WO2024253463A2 - 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024253463A2 WO2024253463A2 PCT/KR2024/007815 KR2024007815W WO2024253463A2 WO 2024253463 A2 WO2024253463 A2 WO 2024253463A2 KR 2024007815 W KR2024007815 W KR 2024007815W WO 2024253463 A2 WO2024253463 A2 WO 2024253463A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery, and more particularly, to a lithium secondary battery having improved safety during thermal runaway.
- batteries in the form of modules and/or packs equipped with multiple secondary battery cells are used. If one secondary battery cell in such a battery module and/or pack ignites or explodes due to internal or external factors, a thermal runway propagation phenomenon occurs in which heat, flames, and high-pressure gas are transmitted to adjacent cells, causing a chain reaction of explosions in adjacent cells, resulting in a major safety problem.
- the present invention is intended to solve the above problems, and to provide a lithium secondary battery that has a low heat transfer rate during thermal runaway and can be stably operated at high voltage to realize high energy density.
- the present invention is a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material; and an electrolyte, wherein the lithium secondary battery has a nominal voltage of 3.68 V or more,
- a lithium secondary battery is provided, wherein the V T expressed by the following formula (1) is 4 Ah/sec or less, preferably 1 to 4 Ah/sec, more preferably 2 to 4 Ah/sec, as measured by stacking the four lithium secondary batteries, which are fully charged to 4.35 V, and then manufacturing a test module.
- V T C total / t
- the C total is the total discharge capacity of the test module
- the t is the time taken from the time when the voltage of the lithium secondary battery placed at the outermost part of the test module becomes 0 after heating and igniting one lithium secondary battery placed at the outermost part of the test module until the voltage of all lithium secondary batteries in the test module becomes 0.
- the total discharge capacity of the test module is the value obtained by measuring the discharge capacity by CC-CV charging each lithium secondary battery in the test module at 0.33C at 25°C in a voltage range of 2.5 V to 4.35 V, and then CC discharging them.
- the lithium secondary battery in the test module may have a size of 100 mm in width and 300 mm in length.
- heating of the lithium secondary battery can be performed by attaching a mica heater measuring 260 mm x 90 mm and connected to a PID controller (Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller) to the lithium secondary battery and heating it with an output of 300 W.
- PID controller Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller
- the positive electrode active material may include a single particle type lithium nickel-based oxide having a Ni content of 70 mol% or less, in an amount of 50 wt% or more, preferably 70 wt% or more, and more preferably 90% to 100% of the total positive electrode active material. More preferably, the positive electrode active material may be composed of a single particle type lithium nickel-based oxide having a Ni content of 70 mol% or less.
- the above single particle lithium nickel-based oxide may include 30 or fewer nodules, and the average particle size of the nodules may be 0.8 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m.
- the above single particle lithium nickel oxide may be represented by the following [chemical formula 1].
- M1 includes one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo, and -0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1, 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.2.
- the above single particle lithium nickel-based oxide may further include a coating layer on its surface including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo.
- the negative electrode active material may be composed of a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode comprises: a negative current collector; a first negative active material layer formed on the negative current collector and including a first negative active material; and a second negative active material layer formed on the first negative active material layer and including a second negative active material, wherein the first negative active material and the second negative active material may be made of carbon-based negative active materials, and the first negative active material and the second negative active material may be natural graphite, artificial graphite, or a combination thereof.
- the weight ratio of the artificial graphite to the total weight of the negative active material in the second negative active material layer may be higher than the weight ratio of the artificial graphite to the total weight of the negative active material in the first negative active material layer.
- the above electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt, and the content W I of the imide-based lithium salt among the total lithium salt may satisfy the following equation (2).
- a is the molar % of Ni among the total metal excluding lithium of the positive electrode active material.
- W LiFSI When the content of LiN(CF3SO2)2 among the total lithium salts contained in the electrolyte, W LiFSI , satisfies the above range, the propagation of flame and/or heat to neighboring cells can be minimized during thermal runaway.
- the electrolyte weight per unit capacity of the above lithium secondary battery may be 1.0 g/Ah to 3.0 g/Ah.
- the above lithium secondary battery may have a charge cut-off voltage of 4.35 V or higher, preferably 4.35 V to 5 V, more preferably 4.35 V to 4.5 V.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has excellent thermal runaway safety since the heat transfer rate V T is low, 4 Ah/sec or less, and thus even if thermal runaway occurs in one unit cell, there is little spread of flame and/or heat to neighboring cells.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can realize high energy density because the nominal voltage is as high as 3.68 V or higher.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be operated at a high voltage of 4.35 V or higher and can achieve high capacity even when applying a cathode active material with a relatively low nickel content.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has excellent thermal runaway safety, when manufacturing a module using the same, there is no need to use a large amount of refractory insulating material, so that a relatively high energy density per same volume can be realized.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be designed to use a single particle type positive electrode active material having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less, preferably 50 to 70 mol%, as a positive electrode active material, and a carbon-based negative electrode active material as a negative electrode active material.
- a single particle type positive electrode active material having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less, preferably 50 to 70 mol%, as a positive electrode active material, and a carbon-based negative electrode active material as a negative electrode active material.
- a single particle type positive electrode active material having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less, preferably 50 to 70 mol%, as a positive electrode active material, and a carbon-based negative electrode active material as a negative electrode active material.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be designed so that the electrolyte weight per unit capacity is 1.0 g/Ah to 3.0 g/Ah, and when the electrolyte weight is satisfied, the electrolyte can be prevented from acting as fuel during thermal runaway and an increase in explosion pressure can be suppressed.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention minimizes heat transfer to neighboring cells during thermal runaway by controlling the content of an imide-based lithium salt in the electrolyte according to the Ni content of the cathode active material.
- Figure 1 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of a single-particle cathode active material.
- Figure 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of a pseudo-single particle positive electrode active material.
- Figure 3 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of a secondary particle positive electrode active material.
- the term "single-particle type" refers to a particle composed of 30 or fewer nodules, and is a concept including a single particle composed of one nodule and a pseudo-single particle which is a composite of 2 to 30 nodules.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a scanning electron microscope image of a single-particle type positive electrode active material
- Fig. 2 illustrates a scanning electron microscope image of a pseudo-single-particle type positive electrode active material.
- nodule is a sub-particle unit that constitutes a single particle and a pseudo-single particle, and may be a single crystal without a crystalline grain boundary, or a polycrystal that has no apparent grain boundary when observed under a field of view of 5,000 to 20,000 times using a scanning electron microscope.
- secondary particle means a particle formed by agglomeration of a plurality of primary particles, for example, tens to hundreds of primary particles. Specifically, the secondary particle may be an aggregate of more than 30 primary particles.
- Fig. 3 illustrates a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles.
- particle is a concept including any one or all of a single particle, a quasi-single particle, a primary particle, a nodule, and a secondary particle.
- the average particle diameter (D mean ) of nodules or primary particles means an arithmetic mean value calculated after measuring the particle diameters of nodules or primary particles observed in a scanning electron microscope image.
- the "average particle diameter D 50" means a particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation amount of the volume accumulation particle size distribution of the target powder, and can be measured using a laser diffraction method.
- the target powder is dispersed in a dispersion medium, and then introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (e.g., Microtrac MT 3000), and ultrasonic waves of about 28 kHz are irradiated at an output of 60 W, and then a volume accumulation particle size distribution graph is obtained, and then the particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation amount is measured.
- a laser diffraction particle size measuring device e.g., Microtrac MT 3000
- “loading amount (mAh/cm 2 ) can be measured as follows.
- the electrode to be measured is punched out to a unit area size, and its weight W1 is measured. Then, the weight W2 of the electrode current collector in the punched electrode is measured, and the weight W of the electrode active material layer is calculated using the following mathematical equation 1.
- the weight of the electrode active material layer W is multiplied by the weight ratio of the electrode active material to the total weight of the electrode active material layer to calculate the weight Wa of the electrode active material per unit area, and the loading amount can be calculated by multiplying Wa by the specific capacity (unit: mAh) of the corresponding electrode active material.
- “porosity (%)” can be calculated as 1 - (electrode density / electrode true density).
- the present inventors have conducted repeated studies to develop a lithium secondary battery having high energy density and excellent safety, and as a result, have found that when a lithium secondary battery is designed such that a heat transfer rate measured in a test module manufactured by stacking four lithium secondary batteries in a fully charged state satisfies a specific condition, even if thermal runaway occurs in a unit cell in a module and/or pack state, the propagation of thermal runaway to neighboring cells can be minimized, and high energy density can be implemented, thereby completing the present invention.
- a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material; and an electrolyte, wherein the lithium secondary battery has a nominal voltage of 3.68 V or higher, and a V T expressed by the following formula (1), measured after manufacturing a test module by stacking four of the lithium secondary batteries fully charged by charging to 4.35 V, is 4 Ah/sec or lower, preferably 1 to 4 Ah/sec, more preferably 2 to 4 Ah/sec.
- V T C total / t
- the C total is the total discharge capacity of the test module
- the t is the time taken from the time when the voltage of the lithium secondary battery placed at the outermost end of the test module becomes 0 after heating and igniting one lithium secondary battery placed at the outermost end of the test module until the voltage of all lithium secondary batteries in the test module becomes 0.
- the above t represents the time taken for the thermal runaway occurring in the outermost unit cell to propagate to all unit cells in the test cell.
- the total discharge capacity of the test module is the sum of the discharge capacities measured by charging and discharging each lithium secondary battery in the test module at 0.33C at 25°C in a voltage range of 2.5 V to 4.35 V.
- V T is a value that represents the heat transfer speed during thermal runaway, which is the value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity of the entire test module by the time it takes for thermal runaway to propagate throughout the test module.
- the lithium secondary battery in the test module may have a size of 100 mm in width and 300 mm in length.
- heating of the lithium secondary battery can be performed by attaching a mica heater measuring 260 mm x 90 mm and connected to a PID controller (Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller) to the lithium secondary battery and heating it with an output of 300 W.
- PID controller Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller
- the V T is affected by the discharge capacity of the lithium secondary battery, the cathode design (e.g., the type of cathode active material, the cathode composition and loading amount, etc.), the anode design (e.g., the type of anode active material, the anode composition and loading amount, etc.) and/or the electrolyte design (e.g., the electrolyte content, the type and content of lithium salt, the type of additive, etc.).
- the cathode design e.g., the type of cathode active material, the cathode composition and loading amount, etc.
- the anode design e.g., the type of anode active material, the anode composition and loading amount, etc.
- the electrolyte design e.g., the electrolyte content, the type and content of lithium salt, the type of additive, etc.
- the V T increases.
- the V T also increases when the capacity of the lithium secondary battery increases or the amount of electroly
- the lithium secondary battery may have a nominal voltage of 3.68 V or higher, preferably 3.68 V to 3.80 V, and more preferably 3.69 V to 3.75 V.
- the nominal voltage refers to an average voltage value during discharge of the lithium secondary battery. Since the energy density of the lithium secondary battery is calculated by the product of the average voltage and the average current during discharge, the energy density increases when the nominal voltage is high.
- the nominal voltage of a conventional lithium secondary battery using lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide as a cathode active material was at the level of 3.6 V, but in the present invention, the charge cut-off voltage is increased to make the nominal voltage 3.68 V or higher, thereby enabling high energy density to be implemented.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may have an energy density of 500 Wh/L or higher, preferably 500 Wh/L to 800 Wh/L.
- the lithium secondary battery has a charge cut-off voltage (full charge voltage) of 4.35 V or higher, preferably 4.35 V to 5 V, and more preferably 4.35 V to 4.5 V.
- a charge cut-off voltage full charge voltage
- the capacity of the active material increases, and the nominal voltage increases, so that high energy density can be realized.
- the charge cut-off voltage increases, the capacity expressed in the positive electrode active material increases.
- the charge cut-off voltage increases, side reactions with the electrolyte increase during charge and discharge, and the structural collapse of the positive electrode active material rapidly occurs, so that the life characteristics rapidly deteriorate.
- a lithium secondary battery comprises: a cathode including a cathode active material; a cathode including a cathode active material; a cathode including a cathode active material; a cathode including a cathode active material; and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode active material may comprise a single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content of 70 mol% or more among all metals excluding lithium, at 50 wt% or more of the total cathode active material.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention comprises a cathode including a cathode active material.
- the cathode comprises a cathode current collector, a cathode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the cathode current collector, and the cathode active material layer comprises a cathode active material.
- the cathode active material layer may further comprise a cathode conductive material and a cathode binder in addition to the cathode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is conductive and does not cause a chemical change in the battery, and for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, sintered carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc. may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and fine unevenness may be formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven fabric, etc.
- the positive electrode active material may include a single particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a Ni content of 70 mol% or less, preferably 50 mol% to 70 mol%.
- single-particle lithium nickel-based oxides have a smaller number of nodules constituting the particles, which reduces the interface within the particles and thus reduces the contact area with the electrolyte, so the side reaction with the electrolyte is less than that of secondary particles, and accordingly, the amount of gas generated is significantly less. Therefore, when single-particle lithium nickel-based oxides are applied as positive electrode active materials, the explosion pressure decreases during thermal runaway, and thus the heat transfer speed also decreases. However, even when single particle lithium nickel oxide is applied, if the nickel content in the lithium nickel oxide is high, the reduction in gas generation is small, and accordingly, the effect of reducing the explosion pressure and heat transfer speed during thermal runaway is reduced.
- the structural stability at high voltage is higher than that of lithium nickel-based oxides having a high nickel content or a secondary particle form, so that the degradation of life characteristics during high-voltage operation can be minimized.
- the nickel content in the lithium nickel-based oxide increases, the amount of highly reactive Ni +4 ions increases, which reduces the structural stability of the positive electrode active material during charge and discharge, causing positive electrode degradation to occur rapidly. This phenomenon becomes more severe during high-voltage operation. Therefore, in the present invention, by applying a lithium nickel-based oxide having a low Ni content of 70 mol% or less, the degradation of life due to active material degradation during high-voltage operation can be suppressed.
- the Ni content of the lithium nickel-based oxide is preferably about 50 mol% to 70 mol%.
- the single particle lithium nickel-based oxide may be a lithium transition metal oxide containing nickel, manganese and cobalt, and may be, for example, represented by the following [chemical formula 1].
- M 1 may include one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo.
- the M 1 element may include one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, and Y, and more preferably, it may include two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, and Y.
- the above 1+x represents the lithium molar ratio in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and can be -0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.1, or 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.07.
- 1+x satisfies the above range, a stable layered crystal structure can be formed.
- the above a represents the molar ratio of nickel among the total metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.7, 0.55 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.7, or 0.55 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.65.
- a satisfies the above range, it can be stably operated at high voltage to implement high capacity, and the explosion pressure is reduced during thermal runaway, so that thermal runaway safety is excellent.
- the above b represents the molar ratio of cobalt among all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0.05 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.4, or 0.1 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.4.
- the above c represents the molar ratio of manganese among all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5, 0.05 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4, or 0.1 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4.
- the above d represents the molar ratio of the M 1 element among the total metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.1, or 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.1.
- the structural stability and capacity of the positive electrode active material may both be excellent.
- the single particle lithium nickel-based oxide may further include a coating layer on its surface including one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo.
- the coating layer may include two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, and Mo, and more preferably, may include two or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, and W.
- the single particle lithium nickel-based oxide contains 30 or fewer nodules, preferably 1 to 25 nodules, and more preferably 1 to 15 nodules.
- the number of nodules constituting the lithium nickel-based oxide exceeds 30, particle breakage increases during electrode manufacture, and internal cracks occur more due to volume expansion/contraction of the nodules during charge/discharge, which may deteriorate the high-temperature life characteristics and the high-temperature storage characteristics improvement effect.
- the average particle size of the nodules may be 0.8 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m, preferably 0.8 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, and more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m to 3.0 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the nodules means a value obtained by measuring the particle sizes of nodules observed in an SEM image obtained by analyzing the positive active material powder with a scanning electron microscope, and then calculating the arithmetic mean of the measured values.
- the lithium nickel-based oxide may have a D 50 of 2.0 ⁇ m to 10.0 ⁇ m, preferably 2.0 ⁇ m to 8.0 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is preferably about 3.0 ⁇ m to 7.0 ⁇ m. If the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based oxide is too small, the processability during electrode manufacturing is deteriorated, the electrolyte impregnation property is deteriorated, and the electrochemical properties may increase, and if the D 50 is too large, there is a problem that the resistance increases and the output characteristics deteriorate.
- the single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less may be included in an amount of more than 50 wt%, preferably 55 wt% or more, more preferably 60 wt% or more, even more preferably 70 wt% or more, and still more preferably 100 wt%, of the total positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer.
- the proportion of the single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less of the total weight of the positive electrode active material satisfies the above range, excellent thermal runaway safety is exhibited.
- the above-described positive electrode active material layer may include a portion of a positive electrode active material other than a single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content of 70 mol% or less, i.e., a lithium nickel-based oxide in the form of secondary particles and/or a single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content exceeding 70 mol%.
- a lithium nickel-based oxide in the form of secondary particles and/or a single-particle lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content exceeding 70 mol% if the proportion of the secondary particles and/or the lithium nickel-based oxide having a nickel content exceeding 70 mol% is 50 wt% or more of the entire positive electrode active material, the effect of improving thermal runaway safety is minimal, which is not preferable.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80 wt% to 98 wt%, preferably 90 wt% to 98 wt%, and more preferably 93 wt% to 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the content of the positive electrode active material satisfies the above range, excellent energy density can be realized.
- the positive electrode conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the positive electrode, and in the battery to be formed, as long as it does not cause a chemical change and has electronic conductivity, it can be used without special restrictions.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube; metal powder or metal fiber such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and the like, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode conductive material may be included in an amount of typically 0.1 to 10 wt%, preferably 0.5 to 8 wt%, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode binder serves to improve the adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and the adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector.
- Specific examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, or various copolymers thereof, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-co-HFP vinyli
- the above positive electrode binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 10 wt%, preferably 1 to 8 wt%, and more preferably 1 to 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the above positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured by mixing a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, and/or a positive electrode conductive material in a solvent to manufacture a positive electrode slurry, applying the positive electrode slurry onto a positive electrode current collector, and then drying and rolling, or by casting the positive electrode slurry onto a separate support, and then peeling the film from the support and laminating the obtained film onto a positive electrode current collector.
- solvents generally used in the art can be used as the solvent of the positive electrode slurry, and examples thereof include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, water, etc., which can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, and binder, taking into account the coating thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity during subsequent coating for manufacturing the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode according to the present invention may have a loading amount of 0.5 to 10 mAh/cm 2 , preferably 2 to 8 mAh/cm 2 , and more preferably 2.5 to 6 mAh/cm 2 .
- the thermal runaway safety and capacity characteristics are more excellent.
- the anode may have a porosity of 10% to 50%, preferably 15% to 45%, and more preferably 15% to 30%.
- the anode porosity satisfies the above range, the electrolyte impregnation property is improved, so that better capacity characteristics can be realized.
- a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention comprises an anode including an anode active material.
- the anode comprises an anode current collector, an anode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the anode current collector, and the anode active material layer comprises an anode active material.
- the anode active material layer may further comprise an anode conductive material and an anode binder in addition to the anode active material.
- the above negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing a chemical change in the battery, and for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., an aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector can typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and, like the positive electrode current collector, fine unevenness can be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding strength of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, and a non-woven fabric.
- the negative electrode active material may be composed of a carbon-based negative electrode active material
- the carbon-based negative electrode active material may include, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, amorphous carbon, soft carbon, hard carbon, or a combination thereof.
- the carbon-based negative electrode active material may include natural graphite and artificial graphite, and in this case, the weight ratio of the natural graphite: artificial graphite may be 1:9 to 9:1, preferably 2:8 to 8:2.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention not include Si-based negative electrode active materials as negative electrode active materials.
- the above carbon-based negative electrode active material may have an average particle diameter D50 of 2 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the above negative active material may be included in an amount of 80 wt% to 98 wt%, preferably 90 wt% to 98 wt%, and more preferably 93 wt% to 98 wt%, based on the total weight of the negative active material layer.
- excellent energy density can be realized.
- the negative electrode conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the negative electrode, and in the battery to be formed, as long as it does not cause a chemical change and has electronic conductivity, it can be used without any special restrictions.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube; metal powder or metal fiber such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and the like, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the above negative electrode conductive material may be included in an amount of typically 0.1 to 10 wt%, preferably 0.25 to 8 wt%, and more preferably 0.25 to 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the above negative electrode binder serves to improve the adhesion between negative electrode active material particles and the adhesive strength between the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector.
- Specific examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, or various copolymers thereof, and one of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-co-HFP poly
- the above negative electrode binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 10 wt%, preferably 1 to 8 wt%, and more preferably 1 to 5 wt%, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode active material layer may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure of two or more layers.
- the negative electrode may include a first negative electrode active material layer formed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector and including a first negative electrode active material; and a second negative electrode active material layer formed on the first negative electrode active material layer and including a second negative electrode active material.
- the first negative electrode active material and the second negative electrode active material may be made of a carbon-based negative electrode active material, and may be, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, or a combination thereof.
- each layer may have different types and/or contents of the negative electrode active material, binder, and/or conductive agent.
- the weight ratio of natural graphite to the total weight of the negative electrode active material in the first negative electrode active material layer may be formed to be higher than the weight ratio of natural graphite to the total weight of the negative electrode active material in the second negative electrode active material layer (upper layer), and the weight ratio of artificial graphite to the total weight of the negative electrode active material in the second negative electrode active material layer may be formed to be higher than the weight ratio of artificial graphite to the total weight of the negative electrode active material in the first negative electrode active material layer.
- the weight ratio of the conductive material to the total weight of the second negative electrode active material layer (upper layer) may be formed to be higher than the weight ratio of the conductive material to the total weight of the first negative electrode active material layer (upper layer).
- the performance characteristics of the battery can be improved. For example, if the first negative electrode active material layer has a high proportion of natural graphite and the second negative electrode active material layer has a high proportion of artificial graphite, the effect of reducing the heat transfer rate during thermal runaway can be further improved.
- the above negative electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional negative electrode manufacturing method.
- the negative electrode can be manufactured by mixing a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode binder, and/or a negative electrode conductive material in a solvent to manufacture a negative electrode slurry, applying the negative electrode slurry onto a negative electrode current collector, and then drying and rolling, or by casting the negative electrode slurry onto a separate support, and then peeling the film from the support and laminating the obtained film onto a negative electrode current collector.
- solvents generally used in the art can be used as solvents for the negative electrode slurry, and examples thereof include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone, water, etc., which can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- acetone water, etc.
- the amount of the solvent used is sufficient to dissolve or disperse the negative electrode active material, conductive material, and binder, taking into account the coating thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity that can exhibit excellent thickness uniformity when applied thereafter for manufacturing the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode according to the present invention may have a loading amount of 0.5 to 10 mAh/cm 2 , preferably 2 to 8 mAh/cm 2 , and more preferably 2.5 to 6.5 mAh/cm 2 .
- the thermal runaway safety and capacity characteristics are more excellent.
- the cathode may have a porosity of 15% to 50%, preferably 20% to 40%, and more preferably 20% to 35%. When the cathode porosity satisfies the above range, more excellent capacity characteristics can be realized.
- the above electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent any solvent that can act as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move may be used without particular limitation.
- the organic solvent may include ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene;
- solvents that can be used include carbonate solvents, such as dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC); alcohol solvents, such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles, such as R-CN (wherein R represents a C2 to C
- a carbonate solvent is preferable, and a mixture of a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) having high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant capable of improving the charge/discharge performance of the battery and a low-viscosity linear carbonate compound (e.g., ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate, etc.) is more preferable.
- a cyclic carbonate e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- a low-viscosity linear carbonate compound e.g., ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate, etc.
- the above lithium salt may be used without any particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium salt may include at least one selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 (LiFSI), LiCl, LiI, and LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 .
- the lithium salt may include a phosphate lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , an imide lithium salt such as LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , or a combination thereof.
- the content of the imide lithium salt in the total weight of the lithium salt may be appropriately controlled depending on the Ni content in the positive electrode active material, and specifically, it is preferable that the content W I of the imide lithium salt in the total weight of the lithium salt satisfies the following formula (2).
- a is the molar % of Ni among the total metal excluding lithium of the positive electrode active material, and a may be 70 or less, preferably 50 to 70, and more preferably 55 to 70.
- the concentration of the lithium salt within the range of 0.1 to 3.0 M, preferably 0.1 to 2.0 M, and more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 M.
- the electrolyte can exhibit excellent electrolyte performance because it has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte may additionally contain additives for the purposes of improving the life characteristics of the battery, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving the discharge capacity of the battery.
- the additives include various additives used in the art, such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), ethylene sulfate (ESa), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO 2 F 2 ), lithium bisoxalato borate (LiBOB), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium difluorooxalato borate (LiDFOB), lithium difluorobisoxalatophosphate (LiDFBP), lithium tetrafluorooxalato phosphate (LiTFOP), lithium methyl sulfate (LiMS), lithium ethyl sulfate (LiES), propane sultone (PS), propene sultone (PRS),
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- the electrolyte may be included in an amount of 1.0 g/Ah to 3.0 g/Ah, preferably 1.5 g/Ah to 2.5 g/Ah, and more preferably 1.8 g/Ah to 2.5 g/Ah per unit capacity of the lithium secondary battery. If the amount of electrolyte per unit capacity is too large, the electrolyte may act as fuel during thermal runaway, which may increase the explosion pressure and cause rapid heat transfer. On the other hand, if the amount of electrolyte per unit capacity is too small, the electrolyte may be rapidly consumed during the activation and battery operation processes, which may deteriorate the life characteristics.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may further include a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, if necessary.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move.
- Any separator commonly used in lithium secondary batteries may be used without particular limitation, and particularly, one having low resistance to ion movement of the electrolyte and excellent electrolyte moisture retention capacity is preferable.
- a porous polymer film for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, and an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or a laminated structure of two or more layers thereof may be used.
- a conventional porous nonwoven fabric for example, a nonwoven fabric made of high-melting-point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc. may also be used.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymeric materials may be used to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be usefully applied to portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, and digital cameras, and electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can be operated at high voltage to realize high energy density, and has excellent safety in the event of thermal runaway, so it can be particularly usefully used in the electric vehicle field.
- a battery module including a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention as a unit cell and a battery pack including a plurality of battery modules are provided.
- a battery pack comprising a plurality of lithium secondary batteries according to the present invention as unit cells.
- the battery pack may not include a battery module.
- the present invention provides a pack cell assembly.
- the battery module may include 10 to 50, preferably 16 to 36, unit cells.
- the battery pack may include 10 to 1,000, preferably 10 to 500 unit cells.
- the above battery module or battery pack can be used as a power source for one or more medium- to large-sized devices, including power tools; electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); or power storage systems.
- electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); or power storage systems.
- EVs electric vehicles
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- Cathode active material Cathode conductive material: PVDF binder were mixed in a weight ratio of 97: 1: 2 in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a cathode slurry. At this time, 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.56 Co 0.12 Mn 0.32 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 4.0 ⁇ m was used as the cathode active material, and carbon nanotubes were used as the cathode conductive material.
- the above cathode slurry was applied onto an aluminum current collector sheet, dried, and then rolled to manufacture a cathode having a loading of 4.0 mAh/cm 2 and a porosity of 25%.
- Negative active material Negative conductive material: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR): Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were mixed in a weight ratio of 96: 1: 2: 1 in water to prepare a negative slurry. At this time, graphite was used as the negative active material and carbon black was used as the negative conductive material.
- SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber
- CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
- a cathode slurry was applied onto a copper current collector sheet, dried, and then rolled to produce a cathode having a loading of 4.5 mAh/cm 2 and a porosity of 30%.
- An electrode assembly was manufactured by interposing a separator between the positive and negative electrodes manufactured as described above, and the electrode assembly was inserted into a battery case, and then an electrolyte was injected so that the amount of electrolyte per unit capacity became 2.0 g/Ah, thereby manufacturing a lithium secondary battery cell.
- the electrolyte was an electrolyte manufactured by dissolving a lithium salt (LiPF 6 100 wt%) in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) in a volume ratio of 3:7 so as to have a concentration of 1.0 M.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.60 Co 0.10 Mn 0.30 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.7 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.70 Co 0.10 Mn 0.20 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.6 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiPF 6 :LiFSI was mixed in a weight ratio of 60:40 as a lithium salt when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2, except that LiPF 6 :LiFSI was mixed in a weight ratio of 60:40 as a lithium salt when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that LiPF 6 :LiFSI was mixed in a weight ratio of 80:20 as a lithium salt when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of secondary particle-type Li[Ni 0.85 Co 0.06 Mn 0.08 Al 0.01 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 8.6 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.86 Co 0.05 Mn 0.08 Al 0.01 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.6 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material.
- a positive electrode, an anode, and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.86 Co 0.05 Mn 0.08 Al 0.01 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.6 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material, and a 95:5 weight ratio of graphite:SiO was used as the negative active material.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 100% of single-particle Li[Ni 0.93 Co 0.05 Mn 0.01 Al 0.01 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.3 ⁇ m was used as the positive active material.
- a positive electrode, an anode, and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that single-particle Li[Ni 0.60 Co 0.10 Mn 0.30 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.7 ⁇ m and secondary particle Li[Ni 0.80 Co 0.10 Mn 0.10 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 8.6 ⁇ m were mixed and used in a weight ratio of 5:5.
- a positive electrode, an anode, and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that single-particle Li[Ni 0.70 Co 0.10 Mn 0.20 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.6 ⁇ m and secondary particle Li[Ni 0.70 Co 0.10 Mn 0.20 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 7.8 ⁇ m were mixed and used in a weight ratio of 5:5.
- a positive electrode, an anode, and a lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that single-particle Li[Ni 0.70 Co 0.10 Mn 0.20 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 3.6 ⁇ m and secondary-particle Li[Ni 0.70 Co 0.10 Mn 0.20 ]O 2 with a D 50 of 7.8 ⁇ m were mixed and used in a weight ratio of 25:75.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that graphite:SiO was used as the negative electrode active material in a weight ratio of 95:5.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 2, except that graphite:SiO was used as the negative electrode active material in a weight ratio of 95:5.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that graphite:SiO was used as the negative electrode active material in a weight ratio of 95:5.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiPF 6 :LiFSI was mixed in a weight ratio of 50:50 as a lithium salt when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- a positive electrode, negative electrode, and lithium secondary battery were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 3, except that LiPF 6 :LiFSI was used as a lithium salt in a weight ratio of 70:30 when manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- the discharge capacity (C) of each lithium secondary battery cell manufactured in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 12 was measured by charging and discharging at 0.33C in a voltage range of 2.5 V to 4.35 V. Then, four lithium secondary battery cells of each Example and Comparative Example were stacked to manufacture a test module. The total discharge capacity C total of the test module was calculated as 4C.
- the time taken from the point when the voltage of the lithium secondary battery placed at the outermost end became 0 until the voltages of all lithium secondary batteries within the test module became 0 was measured. At this time, the voltage of each lithium secondary battery was measured using a data logger.
- Each of the lithium secondary battery cells manufactured in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 12 was laminated in groups of 16 to manufacture a battery module. Then, the unit cell arranged at the outermost part of each battery module was heated by a heating device, and the time from the time a flame occurred until the battery module burned down was measured.
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Abstract
Description
| 단위셀 용량 C(Ah) | 테스트 모듈 용량 (Ah) | t (sec) | VT(Ah/sec) | |
| 실시예 1 | 41 | 164 | 54.30 | 3.02 |
| 실시예 2 | 41 | 164 | 53.77 | 3.05 |
| 실시예 3 | 41 | 164 | 51.41 | 3.19 |
| 실시예 4 | 41 | 164 | 42.38 | 3.87 |
| 실시예 5 | 41 | 164 | 41.88 | 3.92 |
| 실시예 6 | 41 | 164 | 41.56 | 3.95 |
| 비교예 1 | 41 | 164 | 33.20 | 4.94 |
| 비교예 2 | 41 | 164 | 35.96 | 4.56 |
| 비교예 3 | 41 | 164 | 21.13 | 7.76 |
| 비교예 4 | 41 | 164 | 19.36 | 8.47 |
| 비교예 5 | 41 | 164 | 34.97 | 4.69 |
| 비교예 6 | 41 | 164 | 40.24 | 4.08 |
| 비교예 7 | 41 | 164 | 39.86 | 4.11 |
| 비교예 8 | 41 | 164 | 38.33 | 4.28 |
| 비교예 9 | 41 | 164 | 37.78 | 4.34 |
| 비교예 10 | 41 | 164 | 36.70 | 4.47 |
| 비교예 11 | 41 | 164 | 39.61 | 4.14 |
| 비교예 12 | 41 | 164 | 39.23 | 4.18 |
| 전소 시간(sec) | |
| 실시예 1 | 464 |
| 실시예 2 | 452 |
| 실시예 3 | 416 |
| 실시예 4 | 398 |
| 실시예 5 | 396 |
| 실시예 6 | 387 |
| 비교예 1 | 225 |
| 비교예 2 | 268 |
| 비교예 3 | 132 |
| 비교예 4 | 107 |
| 비교예 5 | 240 |
| 비교예 6 | 348 |
| 비교예 7 | 337 |
| 비교예 8 | 314 |
| 비교예 9 | 312 |
| 비교예 10 | 283 |
| 비교예 11 | 332 |
| 비교예 12 | 326 |
Claims (19)
- 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극; 음극 활물질을 포함하는 음극; 및 전해질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지이며,상기 리튬 이차 전지는 공칭 전압이 3.68V 이상이며,4.35V까지 충전하여 만충전된 상기 리튬 이차 전지를 4개 적층하여 테스트 모듈을 제조한 후 측정한 하기 식 (1)로 표시되는 VT가 4Ah/sec 이하인 리튬 이차 전지.식 (1): VT = Ctotal/ t상기 식 (1)에서, 상기 Ctotal는 상기 테스트 모듈의 총 방전 용량이며, 상기 t는 상기 테스트 모듈의 최외각에 배치된 리튬 이차 전지 1개를 가열하여 발화시킨 후, 상기 최외각에 배치된 리튬 이차 전지의 전압이 0이 되는 시점부터 상기 테스트 모듈 내의 모든 리튬 이차 전지의 전압이 0이 되는데 까지 걸리는 시간임.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질은 Ni 함유량이 70몰% 이하인 단입자형 리튬 니켈계 산화물을 전체 양극 활물질 중 50중량% 초과로 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 양극 활물질은 Ni 함유량이 70몰% 이하인 단입자형 리튬 니켈계 산화물로 이루어진 것인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 단입자형 리튬 니켈계 산화물은 30개 이하의 노듈을 포함하고,상기 노듈의 평균 입경이 0.8㎛ 내지 4.0㎛인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 단입자형 리튬 니켈계 산화물은 하기 [화학식 1]로 표시되는 것인 리튬 이차 전지.[화학식 1]Li1+x[NiaCobMncM1 d]O2상기 [화학식 1]에서, M1은 Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, 및 Mo로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 원소를 포함하고, -0.1≤x≤0.1, 0.5≤a≤0.7, 0<b<0.5, 0<c<0.5, 0≤d≤0.2임.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 단입자형 리튬 니켈계 산화물은 그 표면에 Ti, Mg, Al, Zr, Y, Ba, Ca, Sr, W, Ta, Nb, 및 Mo로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 원소를 포함하는 코팅층을 더 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질은 탄소계 음극 활물질로 이루어진 것인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 음극은 음극 집전체; 상기 음극 집전체 상에 형성되고, 제1음극 활물질을 포함하는 제1음극 활물질층; 및 상기 제1음극 활물질층 상에 형성되고, 제2음극 활물질을 포함하는 제2음극 활물질층을 포함하고,상기 제1음극 활물질 및 제2음극 활물질은 탄소계 음극 활물질로 이루어진 것인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제8항에 있어서,상기 제1음극 활물질 및 제2음극 활물질은 천연 흑연, 인조 흑연 또는 이들의 조합인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제9항에 있어서,상기 제2음극 활물질층 내 음극 활물질 총 중량에 대한 인조 흑연의 중량 비율이 제1음극 활물질층 내 음극 활물질 총 중량에 대한 인조 흑연의 중량 비율보다 높은 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 이차 전지의 단위 용량 당 전해질 중량이 1.0g/Ah 내지 3.0g/Ah인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,식 (1)로 표시되는 VT가 1 내지 4Ah/sec인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 이차 전지는 충전 컷오프 전압이 4.35V 이상인 리튬 이차 전지.
- 청구항 1 내지 청구항 14 중 어느 한 항에 따른 리튬 이차 전지를 단위셀로 포함하는 전지 모듈.
- 제15항에 있어서,상기 전지 모듈은 10개 내지 50개의 단위셀을 포함하는 것인 전지 모듈.
- 청구항 1 내지 청구항 14 중 어느 한 항에 따른 리튬 이차 전지를 단위셀로 포함하는 전지 팩.
- 제18항에 있어서,상기 전지 팩은 10개 내지 1,000개의 단위셀을 포함하는 것인 전지 팩.
- 청구항 15의 이차 전지 모듈을 포함하는 전지 팩.
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