WO2024251924A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines gleichspannungswandlers sowie gleichspannungswandler - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines gleichspannungswandlers sowie gleichspannungswandler Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024251924A1 WO2024251924A1 PCT/EP2024/065686 EP2024065686W WO2024251924A1 WO 2024251924 A1 WO2024251924 A1 WO 2024251924A1 EP 2024065686 W EP2024065686 W EP 2024065686W WO 2024251924 A1 WO2024251924 A1 WO 2024251924A1
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- oscillation
- switch
- current
- converter
- switching
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
- H02M1/0054—Transistor switching losses
- H02M1/0058—Transistor switching losses by employing soft switching techniques, i.e. commutation of transistors when applied voltage is zero or when current flow is zero
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating a DC-DC converter, in particular a boost converter, wherein the DC-DC converter is operated in an intermittent mode and has the following:
- At least one controllable switch which is switched according to a periodic switching pattern with a period duration such that the input voltage is converted into the output voltage and the output voltage corresponds to an output voltage setpoint
- At least one electrical variable of the DC-DC converter in particular an electrical voltage drop across the switch and/or a current through the inductance component, at least temporarily exhibits an oscillation which is caused by an excitation of an oscillating circuit formed from the inductance component and a parasitic capacitance.
- the invention relates to a DC-DC converter, in particular a boost converter, comprising:
- control and/or regulating device which is designed to operate the DC-DC converter in an intermittent mode and to switch the switch according to a periodic switching pattern with a period duration such that the input voltage is converted into the output voltage and the output voltage corresponds to an output voltage setpoint, wherein at least one electrical variable of the DC-DC converter, in particular an electrical voltage drop across the switch and/or a current through the inductance component, exhibits an oscillation at least temporarily during operation of the DC-DC converter, which oscillation is caused by an excitation of an oscillating circuit formed from the inductance component and a parasitic capacitance.
- the invention relates to an inverter with a DC-DC converter as described above, in particular a photovoltaic inverter with such a DC-DC converter.
- DC-DC converters are used to convert an electrical input voltage applied to the input side of the DC-DC converter to a higher or lower level on the output side.
- electrical storage elements such as inductance components or capacitance components are periodically charged and discharged with electrical energy with the help of electrical switches, thereby achieving a higher or lower voltage level on the output side, depending on the converter topology.
- DC-DC converters that are based on this functional principle are also referred to as switched DC-DC converters.
- Switches of switched DC-DC converters are buck converters, boost converters and buck-boost converters.
- inductance components are used as storage elements in most switched DC-DC converters. Inductance components counteract current changes after switching operations by releasing stored electrical energy. When electrical energy is released, the voltage at the inductance component is changed, which, depending on the converter topology, is used to increase or decrease the output voltage compared to the input voltage.
- one or more electrical Storage elements mean that a DC-DC converter has an electrical oscillating circuit which is excited by the periodic switching operations of the switch and can therefore influence the electrical variables of the DC-DC converter. This can lead to switching losses or deviations of the output voltage or output current from corresponding target values. Even if only a single storage element is used in a DC-DC converter, an oscillating circuit with parasitic capacitances or parasitic inductance coatings can still be formed which influences the electrical variables of the DC-DC converter. Parasitic capacitances can be formed, for example, by capacitances in the switch, capacitances in windings or in any diode component.
- the oscillations of an excited oscillating circuit influence the electrical variables of a DC-DC converter to varying degrees depending on the converter topology and operating mode.
- One example where the oscillations of an oscillating circuit have a particularly strong impact is the discontinuous operation of a boost converter.
- the electrical current through the inductance component and the electrical voltage drop across the switch begin to oscillate after the switch is opened as soon as the current reaches zero. After the switch is closed, the oscillation of the current stops, but the current through the inductance component then increases to an unknown value due to the previous oscillation and the associated random start value.
- the oscillation of the electrical voltage drop across the switch leads to increased switching losses.
- a flyback converter is known from US 2021/0376734 Al in which a minimum of an oscillation is measured using a detection circuit.
- the switching frequency of the flyback converter is changed and therefore does not remain constant.
- a DC-DC converter is known in which the switching times of two transistors are synchronized in order to avoid switching losses.
- a disadvantage of the devices and methods from the state of the art is that additional sensors have to be used at points with which the excited oscillation of an oscillating circuit can be detected.
- additional sensors are expensive and increase the circuit complexity. The measurement can also only react to current events, which is why the devices and methods known from the state of the art only allow limited regulation or control options.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a DC-DC converter of the type mentioned at the beginning, in which undesirable oscillations of electrical quantities during switching operations can be taken into account and compensated without direct measurement, for example in order to improve the control of the DC-DC converter and/or to minimize switching losses.
- This object is achieved by a method for operating a DC-DC converter according to claim 1 and by a DC-DC converter according to claim 13. An inverter with such a DC-DC converter is specified in claim 14.
- a temporal progression of the oscillation is calculated and the switching pattern is adapted on the basis of the calculated temporal progression of the oscillation, so that at least one switching point in time of the switching pattern coincides with a predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- the oscillation which can be contained in electrical variables of the DC-DC converter, such as the electrical voltage dropped across the switch and/or the electrical current through the inductance component, can be taken into account in the switching operations of the switch and its negative influence can thereby be compensated for.
- the predetermined phase can be selected such that an electrical variable affected by the oscillation assumes predetermined values at at least one switching point in time.
- the switch can be switched when an electrical variable which has the oscillation has a predetermined value.
- the predetermined phase can be selected so that the electric current through the inductance component or the electric voltage dropping across the switch assumes a predetermined value when the switch is opened and/or closed.
- the at least one switching point in time coincides with the predetermined phase.
- the invention can also be described by approximating the at least one switching point in time to the predetermined phase of the invention.
- the oscillation can be assumed to be approximately sinusoidal.
- the predetermined phase of the oscillation can be expressed, for example, by a phase angle and/or an amplitude.
- the phase can be defined, for example, as the argument wt + ⁇ p 0 in the case of a trigonometric function, preferably a cosine or sine function, where w is a frequency, t is a time and ⁇ p 0 is a zero phase angle.
- the oscillation can have a different phase position, which can be taken into account when determining the temporal course of the oscillation and the predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- the predetermined phase can be specified by a control and/or regulating device.
- the at least one switching time of the switching pattern can be adjusted in each period of the switching pattern, i.e. shifted forwards or backwards in time, so that in each period the at least one switching time of the switching pattern coincides with a predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- the at least one switching time can be a switching time for opening or closing the switch. However, it is preferably provided that the at least one switching time is a switching time for opening the switch. However, it is also possible that the at least one switching time is a switching time for closing the switch.
- the temporal progression can be an at least partially future temporal progression that has future values of the oscillation that have not yet occurred at the current time but will occur in the current period.
- the detection of a future temporal progression is not possible with the sensory measurement of an oscillation, as is the case in the prior art.
- the temporal progression can be determined using a mathematical model of the DC-DC converter.
- the mathematical model can map the DC-DC converter or parts of it that are relevant for the purposes of oscillation detection using mathematical equations.
- the mathematical model can in particular contain differential equations and/or solutions for differential equations that describe the energy exchange between the inductance component and the parasitic capacitance.
- the temporal course of the oscillation is preferably determined as a discrete temporal course, preferably with the aid of the control and/or regulating device.
- Parameters for the mathematical model in particular resistance, inductance and capacitance parameters, can, for example, have been calculated, measured and/or empirically determined before application of the method according to the invention, if they are not known, and entered into the mathematical model.
- the temporal course of the oscillation can also contain harmonics.
- harmonics are preferably neglected when determining the temporal course, so that the oscillation only has a first harmonic oscillation with only a single frequency.
- Harmonics can, for example, arise from non-linearities, for example from a non-linear inductance component and non-linear parasitic capacitances. By neglecting the non-linearities, the calculation effort for the temporal course of the oscillation is reduced.
- the oscillation can also only occur temporarily after certain switching operations or events within a period of the switching pattern. Typically, the oscillation occurs at least temporarily in each period of the switching pattern.
- the temporal course of the oscillation can be determined anew in each period of the switch.
- the amplitude, frequency and/or the zero phase position of the oscillation can depend, among other things, on the values of the input voltage, the output voltage and a switching action of the switch.
- the input voltage and/or the output voltage can therefore be measured and taken into account when determining the temporal course, in particular with the aid of the mathematical model, preferably as starting values.
- the oscillation occurs as a result of excitation by a switching action of the switch.
- the parasitic capacitance which can be contained, for example, in the switch, a winding and/or any diode component, forms an oscillating circuit with the inductance component, which is excited by certain frequencies or sudden voltage changes triggered by switching actions of the switch.
- the DC-DC converter according to the invention can, for example, be a step-up converter, a step-down converter or a step-up/step-down converter.
- a DC-DC converter can be operated in a continuous mode or a discontinuous mode. Discontinuous mode is also called intermittent mode. In In discontinuous or intermittent operation, the inductance component is charged and then essentially completely discharged before a new period of the switching pattern begins. Oscillations occur particularly frequently in intermittent operation of the DC-DC converter.
- the input side can have one or more contacts for applying the input voltage.
- the output side can also have one or more contacts for tapping the output voltage.
- the DC-DC converter can be connected to another electrical device, for example an inverter output stage of an inverter.
- the switch is preferably a transistor, in particular an IGBT, MOSFET, SiC transistor, GaN transistor, etc.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- the switching pattern has at least one switching time for opening and at least one switching time for closing the switch per period. By adjusting the at least one switching time, in particular the switching time for opening the switch, the duty cycle is changed at least in one period.
- the switch can be controlled by a control and/or regulating device, for example.
- the inductance component can be a coil or a choke, for example.
- the at least one switching time of the switching pattern is adjusted while maintaining the period duration of the switching pattern.
- the frequency of the switching pattern remains essentially constant and is not influenced by the adjustment of the at least one switching time. Only the duty cycle is changed in order to adjust the switching time.
- the frequency of the switching pattern can be, for example, between 20 kHz and 150 kHz, in particular between 30 kHz and 50 kHz.
- the at least one switching time can be adjusted in each period of the switching pattern.
- the DC-DC converter is operated in an intermittent mode.
- Intermittent mode which is also referred to as discontinuous mode, can be set or selected in particular with small loads on the output side. Intermittent mode can also be selected or set when the power on the input side is low, for example in the morning or evening in a photovoltaic system when there is less sunlight. Intermittent mode can be set in particular with small currents. Intermittent mode is characterized by the fact that the inductance component is charged and then essentially completely discharged before a new period of the switching pattern begins. Oscillations of electrical quantities occur particularly frequently in intermittent mode.
- the oscillation of the electrical quantity can arise in particular due to the intermittent operation of the DC-DC converter.
- the oscillation preferably begins with a zero crossing of the current through the inductance component.
- the oscillation is preferably terminated with the next switching time of the switch, in particular by closing the switch.
- the switching pattern is adapted by temporally shifting a switching point for opening the switch in such a way that the switch is closed in the predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- the oscillation is also temporally shifted and can therefore coincide in the predetermined phase with the time for closing the switch.
- the at least one switching point for closing the switch in the switching pattern remains unchanged in time. The period duration or the frequency of the switching pattern can thus be maintained.
- the current increase in one embodiment of the invention receives a predetermined starting value for the subsequent Current rise.
- the electrical voltage drop across the switch at the switching time for closing the switch has a predetermined value, preferably a minimum value, in particular 0 V, so that the electrical switching losses can be kept low.
- the predetermined phase of the oscillation is essentially identical in every nth period of the switching pattern, where n is a natural number.
- n can be, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.
- an electrical quantity exhibiting the oscillation such as the current through the inductance component or the electrical voltage dropping across the switch, can have an essentially identical value in every period of the switching pattern at the switching time for opening and/or closing the switch.
- the periods in between can have other predetermined phases in order to obtain an average value of the electrical quantity exhibiting the oscillation over several periods of the switching pattern.
- the predetermined phases in the periods in between can also repeat every nth period of the switching pattern.
- the described embodiment of the invention can be particularly advantageous if the predetermined phase relates to the oscillation of the electrical voltage dropping across the switch. In this case, the phase shift between the oscillation of the electrical voltage dropping across the switch and the current through the inductance component can cause the current through the inductance component to assume an undesirable value. To compensate for this, it can be provided to use different predetermined phases for successive periods so that a desired current through the inductance component can be approximated or achieved on average over time.
- the specified phases in the periods of the switching pattern can be offset by an integer multiple of the oscillation period in order to further minimize the switching losses.
- the predetermined phase can be, for example, a zero crossing, a minimum or a maximum of the oscillation.
- other phases of the oscillation can also be used as a predetermined phase.
- the phases mentioned represent characteristic phases of the oscillation which are particularly easy to identify. To avoid electrical switching losses, it is particularly advantageous if the oscillation of the voltage drop across the switch is a minimum or a zero crossing of the oscillation. It is preferred if, in the predetermined phase, the amount of the voltage drop across the switch is at a minimum, so that switching losses are avoided.
- the temporal course of the oscillation is at least a partially future temporal course of the oscillation.
- the temporal course is a completely future temporal course of the oscillation. Future means that values of the oscillation are determined which are only yet to occur - in particular in the current period.
- An at least partially future temporal course can also have values of the oscillation which have already passed, i.e. which have already occurred. New future values can also be continuously added to a partially or completely future temporal course.
- a temporal progression of the oscillation can be determined again in each period of the switching pattern.
- the current values of the input voltage and/or the output voltage can be used, for example.
- the duration of the oscillation over time corresponds at least to the period of the switching pattern.
- a correction value can be determined.
- the correction value can be used to change the switching pattern, in particular its duty cycle.
- the correction value can change the switching pattern in at least one period.
- the correction value can, for example, have the unit seconds and shift the time for opening or closing the switch by the value of the correction value.
- the temporal progression of the oscillation is determined by calculating a temporal progression of the electrical quantity which comprises the oscillation.
- the oscillation can be contained in several electrical quantities of the DC-DC converter, in particular in electrical currents and/or in electrical voltages. It should be noted, however, that the amplitude and/or the phase position of the oscillation can be different in different electrical quantities. For example, an oscillation contained in a voltage can be shifted by a phase shift angle from the same oscillation contained in a current and have a different amplitude.
- the frequency of the oscillation is the same in all electrical quantities.
- the electrical quantity is a current flowing through the inductance component or an electrical voltage dropping across the switch.
- a current exhibiting the oscillation in particular a current through the inductance component, and/or a voltage exhibiting the oscillation, in particular an electrical voltage dropping across the switch, has a predetermined target value.
- the predetermined target value is a minimum value of the voltage, so that any switching losses caused by the switch are kept low.
- a current in particular a current through the inductance component, has a predetermined setpoint value such that the current at the beginning of a subsequent Current rise with a known gradient at a predetermined time, in particular a switching time for closing the switch, assumes a predetermined value.
- the gradient of the current rise can be determined using the measured value of the input voltage and one or more parameter values of the DC-DC converter, such as an inductance parameter value and optionally a resistance value.
- the current through the inductance component and thus also the output current and the output voltage of the DC-DC converter can be specifically adjusted and thus any regulation of the DC-DC converter with regard to the output current can be improved.
- a DC-DC converter of the type mentioned at the outset in which the control and/or regulating device is designed to calculate a temporal course of the oscillation and to adapt the switching pattern on the basis of the calculated temporal course of the oscillation, so that at least one switching point in time of the switching pattern coincides with a predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- the DC-DC converter according to the invention can thus be set up to carry out the method described above for operating a DC-DC converter.
- the features and advantages described above in connection with the method can be transferred to the DC-DC converter according to the invention.
- the control and/or regulating device can be formed by a microprocessor.
- a voltage sensor device can be provided for measuring the input and/or output voltage of the DC-DC converter.
- a current sensor device can be provided for measuring the input and/or output current of the DC-DC converter.
- the output voltage and/or the output current of the DC-DC converter can be regulated in one embodiment of the invention using the control and/or regulating device.
- the DC-DC converter according to the invention can be used in an inverter, in particular in a DC-DC converter for a photovoltaic device. It can be provided that the DC-DC converter converts an input voltage to an output voltage, which is then converted into an AC voltage by an inverter output stage of the inverter. The inverter output stage generates an AC voltage with the aid of electronic switches. The output voltage of the DC-DC converter can thus serve as an input voltage for the inverter output stage.
- Embodiment 1 Method for operating a DC-DC converter, in particular a boost converter, wherein the DC-DC converter has the following:
- At least one controllable switch which is switched according to a periodic switching pattern with a period duration such that the input voltage is converted into the output voltage and the output voltage corresponds to an output voltage setpoint
- At least one electrical variable of the DC-DC converter in particular an electrical voltage drop across the switch and/or a current through the inductance component, at least temporarily exhibits an oscillation which is caused by an excitation of an oscillating circuit formed from the inductance component and a parasitic capacitance, wherein a temporal course of the oscillation is determined, in particular calculated, and the switching pattern is adapted on the basis of the determined temporal course of the oscillation, so that at least one switching point of the switching pattern coincides with a predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- Embodiment 2 Method according to embodiment 1, wherein the at least one switching time of the switching pattern is adapted while maintaining the period duration of the switching pattern.
- Embodiment 3 Method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the DC-DC converter is operated in an intermittent mode.
- Embodiment 4 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the switching pattern is adapted by temporally shifting a switching time for opening the switch such that the switch is closed in the predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- Embodiment 5 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the predetermined phase of the oscillation in every n-th period of the switching pattern is substantially identical, where n is a natural number.
- Embodiment 6 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the predetermined phase is a zero crossing, a minimum or a maximum of the oscillation.
- Embodiment 7 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the temporal course of the oscillation is at least a partially future temporal course of the oscillation.
- Embodiment 8 Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 7, wherein in each period of the switching pattern a time course of the oscillation is determined again.
- Embodiment 9 Method according to embodiment 8, wherein a duration of the temporal course of the oscillation corresponds at least to the period duration of the switching pattern.
- Embodiment 10 Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 9, wherein on the basis of the temporal course of the vibration a correction value is determined with which the switching time of the switching pattern is adjusted, in particular shifted in time.
- Embodiment 11 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the temporal course of the oscillation is determined by calculating a temporal course of the electrical quantity which has the oscillation, preferably wherein the electrical quantity is a current flowing through the inductance component and/or an electrical voltage drop across the switch.
- Embodiment 12 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein in the predetermined phase a current exhibiting the oscillation, in particular a current through the inductance component, and/or a voltage exhibiting the oscillation, in particular an electrical voltage dropping across the switch, has a predetermined target value.
- Embodiment 13 Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein in the predetermined phase a current, in particular a current through the inductance component, has a predetermined target value such that the current assumes a predetermined value at the beginning of a subsequent current increase with a known gradient at a predetermined time, in particular a switching time for closing the switch.
- Embodiment 14 DC-DC converter, in particular a boost converter, comprising:
- control and/or regulating device which is designed to switch the switch according to a periodic switching pattern with a period duration such that the input voltage is converted into the output voltage and the output voltage corresponds to an output voltage setpoint corresponds to, wherein at least one electrical variable of the DC-DC converter, in particular an electrical voltage drop across the switch and/or a current through the inductance component, at least temporarily exhibits an oscillation during operation of the DC-DC converter, which oscillation is caused by excitation of an oscillating circuit formed from the inductance component and a parasitic capacitance, wherein the control and/or regulating device is designed to determine, in particular to calculate, a temporal course of the oscillation and to adapt the switching pattern on the basis of the determined temporal course of the oscillation, so that at least one switching point in time of the switching pattern coincides with a predetermined phase of the oscillation.
- Embodiment 15 Inverter, in particular inverter for a photovoltaic system, with a DC-DC converter, wherein the DC-DC converter is designed according to embodiment 14.
- Fig. 1A a DC-DC converter
- Fig. 1B shows a switching pattern
- Fig. 2 shows a switching pattern (part A), an electrical voltage drop across a switch (part B) and a current through an inductance component (part C);
- Fig. 3 different current increases after closing a switch of the DC-DC converter (part A) and different voltage curves of electrical voltages dropping across the switch of the DC-DC converter (part B);
- Fig. 4 is an illustration of the shift of a switching time for opening the switch in connection with a current through an inductance component; part A shows a current through the inductance component; Part B shows a switching pattern; Part C shows an adjusted current through the inductance component; Part D shows an adjusted switching pattern
- Fig. 5 shows a relationship between an output current and a duty cycle
- Fig. 6 shows a shift of a switching time for opening the switch in connection with an electrical voltage drop across a switch
- Fig. 7 illustrates an embodiment in which only the number of oscillation periods in every n-th switching period is identical.
- Fig . 8 an inverter .
- Fig. 1A shows a DC-DC converter 1 in the form of a boost converter 2 with an input side 3 and an output side 4.
- the input side 3 has contacts 5 for applying an input voltage U E.
- the output side 4 has contacts 5 for tapping an output voltage U A.
- a load (not shown) can be connected to the output side.
- An input current I E flows into the DC-DC converter 1 at the input side 3.
- An output current I A flows out of the DC-DC converter 1 at the output side 4.
- the boost converter 2 is designed to convert the input voltage U E to the output voltage U A which is higher than the input voltage U E.
- the boost converter 2 has a storage element 6 in the form of an inductance component 7, which is designed as a coil 8.
- the inductance component 7 is periodically charged and discharged with electromagnetic energy, whereby the voltage U L dropping across the inductance component 7 and the current I L flowing through the inductance component 7 change and thereby the input voltage U E is converted into the higher output voltage U A
- a current I L through the inductance component 7 corresponds in the simplified case of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1A to the input current I E .
- a diode component 12 is provided in order to prevent the output current I A from flowing back and to enable the inductance component 7 to be charged by the input voltage U E when the switch 9 is closed. As is generally known, this averages the output current I A of the boost converter.
- the switching pattern 10 is predetermined by a control and/or regulating device 13 and has switching times 14 for opening and switching times 15 for closing the switch 9 (see Fig. 1B).
- the switching pattern 10 is a periodic switching pattern 10 with a frequency f between 20 kHz and 150 kHz and a corresponding period length or period T.
- the switching pattern has a duty cycle D which describes the relationship between a switch switch-on time (time span between the switching times 15 and 14) and the period length T.
- the switching pattern 10 is shown in Fig. 1B shown in more detail.
- an oscillating circuit 16 is formed due to parasitic capacitances C P , which can be contained in the switch 9, in a winding and/or the diode component 12, which can be excited by switching operations of the switch 9, as will be shown below.
- the parasitic capacitances C P are shown schematically as capacitors in Fig. 1A.
- the DC-DC converter 1 can be operated in a discontinuous or a non-discontinuous mode. In a discontinuous mode, the inductance component 7 is charged and then substantially completely discharged before a new period of the switching pattern 10 begins.
- the average output voltage U A of a boost converter 2 is as shown in Fig.
- R is any resistance as a load through the following stage (e.g. DC/AC stage), L is the inductance value of the inductance component 7, D is the duty cycle and T is the period duration.
- the output current I A is calculated approximately from
- the ratio of U E /U E is proportional to the ratio I A / I E (in average values over several periods - i.e. in the time range of ms). Assuming that the DC-DC converter 1 has no losses, it is also true that the input power (i.e. I E x U E ) is equal to the output power (I A x U A ).
- Fig. 2 shows related time courses of electrical quantities of the DC-DC converter in intermittent operation in sub-figures A, B and C.
- Partial diagram A shows a time curve of a switching pattern 10 for intermittent operation of the DC-DC converter 1 with switching times 14 for opening and switching times 15 for closing the switch 9 .
- the abscissa describes the time t in ps .
- the ordinate describes a logical voltage level .
- Partial diagram C shows a current I L through the inductance component 7 in intermittent operation of the DC-DC converter 1 .
- the current I L is identical to the input current I E .
- the abscissa describes the time t in ps .
- the ordinate describes a current I L in amperes .
- the current I L through the inductance component 7 decreases essentially linearly and has a zero crossing at t o .
- the current I L exhibits an oscillation 17 , which only ends when the switch 9 is closed at the switching time 15 .
- the current I L through the inductance component 7 begins to increase essentially linearly until the switch 9 is opened again.
- the current I L begins to rise from a different starting value 52 to a different final value 18 at the time of closing the switch 9.
- Partial diagram B shows an electrical voltage U s falling across the switch 9 during intermittent operation of the DC-DC converter 1 .
- the abscissa describes the time t in ps .
- the ordinate describes a voltage U s in volts. It can be seen that the voltage U s jumps to the value of the output voltage U A after the switch 9 is opened (switching time 14 ), remains constant until I L has fallen to zero, and then falls to essentially 0 V.
- the voltage U s then also exhibits an oscillation 17 .
- the oscillation 17 in the voltage U s is shifted by a phase angle of 90 ° to the oscillation 17 in the current I L through the inductance component 7.
- the oscillation 17 ends when the switch 9 is closed. Depending on the phase angle or . Phase cp of the oscillation 17 in the voltage U s, the switch 9 is closed with the voltage U s present at time 15, which causes electrical switching losses.
- Fig. 2 shows that certain electrical quantities, in particular the current I L through the inductance component 7 and the voltage U s dropping across the switch 9, in the discontinuous operation of the DC-DC converter 1 at least intermittently exhibits an oscillation 17.
- the oscillation 17 in the voltage U s is offset from the oscillation 17 in the current I L by a phase angle of essentially 90°.
- the amplitudes of the oscillations 17 are also different.
- the oscillation 17 has the same frequency in both electrical quantities.
- Fig. 3 shows in partial image A the effect of different phases cp of the oscillation 17 when the switch 9 is closed.
- the abscissa describes the time t in s.
- the ordinate describes a current I L in amperes.
- Partial image A shows two phase-shifted currents I Li and I L 2 through the inductance component 7, which exhibit an oscillation 17.
- the oscillation 17 of the currents I L1 , I L2 has different phases cp and thus the currents I L1 , I L2 have different starting values 52, so that the subsequent essentially linear current increases 50 are offset from one another and increase to different end values 18 at the switching time 14 for opening the switch 9.
- the oscillation 17 thus leads to different final values 18 of the current I L through the inductance component 7 and thus to different output currents I A and a resulting different output power or input power.
- Part B in Fig. 3 shows the corresponding curves of two electrical voltages U Si , U S 2 falling across the switch 9, analogous to the situation in part A in Fig. 3.
- the abscissa describes the time t in ps.
- the ordinate describes a voltage U s in volts. It can be seen that at the switching time 15 for closing the switch 9, different voltages are present depending on the phase cp of the oscillation 17. If the voltage U Si or U S 2 is not equal to 0V or higher, this can lead to higher switching losses. It can be seen that at the switching time 15, U Si has a higher voltage (half the peak value) than U S 2 (essentially zero volts). Due to the higher voltage U Si compared to U S 2 , the starting value 52 and the final value 18 of I L1 are also higher than for I L 2 -
- the invention provides for determining, in particular calculating, a temporal profile 19 of the oscillation 17 and adapting the switching pattern 10 on the basis of the determined temporal profile 19 of the oscillation 17 by shifting at least one switching point in time 14, 15 of the switching pattern 10.
- the switching pattern 10 can be adjusted in each period T according to Fig. 4.
- the individual periods T are provided with an index n.
- the switching time 14 for opening the switch 9 and/or the switching time 15 for closing the switch 9 can be shifted forwards or backwards in time.
- the temporal course 19 of the oscillation 17, preferably the oscillation 17 in the voltage U s or in the current I L , can in particular be calculated.
- a mathematical model of the DC-DC converter 1 can be used.
- Such a mathematical model can, for example, contain differential equations or solutions for differential equations that describe the oscillating circuit 16.
- the mathematical model can contain inductance, capacitance and/or resistance parameters of the DC-DC converter 1. The parameters mentioned can, for example, be calculated, estimated or determined empirically if they are not known.
- 19 the oscillation 17, the input voltage U E , the output voltage U A , the input current I E and/or the output current I A are measured and used.
- the input voltage U E and the output voltage U A are used for the calculation.
- the cause of the oscillation 17 is the oscillating circuit 16 consisting of the inductance component 7 and the parasitic capacitance C P .
- the temporal course 19 of the oscillation 17 accordingly has a frequency f swing , which can be calculated using the equation is calculated, where L is the inductance of the inductance component 7 and C is the capacitance of the parasitic capacitance C P and represent boundary conditions.
- the oscillation 17 can be approximated using a sinusoidal oscillation which begins after the current I L through the inductance component 7 has a zero crossing.
- the temporal progression 19 of the oscillation 17 can thus be calculated continuously per period T. This allows the switching pattern 10 to be adapted in the following period T.
- parameters or boundary conditions as well as starting values (such as the duty cycle D, the input voltage U E , the output voltage U A and/or the current I L through the inductance component 7) can be specified to the mathematical model.
- the switching time 14 for opening the switch 9 is shifted forwards or backwards in time.
- the switching time 15 for closing the switch 9 remains unchanged in time. This also allows the frequency f or the period T of the switching pattern 10 to be kept unchanged.
- the oscillation 17 is also shifted in time accordingly, so that it has a different phase cp, in particular the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii, at the time 15 for the next closing of the switch 9.
- the following describes, using an example, how a switching point in time 14 for opening the switch 9 is shifted forwards or backwards in time so that the oscillation 17 has a predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii when the switch is closed and thus the current I L through the inductance component 7 has a predetermined value.
- the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii is set in the area after a low point of the oscillation 17.
- the setting is made, for example, for the purpose of achieving better efficiency (reducing switching losses), improved control or a combination thereof.
- a first step during a period T n, with the aid of the mathematical model of the DC-DC converter 1, it is determined which phase cp, hereinafter also referred to as ⁇ pi st , the oscillation 17 in the current I L has at the switching time 15 of closing the switch 9 at the end of the period T n .
- the temporal profile 19 of the oscillation 17 of the current I L is continuously calculated.
- the oscillation 17 begins after a linear drop and a subsequent zero crossing of the current I L. This is fully shown in the period T n+1 .
- the calculation can be carried out, for example, as a function of U E , U A , the capacitance C P and the inductance L of the inductance component 7.
- the switching time 15 for closing the switch 9 at the end and at the beginning of each period T is known and fixed.
- the period or frequency of an oscillation f swing can be determined from the time course 19 based on the zero crossings and the current direction.
- the phase cp or ⁇ pi st can be determined at the switching time 15 at the end of the period.
- phase ⁇ pi st of the oscillation 17 at the switching time 15 at the end of the period for closing the switch 15 deviates from a predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii , this can be corrected in the next period T n+1 .
- the correction is carried out in such a way that the time 14 for opening the switch 9 is shifted in time with the aid of a correction value K (in Fig. 4 to Fig. 7 (also provided with an index n for the purpose of assignment to the periods T) is adjusted in the period T n+1 , whereby the oscillation 17 also shifts in its phase cp, since the linear drop in the current I L begins sooner or later.
- the correction value K shifts the switching time 14 for opening the switch 9 to such an extent that at the time 15 at the end of the period T n+1 for closing the switch 9 the oscillation 17 has the specified phase ⁇ p so ii, i.e. the specified phase ⁇ p so ii corresponds to the phase cp.
- Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the shift in the switching time 14 for opening the switch 9. It can be seen in Fig. 4 in partial image A that at the switching time 15 at the end of the period T n for closing the switch 9, the phase cp does not match or coincide with the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii, so that the current I L subsequently increases to an undesirable value.
- the corresponding switching pattern 10 is shown in Fig. 4 in partial image B. This is also the case in the period T n+1 , since no correction is made in partial images A and B of Fig. 4.
- a correction is now shown in period T n+1 of switching pattern 10 using part C and part D of Fig. 4. Accordingly, switching time 14 of switching pattern 10 for opening switch 9 is shifted forward in time by a correction value K - specifically here the correction value K n (obtained from period T n ) - so that oscillation 17 is shifted such that at switching time 15 at the end of period T n+1 for closing switch 9, oscillation 17 has the specified phase cpsoii.
- the shift essentially corresponds to the difference between phase ⁇ p so ii and phase ⁇ pi st in period T n , with correction value K being smaller (for example half as large) than the difference. This is because the slopes of I L are dependent on the voltage. Therefore, one can also speak of a difference weighted by the voltage ratios.
- the correction value K is calculated periodically (preferably every period T ), the correction value K n+1 is calculated accordingly during the period T n+1 for the following period T n+2 . How As can be seen and described, in the period T n+1 the switching time 15 is at the given phase ⁇ p so ii , so that no correction value K n+1 is required for the period T n+2 or is zero.
- the switching pattern 10 is adjusted with a correction value K in such a way that in the next period T of the switching pattern 10 the switching time 15 for closing the switch 9 coincides as closely as possible with the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii of the oscillation 17.
- This process can preferably be repeated in each period T of the switching pattern 10. This ensures that the oscillation 17 at the switching time 15 at the end of each period T has as close as possible the correct phase, the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii.
- the fact that the closing of the switch 9 coincides exactly with the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii is not always guaranteed in practice due to tolerances in relation to components and deviations from the calculation, but is an aim of the invention.
- the definition of “coincides” in this context is therefore to be understood in such a way that this applies as a control specification.
- the switching instant 15 coincides with the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii of the oscillation 17 (or in other words that the switch 9 is closed in the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii of the oscillation 17), but this definitely does not have to be the case in every period T.
- the correction value K also causes the duty cycle D of the period T to be changed. Accordingly, the duty cycle D defines the duration for which the switch 9 is closed. The duration of the period T as a whole is of course not changed by this.
- Fig. 5 shows a comparison of control curves of the control device 13 as a function of the average output currents I A (averaged over several periods) and the duty cycle D.
- the output currents I A are assigned to the ordinate.
- the duty cycle D is shown on the abscissa. In this specific case, for a step-up ratio of 1:2, a duty cycle D of a maximum of 50% is possible.
- the method according to the invention can reduce the flat spots 20a or steep spots 20b in the control curve (current curve 22) and thus significantly reduce reactions to non-linear changes. Or to put it another way, the transfer function has fewer non-linearities. This improves control of the DC-DC converter 1 and results in faster control behavior for the required output current IA.
- a switching time 14 for opening the switch 9 is shifted forwards or backwards in time, so that the oscillation 17 has a predetermined phase when the switch 9 is closed and thus the electrical voltage U s dropping across the switch 9 has a predetermined value, preferably a minimum value, in particular a value of 0 V.
- a predetermined value preferably a minimum value, in particular a value of 0 V.
- the time 14 for opening the switch 9 can be adjusted by shifting it in time using a correction value K, whereby the oscillation 17 also shifts in its phase cp, so that when the switch 9 is closed there is a minimum magnitude of the voltage U s .
- the current I L which is associated with an oscillation 17 that is out of phase with the voltage U s , can assume values that are too high or too low.
- the predetermined phase cpsoii of the oscillation 17 in the voltage U s is only identical in every nth period of the switching pattern 10, where n is a natural number.
- every third period is different. This can also be referred to as skipping.
- the predetermined phases ⁇ p so ii in successive periods T of the switching pattern 10 can be offset by an integer multiple of the oscillation period in order to further minimize the switching losses.
- the predetermined phase ⁇ p so ii in each period is in the area of the voltage minimum of U s and at the same time, due to the different decay time of the current I L, the average current is regulated to the required value. This allows, for example, a combination of improving the efficiency and a Reduction of switching losses achieved or lower error of the desired average output current achieved.
- Fig. 8 shows an inverter 23 with a DC-DC converter 1 according to the invention, which feeds an intermediate circuit capacitor 24 of the inverter 23.
- An inverter output stage 25 with several electrical inverter switches (not shown) converts the DC voltage of the intermediate circuit capacitor 24 into an AC voltage.
- Such an inverter 23 can, for example, be connected to a photovoltaic system 26 and feed the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic system 26 into a power supply network (not shown).
- the control device 13 can, with the aid of a correction value calculation unit 27, as described above, determine a correction value K which adapts the switching pattern 10 of a switching pattern generation unit 28. The adapted switching pattern 10 is then applied to the switch 9.
- the control device 13 can use the input current I E , the input voltage U E , the output current I A and/or the output voltage U A of the DC-DC converter 1 as input variables.
- the input voltage U E and the output voltage U A are preferably used.
- the current I L serves, as described, as the basis for calculating the correction value K according to the invention.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24731583.1A EP4725105A1 (de) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-07 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines gleichspannungswandlers sowie gleichspannungswandler |
| CN202480039354.9A CN121399839A (zh) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-07 | 用于操作直流电压转换器的方法以及直流电压转换器 |
| IL324952A IL324952A (en) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-07 | Method for operating a dc voltage converter and a dc voltage converter |
| AU2024284386A AU2024284386A1 (en) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-07 | Method for operating a dc voltage converter and dc voltage converter |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23178051.1 | 2023-06-07 | ||
| EP23178051.1A EP4475409A1 (de) | 2023-06-07 | 2023-06-07 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines gleichspannungswandlers sowie gleichspannungswandler |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024251924A1 true WO2024251924A1 (de) | 2024-12-12 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2024/065686 Ceased WO2024251924A1 (de) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-07 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines gleichspannungswandlers sowie gleichspannungswandler |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP4475409A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN121399839A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2024284386A1 (de) |
| IL (1) | IL324952A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024251924A1 (de) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009040691A2 (en) | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-02 | Nxp B.V. | Electronic power switching device |
| US20210376734A1 (en) | 2020-06-02 | 2021-12-02 | Richtek Technology Corporation | Flyback power converter circuit and conversion control circuit and control method thereof |
-
2023
- 2023-06-07 EP EP23178051.1A patent/EP4475409A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2024
- 2024-06-07 AU AU2024284386A patent/AU2024284386A1/en active Pending
- 2024-06-07 IL IL324952A patent/IL324952A/en unknown
- 2024-06-07 CN CN202480039354.9A patent/CN121399839A/zh active Pending
- 2024-06-07 EP EP24731583.1A patent/EP4725105A1/de active Pending
- 2024-06-07 WO PCT/EP2024/065686 patent/WO2024251924A1/de not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009040691A2 (en) | 2007-09-25 | 2009-04-02 | Nxp B.V. | Electronic power switching device |
| US20210376734A1 (en) | 2020-06-02 | 2021-12-02 | Richtek Technology Corporation | Flyback power converter circuit and conversion control circuit and control method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| FU-ZEN CHEN ET AL.: "Digital Control for Improved Efficiency and Reduced Harmonic Distortion Over Wide Load Range in Boost PFC Rectifiers", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, vol. 25, no. 10, 1 October 2010 (2010-10-01), pages 2683 - 2692, XP011309357 |
| FU-ZEN CHEN ET AL: "Digital Control for Improved Efficiency and Reduced Harmonic Distortion Over Wide Load Range in Boost PFC Rectifiers", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, USA, vol. 25, no. 10, 1 October 2010 (2010-10-01), pages 2683 - 2692, XP011309357, ISSN: 0885-8993 * |
| ZHANG JIANTAO ET AL.: "Model-Based Control for Grid-Tied Inverters Operated in Discontinuous Current Mode With Low Harmonic Current Distortion", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER, vol. 35, no. 10, 6 March 2020 (2020-03-06), pages 11167 - 11180, XP011796571, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2978871 |
| ZHANG JIANTAO ET AL: "Model-Based Control for Grid-Tied Inverters Operated in Discontinuous Current Mode With Low Harmonic Current Distortion", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, USA, vol. 35, no. 10, 6 March 2020 (2020-03-06), pages 11167 - 11180, XP011796571, ISSN: 0885-8993, [retrieved on 20200629], DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2978871 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2024284386A1 (en) | 2026-01-08 |
| IL324952A (en) | 2026-01-01 |
| EP4725105A1 (de) | 2026-04-15 |
| CN121399839A (zh) | 2026-01-23 |
| EP4475409A1 (de) | 2024-12-11 |
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