Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
  • C10L1/322—Coal-oil suspensions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
  • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/02—Combustion or pyrolysis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a biomass-containing fuel. More specifically, the present invention relates to a biomass-containing fuel that is suitable for use as fuel for diesel engines, boilers, gas turbines, etc., and as a sustainable aviation fuel.
• Patent Document 1 discloses a fuel oil composition comprising (i) a particulate material having at least about 90% by volume of particles having a diameter of about 20 microns or less, and (ii) a liquid fuel oil, the particulate material being present in an amount of at most about 30% by mass based on the total mass, the particulate material being a carbonaceous material, and the particulate material having an ash content of less than 5% by mass.
• Patent Document 2 also discloses a fuel oil composition.
• Patent Document 3 discloses a method for producing charcoal slurry fuel, in which charcoal is mixed with a liquid for slurrying to produce charcoal slurry fuel.
• the present invention was made in consideration of the above-mentioned current situation, and aims to provide a biomass-containing fuel that has excellent combustibility similar to fuels such as heavy oil.
• the inventors conducted various studies on fuels containing biomass, and discovered that a biomass-containing fuel that contains steamed carbonized plant biomass and fuel oil has excellent combustibility, just like fuels such as heavy oil. They came to the conclusion that this could provide a brilliant solution to the above problems, and thus arrived at the present invention.
• the present invention encompasses the following biomass-containing fuels, etc.
• a biomass-containing fuel comprising steamed carbonized plant biomass and fuel oil.
• [5] The biomass-containing fuel according to any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the content of the steamed charcoal of the plant biomass is 10 to 60 mass% relative to 100 mass% of the biomass-containing fuel.
• [6] The biomass-containing fuel according to any one of [1] to [5] above, wherein the biomass-containing fuel has a viscosity of 1000 mPa ⁇ s or less.
• a method for producing a biomass-containing fuel comprising the steps of carbonizing plant biomass by steaming, pulverizing the carbonized material obtained in the carbonization step, and mixing the pulverized material obtained in the pulverization step with fuel oil.
• the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention contains steam-roasted carbonized product of plant biomass and fuel oil.
• the biomass-containing fuel described above has excellent dispersibility and therefore excellent combustibility because it uses a steamed and baked carbonized product of plant biomass.
• the content of the steamed charcoal of plant biomass in the biomass-containing fuel is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 60 mass% relative to 100 mass% of the biomass-containing fuel. This allows the amount of fuel oil used to be reduced more sufficiently, and CO2 emissions to be reduced more effectively.
• the content of the steamed carbonized plant biomass is more preferably 15 to 55 mass%, further preferably 20 to 50 mass%, and particularly preferably 25 to 45 mass%.
• the content of fuel oil in the biomass-containing fuel is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40 to 90% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the biomass-containing fuel. More preferably, it is 45 to 85% by mass, even more preferably 50 to 80% by mass, and particularly preferably 55 to 75% by mass.
• the biomass-containing fuel may contain other components in addition to the steamed carbonized plant biomass and fuel oil.
• the content of the other components is not particularly limited, but is preferably 20% by mass or less relative to 100% by mass of the biomass-containing fuel. More preferably, it is 10% by mass or less, and even more preferably, it is 5% by mass or less.
• the biomass-containing fuel may contain a dispersant as another component, but the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention has excellent dispersibility even when no dispersant is used.
• the content of the dispersant is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 3% by mass or less, relative to 100% by mass of the steamed carbonized plant biomass.
• the biomass-containing fuel preferably has a viscosity of 1000 mPa ⁇ s or less at 25°C. This makes the biomass-containing fuel more excellent in fluidity, and makes it easier to handle and transport.
• the viscosity of the biomass-containing fuel is more preferably 800 mPa ⁇ s or less, even more preferably 600 mPa ⁇ s or less, and particularly preferably 500 mPa ⁇ s or less.
• the viscosity at 25°C is 1000 mPa ⁇ s or more, if it is heated to 80°C and becomes 1000 mPa ⁇ s or less, it can be used without problems if the fuel tank has a heating device.
• the viscosity of the biomass-containing fuel can be measured by the method described in the Examples.
• the biomass-containing fuel may be thixotropic or rheopexic, but is preferably thixotropic.
• the steam-baked carbonized product of plant biomass is not particularly limited as long as it is obtained by carbonizing plant biomass by steam-baking.
• the plant biomass is not particularly limited as long as it is an organic matter derived from a plant, and examples of the plant include woody plants and herbaceous plants.
• woody plants include conifers such as cedar, fir, cypress, Japanese cypress, pine, ginkgo, Japanese kaya, and yew, and broad-leaved trees such as eucalyptus, acacia, white birch, beech, oak, katsura, sawtooth oak, cherry, zelkova, maple, chestnut, oak, paulownia, poplar, teak, and mahogany. Of these, cedar and acacia are preferred.
• herbaceous plants include rice (straw, rice husk), wheat (straw, rice husk), buckwheat (straw, rice husk), sugarcane (bagasse), Erianthus, corn, rapeseed, soybean, palm, reed, bamboo, bamboo, sugar beet, etc.
• sugarcane (bagasse) is preferred.
• the plants in the plant biomass are preferably woody plants, since they contain little ash.
• the steamed carbonized product of plant biomass preferably has an ash content of 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and even more preferably 3% by mass or less.
• the ash content can be measured, for example, in accordance with JIS M8812:2004.
• the steamed carbonized plant biomass preferably has a nitrogen content of 1.0% by mass or less, more preferably 0.7% by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass or less.
• the nitrogen content can be measured, for example, in accordance with JIS M8813:2004.
• the above-mentioned steam-baked carbonized product of plant biomass preferably has a sulfur content of 0.5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.05% by mass or less.
• the sulfur content can be measured, for example, according to JIS M8813:2004.
• the steamed charcoal of the plant biomass preferably has a particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less at 95% or more.
• Plant tissue has a honeycomb structure, and the charcoal has a similar shape. When crushed, the honeycomb structure is broken, and this complex structure has a large influence on the fluidity during dispersion.
• the particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less is 95% or more, the effect of the complex structure of the plant tissue is eliminated, and the fluidity of the charcoal when dispersed is further improved. This makes the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention easier to handle and transport.
• the steamed carbonized plant biomass preferably contains particles having a particle size of 50 ⁇ m or less in an amount of 95% or more, and more preferably contains particles having a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less in an amount of 95% or more.
• the particle size of the steam-baked carbonized product of the above-mentioned plant biomass can be measured and the ratio thereof can be calculated by the method described in the Examples.
• the steamed charcoal of plant biomass is obtained by steaming the raw plant biomass.
• the charcoal obtained by this is in a semi-carbonized state and has excellent crushability.
• the steamed charcoal of plant biomass is preferably produced by carrying out a process of carbonizing the plant biomass by steaming.
• the temperature of the steaming is not particularly limited, but is preferably 250 to 550°C. If the steaming temperature is 250°C or higher, carbonization proceeds efficiently and productivity is excellent, and if it is 550°C or lower, the yield of the carbonized product is further improved.
• the steaming temperature is within the above range, the molecular weight of the volatile component obtained in the process of carbonizing the plant biomass is in a suitable range, and the obtained volatile component can also be suitably used as a fuel or the like.
• the steaming temperature is within the above range, hydrophobic components remain on the surface of the obtained carbonized product, which improves the wettability with respect to fuel oil and is thought to contribute to the dispersibility of the carbonized product in the biomass-containing fuel.
• the steaming temperature is more preferably 250 to 500°C, further preferably 260 to 450°C, even more preferably 300 to 430°C, and particularly preferably 350 to 400°C. Preferred conditions for the step of carbonizing the plant biomass by steaming will be described later in the process for producing a biomass-containing fuel.
• the fuel oil contained in the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is an oil that can be used as a fuel, but in the case of fossil fuels, it is preferably a highly distilled product derived from crude oil. More preferably, it is a liquid fuel oil such as light oil, heavy oil, kerosene, naphtha, gasoline, and jet fuel oil, and even more preferably, it is light oil, heavy oil, and kerosene. Examples of heavy oil include heavy oil A, heavy oil B, and heavy oil C. In addition, the fuel oil may contain bioalcohol and/or biodiesel.
• the bioalcohol is a biomass-derived alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, and butanol obtained by fermenting sugars with bacteria
• the biodiesel is a biodiesel fuel oil obtained by processing oils and fats obtained from vegetable oils, seaweed, and the like.
• the volatile components during the main steaming are collected and cooled, and the fuel oil may also contain components that can become fuel, and their modified products.
• the viscosity of the fuel oil is not particularly limited, but is preferably 500 mPa ⁇ s or less, more preferably 300 mPa ⁇ s or less, even more preferably 100 mPa ⁇ s or less, and particularly preferably 50 mPa ⁇ s or less.
• the viscosity of the fuel oil can be measured in the same manner as the viscosity of the biomass-containing fuel.
• the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention may contain other components in addition to the steam-roasted carbonized product of plant biomass and fuel oil.
• the other components are not particularly limited, but examples thereof include stabilizers, separation reducing agents, thickeners, viscosity reducers, biofuels, dispersants, ignition agents, cetane number improvers, lubricants, and the like.
• the stabilizer is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include polyalkylene oxide adducts of alcohols. Among these, polyalkylene oxide adducts of glycerin are preferred.
• the thickener is not particularly limited, but examples include polymeric materials such as polysaccharides, polyacrylamides, polyalkylene oxides, polyacrylic acids and their salts, acrylic polymers, and polyvinyl alcohol.
• the above-mentioned dispersants are not particularly limited, but examples thereof include (i) polyalkylarylsulfonate-based dispersants such as naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensates; melamine formalin resin sulfonate-based dispersants such as melamine sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensates; aromatic aminosulfonate-based dispersants such as aminoarylsulfonic acid-phenol-formaldehyde condensates; lignin sulfonate-based dispersants such as lignin sulfonates and modified lignin sulfonates; polystyrene sulfonate-based dispersants; various sulfonic acid-based dispersants having sulfonic acid groups in the molecule such as nonylphenylol sulfonate; (ii) polyalkylene glycol mono(meth)acrylic acid ester-
• the weight average molecular weight of the dispersant is not particularly limited, but is preferably from 100 to 1,000,000, more preferably from 200 to 500,000, and even more preferably from 300 to 100,000.
• the weight average molecular weight of the dispersant can be measured by GPC.
• the method for producing the biomass-containing fuel of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to produce the biomass-containing fuel by carrying out a step of carbonizing the plant biomass by steaming, a step of pulverizing the carbonized product obtained in the carbonization step, and a step of mixing the pulverized product obtained in the pulverization step with fuel oil.
• a method for producing a biomass-containing fuel including a step of carbonizing the plant biomass by steaming, a step of pulverizing the carbonized product obtained in the carbonization step, and a step of mixing the pulverized product obtained in the pulverization step with fuel oil is also one aspect of the present invention.
• the carbonization process is not particularly limited as long as the plant biomass is carbonized by steaming, but the steaming temperature is preferably 250 to 550°C. More preferably, it is 250 to 500°C, even more preferably 260 to 450°C, even more preferably 300 to 430°C, and particularly preferably 350 to 400°C.
• the pressure in the system during the carbonization step is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 100 atm. More preferably, it is 0.5 to 10 atm, even more preferably 1 to 5 atm, and particularly preferably 1 to 3 atm.
• the oxygen concentration in the system during the carbonization process is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 5%. More preferably, it is 0 to 3%, and even more preferably, it is 0 to 1%.
• the steaming time in the carbonization process is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 minutes to 3 hours. More preferably, it is 5 minutes to 1 hour.
• the equipment for carrying out the carbonization process is not particularly limited, but examples include horizontal moving bed reactors such as mesh belt type continuous calciners, tunnel kilns, and rotary kilns; twin-screw extruders, etc.
• the pulverization step is not particularly limited as long as it pulverizes the carbonized material obtained in the carbonization step, and may be wet pulverization or dry pulverization.
• the pulverizer used in the pulverizing step is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a hammer mill, a ball mill, a tube mill, a rod mill, a jet mill, and a bead mill.
• the mixing step is not particularly limited as long as the pulverized material obtained in the pulverization step is mixed with the fuel oil, but it is preferable to disperse the pulverized material in the fuel oil by stirring or ultrasonic waves.
• a stirrer such as a disperser, homogenizer, line mixer, static mixer, or an ultrasonic disperser, etc.
• fuel oil may be charged into the pulverizer in the latter half of the pulverization to perform dispersion simultaneously with pulverization.
• the atmosphere in the above mixing step is not particularly limited, and may be an air atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere, but it is preferable to carry out the mixing step while introducing an inert gas such as nitrogen.
• the mixing step is preferably carried out in an explosion-proof facility.
• the method for producing a biomass-containing fuel of the present invention it is preferable to carry out a step of drying the raw plant biomass prior to the carbonization step.
• the drying step is not particularly limited as long as it dries the raw plant biomass, but it is preferable to dry it until the moisture content is 25% or less.
• a step of filtering the composition obtained in the mixing step may be carried out. It is preferable to use a wire mesh of 50 to 300 mesh for the filtering step.
• ⁇ Method of measuring particle size The pulverized biomass carbonized material was added to a 10% aqueous solution of naphthalenesulfonic acid-formalin condensate so that the concentration was 10%, and the dispersion was dispersed for 15 minutes using an ultrasonic disperser. The dispersed particle size distribution of this was measured using a laser diffraction/scattering type particle size distribution measuring device (LA-950V2, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.).
• a combustion test device (FIA100) was used as a test device conforming to IP541/06, a combustion characteristic test method, and high-temperature, high-pressure (20 bar, 450°C) air was created in a combustion chamber of a fixed volume, simulating the combustion chamber of a diesel engine, and the test fuel was injected into the air and burned.
• a test was conducted to obtain information on combustion (ignition delay time, main combustion delay, maximum heat generation position, end of main combustion, end of combustion, main combustion period, total combustion period, heat generation rate, total heat generation amount, estimated cetane number, etc.) from the pressure change in the combustion chamber.
• the estimated cetane number was calculated using a calibration curve prepared in advance using two standard fuels with known cetane numbers. In order to make the spray characteristics uniform, the fuel samples were heated to a kinematic viscosity of approximately 20 cSt before use, and the fuel samples were injected and burned 10 times to obtain data. Table 1 shows the main combustion period, total combustion period, average estimated cetane number, and standard deviation of ignition delay time.
• Example 1 The cedar was crushed to 15 mm or less and dried to a moisture content of 15% or less.
• the chips were steamed at 1.5 revolutions per minute, an internal temperature of 400 ° C, and atmospheric pressure using a rotary kiln with a body length of 3.5 m, an inclination angle of 4 degrees, and a baffle plate installed inside. The operation was adjusted so that it took about 30 minutes from loading to discharge, and cedar charcoal was obtained.
• the obtained charcoal was coarsely crushed using a commercially available hammer mill (manufactured by LabNext, RT-34), and then a commercially available fine grinder was used to obtain a charcoal-pulverized product with an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m.
• Kerosene was charged into a kettle, and a small amount of nitrogen was continuously introduced into the kettle while stirring. Carbonized material crushed to an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was slowly added in an amount to give a concentration of 30%, and the mixture was stirred for another hour. After stirring, the mixture was filtered through a 200 mesh wire screen to obtain a cedar BOM (Biomass Oil Mixture). A fuel ignition and flammability test was carried out on a composition (biomass-containing fuel, 15% char) obtained by adding 100 g of diesel to 100 g of cedar BOM. The results are shown in Table 1.
• Example 2 A carbonized pulverized material having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that bagasse was used as the plant biomass, and then a BOM of the bagasse was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
• a fuel ignition and flammability test was carried out on a composition (biomass-containing fuel, 20% char) obtained by adding 50 g of diesel to 100 g of bagasse BOM. The results are shown in Table 1.
• Example 3 Heavy oil A was charged into the kettle, and a small amount of nitrogen was continuously introduced into the kettle while stirring.
• Cedar carbonized material crushed to an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m was slowly added in an amount to give a concentration of 30%, and after addition, the mixture was stirred for another hour. After stirring, the mixture was filtered through a 200 mesh wire screen to obtain a cedar BOM (Biomass Oil Mixture). The viscosity was 335 mPa ⁇ s. This was used to conduct a fuel ignition and flammability test. The results are shown in Table 1.
• Example 4 Heavy oil A was charged into the kettle, and a small amount of nitrogen was continuously introduced into the kettle while stirring. Bagasse charcoal crushed to an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m in an amount to give a concentration of 30% was slowly added, and after addition, the mixture was stirred for another hour. After stirring, the mixture was filtered through a 200 mesh wire screen to obtain a bagasse BOM (Biomass Oil Mixture). The viscosity was 556 mPa ⁇ s. This was used to conduct a fuel ignition and flammability test. The results are shown in Table 1.

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