WO2025200450A1 - 正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备 - Google Patents
正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备Info
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- WO2025200450A1 WO2025200450A1 PCT/CN2024/129158 CN2024129158W WO2025200450A1 WO 2025200450 A1 WO2025200450 A1 WO 2025200450A1 CN 2024129158 W CN2024129158 W CN 2024129158W WO 2025200450 A1 WO2025200450 A1 WO 2025200450A1
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- particle size
- peak
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present application relates to the technical field of battery materials, and in particular to positive electrode active materials, positive electrodes, secondary batteries and electrical equipment.
- the embodiments of the present application provide a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode, a secondary battery and an electrical device.
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material satisfies a special mathematical relationship, and can have both a higher compaction density and a better first charge gram capacity and a higher first cycle efficiency.
- an embodiment of the present application provides a positive electrode active material, wherein a particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material has only a first peak, and the positive electrode active material satisfies:
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material includes a first peak and a second peak in sequence along the first direction. peak, and the positive electrode active material satisfies:
- the positive electrode active material includes modified or unmodified phosphorus Lithium iron oxide.
- a second aspect of the present invention provides a positive electrode comprising the positive electrode active material of the first aspect of the present invention. Due to the positive electrode active material provided in the present invention, the positive electrode can achieve a higher compaction density and better electrochemical performance.
- the third aspect of the embodiment of the present application provides a secondary battery, including a negative electrode, the positive electrode provided by the third aspect of the embodiment of the present application, and an electrolyte located between the above-mentioned positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the secondary battery can achieve a higher energy density and at the same time have better electrochemical performance.
- the fourth aspect of the present application provides an electric device, including the secondary battery provided in the fourth aspect of the present application. Since the electric device is powered by the secondary battery provided in the embodiment of the present application, it has good market competitiveness.
- FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a particle size distribution curve of a positive electrode active material provided in one embodiment of the present application.
- FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a particle size distribution curve of a positive electrode active material provided in another embodiment of the present application.
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material can flexibly reflect the particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material, such as parameters such as D10, D50, and D90, which are also the focus of the industry.
- the industry often controls the particle size of the positive electrode active material based on a single parameter such as D10, D50, and D90. The effect is relatively simple, which often leads to a low compaction density of the positive electrode active material, or it is impossible to take into account both the compaction density and the electrochemical performance of the positive electrode active material.
- the applicant through a large amount of theoretical derivation and experimental verification, found that parameters such as the vertical coordinate and peak position corresponding to the peak value of the sharp peak in the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material, the particle size distribution width, etc. will affect the compaction density of the positive electrode active material.
- parameters such as the vertical coordinate and peak position corresponding to the peak value of the sharp peak in the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material, the particle size distribution width, etc.
- the present embodiment provides a positive electrode active material.
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material has only a first peak (for the convenience of description, this type of positive electrode active material is referred to as a “single-peak material” hereinafter), and the positive electrode active material satisfies the following conditions:
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material includes a first peak and a second peak in sequence along a first direction (for the convenience of description, this type of positive electrode active material is referred to as a “multi-peak material” hereinafter), and the positive electrode active material satisfies:
- the abscissa of the particle size distribution curve is the particle size in ⁇ m; the ordinate of the particle size distribution curve is the volume percentage; the first direction is the direction from 0 to positive infinity of the abscissa of the particle size distribution curve;
- f Dfp is the peak value of the first peak (that is, the vertical coordinate of the first peak Maximum value);
- Dsp is the value of the particle size corresponding to the peak value of the second peak in ⁇ m (that is, the abscissa corresponding to the point with the maximum ordinate on the second peak);
- fDsp is the peak value of the second peak (that is, the maximum ordinate of the second peak).
- f D70 is the volume percentage corresponding to D70 in the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material
- the D10, D50, D60, D70, and D90 are the particle sizes corresponding to when the cumulative volume percentages of the positive electrode active material reach 10%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 90%, respectively, and the unit is ⁇ m.
- M 1 and M 2 can respectively reflect the comprehensive influence of each particle size factor and the achievable compaction density and electrochemical performance of the material in the unimodal material and the multimodal material.
- the positive electrode active material can achieve a higher compaction density while also taking into account good electrochemical performance. Performance, for example, higher first charge capacity and first cycle efficiency.
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material was obtained using a laser particle size analyzer. Therefore, parameters such as D10, D50, D60, D70, and D90 were also obtained using a laser particle size analyzer. It should be understood that (D70/ ⁇ m) refers to the value obtained by dividing D70 by the unit ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material includes, but is not limited to, modified or unmodified lithium iron phosphate.
- the modified lithium iron phosphate includes, but is not limited to, doped-modified lithium iron phosphate, for example, Li 1-a A a Fe 1-x M x (P 1-y E y )O 4 , 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and x, y, and a are not all 0; wherein A includes, but is not limited to, at least one alkali metal element such as Na or K; the M element is selected from at least one transition metal element, and the E element is, but is not limited to, at least one element such as B, Si, or S.
- the modified lithium iron phosphate may also be lithium iron phosphate having a coating layer on the surface.
- the coating layer may include, but is not limited to, a conductive carbon material, a fast ion conductor material, or the like.
- the modified lithium iron phosphate includes doped-modified lithium iron phosphate having a coating layer.
- the above-mentioned modified or unmodified lithium iron phosphate material can be prepared using a solid-phase method or a liquid-phase synthesis method.
- 1% ⁇ f Dfp ⁇ 20% In some embodiments of the present application, 1% ⁇ f Dfp ⁇ 20%.
- controlling f Dfp within the above range can reduce the risk of reduced compaction density due to the high particle size concentration of the positive electrode active material; for multimodal materials, controlling f Dfp within the above range will not significantly squeeze the volume percentage of other peaks (such as the volume percentage f Dsp of the second peak), which is conducive to obtaining a positive electrode active material with a higher compaction density.
- the value of f Dfp can be, but is not limited to, 1%, 2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, etc. In some specific embodiments, 1% ⁇ f Dfp ⁇ 11%.
- Dfp is the particle size corresponding to the peak value of the first peak.
- the value of the degree in ⁇ m that is, the abscissa corresponding to the point with the maximum value of the ordinate on the first peak.
- the viscosity of the subsequent positive electrode slurry can be controlled within an appropriate range, thereby improving the process capability of the positive electrode slurry; at the same time, it is also beneficial to control the diffusion path of active ions in the positive electrode active material to be shorter, and the specific surface area is more appropriate, the electrochemical reaction activity of the positive electrode active material is more appropriate, which is conducive to the full release of the material capacity, especially when the battery is discharged at a high rate at low temperature, the contact resistance between the particles is small, which is beneficial to the low temperature performance and rate performance of the battery, and also to the rate performance of the battery at low temperatures.
- Dfp can be, but is not limited to, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, etc.
- Dspn ⁇ 5 Dspn ⁇ 5.
- the value of Dspn can be, but is not limited to, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, etc.
- the D50 of the positive electrode active material can be, but is not limited to, 0.3 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m, 0.8 ⁇ m, 1.0 ⁇ m, 1.2 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 1.8 ⁇ m, 2.0 ⁇ m, 2.2 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 2.8 ⁇ m, 3.0 ⁇ m, etc.
- 0 ⁇ f D70 ⁇ 20% for unimodal materials, 0 ⁇ f D70 ⁇ 20%. That is, for a positive electrode active material with a particle size distribution curve having only one sharp peak, the corresponding volume percentage of D70 in the particle size distribution curve is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 20%. This helps to improve the compaction density of the material. In some specific embodiments, 1% ⁇ f D70 ⁇ 20%. Furthermore, 1% ⁇ f D70 ⁇ 8%.
- the f D70 of the positive electrode active material can be, but is not limited to, 1%, 2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 20%, etc. It should also be noted that although f D70 can also be measured for multimodal materials, for multimodal materials, f Dsp is sufficient.
- controlling the peak particle size of the second peak of the positive electrode active material within the above range can effectively reduce the risk of agglomeration of the positive electrode active material particles, shorten the diffusion path of the active ions, and provide a suitable specific surface area. This can not only reduce the risk of side reactions between the positive electrode active material particles and the electrolyte, but also ensure that there are a suitable number of contact points between the particles, thereby facilitating the utilization of the material capacity, improving the first efficiency of the battery, and also facilitating the low temperature and rate performance of the battery.
- the aspect ratio of the positive electrode active material is in the range of (1-10/7):1. That is, the length of the positive electrode active material particle is L, the radial length (short side dimension) is d, and 1 ⁇ L/d/ ⁇ 10/7.
- the positive electrode active material is easier to achieve dense stacking, and the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material can be ensured to be more appropriate while ensuring the particle size of the positive electrode active material, thereby facilitating the improvement of the first cycle retention rate of the positive electrode active material.
- the L/d of the positive electrode active material can be 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, 1.4:1, 1.42:1, 1.428:1, etc.
- a scanning electron microscope can be used to determine the L/d of the positive electrode active material. Specifically, by ion cutting, The cross section of the positive electrode active material layer or the positive electrode active material particles is cut and taken, and SEM photos are taken. The cross sections of the particles in the SEM photos are statistically analyzed and calculated.
- the cross-sectional circularity of the positive electrode active material particles can also be used instead of the aspect ratio to characterize the above-mentioned morphology of the positive electrode active material, 0.74 ⁇ cross-sectional circularity of the positive electrode active material ⁇ 1.
- cross-sectional circularity diameter of the equivalent circle of the same area of the cross section of the positive electrode active material particle / longest side dimension of the cross section.
- SEM can also be used to measure the cross-sectional circularity of the positive electrode active material particles.
- the cross-sectional circularity of the positive electrode active material particles can be, but is not limited to, 0.74, 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.00, etc.
- a method for preparing positive electrode active material particles comprising:
- a positive electrode active material is provided and mixed, wherein the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material has only a first peak, and the values of f Dfp , f D70 , D70, Dspn, and Cu of the positive electrode active material satisfy:
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material includes a first peak and a second peak in sequence along a first direction, and the values of f Dfp , f Dsp , Dsp , Dspn and Cu of the positive electrode active material satisfy:
- the above preparation method has guiding significance for regulating the compaction density and electrochemical performance data of the positive electrode active material.
- a person skilled in the art can mix different positive electrode active materials according to the particle size distribution curve model ( M1 , M2 ) of the positive electrode active material provided in the embodiment of the present application, and determine the selection of raw materials and the mixing ratio based on the model.
- the positive electrode active material includes two or more positive electrode active particles.
- the different positive electrode active materials are referred to as the first positive electrode active material, the second positive electrode active material, and the Nth positive electrode active material (N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3), and the particle size distribution of each positive electrode active particle is different:
- the particle size of a1 ⁇ m is The volume percentages of particles with a particle size of a2 ⁇ m are b11, b12, ..., b1n, the volume percentages of particles with a particle size of a2 ⁇ m are b21, b22, ..., b2n, the volume percentages of particles with a particle size of an are bn1, bn2, ..., bnn, and so on.
- the volume percentages of the first positive electrode active material, the second positive electrode active material, and the Nth positive electrode active material are x1, x2, ..., xn, respectively.
- a predicted particle size distribution curve is drawn, and the particle size distribution curve is analyzed to calculate M1 or M2 .
- x1, x2, ..., xn are adjusted to make 7 ⁇ M1 ⁇ 10 , or 7 ⁇ M2 ⁇ 10 , and the final x1, x2, ..., xn are determined.
- the positive electrode active particles are mixed according to the above volume percentages to obtain a positive electrode active material.
- the volume percentages x1, x2, ..., xn of the positive electrode active particles are adjusted so that M1 or M2 infinitely approaches 10. In this case, the compaction density of the final positive electrode active material can be further improved.
- the above preparation method is simple, easy to implement, and highly efficient, making it suitable for large-scale industrial production. Furthermore, the above preparation method can be used to quickly determine whether the mixing ratio of positive electrode active particles can produce a positive electrode active material with a high compaction density and good electrochemical performance, significantly saving time and costs in industrial production and providing valuable guidance.
- each positive electrode active particle when two or more positive electrode active particles are mixed, each positive electrode active particle does not need to satisfy 7 ⁇ M 1 ⁇ 10, or 7 ⁇ M 2 ⁇ 10, as long as the final mixed positive electrode active material satisfies 7 ⁇ M 1 ⁇ 10, or 7 ⁇ M 2 ⁇ 10.
- the positive electrode active particles are lithium iron phosphate particles and are produced by a solid-phase method.
- a lithium source, an iron source, a phosphorus source, and a carbon source are mixed, sintered, crushed, and sieved to obtain lithium iron phosphate particles.
- the lithium source includes, but is not limited to, lithium carbonate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.
- the iron source includes, but is not limited to, anhydrous ferric phosphate, ferrous oxalate, etc.
- the phosphorus source includes, but is not limited to, anhydrous ferric phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.
- the carbon source includes, but is not limited to, glucose, sucrose, starch, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phenolic resin, or other commonly used carbon sources in the field.
- the lithium iron phosphate particles are prepared by a liquid phase method.
- the liquid phase method can be a self-heating evaporation process or a hydrothermal process; when the self-heating evaporation process is used, the iron source includes The following examples are provided: but are not limited to iron blocks, ferric nitrate, or other iron salts commonly used in the field; lithium sources include but are not limited to lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, or other lithium salts commonly used in the field; phosphorus sources include but are not limited to phosphoric acid; and carbon sources include but are not limited to glucose, sucrose, starch, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phenolic resin, or other carbon sources commonly used in the field.
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the iron source includes but is not limited to ferrous sulfate or other ferrous salts commonly used in the field;
- the lithium source includes but is not limited to lithium hydroxide, or other lithium salts commonly used in the field;
- the phosphorus source includes but is not limited to phosphoric acid;
- the carbon source includes but is not limited to glucose, sucrose, starch, polyethylene glycol (PEG), phenolic resin, or other carbon sources commonly used in the field.
- the present invention also provides a positive electrode comprising the aforementioned positive electrode active material provided in the present invention. Due to the inclusion of the positive electrode active material provided in the present invention, the positive electrode can achieve a higher compaction density and also achieve superior electrochemical performance, such as a higher initial discharge specific capacity and a higher initial cycle efficiency.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer arranged on at least one side of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode material layer includes the positive electrode active material provided in the embodiments of the present application, a binder, and an optional conductive agent.
- the positive electrode current collector is any known current collector suitable for positive electrodes, such as aluminum foil suitable for lithium-ion battery positive electrodes.
- the binder is any known binder suitable for positive electrodes, such as polyvinylidene fluoride.
- the conductive agent is any known conductive agent suitable for positive electrodes, such as super P, graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.
- a positive electrode active material is obtained by mixing the positive electrode active material of Example 1 and the positive electrode active material of Example 2 in a volume ratio of 9:1.
- the particle size distribution curve of the positive electrode active material of Example 3 has a first peak and a second peak arranged sequentially along a first direction.
- a positive electrode active material which is obtained by mixing the positive electrode active material of Example 1 and the positive electrode active material of Example 2 in a volume ratio of 5:5.
- a lithium iron phosphate positive electrode active material which is comparative example 1 and comparative example 2 in a volume ratio of 5:5
- the positive electrode active material, binder (specifically PVDF) and conductive agent (specifically conductive carbon black) of each embodiment and comparative example were mixed in a mass ratio of 90:5:5, dispersed in a solvent (specifically N-methylpyrrolidone), and mixed uniformly to obtain a positive electrode slurry;
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to opposite sides of the positive electrode current collector (specifically, carbon-coated aluminum foil) (the double-sided areal density remained consistent across all examples, at 440 g/cm 3 ).
- the sample was then dried and cut into 4 x 20 cm strips.
- the electrode sample was then rolled once on both sides using a Kejing MSK-DPC-B320 precision roller press at a pressure of 35 T, a roll gap of 0.12 mm, and a speed of 1.5 m/min. Five small discs with a diameter of 30 mm were removed from the strips to measure the thickness of the positive electrode material layer and calculate the compacted density of each positive electrode active material.
- the compacted density of the positive electrode material (weight of the positive electrode disc - weight of the 30 mm diameter carbon-coated aluminum foil disc) / (area of the 30 mm diameter positive electrode disc * thickness of the positive electrode material layer). The results are summarized in Table 1.
- the positive electrode sheet was cut into 14 mm small discs using a punching machine, baked in an empty drying oven at 105°C for 2 h, and then transferred to a glove box for assembly with the negative electrode (specifically, a lithium sheet with a diameter of 16 mm).
- the electrolyte was injected, sealed using a sealing machine, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 12 h to 24 h to prepare a 2016 button battery.
- the electrolyte is an organic solvent containing a lithium salt (specifically, lithium hexafluorophosphate), wherein the lithium salt concentration is 1 mol/L, and the organic solvent includes ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and vinylene carbonate.
- the mass ratio of ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate is 3:6:1, and the mass fraction of vinylene carbonate is 1%.
- the positive electrode active material achieves a high compaction density while also having a high first charge gram capacity and a high first cycle efficiency.
- the positive electrode active material of the comparative example does not meet the requirements of the embodiments of the present application, and it is unable to achieve a high compaction density during the positive electrode manufacturing process.
- the comparative example positive electrode is assembled into a battery, although the first charge gram capacity and first cycle efficiency are good, the compaction density of the positive electrode active material is low, resulting in a low energy density of the comparative example battery, which cannot meet the requirements of high-endurance electrical equipment.
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Abstract
提供了正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备,该正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线满足特殊的数学关系,可兼具较高的压实密度和较优的首次充电克容量、较高的首次循环效率。
Description
本申请要求于2024年03月29日提交中国专利局、申请号为202410389552.X、申请名称为“正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备”的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
本申请涉及电池材料技术领域,具体涉及正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备。
为了迎合市场对高续航的用电设备的需求,电池厂商致力于不断提升电池的能量密度。而提升电池中正极活性材料的压实密度是提升电池能量密度的关键技术路线之一。目前,业界一般通过混合平均粒径不同的正极活性材料,并简单调节其平均粒径比或D50、D90等参数来调控压实密度,但这样的处理方法忽略了正极活性材料的粒度分布对压实密度的影响,对压实密度的调控精准度差,导致最终正极活性材料的压实密度有限,或者,可得到较高压实密度的正极活性材料,但会导致最终电池的其他电化学性能表现欠佳。
发明内容
鉴于此,本申请实施例提供了正极活性材料、正极、二次电池及用电设备,该正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线满足特殊的数学关系,可兼具较高的压实密度和较优的首次充电克容量、较高的首次循环效率。
本申请实施例第一方面提供了一种正极活性材料,所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有第一峰,且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10;或者,
所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线沿第一方向上依次包括第一峰和第二
峰,且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10;
其中,所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标为粒度,单位为μm;所述粒度分布曲线的纵坐标为体积百分比;所述第一方向为所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标自0指向正无穷的方向;
fDfp为所述第一峰的峰值;
Dsp为所述第二峰的峰值对应的粒度以μm为单位的值;fDsp为所述第二峰的峰值;
Dspn=(D90-D10)/D50,Cu=D60/D10;
fD70为所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线中D70对应的体积百分比;
所述D10、D50、D60、D70、D90分别为所述正极活性材料的累计体积百分数分别达到10%、50%、60%、70%、90%时对应的粒径,单位均为μm。
上述两种特定的数学关系时可分别反映粒度分布曲线为一个峰、多个峰的正极活性材料中,多个粒度因素对材料可实现的压实密度以及电化学性能表现的综合影响,将上述数学公式的值分别控制在7-10的范围内,可使得正极活性材料在可实现较高压实密度的同时,还兼顾较好的电化学性能表现。
本申请一些实施方式中,1%≤fDfp≤20%;和/或,0.1≤Dfp≤1,Dfp为所述第一峰的峰值对应的粒度以μm为单位的值。
本申请一些实施方式中,1%≤fDfp≤11%。
本申请一些实施方式中,0<fD70≤20%;和/或,0.5μm≤D70≤10μm。
本申请一些实施方式中,1%≤fD70≤8%。
本申请一些实施方式中,Dspn≤5。
本申请一些实施方式中,1.5≤Cu≤6。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.1μm≤D10≤0.8μm。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.3μm≤D50≤3μm。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.4μm≤D60≤8μm。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.6μm≤D90≤12μm。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.5≤Dsp≤10;和/或,0<fDsp≤20%。
本申请一些实施方式中,1%≤fDsp≤8%。
本申请一些实施方式中,其中,所述正极活性材料包括改性或未改性的磷
酸铁锂。
本申请一些实施方式中,其中,所述正极活性材料的长径比在(1-10/7):1的范围内。
本申请实施例第二方面提供了一种正极,包括本申请实施例第一方面提供的前述正极活性材料。由于带有本申请实施例提供的正极活性材料,该正极可实现较高的压实密度,并且,还可以实现较优的电化学性能。
本申请实施例第三方面提供了一种二次电池,包括负极、本申请实施例第三方面提供的正极,以及位于上述正极与负极之间的电解质,该二次电池可实现较高的能量密度,且可同时兼具较优的电化学性能表现。
本申请实施例第四方面提供了一种用电设备,包括本申请第四方面实施例提供的二次电池。由于采用本申请实施例提供的二次电池进行供电,该用电设备具有较好的市场竞争力。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施方式,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请一实施例提供的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线示意图;
图2为本申请另一实施例提供的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线示意图。
下面将结合本申请实施方式中的附图,对本申请实施方式中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施方式仅仅是本申请一部分实施方式,而不是全部的实施方式。基于本申请中的实施方式,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施方式,都属于本申请保护的范围。
除非另有定义,本申请所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的
技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本申请中在说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本申请。本申请所使用的术语“及/或”包括一个或多个相关的所列项目的任意的和所有的组合。
下面结合附图,对本申请的一些实施方式作详细说明。在不冲突的情况下,下述的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
可以理解地,正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线可灵活反映出正极活性材料的粒度分布情况,例如,D10、D50、D90等参数,上述参数也是业界关注的重点。但根据粒度分布曲线其实可以发现不同正极活性材料的更多的区别,例如,以粒度分布曲线的峰数量来看,可以分为仅含一个峰的单峰材料,含有两个峰的双峰材料,甚至含有三个及以上的峰的多峰材料。业界常根据D10、D50、D90等单一参数管控正极活性材料的粒度,效果较为单一,往往会导致正极活性材料的压实密度不高,或者,无法兼顾正极活性材料的压实密度和电化学性能。
为解决上述问题,申请人经大量理论推导和实验验证,发现正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线中尖锐峰的峰值对应的纵坐标和峰位置、粒度分布宽度等参数都会影响正极活性材料的压实密度,且通过调控上述参数使其满足特定的数学关系时,可以得到兼具较高压实密度和较优电化学性能的正极活性材料。
具体的,本申请实施例提供了一种正极活性材料,请参见图1,正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有第一峰(为了方便描述,下文将该类正极活性材料简称为“单峰材料”),且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10,式(1);
或者,
请参见图2,所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线沿第一方向上依次包括第一峰和第二峰(为了方便描述,下文将该类正极活性材料简称为“多峰材料”),且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10,式(2)。
其中,所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标为粒度,单位为μm;所述粒度分布曲线的纵坐标为体积百分比;所述第一方向为所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标自0指向正无穷的方向;
式(1)和式(2)中,fDfp为所述第一峰的峰值(也即,第一峰的纵坐标
最大值);
式(2)中,Dsp为所述第二峰的峰值对应的粒度以μm为单位的值(也即,第二峰上的纵坐标最大值的点对应的横坐标);fDsp为所述第二峰的峰值(也即,第二峰的纵坐标最大值)。
Dspn=(D90-D10)/D50,Dspn代表粒度分布宽度;Cu=D60/D10,Cu代表正极活性材料的不均匀系数;
fD70为所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线中D70对应的体积百分比;
所述D10、D50、D60、D70、D90分别为所述正极活性材料的累计体积百分数分别达到10%、50%、60%、70%、90%时对应的粒径,单位均为μm。
为了方便描述,下文中将粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰的正极活性材料称为“单峰材料”,单峰材料中的粒度集中度相对较高,不易通过较大粒度的颗粒和较小粒度的颗粒配合得到高压实密度的材料;而多峰材料虽然其自身就具有较大粒度和较小粒度的颗粒配合,相对单峰材料更易实现较高的压实密度,但是业界仍旧期望进一步提升其压实密度且可发挥较优的电化学性能。
虽然增加粒度分布宽度Dspn和/或不均匀系数Cu可增加正极活性材料的压实密度,但由于不同粒径的正极活性材料的锂离子扩散系数不同、颗粒表面电流密度存在差异,故简单地增大Dspn和/或Cu会引起电池极化,也不利于电池容量及其倍率、低温性能。但是仅仅靠上述参数无法精确调控正极活性材料的粒度分布情况,更无法明确其粒度分布曲线,忽略了粒度分布频率最高,对粒度分布影响更大的峰值粒径、D70粒径及其体积占比的影响。而上述参数都会影响正极活性材料的压实密度,甚至对其压实密度和电化学性能的影响是相互交错的,要在兼顾正极活性材料的电化学性能的同时提升其压实密度,仍旧是难点。
经申请人大量研究发现,将单峰材料的fDfp、Cu、Dspn、fD70这些参数建立定量联系,将多峰材料的fDfp、Cu、Dspn、fDsp参数之间建立定量联系,并分别定义出第一粒度指数M1(M1=-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu)以及第二粒度指数M2(M2=-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu),M1和M2可分别反映单峰材料、多峰材料中各粒度因素与材料可实现的压实密度以及电化学性能表现的综合影响,将M1、M2的值分别控制在7-10的范围内,可使得正极活性材料在可实现较高压实密度的同时,还兼顾较好的电化学性能
表现,例如,较高的首次充电容量和首次循环效率。当代入某个具体实施例的值进行计算时,例如,当fDfp=10%、fD70=6%时,则将10%和6%直接代入M1的式子进行计算即可。
示例性地,M1和M2的值可以各自独立地为7.0、7.2、7.5、7.8、8.0、8.2、8.5、8.8、9.0、9.2、9.5、9.8、10.0等,但不限于此。若M1或M2的值过小(小于7),会导致正极活性材料的粒度整体偏小,加工性能较差,且粒度分布集中,极片压实降低;若M1或M2的值过大(大于10),会导致正极活性材料的超大颗粒过多,离子扩散路径增长,容量下降,且颗粒流动性变差,导致压实降低。
需要说明的是,本申请实施例中,上述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线采用激光粒度仪测试得到,故,D10、D50、D60、D70、D90等参数也均由激光粒度仪测试得到。可以理解地,(D70/μm)是指D70除以单位μm得到的数值。
本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性材料包括但不限于改性或未改性的磷酸铁锂。在一些具体实施方式中,改性的磷酸铁锂包括但不限于掺杂改性的磷酸铁锂,例如,Li1-aAaFe1-xMx(P1-yEy)O4,0≤a<1,0≤x<1,0≤y<1,且x、y、a不同时为0;其中,A包括但不限于Na、K等碱金属元素中的至少一种;M元素选自过渡金属元素中的至少一种,E元素包括但不限于B、Si或S等元素中的至少一种。在一些具体实施方式中,改性的磷酸铁锂还可以是表面具有包覆层的磷酸铁锂,示例性地,包覆层的材料包括但不限于导电碳材料、快离子导体材料等。在一些具体实施例中,改性的磷酸铁锂包括具有包覆层的掺杂改性的磷酸铁锂。上述改性或未改性的磷酸铁锂材料可以采用固相法制得,也可以是由液相法合成制得的。
本申请一些实施方式中,1%≤fDfp≤20%。上述情况对单峰材料和多峰材料均适用。对于单峰材料来说,控制fDfp在上述范围内,可减小因正极活性材料的粒径集中度较高而导致压实密度减小风险;对于多峰材料来说,控制fDfp在上述范围内,不会较多地挤占其他峰的体积百分比(例如第二峰的体积百分比fDsp),利于得到压实密度较高的正极活性材料。示例性地,fDfp的值可以但不限于为1%、2%、5%、8%、10%、12%、15%、18%、20%等。在一些具体实施例中,1%≤fDfp≤11%。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.1≤Dfp≤1,Dfp为所述第一峰的峰值对应的粒
度以μm为单位的值(也即,第一峰上的纵坐标最大值的点对应的横坐标)。可以理解地,目前正极极片的生产更多采用的是湿法工艺,也即,先将正极活性材料与其他物质(例如,导电剂、粘结剂)分散在分散介质中得到正极浆料,再将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体的表面。而控制0.1≤Dfp≤1,不论是对于单峰材料还是多峰材料,都可将后续正极浆料的粘度控制在合适的范围内,从而提升正极浆料的制程能力;同时,还利于控制正极活性材料中活性离子的扩散路径较短,并且,比表面积较为合适,正极活性材料的电化学反应活性较为合适,利于材料容量的充分释放,特别是当电池在低温大倍率放电时,颗粒与颗粒之间的接触电阻较小,从而利于电池的低温性能和倍率性能,还利于电池在低温下的倍率性能。此外,还可减小正极活性材料颗粒发生团聚的风险。示例性地,Dfp可以但不限于为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0等。在一些具体实施例中,1%≤fDfp≤20%,且,0.1≤Dfp≤1。更优选的,1%≤fDfp≤11%,且,0.1≤Dfp≤1。
本申请一些实施方式中,Dspn≤5。在正极活性材料的M1或M2的值在7-10的范围内的情况下,进一步控制正极活性材料的粒度分布宽度Dspn≤5,利于均衡正极活性材料在充放电循环过程中不同颗粒的表面电流密度,降低电池极化的风险,利于电池性能的发挥。具体的,Dspn的值可以但不限于为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0等。
本申请一些实施方式中,1.5≤Cu≤6。如此,对于单峰材料和多峰材料来说,正极活性材料既有一定的不均匀度,又可有效减小正极活性材料缺失中间粒径出现不连续级配的风险,易于实现较高的压实密度。示例性地,Cu的值可以但不限于为1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5、4、4.5、5、5.5、6等。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.1μm≤D10≤0.8μm。D10对单峰材料和多峰材料均适用。调控D10的值,可同时影响Dspn和Cu的取值,对M1和M2的影响较大;控制D10在上述范围内,在满足本申请实施例对M1和M2的限定的同时,可调控Dspn和Cu以进一步提升正极活性材料的压实密度和电化学性能,还利于减小正极活性材料团聚的风险。示例性地,正极活性材料的D10可以但不限于为0.1μm、0.2μm、0.3μm、0.4μm、0.5μm、0.6μm、0.7μm、0.8μm等。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.3μm≤D50≤3μm。D50对单峰材料和多峰材料均适用。如此,利于将正极活性材料的Dspn控制在合适的范围内;此外,D50
是影响正极活性材料制浆性能的关键参数,通过调控D50也利于提升正极浆料的制程能力。示例性地,正极活性材料的D50可以但不限于为0.3μm、0.5μm、0.8μm、1.0μm、1.2μm、1.5μm、1.8μm、2.0μm、2.2μm、2.5μm、2.8μm、3.0μm等。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.4μm≤D60≤8μm。D60对单峰材料和多峰材料均适用。调控正极活性材料的D60,可与D10配合,调控Cu的值,进而更利于正极活性材料的性能的均衡。示例性地,正极活性材料的D60可以但不限于为0.4μm、0.5μm、0.8μm、1.0μm、1.2μm、1.5μm、1.8μm、2.0μm、2.2μm、2.5μm、2.8μm、3.0μm、3.2μm、3.5μm、3.8μm、4.0μm、5.0μm、6.0μm、7.0μm、8.0μm等。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.6μm≤D90≤12μm。控制D90在上述范围内,能够与正极活性材料(包括单峰材料和多峰材料)的D10、D50适配,从而调控正极活性材料的粒径分布宽度Dspn更合适,利于提升正极活性材料的综合表现。除此之外,可避免正极材料中出现超大颗粒的风险,避免锂离子扩散路径增长导致容量发挥降低,也避免了循环过程中超大颗粒开裂,新表面暴露与电解液发送副反应,降低循环容量。示例性地,正极活性材料的D90可以但不限于为0.6μm、0.8μm、1.0μm、1.5μm、2.0μm、2.5μm、3.0μm、3.5μm、4.0μm、4.5μm、5.0μm、5.5μm、6.0μm、6.5μm、7.0μm、7.5μm、8.0μm、8.5μm、9.0μm、9.5μm、10.0μm、10.5μm、11.0μm、11.5μm、12.0μm等。
本申请一些实施方式中,对于单峰材料来说,0<fD70≤20%。也即,粒度分布曲线仅有一个尖锐峰的正极活性材料的D70在粒度分布曲线中对应的体积百分比大于0且小于或等于20%。如此,利于提升材料的压实密度。在一些具体实施例中,1%≤fD70≤20%。进一步地,1%≤fD70≤8%。示例性地,正极活性材料的fD70可以但不限于为1%、2%、5%、8%、10%、12%、15%、18%、20%等。还需要说明的是,虽然多峰材料也可测出fD70,但对于多峰材料来说,关注fDsp即可。
本申请一些实施方式中,0.5μm≤D70≤10μm。对于单峰材料来说,控制累积70%体积百分数的正极活性材料颗粒的粒径在上述范围内,可有效减小活性离子在正极活性材料颗粒内的路径长度,并适当增加其比表面积,从而可提升最终电池的倍率性能和低温性能,包括低温下的倍率性能;同时,也利于材
料容量的释放。示例性地,正极活性材料的D70可以但不限于为0.5μm、1.0μm、1.5μm、2.0μm、2.5μm、3.0μm、3.5μm、4.0μm、4.5μm、5.0μm、5.5μm、6.0μm、6.5μm、7.0μm、7.5μm、8.0μm、8.5μm、9.0μm、9.5μm、10.0μm等。在一些具体实施例中,0<fD70≤20%,且,0.5μm≤D70≤10μm。更优选的,1%≤fD70≤8%,且,0.5μm≤D70≤10μm。还需要说明的是,虽然多峰材料也具有D70,但是,对于多峰材料来说,Dsp对其最终的电化学性能的影响更大,多峰材料可以不关注其D70。
本申请一些实施方式中,对于多峰材料,尤其是双峰材料来说,0%<fDsp≤20%。将fDsp控制在上述范围内,不会过多地挤占fDfp,并且可将M2的值控制在7-10的范围内的同时尽可能地提升正极活性材料的压实密度。在一些具体实施例中,1%≤fDsp≤20%。进一步地,1%≤fDsp≤8%。示例性地,fDsp的值可以但不限于为1%、2%、5%、8%、10%、12%、15%、18%、20%等。
本申请一些实施方式中,对于多峰材料,尤其是双峰材料来说,0.5≤Dsp≤10。将正极活性材料将第二峰的峰值粒度控制在上述范围内,可有效减小正极活性材料颗粒团聚的风险,活性离子的扩散路径也较短,比表面积较合适,既可减小正极活性材料颗粒与电解液发生副反应的风险,又可以使得颗粒与颗粒之间的具有合适数量的接触点,从而利于材料容量的发挥,提升电池首效,还利于电池的低温和倍率性能。示例性地,Dsp可以但不限于为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0、9.5、10.0等。在一些具体实施例中,0.5≤Dsp≤10,且,0<fDsp≤20%。更优选的,0.5≤Dsp≤10,且,1≤fDsp≤8%。
本申请一些实施方式中,上述多峰材料为双峰材料,也即,正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有沿第一方向依次排布的第一峰和第二峰。
本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性材料的长径比在(1-10/7):1的范围内。也即,正极活性材料颗粒的长度为L,径向长度(短边尺寸)为d,1≤L/d/≤10/7。如此,正极活性材料更易实现密堆,且可在保证正极活性材料的粒度的情况下,保证正极活性材料的比表面积较为合适,从而利于提升正极活性材料的首次循环保持率。示例性地,正极活性材料的L/d可以为1:1、1.1:1、1.2:1、1.3:1、1.4:1、1.42:1、1.428:1等。本申请实施例中,可采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)测定正极活性材料的L/d,具体的,通过离子切割,
切割得到正极活性材料层或者正极活性材料颗粒的截面,拍摄SEM照片,对SEM照片中颗粒截面进行统计,计算得到。
本申请实施例中,还可以按照正极活性材料颗粒的截面圆形度来替代长径比来表征正极活性材料的上述形貌,0.74≤正极活性材料的截面圆形度≤1。具体的,截面圆形度=正极活性材料颗粒截面的同面积等效圆直径/截面的最长边尺寸。同样可以采用SEM测定正极活性材料颗粒的截面圆形度。示例性地,正极活性材料颗粒的截面圆形度可以但不限于0.74、0.75、0.80、0.85、0.90、0.95、1.00等。
依照本申请实施例提供的正极活性材料,相应地,还可以提供一种正极活性材料颗粒的制备方法,包括:
提供正极活性材料,混合,所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有第一峰,且所述正极活性材料的fDfp、fD70、D70、Dspn以及Cu的数值满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10,或者,
所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线沿第一方向上依次包括第一峰和第二峰,且所述正极活性材料的fDfp、fDsp、Dsp、Dspn以及Cu的数值满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10。
上述制备方法对调控正极活性材料的压实密度和电化学性能数据具有指导性意义,具体的,本领域普通技术人员可根据本申请实施例提供的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线模型(M1、M2)混合不同的正极活性材料,通过模型确定原料的挑选以及混合比例。
可以理解地,为了提升正极活性材料的综合性能,或者,为了得到满足上述粒度分布限定的正极活性材料,往往需要混合不同的正极活性原颗粒;具体的,不同的正极活性颗粒为粒度分布不同的材料,其余特征不作为“两种材料是否属于同一种正极活性材料”的区别特征。
本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性材料中包括两种或两种以上的正极活性颗粒,为了方便叙述,将不同的正极活性材料称为第一正极活性材料、第二正极活性材料,第N正极活性材料(N为大于或等于3的正整数),且,各正极活性颗粒的粒度分布不同:
S01、分别测试N种正极活性颗粒的粒度分布曲线,并预测混合后材料的各粒度的体积百分占比,例如,对于各正极活性颗粒来说,粒度为a1μm的颗
粒的体积百分占比分别为b11、b12、……、b1n,粒度为a2μm的颗粒的体积百分占比为b21、b22、……、b2n,粒度为an的颗粒的体积百分占比分别为bn1、bn2、……、bnn,以此类推。那么,以混合后正极活性材料的总体积为基准,第一正极活性材料、第二正极活性材料,第N正极活性材料的体积占比分别为x1、x2、……、xn,则有,混合后粒度为a1μm的颗粒的体积百分占比为b1’=a1×b11+a1×b12+……+a1×b2n;混合后粒度为a2μm的颗粒的体积百分占比为b2’=a2×b21+a2×b22+……+a2×b2n、……、混合后粒度为anμm的颗粒的体积百分占比为bn’=an×bn1+an×bn2+……+an×bnn;
S02、根据上述预测的混合后材料的各粒度的体积百分占比,绘制预测的粒度分布曲线,并对上述粒度分布曲线进行分析,计算M1或M2,调控x1、x2、……、xn,以使7≤M1≤10,或者,7≤M2≤10,确定最终的x1、x2、……、xn,并根据上述各体积占比混合各正极活性颗粒,得到正极活性材料。
本申请一些实施方式中,调整各正极活性颗粒的体积百分占比x1、x2、……、xn,以使M1或M2无限趋近于10,此时,可进一步提升最终正极活性材料的压实密度。
上述制备方法简单易行,生产效率高,适合工业化大规模生产。此外,上述制备方法可以用于快速判断正极活性颗粒的混合比例是否能够制得高压实密度和较好电化学性能的正极活性材料,大幅节省工业生产的时间和成本,极具指导意义。
本申请实施例中,混合两种或两种以上的正极活性颗粒时,每一种正极活性颗粒无需各自满足7≤M1≤10,或者,7≤M2≤10,只要最终混合得到的正极活性材料满足7≤M1≤10,或者,7≤M2≤10即可。
本申请一些实施方式中,正极活性颗粒为磷酸铁锂颗粒,且由固相法制得。本申请一些具体实施例中,将锂源、铁源、磷源、碳源混合,烧结,破碎、过筛,得到磷酸铁锂颗粒。其中,锂源包括但不限于碳酸锂、磷酸二氢锂等;铁源包括但不限于无水磷酸铁、草酸亚铁等;磷源包括但不限于无水磷酸铁、磷酸二氢锂等;碳源包括但不限于葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉、聚乙二醇(PEG)、酚醛树脂或其他领域内常用的碳源。
本申请另一些实施方式中,磷酸铁锂颗粒由液相法制得。其中,液相法可以选用自热蒸发工艺或者水热工艺;其中,当采用自热蒸发工艺时,铁源包括
但不限于铁块、硝酸铁或其他领域内常用的铁盐;锂源包括但不限于碳酸锂、氢氧化锂或其他领域内常用的锂盐;磷源包括但不限于磷酸;碳源包括但不限于葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉、聚乙二醇(PEG)、酚醛树脂或其他领域内常用的碳源。当采用水热工艺时,铁源包括但不限于硫酸亚铁或其他领域内常用的亚铁盐;锂源包括但不限于氢氧化锂或其他领域内常用的锂盐;磷源包括但不限于磷酸;碳源包括但不限于葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉、聚乙二醇(PEG)、酚醛树脂或其他领域内常用的碳源。
本申请实施例还提供了一种正极,包括本申请实施例提供的前述正极活性材料。由于带有本申请实施例提供的正极活性材料,该正极可实现较高的压实密度,并且,还可以实现较优的电化学性能,例如,较高的首次放电比容量、较高的首次循环效率。
本申请一些实施方式中,上述正极包括正极集流体和设置在正极集流体至少一侧表面的正极材料层,正极材料层包括本申请实施例提供的正极活性材料、粘结剂以及可选的导电剂。
本申请实施例中,上述正极集流体为正极适用的任意公知的集流体,例如,锂离子电池正极适用的铝箔等。上述粘结剂为领域内公知的,适用于正极的任意公知的粘结剂,例如,聚偏氟乙烯等。上述导电剂为领域内公知的,适用于正极的任意公知的导电剂,例如,super p、石墨烯、碳纳米管等。
本申请实施例还提供了一种二次电池,包括本申请实施例提供的正极。由于带有本申请实施例提供的正极,该二次电池可实现较高的能量密度,且可同时兼具较优的电化学性能表现。
本申请一些实施方式中,上述二次电池包括本申请实施例提供的正极、负极,以及位于上述正极与负极之间的电解质。
本申请一些实施方式中,上述二次电池为锂二次电池。
本申请实施例中,上述二次电池可以为使用液态电解质的液态电池,也可以为使用固态电解质的固态电池,还可以为半固态电池。
本申请实施例中,将二次电池完全放电并拆解,取出正极,将其置于碳酸二甲酯(DMC)中浸泡10min-20min清洗残留的电解质,使用陶瓷刮刀将正极集流体上的正极材料层刮下置于铝盒中,于105℃的真空烘箱中干燥6h-12h,得到干燥粉末样品后,根据GB/T 19077.1《粒度分析激光衍射法》测试正极
活性材料的粒度分布曲线。
本申请实施例还提供了一种用电设备,包括本申请实施例提供的二次电池。由于采用本申请实施例提供的二次电池进行供电,该用电设备具有较好的市场竞争力。
本申请一些实施方式中,上述用电设备包括但不限于车辆、3C类电子产品等。其中,车辆包括但不限于新能源汽车、电动车等。
下面分多个实施例进一步说明本申请技术方案。
实施例1
一种正极活性材料(具体是磷酸铁锂),其粒度分布曲线具有沿第一方向依次排布的第一峰和第二峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=6.03%,fDsp=4.9%,Dfp=0.46,Dsp=1.651,Dspn=2.75,Cu=3.64,D10=0.364μm,D50=0.981μm,D60=1.326μm,D90=3.06μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=9.600。
实施例2
一种正极活性材料(具体是磷酸铁锂),其粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=10.42%,Dfp=0.405,fD70=6.19%,D70=0.675μm,Dspn=2.3,Cu=1.98,D10=0.311μm,D50=0.532μm、D60=0.615μm,D90=1.532μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=8.349。
实施例3
一种正极活性材料,其为实施例1正极活性材料与实施例2正极活性材料按照体积比为9:1混合得到的,实施例3的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线具有沿第一方向依次排布的第一峰和第二峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=5.97%,Dfp=0.405,fDsp=4.75%,Dsp=1.45,Dspn=2.794,Cu=3.583,D10=0.314μm,D50=0.872μm,D60=1.125μm,D90=2.75μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=9.323。
实施例4
一种正极活性材料,其为实施例1正极活性材料与实施例2正极活性材料按照体积比为5:5混合得到的,实施例4的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=7.77%,Dfp=0.357,fD70=3.358%,D70=0.932μm,Dspn=2.746,Cu=3.1535,D10=0.3355,D50=0.820μm,D60=1.058μm,D90=2.585μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=7.390。
实施例5
一种正极活性材料,其为实施例1正极活性材料与实施例2正极活性材料按照体积比为1:9混合得到的,实施例5的正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=9.811%,Dfp=0.314,fD70=5.53%,D70=0.559μm,Dspn=2.72,Cu=2.95,D10=0.3355μm,D50=0.767μm,D60=0.991μm,D90=2.421μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=8.543。
为突出本申请实施例的有益效果,设置以下对比例。
对比例1
一种磷酸铁锂正极活性材料,其粒度分布曲线沿第一方向依次包括第一峰和第二峰,其fDfp=9.65%,fDsp=1.88%,Dsp=3.125,Dspn=5.4,Cu=2.08,D10=0.323μm,D50=0.575μm,D60=0.671μm,D90=3.428μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=11.153。
对比例2
一种磷酸铁锂正极活性材料,其粒度分布曲线沿第一方向依次包括第一峰和第二峰,其fDfp=6.38%,fDsp=4.21%,Dsp=3.55,Dspn=4.74,Cu=4.98,D10=0.388μm,D50=1.06μm,D60=1.931μm,D90=5.412μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=13.716。
对比例3
一种磷酸铁锂正极活性材料,其为对比例1和对比例2按照体积比为5:5
混合得到的,其粒度分布曲线沿第一方向依次包括第一峰和第二峰,其fDfp=8.02%,fDsp=3.01%,Dsp=3.34,Dspn=5.863,Cu=2.61;D10=0.314μm,D50=0.6345μm,D60=0.8195μm,D90=4.034μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=13.075。
对比例4
一种正极活性材料(具体是磷酸铁锂),其粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=7.72%,fD70=7.565%,D70=9.2675μm,Dspn=1.81,Cu=3.41,D10=2.238μm,D50=7.457μm,D60=7.637μm,D90=15.758μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=18.056。
对比例5
一种正极活性材料(具体是磷酸铁锂),其粒度分布曲线仅具有一个峰,具体的:该正极活性材料的fDfp=10.96%,fD70=10.57%,D70=40.146μm,Dspn=1.21,Cu=2.13,D10=16.60μm,D50=34.40μm,D60=35.34μm,D90=58.20μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=50.034。
对比例6
一种磷酸铁锂正极活性材料,其粒度分布曲线沿第一方向依次包括第一峰和第二峰,其fDfp=11.27%,fDsp=7.91%,Dsp=0.594,Dspn=3.68,Cu=1.74;D10=0.30μm,D50=0.50μm,D60=0.52μm,D90=2.14μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=11.180。
对比例7
一种磷酸铁锂正极活性材料,其粒度分布曲线沿第一方向依次包括第一峰和第二峰,其fDfp=5.78%,fDsp=5.14%,Dsp=2.75,Dspn=3.022,Cu=6.61;D10=0.366μm,D50=2.018μm,D60=2.421μm,D90=6.465μm;
-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu=12.126。
其中,上述各实施例和对比例材料的粒度分布曲线根据GB/T 19077.1《粒度分析激光衍射法》测得,结果汇总在上文中。
性能测试
(1)正极的制作,以及,压实密度的测试:将各实施例和对比例的正极活性材料、粘结剂(具体是PVDF)以及导电剂(具体是导电炭黑)按照质量比为90:5:5混合,并分散在溶剂(具体是N-甲基吡咯烷酮)中,混合均匀,得到正极浆料;
将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体(具体是涂碳铝箔)的相对两侧表面(各实施例双面面密度保持一致,为440g/cm3),干燥、切分成4*20cm长条,使用科晶MSK-DPC-B320精密辊压机,辊压35T压力、0.12mm辊缝、1.5m/min走带速度辊压极片样品正反面各1次,在条状极片上取下5个直径为30mm的小圆片,用于测量正极材料层的厚度,计算得到各正极活性材料的压实密度。其中,正极材料的压实密度=(正极圆片重量-30mm直径涂碳铝箔圆片重量)/(30mm正极圆片面积*正极材料层的厚度),结果汇总在表1中。
(2)测试电池的制备:使用冲片机将正极极片裁切成14mm小圆片,在105℃空干燥箱烘烤2h后转移至手套箱中与负极(具体是直径为16mm的锂片)进行装配,注入电解液,使用封口机封口,常温静置12h~24h,制得2016纽扣电池。其中,电解液为含有锂盐(具体是六氟磷酸锂)的有机溶剂,其中,锂盐浓度为1mol/L,有机溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二甲酯和碳酸亚乙烯酯,该有机溶剂中,碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二甲酯的质量比是3:6:1,碳酸亚乙烯酯的质量分数为1%。
(3)电化学性能测试:将上述步骤(2)中制得的各测试电池连接至电池柜中,以0.1C恒流充电至3.8V后,恒压充电至电流≤0.02C,静置10min,再以0.1C恒流放电至2.5V。记录首次充电容量计算电池的首次充电克容量,首次充电克容量=首次充电容量/正极活性材料的质量,首次循环效率=首次放电容量/首次充电容量×100%,结果汇总在表1中。
表1
从表1的数据可以看出,当正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线满足本申请实施例的限定时,正极活性材料在实现高压实密度的同时,还兼具较高的首次充电克容量以及较高的首次循环效率。对比例的正极活性材料不满足本申请实施例的限定,其在正极制程中无法实现高压实密度,将对比例正极在组装到电池中时,虽然首次充电克容量和首次循环效率都较好,但正极活性材料的压实密度低,导致对比例电池的能量密度低,不能满足高续航用电设备的需求。
以上所述是本申请的示例性实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本申请原理的前提下,还可以对其做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也视为本申请的保护范围。
Claims (18)
- 一种正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线仅具有第一峰,且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fD70+(D70/μm)+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10;或者,所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线沿第一方向上依次包括第一峰和第二峰,且所述正极活性材料满足:
7≤-6×fDfp+80×fDsp+Dsp+1.2×Dspn+0.3×Cu≤10;其中,所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标为粒度,单位为μm;所述粒度分布曲线的纵坐标为体积百分比;所述第一方向为所述粒度分布曲线的横坐标自0指向正无穷的方向;fDfp为所述第一峰的峰值;Dsp为所述第二峰的峰值对应的粒度以μm为单位的值;fDsp为所述第二峰的峰值;
Dspn=(D90-D10)/D50,Cu=D60/D10;fD70为所述正极活性材料的粒度分布曲线中D70对应的体积百分比;所述D10、D50、D60、D70、D90分别为所述正极活性材料的累计体积百分数分别达到10%、50%、60%、70%、90%时对应的粒径,单位均为μm。 - 根据权利要求1所述的正极活性材料,其中,1%≤fDfp≤20%;和/或,0.1≤Dfp≤1,Dfp为所述第一峰的峰值对应的粒度以μm为单位的值。
- 根据权利要求2所述的正极活性材料,其中,1%≤fDfp≤11%。
- 根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0<fD70≤20%;和/或,0.5μm≤D70≤10μm。
- 根据权利要求4所述的正极活性材料,其中,1%≤fD70≤8%。
- 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,Dspn≤5。
- 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,1.5≤Cu≤6。
- 根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0.1μm≤D10≤0.8μm。
- 根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0.3μm≤D50≤3μm。
- 根据权利要求1-9任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0.4μm≤D60≤8 μm。
- 根据权利要求1-10任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0.6μm≤D90≤12μm。
- 根据权利要求1-11任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,0.5≤Dsp≤10;和/或,0<fDsp≤20%。
- 根据权利要求12所述的正极活性材料,其中,1%≤fDsp≤8%。
- 根据权利要求1-13任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料包括改性或未改性的磷酸铁锂。
- 根据权利要求1-14任一项所述的正极活性材料,其中,所述正极活性材料的长径比在(1-10/7):1的范围内。
- 一种正极,其中,包括如权利要求1-15任一项所述的正极活性材料。
- 一种二次电池,其中,所述二次电池包括如权利要求16所述的正极。
- 一种用电设备,其中,所述用电设备包括如权利要求14所述的二次电池。
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