AP474A

AP474A - Process for the preparation of clavulanic acid.

Info

Publication number: AP474A
Application number: APAP/P/1995/000738A
Authority: AP
Inventors: Michael Alan Cook; Robert Bennett Wilkins
Original assignee: Smithkline Beecham Plc
Priority date: 1992-06-11
Filing date: 1993-06-10
Publication date: 1996-03-06
Also published as: SE9500718D0; DE69301571D1; CA2160768A1; HK1007311A1; KR950700914A; DE4392664T1; AU665159B2; EP0801069A1; CA2117538A1; MX9303441A; SE504220C2; NO951725L; NO178499C; CZ267694A3; AU1471697A; MA22907A1; HU212583B; HK1003222A1; GB9508496D0; HU9501214D0

Abstract

A process for the preparation and

Description

This application is a divisional application of WQ/93/25557.

This invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of clavulanic acid

H

CQjH and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.

Clavulanic acid is normally prepared by the fermentation of a microorganism which produces clavulanic acid, such as various microorganisms belonging to various Streptomyces strains such as S. clavuligerus NRRL 3585,5. jumoninensis NRRL 5741, S. katsurahamanus IFO 13716 and Streptomyces sp. P 6621 FERM P2804 e.g. as described in JP Kokai 80-162993. The resulting aqueous broth may be subjected to conventional purification and concentration processes, for example involving filtration and chromatographic purification, such as disclosed in GB 1508977 and JP Kokai 80-62993, before extraction of the aqueous solution with an organic solvent to yield a solution of crude clavulanic acid in the organic solvent.

GB 1508977 discloses inter alia that salts of clavulanic acid can be obtained by absorbing the clavulanate anion in filtered broth on to an anion exchange resin, eluting therefrom with an electrolyte, desalting the resulting solution, applying the desalted solution to a further anion exchange resin, chromatographically eluting therefrom with an electrolyte, desalting the resulting solution and thereafter removing the solvent. This process can be used to give acceptable yields of pure material but the use of resin columns involves significant investment and they can introduce limitations in large scale production operations. It would therefore be desirable to have an alternative procedure available that involved few resin utilizing stages.

GB 1543563 discloses a process for the preparation of clavulanic acid salts via precipitation of lithium clavulanate. GB 1578739 describes various amine salts of clavulanic acid as pharmaceutical compounds. EP 0026044 discloses the use of the tertiary-butylamine salt of clavulanic acid as a useful intermediate in the preparation of clavulanic acid. The salt has been disclosed in BE 862211, but only as a suitable ingredient for pharmaceutical formulations. PT.94.908 describes the use of tri-(lower alkyl)amine salts and the dimethylaniline salts of clavulanic acid in a purification process for clavulanic acid in which the triethylamine salt of clavulanic acid is formed and is then converted into a silyl diester of clavulanic acid. EP 0387178A discloses a

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P30409 process for the purification of clavulanic acid in which organic amines may be used to form an intermediate amine salt with clavulanic acid in an impure solution.

The present invention provides a process for the preparation and/or purification of clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof which process comprises a process for the preparation and/or purification of clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof which process comprises:

A process for the preparation and/or purification of clavulanic acid or a 10 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof which process comprises

i) contacting impure clavulanic acid or a labile derivative thereof in solution in an organic solvent, with an amine of formula (Π)

R¹

N-R³ ^r2 (II) where RJ is a group of general formula ^R\

N -f CH₂CH₂NhH- CH₂CH₂ _Ri m where and R^ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, amino-substituted alkyl or substituted amino-substituted alkyl, and R^ and R^ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, amino- or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or substituted aminosubstituted alkyl, and m is zero or an integer 1 to 5;

ii) isolating the amine salt of clavulanic acid formed;

iii) converting the thus formed salt into clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

When alkyl groups or substituted alkyl groups are referred to herein unless otherwise defined herein they may suitably contain 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl system. Suitable substituents on amino groups include alkyl.

R^a and R$ may suitably both be hydrogen, or one may be hydrogen and the other alkyl. R^ and R^ may suitably be hydrogen or alkyl.

Examples of such amines include ethylene diamine, NN-diethylethylene diamine, NN'-diisopropylethylenediamine and triethylene tetramine.

When the amine (Π) contains more than one nitrogen aton the clavulanic acid may form a salt with one or more of the nitrogen atoms, for example as in NN'diisopropylethylenediamine diclavulanate.

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In the process of the present invention the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) may be used to purify impure clavulanic acid during its preparation. Therefore the salt is may be formed in a solution of clavulanic acid or a labile derivative thereof containing impurities, isolating the salt as a separate phase, eg as a solid precipitate, from the solution containing residual impurities, then reforming clavulanic acid or forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

Suitable labile derivatives of clavulanic acid include salts, eg an alkali metal salt such as lithium or sodium clavulanate or esters, such as silyl esters. Suitable labile derivatives of the amine (II) include salts such as the phosphate, borate, chloride, chlorate, perchlorate, bromide, toluene sulphonate or alkanoates, such as the acetate or ethylhexonoate. Conveniently the amine (II) itself is contacted with impure clavulanic acid itself in solution in an organic solvent.

The above process is suitably carried out in an organic solvent, which although preferably substantially dry, for example containing less than 6 g/L, eg 0.250.6 g/L of water, may contain some water, as a solvent for the clavulanic acid and the amine (Π). A suitable degree of dryness may be achieved by conventional dewatering processes such as centrifuging. Water present in the solvent may be dissolved or in the form of droplets of a separate phase.

The solution of clavulanic acid in organic solvent may be obtained by extraction of an acidified aqueous solution of clavulanic acid such as the fermentation liquor referred to above. If the initial source of the clavulanic acid is a broth resulting from fermentation of a clavulanic acid-producing microorganism, such as those mentioned above, then to obtain a solvent extract of a suitable concentration of clavulanic acid for use in this process it may be desirable not to extract the broth itself, but to at least remove some of the suspended solids in the broth, e.g by filtration prior to extraction. It may also be desirable in addition to pre-concentrate the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid obtained in fermentation, so that for example the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is several times more concentrated in clavulanic acid than the starting broth, for example pre-concentrated to a concentration of ca. 10 -100 mg/ml. e.g 10 - 40 mg/ml, such as 10 - 25 g/L clavulanic acid.

Suitable pre-concentration processes include absorption of the clavulanic acid onto an anion exchange resin, followed by elution of the clavulanic acid therefrom with an aqueous solution of an electrolyte such as sodium chloride, and optionally desalting. It is also preferred to acidify the aqueous solution, e.g the broth or the preconcentrated aqueous solution prior to solvent extraction, e.g to pH 1 to 3, e.g around pH 1.5 to 2.5. It is also preferred to dry or de-water the organic solvent extract prior to formation of the salt with the amine (Π), e.g to less than 6g/L of water. Preferably the extraction is carried out at a temperature from 5 to 15°C.

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Suitable organic solvents in which impure clavulanic acid may be contacted with the amine (II) include hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and hexane, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, diethyl ether, halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane and chloroform, ketones such as acetone and methyl isobutyl ketone, and esters such as ethyl acetate. Solvents which include a carbonyl group, eg those of the formula (III):

O .11 .

R -C-R (ΠΙ) wherein R^ is a Cj.g alkyl group or a Ομβ alkoxy group and is a Cj.g alkyl group are examples of a sub-class of suitable solvents, for example organic ketones or organic alkanoate esters. The present invention also encompasses the use of mixtures of such solvents.

More suitably the organic solvent is one which can be used directly to extract the acidified aqueous for example organic alkyl alkanoate esters, ketones and certain aliphatic alcohols, or mixtures thereof, such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, butanol and mixtures of such solvents. Of these the most suitable appear to be methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethyl acetate. Suitable solvent mixtures include methyl ethyl ketone/methyl isobutyl ketone and tetrahydrofuran/methyl isobutyl ketone. A preferred solvent is ethyl acetate.

Suitable solvents for the amine (II) include those referred to above in which the clavulanic acid may be dissolved, or extracted, for example acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl ethyl ketone.

It appears to be particularly desirable to include ketones such as acetone in the solvent system, as these appear to inhibit the formation of the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (Π) as an oil.

In general one equivalent of the amine (II) or a slight excess thereof per mole of clavulanic acid is used to produce the salt of clavulanic acid. Solutions of clavulanic acid and amine (II) may for example be mixed slowly with stirring and the mixture stirred for some time after addition is complete. The reaction between the clavulanic acid or its labile derivative is suitably carried out at a temperature below ambient, for example 0 to 15°C, eg 0 to 10°C, eg 0 to 5°C. A suitable concentration for the clavulanic acid or its labile derivtive in the solution is at least 1.0 g/L, for example in the range 1.0 to 4.0 g/L of clavulanic acid. It may be advantageous to further concentrate the solvent extract to a concentration in excess of this eg greater than 20g/L.

For example in another procedure the amine (II) may be introduced by mixing it into a stream of a solution of the clavulanic acid in the solvent, so that the salt is

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P30409 formed in the stream, either in solution or as particles or suspended droplets of the dissolved salt in suspension. The amine (II) introduced in this way may be introduced neat, or may be introduced as a solution in a solvent, for example the same organic solvent as the clavulanic acid is dissolved in.

The desired salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) may then be isolated.

In this way, the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) is separated from most or all of the impurities. Isolation may be effected in a conventional manner, for example by centrifugation or filtration.

In an alternative isolation procedure the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (Π) may be isolated from the organic solvent, if the solvent is wholly or partly immiscible with water, by contacting the solvent with water so as to extract the salt, which may be in solution or suspension, from the organic solvent and to form an aqueous solution of the salt. As salts of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) are fairly soluble in water, such an aqueous solution may be very concentrated, eg around 2030% w:w.

In this way the bulk of organic impurities in the organic solvent solution of clavulanic acid remain in the organic solvent whilst the clavulanic acid, in the form of its salt with the amine (II), in a relatively pure state is obtained in the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution of the clavulanic acid salt so formed may be subjected to conventional further treatment, eg purification, or conversion into clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester as described below.

In another alternative or additional procedure the clavulanic acid and the amine may be mixed in solution in a first organic solvent, then the salt may be caused to separate from solution by addition of a second organic solvent. Suitably the first organic solvent may be an organic ester such as ethyl acetate, and the second solvent may for example be a halogenated solvent such as chloroform, an ether such as diethyl ether, a hydrocarbon such as toluene, an alcohol such as ethanol, or a solvent of formula (III) above such as acetone or methyl isobutyl ketone.

Recrystallisation of the salt of clavulanic acid may be advantageous to further reduce the level of impurities. A convenient solvent for the recystallisation is aqueous acetone. Such recrystallisation is performed in a conventional manner, for example the salt or solvate is dissolved in water, treated with a small amount of acetone, filtered, and then treated with larger volumes of acetone optionally with stirring and/or cooling to afford the recrystallised product.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters of clavulanic acid prepared by the processes of this invention include those described in GB 1508977 and 1508978 which are herein incorporated by reference.

Particularly suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the pharmaceutically acceptable alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, for example the

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P30409 sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts. Of these salts the sodium and potassium are most suitable and the potassium is preferred.

Suitable esters include those cleavable to provide clavulanic acid or a salt thereof, by chemical methods such as hydrogenolysis or by biological methods.

The salt of clavulanic acid with amine (II) may be converted into clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof by for example ionreplacement in the case of the free acid or salts, or by esterification.

Ion-replacement may be performed using ion-exchange resins, for example by passing a solution of the salt through a bed of a cation exchange resin in sodium, potassium or calcium form. Suitable cation exchange resins include Amberlite IR 120* (Trade Mark) and equivalent resins.

Alternatively ion-replacement may be effected by reaction of the protonated amine cation with a salt-precusor compound, which may be a base, for example a carbonate, bicarbonate or hydroxide of a pharmaceutically acceptable alkali or alkaline earth metal, or a salt of an organic carboxylic acid with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal, for example a salt of an alkanoic acid of formula (IV):

R -COgH (IV) wherein is an alkyl group, containing for example from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable salts include the acetate, propionate or ethylhexanoate salts, potassium 2-ethylhexanoate and sodium 2ethylhexanoate being preferred. Typically the salt of clavulanic acid with amine (Π) in solution may be reacted with a salt of an alkali metal with acid (IV) in solution or suspension in a suitable solvent, which may for example be an organic solvent, water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent such as isopropanol. Suitably solutions of the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (Π) and of the salt-precurssor compound may be mixed, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt allowed to crystallise. Suitably the reaction may be carried out of a temperature below ambient, e.g. 0 to 15° C, e.g. 0 to 10°C, suitably 0 to 0.5°C. Suitably if the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (Π) is formed in aqueous solution it may be precipitated out by admixing the aqueous solution with excess acetone.

Suitable methods of esterification include:

a) the reaction of the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) with a compound of the formula Q-R^¹ wherein Q is a readily displaceable group and Rl 1 is an organic group;

b) the reaction of the salt of clavulanic acid with the amine (II) with an alcohol or thiol in the presence of a condensation promoting agent such as carbodiimide; and

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c) the reaction of the salt of clavulanic acid with amine (II) with a diazo compound.

The foregoing processes extend to cover those aspects wherein the salt of clavulanic acid with amine (II) is first converted to clavulanic acid or another salt thereof and subsequently is converted to the desired ester. Further details of esterification methods are disclosed in GB 1508977 and 1508978. Use of the present invention enables salts and esters of clavulanic acid to be more readily obtained in pure form than operation of the processes of GB 1508977 and 1543563.

The invention will now be described by way of example only.

Example 1

In the following procedure the amine was mixed with clavulanic acid in solution in THF and rapid crystallisation to form a solid salt was observed.

Amine Comments Stability of Salt

Triethylene Tetramine pale yellow solid low assay

Example 2

An impure solution of clavulanic acid in ethyl acetate (IL, 10.14pg/ml) obtained by extraction of an S.clavuligerus fermentation broth with ethyl acetate and some pre-purification by ion-exchnaged was used. To separate IL batches of this solution was added with stirring an excess of neat ethylene diamine, NN'diethylethylene diamine, and NN'-diisopropylethylenediamine, the quantity of each amine being in excess of the amount needed to form a diammonium salt with the clavulanic acid. After continued stirring a precipitate of the salt formed. A further crop of crystals was obtained by addition of excess acetone. The precipitated diammonium salt was filtered off and washed with acetone.

The crystals of each of these diammonium salts so formed were converted to potassium clavulanate by dissolution of the salt in the minimum quantity of water, followed by the addition of a solution of an excess of potassium 2-ethylhexanoate in isopropyl alcohol. After continued stirring a precipitate of potassium clavulanate formed and was filtered, washed with isopropyl alcohol and dried.

Claims

Claims

1. A process for the preparation and/or purification of clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof which process comprises

i) contacting impure clavulanic acid or a labile derivative thereof in solution in an organic solvent, with an amine of formula (II)

R¹

N- R³ ^r2 (Π) where RHs a group of general formula ^R\

N + CH₂CH₂NH-f- CH₂CH₂ _Ri m where R⁴ and are independently hydrogen, alkyl, amino-substituted alkyl or substituted amino-substituted alkyl, and R² and R³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, amino- or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or substituted aminosubstituted alkyl, and m is zero or an integer 1 to 5;

ii) isolating the amine salt of clavulanic acid formed;

iii) converting the thus formed salt into clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
2. A process according to claim 1 in which the labile derivative of clavulanic acid is an alkali metal salt.
3. A process according to claim 2 in which the alkali metal salt is the sodium or lithium salt.
4. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in which the organic solvent is substantially dry.
5. A process according to claim 4 in which the organic solvent contains less than 6g per litre of water.
6. A process according to claim 4 in which the organic solvent contains between 0.25 to 0.6g per litre of water.
7. A process according to any one of claims 4 to 6 in which the organic solvent is dried by dewatering the solvent by centrifuging.

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8. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in which the impure clavulanic acid results from the fermentation of a clavulanic acid-producing micro-organism.
9. A process according to claim 8 in which at least some of the suspended solids in the impure clavulanic acid broth are removed.
10. A process according to claim 9 in which the solids are removed by filtration.
11. A process according to claim 9 or 10 in which the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid obtained in the fermentation is preconcentrated before extraction.
12. A process according to claim 11 in which the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is preconcentrated to a concentration of 10-100mg/ml.
13. A process according to claim 11 in which the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid and is preconcentrated to a concentration of 10-40mg/ml.
14. A process according to claim 11 in which the aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is preconcentrated to a concentration of 10-25mg/ml.
15. A process according to any one of claims 11 to 14 in which the preconcentration process is by absorption of the clavulanic acid onto an ion-exchange resin followed by elution of the clavulanic acid therefrom with an aqueous solution of an electrolyte.
16. A process according to claim 15 in which the electrolyte is sodium chloride.
17. A process according to any claims 15 or 16 in which the resulting concentrate is de-salted.
18. A process according to any one of claims 8 to 17 in which the broth or aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is acidified prior to solvent extraction.
19. A process according to claim 18 in which the broth or aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is acidified to a pH of 1 to 3.
20. A process according to claim 18 in which the broth or aqueous solution of clavulanic acid is acidified to pH to a pH of 1.5 to 2.5.
21. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 20 in which extraction of impure clavulanic acid or a labile derivative thereof into an organic solvent is carried out at a temperature from 5 to 15°C.
22. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 21 in which the organic solvent used to extract the impure clavulanic acid or labile derivative thereof is selected

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P30409 from the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, ether solvents, halogenated solvents and ketone solvents.
23. A process according to claim 22 in which the solvents are selected from the group consisting of toluene, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone and ethyl acetate.
24. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 23 in which the amine salt of clavulanic acid is formed by treating the clavulanic acid or labile derivative thereof in an organic solvent with one equivalent per mole or a slight excess of the amine of formula II as defined in claim 1.
25. A process according to claim 24 in which the amine salt of clavulanic acid is formed at 0 to 15 °C.
26. A process according to claim 24 or 25 in which the amine is introduced by mixing it into a stream of the clavulanic acid in the organic solvent.
27. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 26 in which the isolation of the amine salt of clavulanic acid is carried out by extracting the organic solvent containing the amine salt with water to extract the salt and thereafter converting the amine salt into clavulanic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
28. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 27 in which the amine salt of clavulanic acid is recrystallised.
29. A process according to claim 28 in which the amine salt of clavulanic acid is recrystallised using aqueous acetone.
30. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 29 in which the amine salt of clavulanic acid is converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof by ion-replacement.
31. A process according to claim 30 in which ion replacement is performed by passing a solution of the amine salt through a bed of a cation exchange resin in sodium, potassium or calcium form.
32. A process according to claim 30 in which ion replacement is carried out by protonating the amine cation with a salt precursor compound.
33. A process according to claim 32 in which the salt precursor compound is potassium ethyl hexanoate.
34. A process according to any one of claims 30 to 33 in which the solvent is an organic solvent, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent.

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35. A process according to claims 30 to 33 in which the reaction is carried out at a temperature below ambient.

5
36. A process according to claim 35 in which the reaction is carried out at a temperature from 0 to 10°C.
37. A process according to claim 36 in which the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 0 to 0.5°C.
38. A process according to claim 1 in which the amine of formula (II) is triethylene tetramine.
39. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 38 in which in the amine of formula

15 (Π) one of R⁴ and R⁵ is hydrogen and the other is alkyl and R² and R³ is hydrogen or C,^ alkyl.

(
40. A salt of clavulanic acid with an amine of formula (II) as defined in claim 1.

20
41. A salt of clavulanic acid with an amine of formula (Π) in which one of R⁴andR³ is hydrogen and the other is C^alkyl and R² and R³ is hydrogen or alkyl.
42. A salt of clavulanic acid as defined in claim 40 or 41 in which the amine is triethyl tetramine.

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ABSTRACT

5 A process for the preparation and/or purification of clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof which process comprises

i) contacting impure clavulanic acid or a labile derivative thereof in solution in an organic solvent, with an amine of formula (Π)

R¹

N-R³ ^r2 (Π) where Rl is a group of general formula ^R\

N -f- CH₂CH₂NH-f- CH₂CH₂ _Ri m where R⁴ and R³ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, amino-substituted alkyl or substituted amino-substituted alkyl, and R³ and R³ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, amino- or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or substituted aminosubstituted alkyl, and m is zero or an integer 1 to 5;

ii) isolating the amine salt of clavulanic acid formed; and iii) converting the thus formed salt into clavulanic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.