ZA200502818B - A method for preparing a substitute for fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst - Google Patents
A method for preparing a substitute for fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200502818B ZA200502818B ZA200502818A ZA200502818A ZA200502818B ZA 200502818 B ZA200502818 B ZA 200502818B ZA 200502818 A ZA200502818 A ZA 200502818A ZA 200502818 A ZA200502818 A ZA 200502818A ZA 200502818 B ZA200502818 B ZA 200502818B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- fccu
- fcc
- ecat
- equilibrium
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 203
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 title description 62
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 6
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 6
- 230000007420 reactivation Effects 0.000 description 6
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 fresh or equilibrium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 2
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012864 cross contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003584 silencer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
- C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/90—Regeneration or reactivation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/80—Mixtures of different zeolites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/04—Mixing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G11/04—Oxides
- C10G11/05—Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
- C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
- C10G11/182—Regeneration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
- C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
- C10G11/187—Controlling or regulating
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/265,249 US6878656B2 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2002-10-07 | Method for preparing a substitute for fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200502818B true ZA200502818B (en) | 2006-10-25 |
Family
ID=32042426
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200502818A ZA200502818B (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2005-04-07 | A method for preparing a substitute for fresh fluid catalytic cracking catalyst |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6878656B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1551940A1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2006502281A (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR20050074447A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN100336889C (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR041348A1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2003274966B2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2498833A1 (zh) |
| MX (1) | MXPA05003653A (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI252126B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2004033589A1 (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200502818B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8926907B2 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2015-01-06 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn | System and process for injecting catalyst and/or additives into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit |
| US9504975B2 (en) | 2004-03-23 | 2016-11-29 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | System and process for injecting catalyst and/or additives into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit |
| US7846399B2 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2010-12-07 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | System and process for injecting catalyst and/or additives into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit |
| US7431894B2 (en) * | 2005-07-19 | 2008-10-07 | Intercat Equipment, Inc. | Catalyst withdrawal apparatus for regulating catalyst inventory in a fluid catalyst cracking unit |
| US8016000B2 (en) | 2006-04-19 | 2011-09-13 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Processes and systems for transferring particulate substances from containers |
| US20100017312A1 (en) * | 2008-07-17 | 2010-01-21 | Martin Evans | Material delivery system to one or more units and methods of such delivery |
| KR101646292B1 (ko) * | 2008-09-05 | 2016-08-05 | 인터캣 이큅먼트, 인코포레이티드 | 하나 이상의 유닛 내의 재료 재고를 조절하는 재료 회수 장치 및 방법 |
| US8236247B2 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2012-08-07 | Intercat Equipment, Inc. | Material withdrawal apparatus and methods of regulating material inventory in one or more units |
| CA2852703C (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2020-03-24 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Systems for injecting catalysts and/or additives into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit and methods of making and using the same |
| CN107868675B (zh) * | 2016-09-23 | 2019-11-15 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种催化裂化的方法和催化裂化惰性载体助剂 |
| JP7042132B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-28 | 2022-03-25 | コスモ石油株式会社 | Ｆｃｃ装置に用いる推奨触媒を提案する装置、方法、プログラム、非一時的コンピュータ可読記録媒体 |
| JP7021995B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-28 | 2022-02-17 | コスモ石油株式会社 | Ｆｃｃ装置の生成物の得率を提供する装置、方法、プログラム、非一時的コンピュータ可読記録媒体 |
| CN112542216A (zh) * | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-23 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 基于fcc-sim的fcc催化剂数据库开发方法及设备 |
| US11987758B2 (en) * | 2021-12-02 | 2024-05-21 | Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.—Petrobras | Integrated operation method in the use of catalyst in conventional and residue FCC units |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4686197A (en) * | 1986-07-02 | 1987-08-11 | Chemcat Corporation | Catalyst demetallization and process for using demetallized catalyst |
| US4985136A (en) * | 1987-11-05 | 1991-01-15 | Bartholic David B | Ultra-short contact time fluidized catalytic cracking process |
| EP0408606B1 (en) | 1988-02-16 | 1993-09-01 | David B. Bartholic | Fluid catalytic cracking (fcc) catalyst and additive loading and control system |
| US5141904A (en) | 1991-02-15 | 1992-08-25 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Reactivation of spent cracking catalysts |
| US5151391A (en) | 1991-02-15 | 1992-09-29 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Reactivation of spent, metal-containing cracking catalysts |
| US5188995A (en) * | 1992-03-24 | 1993-02-23 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Reactivation and passivation of spent cracking catalysts |
| US5389236A (en) * | 1993-04-21 | 1995-02-14 | Bartholic; David B. | Method and apparatus for controlling introduction of catalysts into FCC units |
| US5900383A (en) * | 1996-01-02 | 1999-05-04 | New Life Catalyst, Inc. | Process for increasing the activity of zeolite containing particulate solids |
| US5888919A (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 1999-03-30 | Bartholic; David B. | Process for zeolitic catalyst reactivation |
| BR9703632A (pt) * | 1997-07-17 | 1999-02-23 | Petroleo Brasileiro Sa | Processo para craqueamento catalítico fluido de cargas pesadas |
| US6046125A (en) * | 1998-04-06 | 2000-04-04 | Coastal Catalyst Technology, Inc. | Methods for enhancing the acid sites of FCC catalysts |
| US6508930B1 (en) | 1998-04-29 | 2003-01-21 | Intercat, Inc. | Method for stabilizing operation of fluid catalytic converter units |
| CN1081219C (zh) * | 1998-09-03 | 2002-03-20 | 中国石油化工集团公司 | 一种催化裂化催化剂的制备方法 |
| CN1157465C (zh) * | 1999-11-17 | 2004-07-14 | 中国石油化工集团公司 | 一种多产轻质油的催化裂化催化剂及其制备 |
| US6509290B1 (en) * | 2000-07-17 | 2003-01-21 | Exxon Mobil Chemical Patents, Inc. | Catalyst composition including attrition particles and method for making same |
-
2002
- 2002-10-07 US US10/265,249 patent/US6878656B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-09-22 AR ARP030103442A patent/AR041348A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-09-29 TW TW092126855A patent/TWI252126B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-10-03 JP JP2004543289A patent/JP2006502281A/ja active Pending
- 2003-10-03 WO PCT/US2003/028561 patent/WO2004033589A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-10-03 KR KR1020057004839A patent/KR20050074447A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-10-03 AU AU2003274966A patent/AU2003274966B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-03 CN CNB2003801009408A patent/CN100336889C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-03 MX MXPA05003653A patent/MXPA05003653A/es unknown
- 2003-10-03 CA CA002498833A patent/CA2498833A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-03 EP EP03759236A patent/EP1551940A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-04-07 ZA ZA200502818A patent/ZA200502818B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2498833A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
| CN1703489A (zh) | 2005-11-30 |
| CN100336889C (zh) | 2007-09-12 |
| MXPA05003653A (es) | 2005-11-17 |
| US6878656B2 (en) | 2005-04-12 |
| JP2006502281A (ja) | 2006-01-19 |
| AU2003274966A1 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
| WO2004033589A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
| US20040067841A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
| AU2003274966B2 (en) | 2008-02-21 |
| TWI252126B (en) | 2006-04-01 |
| TW200412258A (en) | 2004-07-16 |
| KR20050074447A (ko) | 2005-07-18 |
| AR041348A1 (es) | 2005-05-11 |
| EP1551940A1 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
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