AP2007004051A0 - Use of non-ionic surfactants in th production of metal - Google Patents
Use of non-ionic surfactants in th production of metalInfo
- Publication number
- AP2007004051A0 AP2007004051A0 AP2007004051A AP2007004051A AP2007004051A0 AP 2007004051 A0 AP2007004051 A0 AP 2007004051A0 AP 2007004051 A AP2007004051 A AP 2007004051A AP 2007004051 A AP2007004051 A AP 2007004051A AP 2007004051 A0 AP2007004051 A0 AP 2007004051A0
- Authority
- AP
- ARIPO
- Prior art keywords
- production
- metal
- ionic surfactants
- surfactants
- ionic
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
- C22B3/06—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in inorganic acid solutions, e.g. with acids generated in situ; in inorganic salt solutions other than ammonium salt solutions
- C22B3/08—Sulfuric acid, other sulfurated acids or salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
- C22B11/042—Recovery of noble metals from waste materials
- C22B11/046—Recovery of noble metals from waste materials from manufactured products, e.g. from printed circuit boards, from photographic films, paper or baths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/08—Obtaining noble metals by cyaniding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0063—Hydrometallurgy
- C22B15/0065—Leaching or slurrying
- C22B15/0067—Leaching or slurrying with acids or salts thereof
- C22B15/0071—Leaching or slurrying with acids or salts thereof containing sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0063—Hydrometallurgy
- C22B15/0065—Leaching or slurrying
- C22B15/0067—Leaching or slurrying with acids or salts thereof
- C22B15/0073—Leaching or slurrying with acids or salts thereof containing nitrogen
- C22B15/0076—Cyanide groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/10—Etching compositions
- C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
- C23F1/32—Alkaline compositions
- C23F1/40—Alkaline compositions for etching other metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
- C22B3/16—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in organic solutions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200410063501 DE102004063501A1 (de) | 2004-12-24 | 2004-12-24 | Verwendung von nichtionischen Tensiden bei der Metallgewinnung |
DE102005009574A DE102005009574A1 (de) | 2005-02-28 | 2005-02-28 | Verwendung von nichtionischen Tensiden bei der Metallgewinnung |
PCT/EP2005/013909 WO2006069738A1 (de) | 2004-12-24 | 2005-12-22 | Verwendung von nichtionischen tensiden bei der metallgewinnung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AP2007004051A0 true AP2007004051A0 (en) | 2007-06-30 |
Family
ID=36614519
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AP2007004051A AP2007004051A0 (en) | 2004-12-24 | 2005-12-23 | Use of non-ionic surfactants in th production of metal |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8287616B2 (xx) |
EP (1) | EP1831414B1 (xx) |
CN (1) | CN100529126C (xx) |
AP (1) | AP2007004051A0 (xx) |
AR (1) | AR051861A1 (xx) |
AT (1) | ATE516376T1 (xx) |
AU (1) | AU2005321515B2 (xx) |
BR (1) | BRPI0519249B1 (xx) |
CA (1) | CA2592095C (xx) |
ES (1) | ES2367364T3 (xx) |
MX (1) | MX2007007653A (xx) |
NZ (1) | NZ555807A (xx) |
PE (1) | PE20060901A1 (xx) |
PL (1) | PL1831414T3 (xx) |
RU (1) | RU2375477C2 (xx) |
WO (1) | WO2006069738A1 (xx) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7635534B2 (en) * | 2007-08-24 | 2009-12-22 | Basf Catalysts Llc | Simplified process for leaching precious metals from fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies |
CN103249849B (zh) * | 2010-08-20 | 2015-11-25 | 安格斯公司 | 从电子垃圾回收贵金属和贱金属的可持续方法 |
US8985902B2 (en) * | 2011-08-16 | 2015-03-24 | Golder Associates, Inc. | System and method for treating an excavation activity |
US20130236386A1 (en) * | 2012-02-01 | 2013-09-12 | Hans-Peter Seelmann-Eggebert | Cooling and/or lubricating fluids for wafer production |
US8999034B2 (en) * | 2012-04-18 | 2015-04-07 | Chemtreat, Inc. | Method for improving gold recovery |
CN103387882A (zh) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-13 | 天津博克尼科技发展有限公司 | 利用废弃油用酯交换法制造脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯 |
EP3280828B1 (en) * | 2015-04-08 | 2021-01-27 | Ecolab USA Inc. | Leach aid for metal recovery |
MX2018006972A (es) | 2015-12-07 | 2018-09-05 | Basf Se | Auxiliares de lixiviacion y procedimientos de uso de auxiliares de lixiviacion. |
FR3047420B1 (fr) * | 2016-02-10 | 2018-03-09 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede de dissolution selective utilisant un agent tensioactif non-ionique |
CN109562391B (zh) * | 2016-08-26 | 2021-06-29 | 埃科莱布美国股份有限公司 | 用于泡沫浮选的磺化改性剂 |
EA031261B1 (ru) * | 2017-11-22 | 2018-12-28 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Научно-исследовательский и проектный институт "ТОМС" | Способ переработки руд и концентратов, содержащих драгоценные металлы и минералы ртути |
PE20211966A1 (es) * | 2018-10-12 | 2021-10-04 | Basf Se | Auxiliares de lixiviacion y metodos de uso de auxiliares de lixiviacion |
CN110195162B (zh) * | 2019-07-05 | 2020-12-18 | 长沙紫宸科技开发有限公司 | 一种砷碱渣中锑、砷、碱同步浸出分离的方法 |
EP3954793A1 (en) | 2020-08-12 | 2022-02-16 | CHT Germany GmbH | Composition comprising non-ionic surfactant and polyether-modified siloxane and its use in cyanide-leaching of metal ores |
Family Cites Families (49)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1549856A (en) * | 1922-11-22 | 1925-08-18 | Frank M Darrow | Ore-treating process |
US2234140A (en) * | 1939-06-21 | 1941-03-04 | American Cyanamid Co | Wetting agent in cyanidation |
GB1369429A (en) * | 1970-11-30 | 1974-10-09 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Treatment of water or aqueous systems |
US3756257A (en) * | 1971-10-04 | 1973-09-04 | Magna Corp | Acrylic composition for water treatment and process for making same |
GB1454657A (en) | 1974-04-30 | 1976-11-03 | Ciba Geigy Uk Ltd | Method and composition for inhibitng the formation of scale from saline water |
EP0016286B1 (en) * | 1979-03-21 | 1983-04-06 | DAVY McKEE (LONDON) LIMITED | Hydroformylation process |
DE3631815A1 (de) | 1986-09-19 | 1988-03-31 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von polymaleinsaeure |
ES2008416A6 (es) * | 1987-02-05 | 1989-07-16 | Nalco Chemical Co | Metodo mejorado de recuperacion de oro por lixiviacion en montones. |
DE3726121A1 (de) | 1987-08-06 | 1989-02-16 | Basf Ag | Veretherung von polyoxyalkylenderivaten |
DE3805663A1 (de) | 1988-02-24 | 1989-09-07 | Henkel Kgaa | Oxaalkanpolyphosphonsaeuren, ihre verwendung als thresholder sowie diese verbindungen enthaltende, komplexierend wirkende zusammensetzungen |
US4929274A (en) * | 1989-06-07 | 1990-05-29 | Drew Chemical Corporation | Recovery of metal values from ores |
DE4016753A1 (de) | 1990-05-25 | 1991-11-28 | Henkel Kgaa | Polyhydroxyalkanamino-bis (methylenphosphonsaeuren), verfahren zu deren herstellung und deren verwendung |
ZA919627B (en) * | 1990-09-18 | 1992-09-30 | Sentrachem Ltd | Leaching process |
US5139702A (en) | 1991-10-24 | 1992-08-18 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Naphthylamine polycarboxylic acids |
US5158922A (en) * | 1992-02-04 | 1992-10-27 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Process for preparing metal cyanide complex catalyst |
JP3116190B2 (ja) | 1992-02-14 | 2000-12-11 | 日本臓器製薬株式会社 | 水中のケイ酸を活性化処理する装置 |
GB9207756D0 (en) * | 1992-04-07 | 1992-05-27 | Davy Mckee London | Process |
DE4325237A1 (de) | 1993-07-28 | 1995-02-02 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkoxylierungsprodukten in Gegenwart von mit Additiven modifizierten Mischhydroxiden |
DE4330359C2 (de) | 1993-09-08 | 1995-06-14 | Reinshagen Kabelwerk Gmbh | Gedichteter elektrischer Steckverbinder |
DE4336247A1 (de) | 1993-10-22 | 1995-04-27 | Basf Ag | Verwendung von endgruppenverschlossenen Fettsäureamidalkoxylaten |
US5366016A (en) * | 1993-12-10 | 1994-11-22 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Use of variable density carrier fluids to improve the efficiency of scale dissolution |
DE4342930A1 (de) | 1993-12-16 | 1995-06-22 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polymerisaten des Maleinimids und ihre Verwendung |
DE4427630A1 (de) | 1994-08-04 | 1996-02-08 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polymeren, die in der Seitenkette Hydroxamsäure-, Hydroxamsäureether- und/oder Hydrazidgruppen enthalten und ihre Verwendung |
US5612431A (en) * | 1994-09-21 | 1997-03-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Leaching of precious metal ore with fluoroaliphatic surfactant |
DE4434463A1 (de) | 1994-09-27 | 1996-03-28 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von modifizierten Polyasparaginsäuren |
DE19500842C2 (de) * | 1995-01-13 | 1996-12-19 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zur Herstellung von endgruppenverschlossenen nichtionischen Tensiden |
DE19503546A1 (de) | 1995-02-03 | 1996-08-08 | Basf Ag | Wasserlösliche oder wasserdispergierbare Pfropfpolymerisate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung |
DE19548318A1 (de) | 1995-12-22 | 1997-06-26 | Basf Ag | Verwendung von Polycarbonsäurehalbamiden als Scale-Inhibitor |
DE19621843A1 (de) * | 1996-05-30 | 1997-12-04 | Basf Ag | Blockförmige iso-Tridecanolalkoxylate als schaumarme oder schaumdämpfende Tenside |
DE19632359A1 (de) | 1996-08-10 | 1998-02-19 | Heinz Potschies | Zahnbürstenhalter |
DE19719516A1 (de) | 1997-05-09 | 1998-11-12 | Basf Ag | Wasserlösliche Copolymerisate aus Vinylmilchsäure und/oder Isopropenylmilchsäure, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihrer Verwendung |
DE19742978A1 (de) | 1997-09-29 | 1999-04-01 | Basf Ag | Multimetallcyanidkomplexe als Katalysatoren |
HUP0004499A3 (en) | 1997-10-14 | 2001-12-28 | Procter & Gamble | Granular detergent composition comprising mid-chain branched surfactants |
US6613714B2 (en) | 1999-06-02 | 2003-09-02 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Multimetal cyanide compounds, their preparation and their use |
US6342206B1 (en) | 1999-12-27 | 2002-01-29 | Sridhar Gopalkrishnan | Aqueous gels comprising ethoxylated polyhydric alcohols |
CA2401602A1 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-09-07 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for producing multimetal cyanide compounds |
DE10102209A1 (de) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-07-25 | Bayer Ag | Inkrustationsinhibierung in Explorationsprozessen |
DE10117273A1 (de) | 2001-04-06 | 2002-10-17 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hydroxyalkylcarbonsäureestern |
US20030192403A1 (en) * | 2002-04-11 | 2003-10-16 | Paul Burgmayer | Drainage aid for metal heap leaching |
DE10243361A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | Alkoxylatgemische und diese enthaltende Waschmittel |
DE10243363A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | C10-Alkanolalkoxylat-Gemische und ihre Verwendung |
DE10243360A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | C10-Alkanolalkoxylate und ihre Verwendung |
EP1503976B1 (de) * | 2002-04-26 | 2010-03-31 | Basf Se | C sb 10 /sb -ALKANOLALKOXYLAT-GEMISCHE UND IHRE VERWENDUNG |
DE10243362A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | Herstellung von Alkanolalkoxylaten bei optimierten Reaktionstemperaturen |
DE10243366A1 (de) | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | Herstellung von Alkoxylaten bei optimierten Reaktionsdrücken |
DE10243365A1 (de) * | 2002-09-18 | 2004-04-01 | Basf Ag | Alkoxylate mit niedrigem Restalkohol-Gehalt |
AU2003295262A1 (en) | 2002-12-17 | 2004-07-09 | Stichting Top-Instituut Voedselwetenschappen | Nucleic acid sequences for use as biomarker for damage to the intestinal epithilum |
DE10320388A1 (de) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-11-25 | Basf Ag | Polymere für die Wasserbehandlung |
DE102004063500A1 (de) * | 2004-12-24 | 2006-07-06 | Basf Ag | Verwendung von Tensiden bei der Metallgewinnung |
-
2005
- 2005-12-22 RU RU2007127997A patent/RU2375477C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-22 AU AU2005321515A patent/AU2005321515B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-22 CN CNB2005800471564A patent/CN100529126C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-22 EP EP20050850336 patent/EP1831414B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-12-22 MX MX2007007653A patent/MX2007007653A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2005-12-22 AR ARP050105489 patent/AR051861A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2005-12-22 ES ES05850336T patent/ES2367364T3/es active Active
- 2005-12-22 BR BRPI0519249-8B1A patent/BRPI0519249B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-22 WO PCT/EP2005/013909 patent/WO2006069738A1/de active Application Filing
- 2005-12-22 CA CA2592095A patent/CA2592095C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-22 NZ NZ555807A patent/NZ555807A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-22 US US11/722,775 patent/US8287616B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-22 AT AT05850336T patent/ATE516376T1/de active
- 2005-12-22 PL PL05850336T patent/PL1831414T3/pl unknown
- 2005-12-23 AP AP2007004051A patent/AP2007004051A0/xx unknown
-
2006
- 2006-01-03 PE PE2006000017A patent/PE20060901A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20080196546A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
EP1831414B1 (de) | 2011-07-13 |
RU2007127997A (ru) | 2009-01-27 |
WO2006069738A1 (de) | 2006-07-06 |
AU2005321515A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
EP1831414A1 (de) | 2007-09-12 |
WO2006069738A8 (de) | 2007-08-02 |
CA2592095A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
US8287616B2 (en) | 2012-10-16 |
BRPI0519249B1 (pt) | 2014-08-19 |
CN101107371A (zh) | 2008-01-16 |
AU2005321515B2 (en) | 2010-08-19 |
MX2007007653A (es) | 2007-08-16 |
AR051861A1 (es) | 2007-02-14 |
CA2592095C (en) | 2013-07-30 |
AU2005321515A2 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
PE20060901A1 (es) | 2006-10-18 |
RU2375477C2 (ru) | 2009-12-10 |
NZ555807A (en) | 2009-12-24 |
PL1831414T3 (pl) | 2011-12-30 |
CN100529126C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
ES2367364T3 (es) | 2011-11-02 |
ATE516376T1 (de) | 2011-07-15 |
BRPI0519249A2 (pt) | 2009-01-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AP2007004051A0 (en) | Use of non-ionic surfactants in th production of metal | |
ZA200706687B (en) | Use of nonionic surfactants in metal extraction by eletrolysis | |
ZA200800723B (en) | Structures formed in diamond | |
EP1778986A4 (en) | METAL MELT PUMP | |
GB2433890B (en) | Non-ionic surfactant aggregates | |
EP1988084A4 (en) | METAL COMPLEX AND ITS APPLICATION | |
SG115856A1 (en) | Process solutions containing surfactants | |
EP1797926A4 (en) | FORMULATION OF A SURFACTANT | |
GB0508501D0 (en) | Metal alloy and its use | |
GB0510243D0 (en) | Metal Alloy Manufacturing | |
EP1773866A4 (en) | USE OF METAL COMPLEXES | |
EP1767612A4 (en) | SOLID FUEL COMPOSITION AND SOLID SOAP | |
EP1844184A4 (en) | PRODUCTION OF SOLID METALLIC GLASS | |
PT1712648T (pt) | Liga de cobre-zinco e utilização de uma tal liga | |
AP2007004052A0 (en) | Use of surfactants in the production of metal | |
SG10201500813WA (en) | Slot designs in wide metal lines | |
GB2412666B (en) | Water-based metal treatment composition | |
GB2429115B (en) | Metal complex | |
ZA200704602B (en) | Use of non-ionic surfactants in metal extraction | |
GB0408952D0 (en) | Precious metal salts | |
GB0405274D0 (en) | Surface flow modifiers and swimsuits | |
EP1840200A4 (en) | DESINCRUSTANT AGENT | |
GB0311292D0 (en) | Improvements in and relating to the movement of metal | |
EP1723536A4 (en) | CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC RATES OF USE FOR PROGRAMMING PURPOSES | |
GB0419722D0 (en) | Production and use of surface active agents |