ATE440151T1 - Verfahren zur beurteilung eines krankheitzustandes mittels nachweis von partikel- und nicht partikelgebundenen nukleinsäuren in blutplasma und -serum - Google Patents
Verfahren zur beurteilung eines krankheitzustandes mittels nachweis von partikel- und nicht partikelgebundenen nukleinsäuren in blutplasma und -serumInfo
- Publication number
- ATE440151T1 ATE440151T1 AT03722865T AT03722865T ATE440151T1 AT E440151 T1 ATE440151 T1 AT E440151T1 AT 03722865 T AT03722865 T AT 03722865T AT 03722865 T AT03722865 T AT 03722865T AT E440151 T1 ATE440151 T1 AT E440151T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- particle
- bond
- serum
- nucleic acids
- blood plasma
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6806—Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US38070802P | 2002-05-14 | 2002-05-14 | |
PCT/GB2003/002081 WO2003095674A2 (en) | 2002-05-14 | 2003-05-14 | Methods for evaluating a disease condition by detection of particle and non-particle bound nucleic acids in blood plasma and serum |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE440151T1 true ATE440151T1 (de) | 2009-09-15 |
Family
ID=29420628
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT03722865T ATE440151T1 (de) | 2002-05-14 | 2003-05-14 | Verfahren zur beurteilung eines krankheitzustandes mittels nachweis von partikel- und nicht partikelgebundenen nukleinsäuren in blutplasma und -serum |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20040009518A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1504120B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4327714B2 (de) |
CN (2) | CN101613760A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE440151T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003230025B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE60328885D1 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1077602A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003095674A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (70)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101245376A (zh) | 2003-01-17 | 2008-08-20 | 香港中文大学 | 作为妊娠相关病症的诊断标志物的循环mRNA |
US11111543B2 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2021-09-07 | Natera, Inc. | System and method for cleaning noisy genetic data and determining chromosome copy number |
US11111544B2 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2021-09-07 | Natera, Inc. | System and method for cleaning noisy genetic data and determining chromosome copy number |
US9424392B2 (en) | 2005-11-26 | 2016-08-23 | Natera, Inc. | System and method for cleaning noisy genetic data from target individuals using genetic data from genetically related individuals |
AU2006294880A1 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2007-04-05 | China Synthetic Rubber Corporation | Gene expression profiling for identification of prognostic subclasses in nasopharyngeal carcinomas |
US8679741B2 (en) | 2006-05-31 | 2014-03-25 | Sequenom, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the extraction and amplification of nucleic acid from a sample |
AU2007260750A1 (en) * | 2006-06-16 | 2007-12-21 | Sequenom, Inc. | Methods and compositions for the amplification, detection and quantification of nucleic acid from a sample |
TWI335354B (en) | 2006-09-27 | 2011-01-01 | Univ Hong Kong Chinese | Methods for the detection of the degree of the methylation of a target dna and kits |
US8652780B2 (en) | 2007-03-26 | 2014-02-18 | Sequenom, Inc. | Restriction endonuclease enhanced polymorphic sequence detection |
CA3135182C (en) * | 2007-04-04 | 2024-01-23 | Ande Corporation | Plastic microfluidic separation and detection platforms |
BR122018069446B8 (pt) | 2008-01-18 | 2021-07-27 | Harvard College | método in vitro para detectar a presença de um célula de câncer em um indivíduo |
CA2718137A1 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2009-10-01 | Sequenom, Inc. | Restriction endonuclease enhanced polymorphic sequence detection |
WO2010079118A1 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2010-07-15 | Michael Roth-Chiarello | Use of rna obtained from proteolipid complexes circulating in blood for diagnosis and treatment of tumors |
EP3514244B1 (de) | 2009-04-03 | 2021-07-07 | Sequenom, Inc. | Verfahren für die herstellung von nukleinsäuren |
JP2012529908A (ja) | 2009-06-15 | 2012-11-29 | ネットバイオ・インコーポレーテッド | 法医学的dnaの定量化のための改善された方法 |
US11326208B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-05-10 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for nested PCR amplification of cell-free DNA |
EP2854057B1 (de) | 2010-05-18 | 2018-03-07 | Natera, Inc. | Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven pränatalen Ploidiezuordnung |
US9677118B2 (en) | 2014-04-21 | 2017-06-13 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous amplification of target loci |
US11339429B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-05-24 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for non-invasive prenatal ploidy calling |
US11332785B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-05-17 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for non-invasive prenatal ploidy calling |
US11939634B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2024-03-26 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous amplification of target loci |
US10316362B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2019-06-11 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous amplification of target loci |
US11408031B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-08-09 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for non-invasive prenatal paternity testing |
US11332793B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-05-17 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous amplification of target loci |
US20190010543A1 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2019-01-10 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for simultaneous amplification of target loci |
US11322224B2 (en) | 2010-05-18 | 2022-05-03 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for non-invasive prenatal ploidy calling |
AU2011280997A1 (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2013-02-28 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of detecting autoimmune or immune-related diseases or conditions |
KR20130041961A (ko) | 2010-07-23 | 2013-04-25 | 프레지던트 앤드 펠로우즈 오브 하바드 칼리지 | 체액에서 질환 또는 상태의 특징을 검출하는 방법 |
WO2012012717A1 (en) | 2010-07-23 | 2012-01-26 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of detecting prenatal or pregnancy-related diseases or conditions |
KR20130041962A (ko) | 2010-07-23 | 2013-04-25 | 프레지던트 앤드 펠로우즈 오브 하바드 칼리지 | 식작용 세포를 사용하여 질환 또는 상태를 검출하는 방법 |
US20120034603A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2012-02-09 | Tandem Diagnostics, Inc. | Ligation-based detection of genetic variants |
US11031095B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2021-06-08 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Assay systems for determination of fetal copy number variation |
US8700338B2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2014-04-15 | Ariosa Diagnosis, Inc. | Risk calculation for evaluation of fetal aneuploidy |
US20130040375A1 (en) | 2011-08-08 | 2013-02-14 | Tandem Diagnotics, Inc. | Assay systems for genetic analysis |
US10533223B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2020-01-14 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Detection of target nucleic acids using hybridization |
US20140342940A1 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2014-11-20 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Detection of Target Nucleic Acids using Hybridization |
US10167508B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2019-01-01 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Detection of genetic abnormalities |
US11203786B2 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2021-12-21 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Detection of target nucleic acids using hybridization |
US20130261003A1 (en) | 2010-08-06 | 2013-10-03 | Ariosa Diagnostics, In. | Ligation-based detection of genetic variants |
US11270781B2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2022-03-08 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Statistical analysis for non-invasive sex chromosome aneuploidy determination |
US10131947B2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2018-11-20 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy in egg donor pregnancies |
US9994897B2 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2018-06-12 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Non-invasive fetal sex determination |
US8756020B2 (en) | 2011-01-25 | 2014-06-17 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Enhanced risk probabilities using biomolecule estimations |
US20120264628A1 (en) * | 2011-01-31 | 2012-10-18 | Esoterix Genetic Laboratories, Llc | Methods for Enriching Microparticles or Nucleic Acids in a Complex Mixture Using Size Exclusion Filtration |
JP6153874B2 (ja) | 2011-02-09 | 2017-06-28 | ナテラ, インコーポレイテッド | 非侵襲的出生前倍数性呼び出しのための方法 |
EP2518160A1 (de) * | 2011-04-29 | 2012-10-31 | Universitätsklinikum Freiburg | Mitochondriale Nukleinsäure als Marker für Autoimmun- und Autoentzündungskrankheiten |
US8712697B2 (en) | 2011-09-07 | 2014-04-29 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Determination of copy number variations using binomial probability calculations |
US20130280704A9 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-10-24 | Frederick S. Wreford | Enhanced detection of non-somatic circulating nucleic acids |
US10289800B2 (en) | 2012-05-21 | 2019-05-14 | Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. | Processes for calculating phased fetal genomic sequences |
CN104583421A (zh) | 2012-07-19 | 2015-04-29 | 阿瑞奥萨诊断公司 | 遗传变体的基于多重的顺序连接的检测 |
US20140045702A1 (en) * | 2012-08-13 | 2014-02-13 | Synapdx Corporation | Systems and methods for distinguishing between autism spectrum disorders (asd) and non-asd development delay |
US20140100126A1 (en) | 2012-08-17 | 2014-04-10 | Natera, Inc. | Method for Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing Using Parental Mosaicism Data |
ES2482866B1 (es) * | 2012-11-22 | 2015-05-12 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) | Método de diagnóstico y/o pronóstico de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. |
EP4202441A3 (de) | 2013-03-09 | 2023-07-26 | Immunis.AI, Inc. | Genexpressionsprofil in makrophagen zur diagnose von krebs |
EP2965086A4 (de) | 2013-03-09 | 2017-02-08 | Harry Stylli | Verfahren zum nachweis von prostatakrebs |
KR20150007922A (ko) | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-21 | 권영아 | 루테리알의 형태특성을 이용한 질병의 진단방법 |
CN106460070B (zh) | 2014-04-21 | 2021-10-08 | 纳特拉公司 | 检测染色体片段中的突变和倍性 |
WO2016040843A1 (en) | 2014-09-11 | 2016-03-17 | Harry Stylli | Methods of detecting prostate cancer |
EP4428863A2 (de) | 2015-05-11 | 2024-09-11 | Natera, Inc. | Verfahren und zusammensetzungen zur bestimmung der ploidie |
WO2017114749A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-06 | Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for real time assay monitoring |
US11485996B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 | 2022-11-01 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for characterizing copy number variation using proximity-litigation sequencing |
US10011870B2 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2018-07-03 | Natera, Inc. | Compositions and methods for identifying nucleic acid molecules |
CN109406785A (zh) * | 2017-08-18 | 2019-03-01 | 山东泽济生物科技有限公司 | 肿瘤血液标志物及其应用 |
US12084720B2 (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2024-09-10 | Natera, Inc. | Assessing graft suitability for transplantation |
CN111868254A (zh) * | 2018-04-09 | 2020-10-30 | 深圳华大生命科学研究院 | 基因文库的构建方法及其应用 |
CA3090426A1 (en) | 2018-04-14 | 2019-10-17 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for cancer detection and monitoring by means of personalized detection of circulating tumor dna |
US11525159B2 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2022-12-13 | Natera, Inc. | Methods for detection of donor-derived cell-free DNA |
US11475981B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2022-10-18 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for dynamic variant thresholding in a liquid biopsy assay |
US11211147B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Estimation of circulating tumor fraction using off-target reads of targeted-panel sequencing |
US11211144B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 | 2021-12-28 | Tempus Labs, Inc. | Methods and systems for refining copy number variation in a liquid biopsy assay |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1997035589A1 (en) * | 1996-03-26 | 1997-10-02 | Kopreski Michael S | Method enabling use of extracellular rna extracted from plasma or serum to detect, monitor or evaluate cancer |
US6664056B2 (en) * | 2000-10-17 | 2003-12-16 | The Chinese University Of Hong Kong | Non-invasive prenatal monitoring |
CN101245376A (zh) * | 2003-01-17 | 2008-08-20 | 香港中文大学 | 作为妊娠相关病症的诊断标志物的循环mRNA |
-
2003
- 2003-05-13 US US10/437,500 patent/US20040009518A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-05-14 WO PCT/GB2003/002081 patent/WO2003095674A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-05-14 CN CN200910150245A patent/CN101613760A/zh active Pending
- 2003-05-14 JP JP2004503664A patent/JP4327714B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-14 DE DE60328885T patent/DE60328885D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-14 AT AT03722865T patent/ATE440151T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-05-14 CN CNB038109514A patent/CN100529100C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-05-14 AU AU2003230025A patent/AU2003230025B2/en not_active Expired
- 2003-05-14 EP EP03722865A patent/EP1504120B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-10-26 HK HK05109512.5A patent/HK1077602A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2010
- 2010-11-08 US US12/941,855 patent/US20110086357A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20040009518A1 (en) | 2004-01-15 |
DE60328885D1 (de) | 2009-10-01 |
AU2003230025A1 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
CN1653192A (zh) | 2005-08-10 |
JP2005525124A (ja) | 2005-08-25 |
WO2003095674A3 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
AU2003230025B8 (en) | 2003-11-24 |
HK1077602A1 (en) | 2006-02-17 |
JP4327714B2 (ja) | 2009-09-09 |
AU2003230025B2 (en) | 2008-01-24 |
US20110086357A1 (en) | 2011-04-14 |
EP1504120A2 (de) | 2005-02-09 |
EP1504120B1 (de) | 2009-08-19 |
WO2003095674A2 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
CN101613760A (zh) | 2009-12-30 |
CN100529100C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ATE440151T1 (de) | Verfahren zur beurteilung eines krankheitzustandes mittels nachweis von partikel- und nicht partikelgebundenen nukleinsäuren in blutplasma und -serum | |
DE60041355D1 (de) | Verfahren zur detektion von erkrankungen | |
DE602004015408D1 (de) | Verfahren zur analyse von polymer-populationen | |
ATE438737T1 (de) | Verfahren für den nachweis von erkrankungen | |
ATE540319T1 (de) | Verfahren für die bestimmung von fk506 | |
ATE426858T1 (de) | System und verfahren zum erkennen von bísartigem code | |
ATE549624T1 (de) | Verfahren und zusammensetzungen zur diagnose und behandlung von grippe | |
DE50308888D1 (de) | Verfahren zur unterdr ckung von st rungen in systemen z ur objekterfassung | |
DE602005023517D1 (de) | Verfahren zur bestimmung von genotoxizität | |
ATE456666T1 (de) | Verfahren zur auswertung von ribonukleotidsequenzen | |
ATE433124T1 (de) | System und verfahren zum analysieren von radarinformationen | |
CA2798517A1 (en) | Systems and methods of detecting and demonstrating hair damage via evaluation of protein fragments | |
ATE503846T1 (de) | Verfahren zur diagnose eines ovarialkarzinoms | |
EP1221620A3 (de) | Verfahren zum Ausführen einer Bestimmung der "activated clotting time" mit geringer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber die Anwesenheit des Aprotinins sowie zur Ermittlung der Aprotinin-Empfindlichkeit | |
ATE466283T1 (de) | Zentrifugalvorrichtung und verfahren zur durchführung von bindungsversuchen | |
DE602005022023D1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Identifikation von Plattenarten | |
DE10393326D2 (de) | Verfahren zum Nachweis und zur Entfernung von Endotoxin | |
ATE472611T1 (de) | Verfahren zur diagnose von sepsis durch analyse von cytokine mrna expression | |
DE50207801D1 (de) | Verfahren zum Nachweis prokaryontischer DNA | |
ATE449323T1 (de) | Zum nachweisen von erkrankungen der brust geeignete reagenzien und verfahren | |
ATE408832T1 (de) | Verfahren zum nachweis von blutzell-antigenen und gegen diese gerichtete antikörper | |
ATE494390T1 (de) | Verfahren und nukleinsäuren zur analyse von störungen der proliferation von kolonzellen | |
ATE425493T1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur festlegung eines startzustandes bei einem rechnersystem mit wenigstens zwei ausführungseinheiten durch markieren von registern | |
ATE432469T1 (de) | Auf immunreaktion gegen boris basierendes verfahren für den nachweis von krebs | |
DE60216416D1 (de) | Verfahren zum nachweis von chloralhydrat in dichloressigsäure |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |