ZA200403591B - Process for improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides by electrolysis in a two compartment cell. - Google Patents
Process for improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides by electrolysis in a two compartment cell. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200403591B ZA200403591B ZA200403591A ZA200403591A ZA200403591B ZA 200403591 B ZA200403591 B ZA 200403591B ZA 200403591 A ZA200403591 A ZA 200403591A ZA 200403591 A ZA200403591 A ZA 200403591A ZA 200403591 B ZA200403591 B ZA 200403591B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- quaternary ammonium
- ammonium hydroxide
- compartment
- process according
- electrolysis
- Prior art date
Links
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 title claims description 45
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 title description 37
- WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C WGTYBPLFGIVFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- ATGUVEKSASEFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-aminodiphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 ATGUVEKSASEFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WJZPIORVERXPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-L tetramethylazanium;carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O.C[N+](C)(C)C.C[N+](C)(C)C WJZPIORVERXPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- VFHDWENBWYCAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogen carbonate;tetramethylazanium Chemical compound OC([O-])=O.C[N+](C)(C)C VFHDWENBWYCAIB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002490 anilino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims 1
- -1 tetramethyl ammonium halide Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001853 inorganic hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HMBHAQMOBKLWRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(C(=O)O)COC2=C1 HMBHAQMOBKLWRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-1-n-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC(NC(C)CC(C)C)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 ZZMVLMVFYMGSMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMQDJAPLNCJIJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-azaniumylhexyl-bis(5-methylnonan-5-yl)azanium;dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].CCCCC(C)(CCCC)[NH+](C(C)(CCCC)CCCC)CCCCCC[NH3+] PMQDJAPLNCJIJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075419 choline hydroxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000743 hydrocarbylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLRKCXQQSUWLCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrosobenzene Chemical compound O=NC1=CC=CC=C1 NLRKCXQQSUWLCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003053 polystyrene-divinylbenzene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008234 soft water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- MRYQZMHVZZSQRT-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylazanium;acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O.C[N+](C)(C)C MRYQZMHVZZSQRT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WWIYWFVQZQOECA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylazanium;formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O.C[N+](C)(C)C WWIYWFVQZQOECA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LPSKDVINWQNWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC LPSKDVINWQNWFE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HADKRTWCOYPCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].C[N+](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 HADKRTWCOYPCPH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/82—Purification; Separation; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C209/84—Purification
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01203863 | 2001-10-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200403591B true ZA200403591B (en) | 2005-08-17 |
Family
ID=8181052
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200403591A ZA200403591B (en) | 2001-10-12 | 2004-05-11 | Process for improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides by electrolysis in a two compartment cell. |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7824538B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP1441840B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2005505413A (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100956473B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN100406107C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE337079T1 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR0213178A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2463421A1 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE60214220T2 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2271345T3 (zh) |
| GE (2) | GEP20053722B (zh) |
| HU (1) | HUP0401632A2 (zh) |
| MX (1) | MXPA04003305A (zh) |
| PL (1) | PL370170A1 (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2004114232A (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2003033121A1 (zh) |
| YU (1) | YU23604A (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200403591B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10320033B2 (en) | 2008-01-30 | 2019-06-11 | Enlighten Innovations Inc. | Alkali metal ion battery using alkali metal conductive ceramic separator |
| US10854929B2 (en) | 2012-09-06 | 2020-12-01 | Field Upgrading Usa, Inc. | Sodium-halogen secondary cell |
| US20150030896A1 (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2015-01-29 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Sodium-halogen secondary cell |
| FR3066505B1 (fr) * | 2017-05-16 | 2021-04-09 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Procede et dispositif ameliores de filtration de bain de platine par electrodialyse |
| KR102657799B1 (ko) | 2021-11-03 | 2024-04-16 | (주)테크윈 | 구획식 조 |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3250691A (en) * | 1962-05-28 | 1966-05-10 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Electrolytic process of decomposing an alkali metal chloride |
| US3844911A (en) * | 1972-07-27 | 1974-10-29 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method for producing adiponitrile |
| US3992301A (en) | 1973-11-19 | 1976-11-16 | Raypak, Inc. | Automatic flushing system for membrane separation machines such as reverse osmosis machines |
| US4144185A (en) | 1978-02-24 | 1979-03-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior | Method and composition for removing calcium sulfate scale deposits from surfaces |
| US4394226A (en) * | 1981-07-28 | 1983-07-19 | Thiokol Corporation | Electrolytic method for producing quaternary ammonium hydroxides |
| US4402804A (en) * | 1982-05-17 | 1983-09-06 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrolytic synthesis of aryl alcohols, aryl aldehydes, and aryl acids |
| JPS60100690A (ja) * | 1983-11-02 | 1985-06-04 | Tama Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 水酸化第四アンモニウムの製造方法 |
| CA1258654A (en) | 1986-04-22 | 1989-08-22 | Donald L. Ball | Method for the removal of monovalent ions from znso.sub.4 electrolyte by electrodialysis |
| US4714530A (en) * | 1986-07-11 | 1987-12-22 | Southwestern Analytical Chemicals, Inc. | Method for producing high purity quaternary ammonium hydroxides |
| US5117063A (en) * | 1991-06-21 | 1992-05-26 | Monsanto Company | Method of preparing 4-aminodiphenylamine |
| EP0545068A3 (en) * | 1991-11-08 | 1993-12-22 | Du Pont | Wetting of diaphragms |
| US5389211A (en) | 1993-11-08 | 1995-02-14 | Sachem, Inc. | Method for producing high purity hydroxides and alkoxides |
| US5666227A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1997-09-09 | Ben-Ghiath; Yehoshua | Passive panoramic viewing systems |
| US6140538A (en) * | 1998-05-18 | 2000-10-31 | Flexsys America L.P. | Process for preparing 4-aminodiphenylamines |
| FR2803856B1 (fr) * | 2000-01-13 | 2002-07-05 | Atofina | Synthese de l'hydroxyde de tetramethylammonium |
| US6770189B2 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2004-08-03 | Flexsys B.V. | Process for improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides by electrolysis |
-
2002
- 2002-10-07 GE GE5504A patent/GEP20053722B/en unknown
- 2002-10-07 DE DE60214220T patent/DE60214220T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-07 BR BR0213178-1A patent/BR0213178A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-10-07 AT AT02782896T patent/ATE337079T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-07 MX MXPA04003305A patent/MXPA04003305A/es unknown
- 2002-10-07 JP JP2003535909A patent/JP2005505413A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-07 CN CNB028199081A patent/CN100406107C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-07 WO PCT/EP2002/011454 patent/WO2003033121A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-10-07 US US10/489,161 patent/US7824538B2/en active Active
- 2002-10-07 EP EP02782896A patent/EP1441840B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-07 PL PL02370170A patent/PL370170A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-10-07 HU HU0401632A patent/HUP0401632A2/hu unknown
- 2002-10-07 CA CA002463421A patent/CA2463421A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-10-07 RU RU2004114232/15A patent/RU2004114232A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-10-07 KR KR1020047005211A patent/KR100956473B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-10-07 GE GEAP20028205A patent/GEP20063722B/en unknown
- 2002-10-07 YU YU23604A patent/YU23604A/sh unknown
- 2002-10-07 ES ES02782896T patent/ES2271345T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-05-11 ZA ZA200403591A patent/ZA200403591B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR100956473B1 (ko) | 2010-05-07 |
| EP1441840B1 (en) | 2006-08-23 |
| US20050006252A1 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
| GEP20063722B (en) | 2006-01-10 |
| MXPA04003305A (es) | 2004-07-23 |
| WO2003033121A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
| YU23604A (sh) | 2006-08-17 |
| PL370170A1 (en) | 2005-05-16 |
| GEP20053722B (en) | 2006-01-10 |
| KR20050034594A (ko) | 2005-04-14 |
| US7824538B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
| DE60214220D1 (de) | 2006-10-05 |
| CA2463421A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
| ES2271345T3 (es) | 2007-04-16 |
| JP2005505413A (ja) | 2005-02-24 |
| CN1564707A (zh) | 2005-01-12 |
| EP1441840A1 (en) | 2004-08-04 |
| HUP0401632A2 (hu) | 2004-11-29 |
| DE60214220T2 (de) | 2007-10-11 |
| CN100406107C (zh) | 2008-07-30 |
| ATE337079T1 (de) | 2006-09-15 |
| RU2004114232A (ru) | 2005-04-20 |
| BR0213178A (pt) | 2004-09-14 |
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