WO2024239239A1 - 锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2024239239A1
WO2024239239A1 PCT/CN2023/095825 CN2023095825W WO2024239239A1 WO 2024239239 A1 WO2024239239 A1 WO 2024239239A1 CN 2023095825 W CN2023095825 W CN 2023095825W WO 2024239239 A1 WO2024239239 A1 WO 2024239239A1
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zinc germanate
negative electrode
zinc
germanate
carbon composite
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French (fr)
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冯茂华
阮丁山
吴星宇
张静静
刘宝烨
李长东
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Hunan Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
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Hunan Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2023/095825 priority Critical patent/WO2024239239A1/zh
Priority to CN202380010052.4A priority patent/CN116868368B/zh
Publication of WO2024239239A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024239239A1/zh
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • the present invention belongs to the technical field of lithium-ion batteries, and specifically relates to a zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • electrode materials are one of the key factors affecting the electrochemical performance of ion batteries, so developing suitable high-performance electrode materials is an important strategy to improve the performance of ion batteries.
  • Traditional embedded graphite negative electrode materials cannot further improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries due to their ultra-low discharge capacity.
  • New conversion and alloy negative electrode materials have become candidate materials for the next generation of high energy density negative electrodes due to their multi-electron reactions and high theoretical capacity.
  • Germanium is one of the materials with commercial application prospects due to its abundant sources, low cost, high theoretical lithium storage capacity, and suitable lithium deintercalation voltage. However, unlike carbon negative electrode materials, germanium will repeatedly shrink and expand during the process of lithium deintercalation and insertion, which can easily cause the negative electrode sheet to lose electrical contact and cause the material on the negative electrode sheet to deactivate, which may greatly reduce the application value of germanium-based negative electrode materials. How to construct a suitable electrode system to alleviate the volume expansion and structural damage caused by the lithium ion deintercalation and insertion process has become the key to improving its cycle stability.
  • the present disclosure aims to at least solve the technical problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art.
  • the present disclosure proposes a zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and synthesizes an array-type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material with good stability by combining a germanium-based negative electrode material with a carbon material, which can provide a larger capacity, a higher first coulomb efficiency and a greater rate performance than a traditional graphite negative electrode material.
  • a zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material which includes a base material and a zinc germanate wire array attached to the surface of the base material, wherein the base material is a two-dimensional planar carbon fiber material, the zinc germanate wire array is filled with gel B, and the surface of the zinc germanate wire array is covered with a coating C.
  • the substrate material is a carbon fiber film, a carbon fiber sheet, a carbon fiber felt, a stone
  • the substrate material is at least one of a graphite fiber sheet, a graphite fiber membrane, a polymer carbonized fiber membrane or a polymer carbonized fiber sheet.
  • the carbon fiber membrane is a spun carbon fiber membrane
  • the carbon fiber sheet is a spun carbon fiber sheet.
  • the substrate material is at least one of a graphite fiber sheet, a graphite fiber membrane or a polymer carbonized fiber membrane.
  • the carbon content in the base material is ⁇ 80 wt %.
  • the nanocarbon material is selected from at least one of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanoclusters, oligo-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
  • the nanocarbon material can improve electrical conductivity.
  • the lithium supplement is at least one of n-butyl lithium, lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride, biphenyl lithium, lithium powder, lithium oxide or lithium sulfide.
  • the zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material has a thickness of 0.5-65 ⁇ m.
  • the gel B contains nanocarbon material. Adding nanocarbon material to gel B can improve conductivity.
  • the coating C contains a lithium supplement.
  • the coating C contains a lithium supplement, which can improve the initial coulombic efficiency of the battery.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method for preparing the zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material, comprising the following steps:
  • Step S1 Principle of the inoculation reaction: When heated, zinc formate is hydrolyzed to produce hydroxide ions, and germanium hydroxide separates germanium ions and hydroxide ions. When the temperature rises, water molecules are removed to obtain germanium oxide. Germanium oxide and zinc ions gradually generate zinc germanate particles in an alkaline environment and are deposited on the surface of the substrate material. As the dehydration time increases, the germanium ions move to the germanium oxide. Zinc germanate particles are deposited on the zinc germanate particles to gradually form columnar zinc germanate.
  • zinc germanate particles are gradually deposited on the columnar zinc germanate, turning the columnar zinc germanate into nanowire zinc germanate.
  • the deposited zinc germanate particles are used as seeds to promote the growth of zinc germanate micro-nanowires, and long-fiber zinc germanate is slowly formed. Multiple long-fiber zinc germanate wire arrays are formed.
  • step S2 the lowest point in the layer of the zinc germanate wire array is used as the reference point for thickness (the lowest point in the layer refers to the height of the shortest zinc germanate wire in the zinc germanate wire array), and a high-power density laser beam is used to translate and irradiate the zinc germanate wire array parallel to the two-dimensional plane of the inoculated substrate, so that the zinc germanate wire array material is pyrolyzed and detached at the contact part with the laser beam at high temperature, so that the surface of the wire array of different lengths on the inoculated substrate is modified by laser cutting, so that the thickness of the zinc germanate wire array is consistent.
  • the germanium hydroxide is at least one of germanium dihydroxide or germanium tetrahydroxide.
  • the thickness of the base material is 0.5-30 ⁇ m.
  • step S1 the molar volume ratio of zinc formate, germanium hydroxide and water in the solution A is (1-3) mol: (4.5-12) mol: (10-30) L.
  • step S1 the heating temperature is 150-280° C., and the heating time is 10-30 hours. During the heating process, the generated gas is extracted.
  • step S1 the washing is performed using an organic solvent, and the organic solvent is at least one of methanol, ethanol, acetone or ethylene glycol.
  • step S1 after the inoculation reaction, a cooling operation with 0-5° C. water is also included.
  • the thickness of the zinc germanate filament array after the laser beam translation irradiation is 1-95 ⁇ m.
  • step S2 the rinsing is: using deionized water to rinse away the excess zinc germanate wires adhering to the gaps between the zinc germanate wire arrays.
  • the excess zinc germanate wires between the zinc germanate wire arrays are the zinc germanate wires that fall off after the laser beam is translated and irradiated.
  • the gel B is formed by mixing the nano-carbon material, the first binder and the first solvent in a mass ratio of (0.8-5): (0.1-3): (6-9).
  • the first solvent is at least one of polyacrylamide or glutaraldehyde.
  • the second binder is at least one of polyfurfuryl alcohol or polyethylene glycol.
  • the present disclosure also provides a negative electrode plate, comprising a current collector and the zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material disposed on the surface of the current collector.
  • the present disclosure also provides a method for preparing the negative electrode sheet, which comprises spreading the zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material flat on a current collector with a binder, drying and cold pressing, and thus obtaining the negative electrode sheet.
  • the present invention uses laser cutting modification, a fast and precise processing method, to keep the fibers or micro-nanowires on the inoculated substrate in a consistent length, so that the prepared wire array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material has a consistent thickness, so that the alloy type negative electrode material (wire array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material) has a consistent orientation when the endpoint begins to be lithiated, avoiding uneven lithiation due to inconsistent orientation and the situation where some surface areas are not lithiated.
  • Each tiny unit of the zinc germanate wire array disclosed in the present invention is a micro-nano long rod zinc germanate. Since there are pores between each long rod zinc germanate and more circumferential stress and less longitudinal stress are generated during the lithiation (lithiation) process, the lateral expansion size of the long rod zinc germanate is much larger than the longitudinal size, and the outer wall expansion is larger than the inner wall expansion. The outer wall of the long rod zinc germanate is easier to expand, which requires a buffer substance to accommodate the release of stress.
  • the present invention performs a coating treatment (coating C) on the surface of the wire array to form a thin film with a high viscosity modulus.
  • the thin film has no side reaction when in contact with the electrolyte, has high flexibility, and will not crack during the cutting of the electrode piece. Therefore, on the one hand, it acts as a protective layer to prevent excessive polarization at the points of the SEI film, diaphragm or negative electrode piece caused by material rupture during germanium alloying. On the other hand, it acts as a buffer layer for the entire wire array when it expands due to alloying, thereby reducing the decline of battery capacity and the reduction of battery life.
  • FIG. 1 is a SEM image of the modified zinc germanate filament array graphite fiber membrane in step (2) of Example 3 of the present disclosure.
  • This embodiment prepares an array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a negative electrode plate, and the specific process is as follows:
  • Inoculation A two-dimensional planar graphite fiber membrane with a thickness of 18.5 ⁇ m was placed in a reactor, and solution A (mixed according to 1 mol of zinc formate, 4.5 mol of germanium dihydroxide, and 10 L of deionized water) was added, with a mass ratio of solution A to the graphite fiber membrane of 2:1. The mixture was heated at 230°C for 24 h and stirred to perform an inoculation reaction. The mixture was cooled to room temperature in deionized water at 2°C, and the solid was washed with ethanol after solid-liquid separation to obtain a graphite fiber membrane inoculated with a zinc germanate filament array.
  • coating C (mixed with high viscosity modulus polyfurfuryl alcohol, sodium alginate and lithium carbonate in a mass ratio of 2:3.5:0.02, and the solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone) is coated on the zinc germanate wire array surface on one side of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • the coating amount is 0.01 of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • This embodiment prepares an array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a negative electrode plate, and the specific process is as follows:
  • Inoculation A two-dimensional planar graphite fiber membrane with a thickness of 18.5 ⁇ m was placed in a reactor, and solution A (mixed according to 1.5 mol zinc formate, 6 mol germanium dihydroxide, and 12 L deionized water) was added, with a mass ratio of solution A to graphite fiber membrane of 3:1. The mixture was heated at 245°C for 18 h and stirred to perform an inoculation reaction. The mixture was cooled to room temperature in deionized water at 2°C, and the solid was washed with ethanol after solid-liquid separation to obtain a graphite fiber membrane inoculated with a zinc germanate filament array.
  • This embodiment prepares an array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a negative electrode plate, and the specific process is as follows:
  • Inoculation A two-dimensional planar graphite fiber membrane with a thickness of 18.5 ⁇ m was placed in a reactor, and solution A (mixed according to 1.8 mol zinc formate, 6 mol germanium dihydroxide, and 15 L deionized water) was added, with a mass ratio of solution A to graphite fiber membrane of 4:1. The mixture was heated at 175°C for 30 h and stirred to perform an inoculation reaction. The mixture was cooled to room temperature in deionized water at 2°C, and the solid was washed with ethanol after solid-liquid separation to obtain a graphite fiber membrane inoculated with a zinc germanate filament array.
  • coating C (mixed with polyfurfuryl alcohol, sodium alginate and n-butyl lithium in a mass ratio of 3.5:4.5:0.03, and the solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone) is coated on the zinc germanate wire array surface on one side of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • the coating amount is 0.01 of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • coating C (mixed with polyfurfuryl alcohol, sodium alginate and n-butyl lithium in a mass ratio of 5.5:7.5:0.042, and the solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone) is coated on the zinc germanate wire array surface on one side of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • the coating amount is 0.01 of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • This embodiment prepares an array type zinc germanate/carbon composite negative electrode material and a negative electrode plate, and the specific process is as follows:
  • coating C (mixed with polyfurfuryl alcohol, sodium alginate and n-butyl lithium in a mass ratio of 6:8:0.5, and the solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone) is coated on the zinc germanate wire array surface on one side of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • the coating amount is 0.01 of the zinc germanate wire array graphite fiber membrane.
  • the array-type zinc germanate / carbon composite negative electrode sheets of Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were placed in a vacuum oven for drying.
  • a dried array-type zinc germanate / carbon composite negative electrode sheet was used on the negative electrode side
  • a lithium metal sheet was used as the counter electrode on the positive electrode side
  • the diaphragm was Celgard2400
  • the electrolyte was 1M LiPF6 EC, DMC, DEC (volume ratio of 1:1:1).
  • Compacted density surface density / thickness of negative electrode sheet (excluding thickness of current collector);
  • Negative electrode sheet expansion rate (thickness of negative electrode sheet after filling - thickness of negative electrode sheet after drying) / thickness of negative electrode sheet after drying * 100%.
  • Examples 1-5 have a larger compaction density, better first coulombic efficiency, and better capacity retention rate, and the appearance of the 500th cycle negative electrode sheet remains good without cracking; Comparing Example 3 with Comparative Example 3, gel is not filled, resulting in a higher material expansion rate. After multiple cycles, the material structure is damaged, and the final feedback is poor cycle performance (as can be seen from the capacity retention rate of the 500th cycle); Comparative Example 1 has not been modified, and the first coulombic efficiency, capacity retention rate, and appearance of the 500th cycle negative electrode sheet are all worse than the data of Examples 1-5. In short, after modification, gel filling, coating, etc., the electrical performance of the negative electrode sheet of Examples 1-5 is improved.

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Abstract

本公开属于锂离子电池技术领域,公开了一种锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用,锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料包括基底材料以及附着于基底材料表面的锗酸锌丝阵列,基底材料为二维平面状的碳纤维材料,锗酸锌丝阵列中填充有凝胶B,锗酸锌丝阵列表面覆有涂膜C。

Description

锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用 技术领域
本公开属于锂离子电池技术领域,具体涉及一种锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
众所周知,电极材料是影响离子电池电化学性能的关键因素之一,因此开发出合适的高性能电极材料是提高离子电池性能的重要策略。传统嵌入型的石墨负极材料由于其超低的放电容量无法进一步提高锂离子电池的能量密度,新型的转换型和合金型负极材料由于它们的多电子反应、高理论容量成为下一代高能量密度负极的候选材料。
锗的来源丰富、低成本、高储锂理论容量、合适的脱锂电压,是具有商业化应用前景的材料之一。但与碳负极材料不同的是,锗在脱/嵌锂过程中会反复收缩膨胀,容易导致负极片失去电接触,造成负极片上材料失活,这可能极大地降低锗基负极材料的应用价值。如何构建合适的电极体系,缓解其锂离子脱嵌过程中引起的体积膨胀和结构破坏,成为提升其循环稳定性的关键。
发明内容
本公开旨在至少解决上述现有技术中存在的技术问题。为此,本公开提出一种锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用,通过锗基负极材料与碳材料结合,合成稳定性良好的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,与传统石墨负极材料相比能提供更大的容量,更髙的首次库伦效率和更大的倍率性能。
根据本公开的一个方面,提出了一种锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料包括基底材料以及附着于所述基底材料表面的锗酸锌丝阵列,所述基底材料为二维平面状的碳纤维材料,所述锗酸锌丝阵列中填充有凝胶B,所述锗酸锌丝阵列表面覆有涂膜C。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述基底材料为碳纤维膜、碳纤维片、碳纤维毡、石 墨纤维片、石墨纤维膜、聚合物碳化纤维膜或聚合物碳化纤维片中的至少一种。可选的,所述碳纤维膜为纺丝碳纤维膜,所述碳纤维片为纺丝碳纤维片。可选的,所述基底材料为石墨纤维片、石墨纤维膜或聚合物碳化纤维膜中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述基底材料中碳含量≥80wt%。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述纳米碳材料选自碳纳米纤维、碳纳米团簇、寡壁碳纳米管、单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管或多壁碳纳米管中的至少一种。纳米碳材料作为导电剂,可提高导电性。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述补锂剂为正丁基锂、碳酸锂、氟化锂、联苯基锂、锂粉、氧化锂或硫化锂中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料的厚度为0.5-65μm。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述凝胶B含有纳米碳材料。凝胶B中加入纳米碳材料能够提高导电性。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述涂膜C含有补锂剂。涂膜C含有补锂剂,能提高电池的首次库伦效率。
本公开还提供所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:将基底材料与溶液A混合,加热进行接种反应,固液分离,洗涤所得固体,得到表面附着锗酸锌丝阵列的接种基底;所述溶液A为甲酸锌和氢氧化锗的水溶液;
S2:将所述接种基底展平,利用激光束平移照射所述锗酸锌丝阵列的表面,使所述锗酸锌丝阵列的厚度一致,经冲洗后得到修饰接种基底;
S3:将所述修饰接种基底置于凝胶B中超声处理,然后在所述修饰接种基底其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面涂覆涂料C,经干燥、冷压,即得所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;所述涂料C经所述干燥后形成所述涂膜C。
步骤S1接种反应的原理:刚加热时,甲酸锌水解产生氢氧根离子,氢氧化锗分离出锗离子以及氢氧根离子,温度升高,脱除水分子得到氧化锗,氧化锗与锌离子在碱性环境下逐渐生成锗酸锌颗粒,并沉积在基底材料表面,随着脱水时间增加,锗离子向锗 酸锌颗粒上沉积,会逐渐形成柱状锗酸锌,由于与柱状锗酸锌边界相关的锗离子存在高浓度差,导致在柱状锗酸锌上逐渐形成锗酸锌颗粒沉积下来,使得柱状锗酸锌变成纳米线状锗酸锌,由此利用沉积的锗酸锌颗粒作为种子来促进锗酸锌微纳米线的生长,慢慢形成了长纤维锗酸锌,多条长纤维锗酸锌形成丝阵列。
步骤S2以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点(层中最低点是指锗酸锌丝阵列中最短的锗酸锌丝的高度),利用高功率密度的激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,高温下使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,如此通过激光分切修饰接种基底上长短不一的丝阵列表面,使得锗酸锌丝阵列的厚度一致。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述氢氧化锗为二氢氧化锗或四氢氧化锗中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述基底材料的厚度为0.5-30μm。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述溶液A中甲酸锌、氢氧化锗和水的摩尔体积比为(1-3)mol:(4.5-12)mol:(10-30)L。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述加热的温度为150-280℃,加热的时间为10-30h。在所述加热过程中抽离产生的气体。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,所述洗涤采用有机溶剂进行,所述有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、丙酮或乙二醇中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S1中,经所述接种反应后还包括用0-5℃的水进行冷却的操作。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S2中,经所述激光束平移照射后的锗酸锌丝阵列的厚度为1-95μm。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S2中,所述冲洗为:用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在锗酸锌丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝。锗酸锌丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝为激光束平移照射后脱落下来的锗酸锌丝。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述凝胶B由所述纳米碳材料、第一粘结剂和第一溶剂按质量比为(0.8-5):(0.1-3):(6-9)混合而成。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述第一粘结剂为丁苯胶乳、壳聚糖、聚乙二醇或聚偏氟乙烯中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述第一溶剂为聚丙烯酰胺或戊二醛中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,经所述超声处理后,所述修饰接种基底中含有凝胶B的量为所述修饰接种基底质量的1%-12%。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述涂料C包含第二粘结剂、第三粘结剂、所述补锂剂和第二溶剂,所述第二粘结剂、第三粘结剂和所述补锂剂的质量比为(2-6):(3-10):(0.01-0.05)。可选的,所述第二溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述第二粘结剂为聚糠醇或聚乙二醇中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述第三粘结剂为海藻酸钠、海藻酸锂、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸钠或聚丙烯酸锂中的至少一种。第二粘结剂和第三粘结剂分别为含羟基和含羧基的粘结剂,能够协同增强粘性。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,步骤S3中,所述涂料C的涂覆量占所述修饰接种基底质量的0.5%-2.0%。
本公开还提供一种负极极片,包括集流体以及设于所述集流体表面的所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料。
本公开还提供一种制备所述负极极片的方法,将所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料平展于附有粘合剂的集流体上,经干燥、冷压,即得所述负极极片。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述粘合剂为羧甲基纤维素钠、瓜尔胶、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚四氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇或聚丙烯腈中的至少一种。
在本公开的一些实施方式中,所述粘合剂的用量为所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质 量的0.8%-5%。
根据本公开的实施方式,至少具有以下有益效果:
1、相比于粉末状石墨负极材料与粘结剂混合得到石墨负极材料,本公开丝阵列形状的负极材料中,接种基底上的各条纤维或者微纳米线间留有较大孔隙,有利于电解液流动、浸润和保持,缩短锂离子传输距离等,提供足够多的空间来缓解锗合金化时的体积效应。
2、本公开通过激光分切修饰这种快速、精确处理手段,将接种基底上的各条纤维或者微纳米线保持一致长度,使制备得到的丝阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料保持一致厚度,便于这种合金型负极材料(丝阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料)在端点开始锂化时具有一致的取向度,避免取向度不一致导致锂化程度不均匀,出现部分表面区域未锂化的情况。
3、本公开的锗酸锌丝阵列每个微小单位为微纳米型长棒锗酸锌,由于各个长棒锗酸锌之间留有孔隙,且在锂化(嵌锂时)过程中产生的较多环向应力、较少纵向应力,因此长棒锗酸锌的横向膨胀尺寸远大于纵向尺寸,且外壁膨胀大于内壁膨胀,长棒锗酸锌外壁更易膨胀,这就需要有缓冲物质接纳应力的释放,因此通过向锗酸锌丝阵列中加入具有低流变性的填充物凝胶B,能接纳外壁应力的释放以及内壁的膨胀应力,有效缓解长棒锗酸锌的体积变化,提高长棒锗酸锌或者说是丝阵列的结构稳定性。此外,丝阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料间留有较多孔隙,所得到的负极极片的压实密度过小,在充放电循环中电池内阻增加较大,降低了电性能,因此丝阵列间留有较多孔隙填充物凝胶B,提高丝阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料的本身密度,由此将负极极片的压实密度设计在合理范围内。
4、本公开在丝阵列表面进行覆膜处理(涂覆涂料C),形成高粘性模量的薄膜,其与电解液接触不发生副反应,柔韧性高,不会在切割极片的过程中出现崩裂,因此,一方面充当保护层作用,避免因锗合金化时材料破裂导致碎片穿透SEI膜、隔膜或者负极片点位上的过度极化,另一方面,为整个丝阵列在因合金化而膨胀时充当缓冲层,减少电池容量的衰退和寿命的减少。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本公开做进一步的说明,其中:
图1为本公开实施例3步骤(2)经过修饰后的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的SEM图。
具体实施方式
以下将结合实施例对本公开的构思及产生的技术效果进行清楚、完整地描述,以充分地理解本公开的目的、特征和效果。
实施例1
本实施例制备了一种阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料和负极极片,具体过程为:
(1)接种:将厚度为18.5μm的二维平面状的石墨纤维膜内置于反应釜内,加入溶液A(按照1mol甲酸锌、4.5mol二氢氧化锗、10L去离子水进行混合),溶液A与石墨纤维膜的质量比为2:1,在230℃下加热24h,搅拌,进行接种反应,用2℃的去离子水中冷却至室温,固液分离后用乙醇清洗所得固体,得到接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜;
(2)修饰:将接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜展平,以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点,利用高功率密度激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,再用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝,得到厚度一致的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜(修饰接种基底);
(3)填充凝胶、覆膜:将锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜置于凝胶B(由质量比为2:1.5:7的碳纳米纤维、丁苯胶乳和戊二醛混合而成)中,超声填充,将凝胶B填充于丝阵列间,超声处理后锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜中含有凝胶B的量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜质量的0.05,再将涂料C(由高粘性模量的聚糠醇、海藻酸钠、碳酸锂按照质量比2:3.5:0.02混合,溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮)涂覆于锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面,涂覆量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的0.01,经干燥,常温辊压,即得厚度为10μm的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;
(4)制片:将阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料未覆膜那面平展于附有粘合剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯腈按照质量比1:1.5:2.5混合)的集流体上,粘合剂的用量为阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.008,经干燥、常温辊压至覆膜厚度在5μm、分切,得到阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片。
实施例2
本实施例制备了一种阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料和负极极片,具体过程为:
(1)接种:将厚度为18.5μm的二维平面状的石墨纤维膜内置于反应釜内,加入溶液A(按照1.5mol甲酸锌、6mol二氢氧化锗、12L去离子水进行混合),溶液A与石墨纤维膜的质量比为3:1,在245℃下加热18h,搅拌,进行接种反应,用2℃的去离子水中冷却至室温,固液分离后用乙醇清洗所得固体,得到接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜;
(2)修饰:将接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜展平,以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点,利用高功率密度激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,再用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝,得到厚度一致的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜(修饰接种基底);
(3)填充凝胶、覆膜:将锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜置于凝胶B(由质量比为3:2:8的碳纳米纤维、丁苯胶乳和戊二醛混合而成)中,超声填充,将凝胶B填充于丝阵列间,超声处理后锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜中含有凝胶B的量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜质量的0.08,再将涂料C(由聚糠醇、海藻酸钠、碳酸锂按照质量比3:4.5:0.018混合,溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮)涂覆于锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面,涂覆量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的0.01,经干燥,常温辊压,即得厚度为10μm的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;
(4)制片:将阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料未覆膜那面平展于附有粘合剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯腈按照质量比1:1.5:2.5混合)的集流体上,粘合剂的用量为阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.008,经干燥、常温辊压至覆膜厚度在5μ m、分切,得到阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片。
实施例3
本实施例制备了一种阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料和负极极片,具体过程为:
(1)接种:将厚度为18.5μm的二维平面状的石墨纤维膜内置于反应釜内,加入溶液A(按照1.8mol甲酸锌、6mol二氢氧化锗、15L去离子水进行混合),溶液A与石墨纤维膜的质量比为4:1,在175℃下加热30h,搅拌,进行接种反应,用2℃的去离子水中冷却至室温,固液分离后用乙醇清洗所得固体,得到接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜;
(2)修饰:将接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜展平,以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点,利用高功率密度激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,再用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝,得到厚度一致(26μm)的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜(修饰接种基底);
(3)填充凝胶、覆膜:将锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜置于凝胶B(由质量比为1:2.5:6.5的碳纳米纤维、丁苯胶乳和戊二醛混合而成)中,超声填充,将凝胶B填充于丝阵列间,超声处理后锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜中含有凝胶B的量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜质量的0.1,再将涂料C(由聚糠醇、海藻酸钠、正丁基锂按照质量比3.5:4.5:0.03混合,溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮)涂覆于锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面,涂覆量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的0.01,经干燥,常温辊压,即得厚度为10μm的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;
(4)制片:将阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料未覆膜那面平展于附有粘合剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯腈按照质量比1:1.5:2.5混合)的集流体上,粘合剂的用量为阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.008,经干燥、常温辊压至覆膜厚度在5μm、分切,得到阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片。
实施例4
本实施例制备了一种阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料和负极极片,具体过程为:
(1)接种:将厚度为8.5μm的二维平面状的聚合物碳化纤维膜内置于反应釜内,加入溶液A(按照1.0mol甲酸锌、6mol二氢氧化锗、20L去离子水进行混合),溶液A与石墨纤维膜的质量比为3:1,在264℃下加热12h,搅拌,进行接种反应,用4℃的去离子水中冷却至室温,固液分离后用乙醇清洗所得固体,得到接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜;
(2)修饰:将接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜展平,以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点,利用高功率密度激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,再用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝,得到厚度一致的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜(修饰接种基底);
(3)填充凝胶、覆膜:将锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜置于凝胶B(由质量比为3.5:2.5:9的碳纳米纤维、丁苯胶乳和戊二醛混合而成)中,超声填充,将凝胶B填充于丝阵列间,超声处理后锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜中含有凝胶B的量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜质量的0.03,再将涂料C(由聚糠醇、海藻酸钠、正丁基锂按照质量比5.5:7.5:0.042混合,溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮)涂覆于锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面,涂覆量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的0.01,经干燥,常温辊压,即得厚度为10μm的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;
(4)制片:将阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料未覆膜那面平展于附有粘合剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯腈按照质量比1:1.5:2.5混合)的集流体上,粘合剂的用量为阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.008,经干燥、常温辊压至覆膜厚度在5μm、分切,得到阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片。
实施例5
本实施例制备了一种阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料和负极极片,具体过程为:
(1)接种:将厚度为8.5μm的二维平面状的聚合物碳化纤维膜内置于反应釜内,加入溶液A(按照3mol甲酸锌、12mol四氢氧化锗、20L去离子水进行混合),溶液A与石墨纤维膜的质量比为4.5:1,在264℃下加热12h,搅拌,进行接种反应,用4℃的 去离子水中冷却至室温,固液分离后用乙醇清洗所得固体,得到接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜;
(2)修饰:将接种有锗酸锌丝阵列的石墨纤维膜展平,以锗酸锌丝阵列的层中最低点为厚度的基准点,利用高功率密度激光束平行于接种基底的二维平面,平移照射锗酸锌丝阵列,使得锗酸锌丝阵列材料与激光束接触部位热解、脱落,再用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝,得到厚度一致的锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜(修饰接种基底);
(3)填充凝胶、覆膜:将锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜置于凝胶B(由质量比为5:3:8.5的碳纳米纤维、丁苯胶乳和戊二醛混合而成)中,超声填充,将凝胶B填充于丝阵列间,超声处理后锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜中含有凝胶B的量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜质量的0.12,再将涂料C(由聚糠醇、海藻酸钠、正丁基锂按照质量比6:8:0.5混合,溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮)涂覆于锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面,涂覆量为锗酸锌丝阵列石墨纤维膜的0.01,经干燥,常温辊压,即得厚度为10μm的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;
(4)制片:将阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料未覆膜那面平展于附有粘合剂(羧甲基纤维素钠、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯腈按照质量比1:1.5:2.5混合)的集流体上,粘合剂的用量为阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.008,经干燥、常温辊压至覆膜厚度在5μm、分切,得到阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片。
对比例1
本对比例与实施例1的区别在于未进行步骤(2)的修饰。
对比例2
本对比例与实施例3的区别在于未进行步骤(3)的覆膜。
对比例3
本对比例与实施例3的区别在于未进行步骤(3)的填充凝胶。
试验例
1、实施例1-5以及对比例1-3的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片放置在真空烘箱内进行干燥,在半电池中,负极侧使用干燥的阵列型锗酸锌/碳复合负极极片,正极侧使用锂金属片为对电极,隔膜为Celgard2400,电解液:1M LiPF6的EC、DMC、DEC(体积比为1:1:1)。
2、首先将烘干好的极片进行冲片,冲片后放入十万分之一的电子分析天平进行称量。再放入手套箱中组装,其中手套箱的水氧含量,均小于0.5ppm。先将极片放入CR2025正极壳中,再滴入两滴电解液,放入直径为19mm隔膜后再滴入一滴电解液。接着分别依次放好锂片、垫片和弹片,使他们的中心尽量重合于电池中心这一位置。最后盖上负极壳,将初步组装好的电池在电池封装机上进行密封,即可完成扣式电池的组装。
3、压实密度=面密度/负极极片厚度(除去集流体厚度);负极极片膨胀率=(负极极片充满后的厚度-负极极片干燥后的厚度)/负极极片干燥后的厚度*100%。
4、利用CT2001A型电池检测系统对制备的半电池,100mA/g下进行了充放电性能测试。
表1实施例1-5以及对比例1-3负极极片压实密度、膨胀率
表2实施例1-5以及对比例1-3制备的扣式电池首效、容量保持率

结合表1、表2可知,与对比例1-3相比,实施例1-5的压实密度较大、首次库伦效率、容量保持率均较好,且第500圈负极极片外观保持良好,未见破裂;对比实施例3与对比例3,未填充凝胶,导致材料膨胀率较高,多次循环后,使得材料结构破坏,最终反馈在循环性能差(从第500圈的容量保持率可以看出);对比例1未经过修饰处理,首次库伦效率、容量保持率、第500圈负极极片外观均差于实施例1-5的数据。总之,实施例1-5经过修饰、填充凝胶、覆膜等处理,负极极片电性能均得到提升。

Claims (27)

  1. 一种锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料包括基底材料以及附着于所述基底材料表面的锗酸锌丝阵列,所述基底材料为二维平面状的碳纤维材料,所述锗酸锌丝阵列中填充有凝胶B,所述锗酸锌丝阵列表面覆有涂膜C。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述基底材料为碳纤维膜、碳纤维片、碳纤维毡、石墨纤维片、石墨纤维膜、聚合物碳化纤维膜或聚合物碳化纤维片中的至少一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述基底材料中碳含量≥80wt%。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述纳米碳材料选自碳纳米纤维、碳纳米团簇、寡壁碳纳米管、单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管或多壁碳纳米管中的至少一种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述补锂剂为正丁基锂、碳酸锂、氟化锂、联苯基锂、锂粉、氧化锂或硫化锂中的至少一种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料的厚度为0.5-65μm。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述凝胶B含有纳米碳材料。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述涂膜C含有补锂剂。
  9. 如权利要求1-8任一项所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    S1:将基底材料与溶液A混合,加热进行接种反应,固液分离,洗涤所得固体,得到表面附着锗酸锌丝阵列的接种基底;所述溶液A为甲酸锌和氢氧化锗的水溶液;
    S2:将所述接种基底展平,利用激光束平移照射所述锗酸锌丝阵列的表面,使所述 锗酸锌丝阵列的厚度一致,经冲洗后得到修饰接种基底;
    S3:将所述修饰接种基底置于凝胶B中超声处理,然后在所述修饰接种基底其中一面的锗酸锌丝阵列表面涂覆涂料C,经干燥、冷压,即得所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料;所述涂料C经所述干燥后形成所述涂膜C。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述基底材料的厚度为0.5-30μm。
  11. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述溶液A中甲酸锌、氢氧化锗和水的摩尔体积比为(1-3)mol:(4.5-12)mol:(10-30)L;所述溶液A与基底材料的质量比为(2-5):1。
  12. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述加热的温度为150-280℃,加热的时间为10-30h。
  13. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述洗涤采用有机溶剂进行,所述有机溶剂为甲醇、乙醇、丙酮或乙二醇中的至少一种。
  14. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,经所述激光束平移照射后的锗酸锌丝阵列的厚度为1-95μm。
  15. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中,所述冲洗为:用去离子水冲洗掉粘附在锗酸锌丝阵列间隙多余的锗酸锌丝。
  16. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述凝胶B由纳米碳材料、第一粘结剂和第一溶剂按质量比为(0.8-5):(0.1-3):(6-9)混合而成。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述第一粘结剂为丁苯胶乳、壳聚糖、聚乙二醇或聚偏氟乙烯中的至少一种。
  18. 根据权利要求16所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述第一溶剂为聚丙烯酰胺或戊二醛中的至少一种。
  19. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,经所述超声处理后,所述修饰接种基底中含有凝胶B的量为所述修饰接种基底质量的1%-12%。
  20. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述涂料C包含第二粘结剂、第三粘结剂、补锂剂和第二溶剂,所述第二粘结剂、第三粘结剂和所述补锂剂的质量比为(2-6):(3-10):(0.01-0.05)。
  21. 根据权利要求20所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述第二粘结剂为聚糠醇或聚乙二醇中的至少一种。
  22. 根据权利要求20所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述第三粘结剂为海藻酸钠、海藻酸锂、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸钠或聚丙烯酸锂中的至少一种。
  23. 根据权利要求9所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述涂料C的涂覆量占所述修饰接种基底质量的0.5%-2.0%。
  24. 一种负极极片,其特征在于,包括集流体以及设于所述集流体表面的如权利要求1-8任一项所述的锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料。
  25. 一种制备如权利要求24所述的负极极片的方法,其特征在于,将所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料平展于附有粘合剂的集流体上,经干燥、冷压,即得所述负极极片。
  26. 根据权利要求25所述的方法,其特征在于,所述粘合剂为羧甲基纤维素钠、瓜尔胶、丁苯橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚四氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇或聚丙烯腈中的至少一种。
  27. 根据权利要求25所述的方法,其特征在于,所述粘合剂的用量为所述锗酸锌/碳复合负极材料质量的0.8%-5%。
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