corals genus of natural reef rock, the artificial mimetic coral reef is combined and matched according to the distribution proportion of different coral species in the natural reef rock in different ecological restoration ocean areas and the ecological niche of the living coral, the natural reef rock template for preparing the artificial mimetic coral reef comprises the following hermatypic corals genus: Acropora Oken, Porites Link, Favia Oken, Pocillopora Lamarck, Montipora de Blainville, Favites Link, Diploastrea Matthai, Goniopora de Blainville, Pavona Lamarck.
(5) The artificial mimetic coral reef of the present invention has the characteristics of rich three-dimensional special structure and more surface area, it provides more bottom planting and transplanting sites for coral, giant clam, reef-building seaweed comparing with the unit volume of the other types of reef, provides more sufficient later growth space to the reef-building/reef-protection organisms; the height range of the base frame of the artificial mimetic coral reef is 1400~2000mm, which provides special sites away from the primary basis to the reef-building and reef-protection organisms, enabling them to obtain water power, water quality and microorganisms conditions more suitable for their growth; to increase the height between the bottom planting coral and the basal in the original bottom materials area of sand and chips can further reduce the mechanical injury to the coral such as crash and friction caused by the rolling of chips and the re-suspension of silts driven by water flow, reduce the impact of the suspended solids coverage to the coral, avoid being suffocated by the suspended solids coverage.
The present invention aims to invent a new artificial mimic reef, in reference to the characteristics of the natural coral reef, making advantage of the three-dimensional frame structure restoration and rebuilding to the reef to the collapses and broken coral ecosystem by means of the artificial ecological reef, provides suitable adhesion habitat for the reef-building coral and reef benthic organisms, accelerate the natural restoration progress of the coral reef ecosystem, meanwhile, build artificial basis with large area that is suitable for the growth and breeding of coral on the basis with sand and chips that cannot be restored by the coral reef ecosystem, revive the “coral reef body” by means of the artificial mimic reef technology, induce the natural restoration of the coral reef ecosystem. The adhesion rate and growth rate of the reef-building and reef-protection organisms
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Specification and the biological diversity and the biodiversity of the ecosystem are increased by mimicking the natural coral reef as much as possible.
Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure diagram of the ecological friendly artificial mimic coral reef of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the other structure diagram of the ecological friendly artificial mimic coral reef of the present invention.
Detailed Description of Embodiments
Further detailed description with drawings and detailed description of embodiments will be provided below.
The present embodiment is carried out in the islands and reefs of South China Sea by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the embodiment site is the water area relevant with the lagoon and reef slope of the islands, 5-20 meters in depth, the total area of the disposed coral reef is 20,000 square meters. The artificial mimic coral reef described in the present invention is disposed, while the traditional metal reef, concrete reef and plastic reef are disposed as comparison.
In the experiment of coral reef ecosystem restoration, the statistical data of the coral larva adhesion conducted after one year that various kinds of reef is disposed in the restoration area shows that the adhesion coral larva species diversity of the artificial mimic reef of the present invention is better than that of the metal reef, concrete reef and plastic reef, there is only one kind of reef-building rock coral larva adhered on each of the above three reef, the reef-building rock coral larva which selected to adhere the artificial mimic reef were three kinds; for the indicator of adhesion larva number, the adhered reef-building rock coral larva of the artificial mimic reef of the present invention is around 3.4/m2, which is better than that of the concrete reef (1.3/m2) and plastic reef (1.5/m2)o
The sea area that present embodiment was implemented belongs to typical coral reef landform before the ecological damage, the coral reef ecosystem was stable and healthy, the living coral coverage was 15-20%, the coral reef fish attached to the 131 Species, 61 Genus, 25 Family, 4 order,
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Specification the genus diversity index average is 2.71. Being affected by the global changes and human activities, the living coral coverage of this area decreased to less than 5%, the substrate type was changed from reef rock to coral sand, the average fish density decreased from 3.10/m2 in 2005 to 1.23/m2in 2013.
The present embodiment designs the volume of the artificial mimic coral reef in the range of 1~5 cubic meters, the total number of the disposed reef is 120, the specie of the transplanted coral is eight (including Acropora robusta, Acropora intermedia, acopora formosa dana, Acropora cytherea, pocillopora eydouxi, stylophora pistillata, Montipora grisea, seriatopora hystrix dana, etc.) the transplanting density is 15-20 every reef, the survival rate of the transplanted coral snags is 60%-70% and that in partial areas is more than 85%.
The biological resources research and reef quality research on the disposed preliminary stage and one year after disposal shows that the mimic reef disposed by the present embodiment can obviously increase the coral organisms’ diversity, biodiversity and abundance of fish in the restoration sea area.
The practicable embodiment of the present invention specifically described above is not used for limiting the patent scope of the present invention, the equivalent implementation or change of the present invention, it shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

  1. Claims
    1. An eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef, wherein the artificial mimetic coral reef is constructed by unsaturated polyester resin added with carbonate calcium, in a emulated cone shape, a gravity center of the artificial mimetic coral reef is located in a vertical axis of the reef and a height of the artificial mimetic coral reef is lower than 1/3 of total reef height, interspaces with various sizes are designed within the reef, interspace volume is not less than 2/3 of reef volume, surface-to-volume ratio of the reef is not less than 30, reef surface mimics natural coral reef rock surface, construct various kinds of highly simulated structure formed by coral cup body and reef pores that are produced by calcification growth of hermatypic corals, internal support frame are set in the reef side wall;
    the artificial mimetic coral reef is combined and constructed by various hermatypic corals of natural reef rock as a template, the template of a single reef comprises at least four hermatypic corals genus of natural reef rock, the artificial mimetic coral reef is combined and matched according to a distribution proportion of different coral species in the natural reef rock in different ecological restoration ocean areas and ecological niche of living coral.
  2. 2. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein a preparation method of the artificial mimetic coral reef comprises the following steps:
    taking the natural reef rock as a template and matching hermatypic corals of various species as component parts based on the ecological environment of the ocean area that the reef is disposed;
    mimicking the shape of the natural reef rock, combining and fixing the hermatypic corals of different species according to their space positions in the reef area to form artificial basic master mould of the mimetic reef;
    making an artificial mimetic coral reef mould by fixing and pouring silica gel into a mould, wherein the hardness of the silica gel is 30°-45°;
    making a mould in slices with resin as external mould materials according to the reef size to strengthen the stiffness of the mould;
    pouring the reef materials mixed by environmental unsaturated resin and other
    2018286614 06 Jan 2020 functional components into the mould; and after curing, reinforcing the interior and decorate the exterior of the reef.
  3. 3. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein the interspace is in cavity/channel structure.
  4. 4. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein the specifications of the artificial mimetic coral reef are: 2500~3000mm in depth, 1600~2000mm in width, 1200-1800mm in height.
  5. 5. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein the natural reef rock template comprises the following hermatypic corals genus: Acropora Oken, Porites Link, Favia Oken, Pocillopora Lamarck, Montipora de Blainville, Favites Link, Diploastrea Matthai, Goniopora de Blainville, Pavona Lamarck.
  6. 6. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1 wherein thickness of the side wall of the artificial mimetic coral reef is not less than 7mm.
  7. 7. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein conditions of transportation and storage of the artificial mimetic coral reef are: the temperature is between -20°C~+50°C, the humidity is between 70%~90%.
  8. 8. The eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef of claim 1, wherein a fixing base frame of the artificial mimetic coral reef connects with the concrete foundations, the fixing base frame comprises stainless steel bars set in six directions, the fixing base frame connects with the internal support frame, two fixing bolt holes are provided in the stainless steel bars in each direction, by this method, the fixing base frame can be combined and connected with the concrete foundations and fixed in the designated sea-bed area.
AU2018286614A 2018-08-31 2018-12-19 An eco-friendly artificial mimetic coral reef Active AU2018286614B1 (en)

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CN201811013733.3A CN109169459B (en) 2018-08-31 2018-08-31 Ecological friendly artificial mimicry coral reef body
CN201811013733.3 2018-08-31
PCT/CN2018/122194 WO2020042456A1 (en) 2018-08-31 2018-12-19 Environmentally friendly artificial mimic coral reef body

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CN113925001B (en) * 2021-10-13 2022-11-18 海南省海洋与渔业科学院 Coral restoration method based on coral diversity and environmental adaptability
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