WO2024101306A1 - 導電性粒子、その製造方法、導電性材料及びそれを用いた接続構造体 - Google Patents
導電性粒子、その製造方法、導電性材料及びそれを用いた接続構造体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024101306A1 WO2024101306A1 PCT/JP2023/039867 JP2023039867W WO2024101306A1 WO 2024101306 A1 WO2024101306 A1 WO 2024101306A1 JP 2023039867 W JP2023039867 W JP 2023039867W WO 2024101306 A1 WO2024101306 A1 WO 2024101306A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
- H01B5/16—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form comprising conductive material in insulating or poorly conductive material, e.g. conductive rubber
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R11/00—Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations for conductive members which are, or may be, thereby interconnected, e.g. end pieces for wires or cables supported by the wire or cable and having means for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member, blocks of binding posts
- H01R11/01—Individual connecting elements providing two or more spaced connecting locations for conductive members which are, or may be, thereby interconnected, e.g. end pieces for wires or cables supported by the wire or cable and having means for facilitating electrical connection to some other wire, terminal, or conductive member, blocks of binding posts characterised by the form or arrangement of the conductive interconnection between the connecting locations
Definitions
- the present invention relates to conductive particles, a method for producing the same, a conductive material, and a connection structure using the same.
- Conductive particles used as the conductive material in anisotropic conductive materials such as anisotropic conductive films and anisotropic conductive pastes are generally known to have a conductive layer made of metal formed on the surface of core particles, and this conductive layer provides electrical connections between electrodes and wiring.
- This electrical connection can reduce connection resistance by contacting the conductive layer and electrode over a wide area, so conductive particles have been proposed that can provide a wide connection area with a small amount of pressure when connecting under pressure (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 proposes conductive particles that can form an indentation on an adherend and have excellent connection reliability, in which a conductive metal layer is formed on polymer particles obtained by heat-treating particles containing a siloxane bond of vinyltrialkoxysilane at a temperature of 200°C or higher.
- Patent Document 2 describes a method for producing conductive particles with excellent indentation forming ability, in which metal-coated particles having a conductive metal layer formed on the surface of resin particles are heat-treated in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to obtain conductive particles.
- Patent Document 3 also discloses conductive particles with a Vickers hardness and thickness of a metal layer within a specific range as conductive particles having a hardness sufficient to break through an oxide film.
- the conductive particles described in Patent Documents 2 to 4 above can eliminate the oxide film that forms on the electrodes, and therefore can reduce the connection resistance when electrically connecting the electrodes.
- the particles have a problem in that they are too hard and can damage the electrodes, leading to reduced connection reliability.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide conductive particles that have low connection resistance and high connection reliability.
- the inventors conducted extensive research to solve the above problems and discovered that conductive particles in which the core particles are cooled and then plated have a hardness sufficient to remove the oxide film formed on the electrode when the electrode is pressure-connected, while also being hard enough to leave an indentation on the electrode, thereby minimizing damage to the electrode, and thus completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides conductive particles having a conductive layer on the surface of a core particle, and a compressibility of 90% or more and 98% or less when a compressive load is 10 mN.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing conductive particles having a conductive layer on the surface of a core particle, the method comprising a step of cooling the core particle at a temperature of -100°C or higher and lower than -10°C, and then forming a conductive layer.
- the present invention makes it possible to provide conductive particles that have low connection resistance and high connection reliability.
- Example 1 is a SEM photograph of the conductive particles obtained in Example 1.
- the conductive particles of the present invention have a compression ratio of 90% or more and 98% or less when the compressive load is 10 mN.
- a compression ratio of 90% or more and 98% or less when the compressive load is 10 mN it is possible to effectively form an indentation on the electrode and increase the contact area.
- the compressive load in the present invention is the load required to compress and deform the conductive particles.
- the compression ratio is the rate of change in length in the particle diameter direction, and is the ratio of displacement when compressed to the particle diameter.
- the conductive particles of the present invention preferably have a compression ratio of 50% or less, and particularly 40% or less, when the compression load is less than 9 mN. By having a compression ratio in this range when the compression load is less than 9 mN, the oxide film on the electrode can be effectively removed.
- the conductive particles of the present invention preferably have a recovery rate of 1% to 10%, particularly 2% to 8%, when the compression rate is 90% or more.
- the recovery rate in the present invention is the rate of change in length in the particle diameter direction, and is the ratio of the particle diameter after compression and unloading to the particle diameter.
- the conductive particles of the present invention have a hardness sufficient to remove the oxide film formed on the electrodes when the electrodes are pressure-connected as described above, while also forming an indentation on the electrodes to increase the contact area, thereby reducing the connection resistance.
- the electrodes can be prevented from being damaged when the electrodes are pressure-connected, resulting in excellent connection reliability.
- the conductive particles are formed by forming a conductive layer on the surface of a core particle.
- the core particles may be inorganic or organic, as long as they are particulate.
- inorganic core particles include metal particles such as gold, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, and solder, alloys, glass, ceramics, silica, metal or nonmetal oxides (including hydrates), metal silicates including aluminosilicates, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal carbonates, metal sulfates, metal phosphates, metal sulfides, metal acid salts, metal halides, and carbon.
- examples of organic core particles include thermoplastic resins such as natural fibers, natural resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polybutene, polyamide, polyacrylic acid esters, polyacrylonitrile, polyacetal, ionomers, and polyesters, and thermosetting resins such as alkyd resins, phenolic resins, urea resins, benzoguanamine resins, melamine resins, xylene resins, silicone resins, epoxy resins, and diallyl phthalate resins. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the core particles may be composed of both inorganic and organic materials instead of the above-mentioned materials composed of either inorganic or organic materials.
- the presence of the inorganic and organic materials in the core particles may be, for example, a core composed of an inorganic core and a shell composed of an inorganic material covering the surface of the core, or a core-shell type configuration such as a core composed of an organic core and a shell composed of an inorganic material covering the surface of the core.
- Other examples include blend-type configurations in which inorganic and organic materials are mixed or randomly fused in one core particle.
- the core particles are preferably made of an organic material or a material consisting of both inorganic and organic materials, and more preferably made of a material consisting of both inorganic and organic materials.
- the inorganic materials are preferably glass, ceramic, silica, metal or nonmetal oxides (including hydrated materials), metal silicates including aluminosilicates, metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal carbonates, metal sulfates, metal phosphates, metal sulfides, metal acid salts, metal halides, and carbon.
- the organic materials are preferably natural fibers, natural resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polybutene, polyamide, polyacrylic ester, polyacrylonitrile, polyacetal, ionomer, polyester, or other thermoplastic resins.
- a core material consisting of such materials By using a core material consisting of such materials, the dispersion stability of the particles can be increased, and when electrically connecting electronic circuits, appropriate elasticity can be expressed to increase conductivity.
- the organic substance does not have a glass transition temperature or that the glass transition temperature is greater than 100°C, since this makes it easier to maintain the shape of the core particles and easier to maintain the shape of the core particles during the process of forming the metal coating.
- the glass transition temperature can be determined, for example, as the intersection point of the tangent to the original baseline and the inflection point in the baseline shift portion of the DSC curve obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
- the core particles When an organic material is used as the core particles, if the organic material is a highly cross-linked resin, almost no baseline shift is observed even when attempting to measure the glass transition temperature up to 200°C using the above method.
- such particles are also referred to as particles that do not have a glass transition temperature, and such core particles may be used in the present invention.
- Specific examples of core particle materials that do not have a glass transition temperature can be obtained by copolymerizing the monomers that make up the organic materials exemplified above in combination with a cross-linkable monomer.
- crosslinkable monomers examples include tetramethylene di(meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, ethylene oxide di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene oxide (meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexane di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,9-nonanediol di(meth)acrylate, trimeterolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolmethane di(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolmethane tri(meth)acrylate,
- Examples include polyfunctional (meth)acrylates such as tetramethylolmethane tetra(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(
- the core particles are spherical.
- the core particles may be in a shape other than spherical, for example, fibrous, hollow, plate-like or needle-like, and may have numerous protrusions on their surface or may be amorphous.
- spherical core particles are preferred because they have excellent filling properties and are easy to coat with metal.
- the conductive layer formed on the surface of the core particles is made of a metal having electrical conductivity.
- metals constituting the conductive layer include metals such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, iron, zinc, nickel, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, indium, titanium, germanium, aluminum, chromium, palladium, tungsten, molybdenum, calcium, magnesium, rhodium, sodium, iridium, beryllium, ruthenium, potassium, cadmium, osmium, lithium, rubidium, gallium, thallium, tantalum, cesium, thorium, strontium, polonium, zirconium, barium, and manganese, as well as alloys thereof, and metal compounds such as ITO and solder.
- gold, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, rhodium, and solder are preferred because of their low electrical resistance, and nickel, gold, nickel alloys, and gold alloys are particularly preferred.
- the metal may be one type, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the conductive layer may be a single layer structure or a laminated structure consisting of multiple layers. If it is a laminated structure consisting of multiple layers, it is preferable that the outermost layer is at least one selected from nickel, gold, silver, copper, palladium, nickel alloy, gold alloy, silver alloy, copper alloy, and palladium alloy.
- the conductive layer does not have to cover the entire surface of the core particle, but may cover only a portion of it.
- the covered portion may be continuous, or may be discontinuously covered in an island pattern, for example.
- the thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 0.1 nm or more and 2,000 nm or less, and more preferably 1 nm or more and 1,500 nm or less.
- the conductive particles have excellent electrical properties.
- the conductive particles have protrusions, as described below, the height of the protrusions is not included in the thickness of the conductive layer referred to here.
- the thickness of the conductive layer can be measured by cutting the particle to be measured in two and observing the cross section of the cut surface with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the average particle diameter of the conductive particles is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the conductive particles is a value measured by SEM observation. Specifically, the average particle diameter of the conductive particles is measured by the method described in the examples.
- the particle diameter is the diameter of a circular conductive particle image. When the conductive particles are not spherical, the particle diameter refers to the longest length (maximum length) of the line segments that cross the conductive particle image.
- the height of the protrusions is preferably 20 nm to 1,000 nm, more preferably 50 nm to 800 nm.
- the number of protrusions depends on the particle size of the conductive particles, but it is advantageous in terms of further improving the conductivity of the conductive particles to have preferably 1 to 20,000 protrusions, more preferably 5 to 5,000 protrusions per conductive particle.
- the length of the base of the protrusion is preferably 5 nm to 1,000 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 800 nm.
- the length of the base of the protrusion refers to the length along the surface of the conductive particle at the site where the protrusion is formed when the cross section of the particle is observed with an SEM
- the height of the protrusion refers to the shortest distance from the base of the protrusion to the apex of the protrusion. Note that when one protrusion has multiple apexes, the highest apex is the height of the protrusion.
- the length of the base of the protrusion and the height of the protrusion are the arithmetic average values measured for 20 different particles observed with an electron microscope.
- the shape of the conductive particles is not particularly limited, although it depends on the shape of the core particles.
- they may be fibrous, hollow, plate-like or needle-like, and may have many protrusions on their surface or may be amorphous.
- the conductive particles from the viewpoint of excellent filling properties and connectivity, it is preferable for the conductive particles to be spherical or have a shape with many protrusions on the outer surface.
- the method for producing the conductive particles of the present invention includes a step of cooling the core particles to a temperature of -100°C or higher but lower than -10°C, preferably -80°C or higher but lower than -15°C, and then forming a conductive layer.
- a step of cooling the core particles to a temperature of -100°C or higher but lower than -10°C, preferably -80°C or higher but lower than -15°C, and then forming a conductive layer.
- the time for cooling the core particles is preferably from 1 hour to 100 hours, more preferably from 10 hours to 50 hours, and particularly preferably from 15 hours to 30 hours, from the viewpoint of uniformly embrittling the core particles.
- the core particles can be cooled using a refrigerator, freezer, or other device commonly known as a cooling device.
- the atmosphere during cooling is not particularly limited, and cooling can be performed in air, vacuum, inert gas, or other atmospheres.
- This cooling process may be carried out while the core particles are stationary or while they are flowing.
- the conductive particles of the present invention can be produced by forming a conductive layer on the surface of the core particles that have been subjected to the above-mentioned cooling treatment.
- Methods for forming a conductive layer on the surface of core particles include dry methods using deposition, sputtering, mechanochemical, hybridization, etc., and wet methods using electrolytic plating, electroless plating, etc.
- a conductive layer may be formed on the surface of core particles by combining these methods.
- the conductive particles it is preferable to form a conductive layer on the surface of the core particles by electroless plating, since this makes it easier to obtain conductive particles with the desired particle characteristics.
- the conductive particles it is preferable that the conductive particles have an electroless nickel-phosphorus plating layer formed as a conductive layer on the surface of the core particles.
- a nickel-phosphorus plating layer is formed as the conductive layer.
- the surface of the core particle has a precious metal ion trapping ability or is surface-modified to have a precious metal ion trapping ability.
- the precious metal ion is preferably a palladium or silver ion. Having a precious metal ion trapping ability means that the precious metal ion can be trapped as a chelate or salt.
- the surface of the core particle has a precious metal ion trapping ability.
- a method described in JP-A-61-64882 can be used.
- Such core particles are used to support a precious metal on their surfaces.
- the core particles are dispersed in a dilute acidic aqueous solution of a precious metal salt such as palladium chloride or silver nitrate. This allows the precious metal ions to be captured on the surface of the particles.
- the concentration of the precious metal salt is sufficient in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 moles per m 2 of the surface area of the particles.
- the core particles with the captured precious metal ions are separated from the system and washed with water. Subsequently, the core particles are suspended in water, and a reducing agent is added thereto to perform a reduction treatment of the precious metal ions. This allows the precious metal to be supported on the surface of the core particles.
- the reducing agent may be, for example, sodium hypophosphite, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, dimethylamine borane, hydrazine, formalin, or the like, and is preferably selected from these based on the constituent material of the intended conductive layer.
- a sensitization treatment may be performed to adsorb tin ions onto the particle surface.
- the surface-modified core particles may be placed in an aqueous solution of stannous chloride and stirred for a predetermined period of time.
- the core particles thus pretreated are then subjected to a process for forming a conductive layer.
- a process for forming a conductive layer with protrusions There are two types of conductive layer formation processes: a process for forming a conductive layer with protrusions, and a process for forming a conductive layer with a smooth surface. First, the process for forming a conductive layer with protrusions will be explained.
- the first step is an electroless nickel plating step in which an aqueous slurry of core particles is mixed with an electroless nickel plating bath containing a dispersant, nickel salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, etc.
- the plating bath self-decomposes at the same time as the conductive layer is formed on the core particles. This self-decomposition occurs in the vicinity of the core particles, so that the self-decomposition products are captured on the surface of the core particles during the formation of the conductive layer, thereby generating nuclei of microprojections, and simultaneously forming a conductive layer. The projections grow from the generated nuclei of the microprojections.
- the core particles described above are thoroughly dispersed in water, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 500 g/L, more preferably 1 to 300 g/L, to prepare an aqueous slurry.
- the dispersion operation can be carried out using normal stirring, high-speed stirring, or a shear dispersion device such as a colloid mill or homogenizer. Ultrasound may also be used in combination with the dispersion operation. If necessary, a dispersant such as a surfactant may be added to the dispersion operation.
- the aqueous slurry of the core particles that has been dispersed is added to an electroless nickel plating bath containing nickel salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, and various additives, and the first electroless plating step is carried out.
- the above-mentioned dispersing agent may be, for example, a nonionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and/or a water-soluble polymer.
- a nonionic surfactant a polyoxyalkylene ether surfactant such as polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, or polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether may be used.
- a betaine surfactant such as alkyl dimethyl acetate betaine, alkyl dimethyl carboxymethyl acetate betaine, or alkyl dimethyl amino acetate betaine may be used.
- the water-soluble polymer polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or the like may be used. These dispersing agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of dispersing agent used is generally 0.5 to 30 g/L relative to the volume of the liquid (electroless nickel plating bath), depending on the type. In particular, it is preferable that the amount of dispersing agent used is in the range of 1 to 10 g/L relative to the volume of the liquid (electroless nickel plating bath), from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion of the conductive layer.
- the nickel salt may be, for example, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, or nickel acetate, and the concentration is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 50 g/L.
- the reducing agent may be, for example, the same as those used for reducing the precious metal ions described above, and is selected based on the constituent material of the intended base coating. When a phosphorus compound, for example, sodium hypophosphite, is used as the reducing agent, the concentration is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 50 g/L.
- the complexing agent may be a compound that has a complexing effect on nickel ions, such as carboxylic acids (salts) such as citric acid, hydroxyacetic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, or their alkali metal salts or ammonium salts, amino acids such as glycine, amine acids such as ethylenediamine and alkylamines, other ammonium, EDTA, or pyrophosphoric acid (salts). These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 g/L, more preferably 5 to 50 g/L.
- the preferred pH of the electroless nickel plating bath at this stage is in the range of 3 to 14.
- the electroless nickel plating reaction begins immediately when the aqueous slurry of core particles is added, and is accompanied by the generation of hydrogen gas. The first step is completed when the generation of hydrogen gas is no longer observed.
- a first aqueous solution containing one of nickel salt, reducing agent and alkali and a second aqueous solution containing the remaining two are used, or (ii) a first aqueous solution containing nickel salt, a second aqueous solution containing reducing agent and a third aqueous solution containing alkali are used, and these aqueous solutions are added simultaneously and over time to the solution from the first step to perform electroless nickel plating.
- these solutions are added, the plating reaction starts again, and by adjusting the amount of each solution added, the conductive layer formed can be controlled to the desired film thickness.
- stirring is continued while maintaining the solution temperature for a while after the generation of hydrogen gas has completely ceased to be observed, to complete the reaction.
- first aqueous solution containing a nickel salt and a second aqueous solution containing a reducing agent and an alkali it is preferable to use a first aqueous solution containing a nickel salt and a second aqueous solution containing a reducing agent and an alkali, but this combination is not limited to this.
- the first aqueous solution does not contain a reducing agent or an alkali
- the second aqueous solution does not contain a nickel salt.
- nickel salt and the reducing agent those mentioned above can be used.
- alkali for example, an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide can be used. The same applies to the case of (ii) above.
- the first to third aqueous solutions each contain a nickel salt, a reducing agent, and an alkali, and each aqueous solution does not contain the other two components other than the respective components.
- the concentration of the nickel salt in the aqueous solution is preferably 10 to 1,000 g/L, particularly 50 to 500 g/L.
- the concentration of the reducing agent is preferably 100 to 1,000 g/L, particularly 100 to 800 g/L.
- the concentration is preferably 5 to 200 g/L, particularly 10 to 100 g/L.
- the concentration is preferably 5 to 200 g/L, particularly 10 to 100 g/L.
- the concentration of the alkali is preferably 5 to 500 g/L, particularly 10 to 200 g/L.
- the second step is carried out continuously after the first step is completed, but instead, the first and second steps may be carried out intermittently.
- the core particles and the plating solution are separated by a method such as filtration, the core particles are dispersed in water to prepare an aqueous slurry, an aqueous solution in which a complexing agent is dissolved in a concentration range of preferably 1 to 100 g/L, more preferably 5 to 50 g/L, is added thereto, and a dispersant is dissolved in a concentration range of preferably 0.5 to 30 g/L, more preferably 1 to 10 g/L to prepare an aqueous slurry, and the second step of adding each of the aqueous solutions to the aqueous slurry may be carried out. In this way, a conductive layer having protrusions can be formed.
- a conductive layer having a smooth surface can be formed by reducing the concentration of the nickel salt in the electroless nickel plating bath in the first step of the treatment for forming the conductive layer having protrusions. That is, the nickel salt may be, for example, nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, or nickel acetate, and the concentration is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.5 g/L.
- a conductive layer having a smooth surface can be formed by performing the first and second steps described above, except for reducing the concentration of the nickel salt in the electroless nickel plating bath.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed under a vacuum of 1,000 Pa or less, preferably 0.01 to 900 Pa, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 500 Pa, at a temperature of 200 to 600°C, preferably 250 to 500°C, and particularly preferably 300 to 450°C.
- the degree of vacuum in the present invention is the absolute pressure, that is, the value when an absolute vacuum is set to 0.
- the heat treatment time is preferably 0.1 to 10 hours, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 hours. By adopting this treatment time, increases in manufacturing costs can be suppressed, and denaturation of the core particles and conductive layer due to thermal history can be suppressed, minimizing the impact on quality.
- This heat treatment time is the time from when the desired treatment temperature is reached to when the heat treatment is completed.
- the heat treatment may be carried out with the conductive particles at rest, or with stirring. If the heat treatment is carried out with the conductive particles at rest, it is preferable to leave them at a thickness of 0.1 mm to 100 mm. By leaving them at this thickness, the heat treatment of the conductive layer can be carried out successfully, and manufacturing costs can be reduced.
- the heat treatment is carried out after the container containing the conductive particles has been evacuated, either in a stationary state or with stirring. At this time, the gas phase of the container containing the conductive particles may be replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen before evacuating, or the container may be evacuated as is. The heat treatment may also be carried out multiple times if necessary.
- the heat treatment is preferably carried out at room temperature, after reaching a vacuum of 1,000 Pa or less, preferably 0.01 to 900 Pa, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 500 Pa, for 5 to 60 minutes, or even 10 to 50 minutes, and then raising the temperature to the treatment temperature.
- This operation can prevent oxidation of the conductive layer due to the heating atmosphere or oxygen and moisture in the conductive particles, thereby reducing the connection resistance.
- the temperature After the heat treatment, it is preferable to lower the temperature to 50° C. or less, further 40° C. or less while maintaining the vacuum degree, and then release the vacuum.
- the reason for this is that if the vacuum is released at the temperature immediately after the heat treatment, the oxidation of the conductive layer is promoted if oxygen or moisture is present in the atmosphere, which may increase the connection resistance.
- the vacuum may be released in normal air from the viewpoint of production costs, but from the viewpoint of preventing oxidation of the conductive layer, it is more preferable to release the vacuum by purging with an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, or a non-oxidizing gas such as a hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas. In this manner, the conductive particles of the present invention are obtained.
- the conductive particles of the present invention When used as a conductive filler for a conductive adhesive as described below, their surfaces can be further coated with an insulating resin to prevent short circuits between conductive particles.
- the insulating resin coating is formed so that the surface of the conductive particles is not exposed as much as possible when no pressure is applied, and is broken by the heat and pressure applied when bonding two electrodes with the conductive adhesive, exposing at least the protrusions on the surface of the conductive particles.
- the thickness of the insulating resin can be about 0.1 to 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the insulating resin may cover the entire surface of the conductive particles, or only a portion of the surface of the conductive particles.
- insulating resins known in the art can be used. Some examples include resins made of organic polymers such as phenolic resin, urea resin, melamine resin, allyl resin, furan resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, polyamide-imide resin, polyimide resin, polyurethane resin, fluororesin, polyolefin resin (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene), polyalkyl(meth)acrylate resin, poly(meth)acrylic acid resin, polystyrene resin, acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene resin, vinyl resin, polyamide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyacetal resin, ionomer resin, polyethersulfone resin, polyphenyloxide resin, polysulfone resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, ethyl cellulose resin, and cellulose acetate resin.
- organic polymers such as phenolic resin, urea resin, melamine resin, allyl
- Methods for forming an insulating coating layer on the surface of conductive particles include chemical methods such as the coacervation method, interfacial polymerization method, in situ polymerization method, and liquid hardening coating method; physico-mechanical methods such as the spray drying method, air suspension coating method, vacuum deposition coating method, dry blending method, hybridization method, electrostatic coalescence method, melt dispersion cooling method, and inorganic encapsulation method; and physico-chemical methods such as the interfacial precipitation method.
- the organic polymer constituting the insulating resin may contain a compound containing an ionic group in the polymer structure as a monomer component, provided that the organic polymer is non-conductive.
- the compound containing an ionic group may be a crosslinkable monomer or a non-crosslinkable monomer. In other words, it is preferable that the organic polymer is formed using a compound in which at least one of the crosslinkable monomer and the non-crosslinkable monomer has an ionic group.
- the "monomer component" refers to a structure derived from a monomer in the organic polymer, and is a component derived from the monomer. By subjecting the monomer to polymerization, an organic polymer containing the monomer component as a constituent unit is formed.
- the ionic group is preferably present at the interface of the organic polymer that constitutes the insulating resin.
- the ionic group is also preferably chemically bonded to a monomer component that constitutes the organic polymer. Whether or not the ionic group is present at the interface of the organic polymer can be determined by observing with a scanning electron microscope whether or not the insulating resin is attached to the surface of the conductive particle when an insulating resin containing an organic polymer having an ionic group is formed on the surface of the conductive particle.
- Examples of the ionic group include onium-based functional groups such as phosphonium groups, ammonium groups, and sulfonium groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of increasing the adhesion between the conductive particles and the insulating resin and forming conductive particles that combine high levels of insulation and electrical conductivity reliability, ammonium groups or phosphonium groups are preferred, and phosphonium groups are even more preferred.
- Preferred examples of onium functional groups include those represented by the following general formula (1).
- X is a phosphorus atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom
- R may be the same or different and is a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, or an aryl group
- n is 1 when X is a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom, and is 0 when X is a sulfur atom
- * is a bond.
- Counter ions for the ionic groups include, for example, halide ions, such as Cl ⁇ , F ⁇ , Br ⁇ , and I ⁇ .
- examples of the linear alkyl group represented by R include linear alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, specifically methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, and n-icosyl groups.
- examples of the branched alkyl group represented by R include branched alkyl groups having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as isopropyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, isopentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, isohexyl, s-hexyl, t-hexyl, and ethylhexyl groups.
- examples of the cyclic alkyl group represented by R include cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and cyclooctadecyl.
- examples of the aryl group represented by R include a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a tolyl group, and an o-xylyl group.
- R is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and even more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. It is also more preferable that R in general formula (1) is a linear alkyl group.
- Such a configuration of the onium-based functional group increases the adhesion between the insulating resin and the conductive particles, ensuring insulation, and further improving the reliability of conductivity during thermocompression bonding.
- the organic polymer having an ionic group that constitutes the insulating resin has a constituent unit represented by the following general formula (2) or general formula (3).
- X, R, and n are defined as in the general formula (1).
- m is an integer of 0 to 5.
- An ⁇ represents a monovalent anion.
- X, R, and n are the same as those in the general formula (1).
- An- represents a monovalent anion.
- m1 is an integer of 1 to 5.
- R5 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- R in formula (2) and formula (3) the explanation of the functional group of R in general formula (1) above is appropriately applied.
- the ionic group may be bonded to any of the para-position, ortho-position, and meta-position with respect to the CH group of the benzene ring in formula (2), and is preferably bonded to the para-position.
- preferred examples of monovalent An- include halide ions. Examples of halide ions include Cl- , F- , Br- , and I- .
- m is preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and particularly preferably 1.
- m1 is preferably an integer of 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 2.
- the organic polymer having an ionic group is preferably composed of a monomer component having, for example, an onium-based functional group and an ethylenically unsaturated bond. From the viewpoint of facilitating the acquisition of monomers and the synthesis of polymers and increasing the manufacturing efficiency of insulating resins, it is also preferable that the organic polymer having an ionic group contains a non-crosslinkable monomer component.
- Non-crosslinkable monomers having an onium functional group and an ethylenically unsaturated bond include, for example, ammonium group-containing monomers such as N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide, and N,N,N-trimethyl-N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium chloride; monomers having a sulfonium group such as phenyl dimethylsulfonium methyl sulfate methacrylate; 4-(vinylbenzyl)triethylphosphonium chloride, 4-(vinylbenzyl)trimethylphosphonium chloride, and 4-(vinylbenzyl)tributary Examples of monomers having a phosphonium group include 4-(vinylbenzyl)trioctylphosphonium chloride, 4-(vinylbenzyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride, 2-(methacryloyl
- ionic groups may be bonded to all of the monomer components, or ionic groups may be bonded to some of the total structural units of the organic polymer.
- the proportion of monomer components to which ionic groups are bonded is preferably 0.01 mol% to 99 mol%, and more preferably 0.02 mol% to 95 mol%.
- the number of monomer components in the organic polymer is calculated by counting a structure derived from one ethylenically unsaturated bond as one structural unit of the monomer.
- the proportion of the monomer components is the total amount.
- the insulating resin coating can take the form of multiple insulating particles arranged in layers, or a continuous insulating film.
- the insulating resin is made of insulating fine particles
- conductive particles coated with the insulating fine particles are thermocompressed between electrodes, causing the insulating fine particles to melt, deform, peel off, or move on the conductive particle surface, exposing the metal surface of the conductive particle in the thermocompressed portion, thereby enabling conduction between the electrodes and providing connectivity.
- the surface portion of the conductive particle facing in a direction other than the thermocompression direction generally maintains the state in which the conductive particle surface is coated with the insulating fine particles, preventing conduction in directions other than the thermocompression direction.
- the insulating fine particles containing the ionic groups on their surfaces, tend to adhere to the conductive particles, which allows a sufficient proportion of the conductive particle surface to be covered with the insulating fine particles and effectively prevents the insulating fine particles from peeling off from the conductive particles. This makes it easier for the insulating fine particles to prevent short circuits in a direction different from that between the opposing electrodes, and is expected to improve insulation in that direction.
- the shape of the insulating fine particles is not particularly limited, and may be spherical or may be a shape other than spherical. Examples of shapes other than spherical include fibrous, hollow, plate-like, and needle-like.
- the insulating fine particles may also have a large number of protrusions on their surface or may be amorphous. Spherical insulating fine particles are preferred in terms of adhesion to conductive particles and ease of synthesis.
- the average particle diameter (D) of the insulating fine particles is preferably 10 nm or more and 3,000 nm or less, more preferably 15 nm or more and 2,000 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the insulating fine particles is within the above range, the resulting coated particles do not cause a short circuit in a direction different from that between the opposing electrodes, and it is easy to ensure conduction between the opposing electrodes.
- the average particle diameter of the insulating fine particles is a value measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope, and specifically, is measured by the method described in the examples below.
- the particle size distribution of the insulating fine particles measured by the above-mentioned method has a certain range.
- the range of the particle size distribution of a powder is represented by the coefficient of variation (hereinafter also referred to as "C.V.") shown in the following calculation formula (1).
- C. V. (%) (standard deviation / average particle size) ⁇ 100 (1)
- a large C.V. indicates a wide particle size distribution, while a small C.V. indicates a sharp particle size distribution.
- the coated particles of this embodiment preferably use insulating fine particles with a C.V. of 0.1% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 0.5% or more and 15% or less, and most preferably 1% or more and 10% or less.
- the C.V. being in this range has the advantage that the thickness of the coating layer made of insulating fine particles can be made uniform.
- the insulating resin may be a continuous film made of a polymer and having ionic groups, instead of the insulating fine particles.
- the insulating resin is a continuous film having ionic groups
- the conductive particles are thermocompressed between electrodes, whereby the continuous film melts, deforms, or peels off, exposing the metal surfaces of the conductive particles, thereby enabling conduction between the electrodes and providing connectivity.
- the continuous film is often torn, exposing the metal surfaces.
- the state of the conductive particles being covered by the continuous film is generally maintained, preventing conduction in directions other than the thermocompression direction. It is preferable that the continuous film also has ionic groups on its surface.
- the thickness of the continuous film is preferably 10 nm or more in terms of improving insulation in a direction different from that between the opposing electrodes, and is preferably 3,000 nm or less in terms of ease of conduction between the opposing electrodes. From this point of view, the thickness of the continuous film is preferably 10 nm or more and 3,000 nm or less, and more preferably 15 nm or more and 2,000 nm or less.
- the ionic group is preferably part of the chemical structure of the substance that constitutes the continuous coating.
- the ionic group is preferably contained in at least one structure of the structural unit of the polymer that constitutes the continuous coating.
- the ionic group is preferably chemically bonded to the polymer that constitutes the continuous coating, and more preferably bonded to the side chain of the polymer.
- the conductive particles are coated with insulating fine particles having ionic groups on their surfaces, and then the insulating fine particles are heated to obtain a continuous film.
- the insulating fine particles are dissolved in an organic solvent to obtain a continuous film.
- insulating fine particles having ionic groups tend to adhere to the conductive particles, which makes it possible to ensure that the proportion of the conductive particle surface that is coated with the insulating fine particles is sufficient, and makes it easier to prevent the insulating fine particles from peeling off from the conductive particles. Therefore, the continuous film obtained by heating or dissolving the insulating fine particles that coat the conductive particles can be made to have a uniform thickness and a high proportion of the conductive particle surface that is coated.
- the conductive particles may be treated with a surface treatment agent before forming the insulating coating layer, in order to enhance the affinity with the insulating resin and provide excellent adhesion.
- a surface treatment agent include benzotriazole compounds, titanium compounds, higher fatty acids or derivatives thereof, phosphates, phosphites, etc. These may be used alone or in combination as necessary.
- the surface treatment agent may or may not be chemically bonded to the metal on the surface of the conductive particle.
- the surface treatment agent only needs to be present on the surface of the conductive particle, and in that case, it may be present on the entire surface of the conductive particle or only on a portion of the surface.
- the triazole compounds include compounds having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structure with three nitrogen atoms in a five-membered ring.
- Triazole compounds include compounds that have a single triazole ring structure that is not condensed with other rings, as well as compounds that have a ring structure in which a triazole ring is condensed with other rings. Examples of other rings include a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring.
- Benzotriazole compounds include those represented by the following general formula (I).
- R 11 is a negative charge, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an amino group, a formyl group, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, a sulfonic acid group, or a silyl group
- R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a nitro group.
- Examples of the alkali metal represented by R 11 in formula (I) include lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.
- the alkali metal represented by R 11 is an alkali metal cation, and when R 11 in formula (I) is an alkali metal, the bond between R 11 and the nitrogen atom may be an ionic bond.
- the alkyl group represented by R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 and R 15 in formula (I) may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably has 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may be substituted, and examples of the substituent include an amino group, an alkoxy group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an aldehyde group, a nitro group, a sulfonic acid group, a quaternary ammonium group, a sulfonium group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphonium group, a cyano group, a fluoroalkyl group, a mercapto group, and a halogen atom.
- the alkoxy group represented by R 11 preferably includes an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group as a substituent of the alkyl group represented by R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is preferably 1 to 12.
- Examples of the halogen atom represented by R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 in formula (I) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- triazole compounds include compounds having a single triazole ring structure such as 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, 5-mercapto-1H-1,2,3-triazole sodium, 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, and 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole.
- compounds having a ring structure in which a triazole ring is condensed with another ring include benzotriazole, 1-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4-carboxy-1H-benzotriazole, 5-carboxy-1H-benzotriazole, 5-ethyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5-propyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and 5-nitrobenzotriazole.
- Triazole 5-chlorobenzotriazole, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1-(methoxymethyl)-1H-benzotriazole, 1H-benzotriazole-1-methanol, 1H-benzotriazole-1-carboxaldehyde, 1-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzotriazole, benzotriazole butyl ester, 4-carboxyl-1H-benzotriazole butyl ester, 4-carboxyl-1H-benzotriazole octyl ester, 1-[N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]methylbenzotriazole, 2,2'-[[(methyl-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)methyl]imino]bisethanol, tetrabutylphosphonium benzotriazolate, 1H-benzotria
- a compound having a structure represented by general formula (II) is particularly preferred in that when present on the surface of a conductive particle, affinity between the insulating resin and the conductive particle is easily obtained, and the conductive particle surface can be uniformly treated because the compound is easily dispersed in a solvent.
- R 21 is a divalent or trivalent group
- R 22 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryl group having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, or an arylalkyl group having from 7 to 23 carbon atoms
- q is 2
- * represents a bond.
- Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 4 to 28 carbon atoms represented by R22 include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, heptadecyl group, octadecyl group, nonadecyl group, icosyl group, henicosyl group, docosyl group, etc.
- Examples of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group include alkenyl groups such as dodecenyl group, tridecenyl group, tetradecenyl group, pentadecenyl group, hexadecenyl group, heptadecenyl group, nonadecenyl group, icosenyl group, eicosenyl group, henicosyl group, and docosenyl group.
- Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms include a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a naphthyl group, and an anthryl group.
- the arylalkyl group having 7 to 23 carbon atoms examples include a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, and a naphthylmethyl group.
- a straight-chain or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group is particularly preferred, and a straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group is particularly preferred.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group as the hydrophobic group is more preferably one having 4 to 28 carbon atoms, and most preferably one having 6 to 24 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the divalent group represented by R 21 include -O-, -COO-, -OCO-, -OSO 2 -, etc.
- Examples of the trivalent group represented by R 21 include -P(OH)(O-) 2 and -OPO(OH)-OPO(O-) 2 .
- * is a bond, which may be bonded to the metal coating of the conductive particle, or may be bonded to other groups.
- groups include hydrocarbon groups, and specifically, alkyl groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- a compound having a structure in which R21 in general formula (II) is a divalent group is preferred in terms of availability and the ability to process the conductive particles without impairing their conductive properties.
- the structure in which R21 in general formula (II) is a divalent group is represented by the following general formula (III).
- R 21 is a group selected from —O—, —COO—, —OCO—, and —OSO 2 —, and p, r, and R 22 are the same as those in formula (II).
- r is preferably 2 or 3 from the viewpoint of improving the adhesion between the insulating resin and the conductive layer, and it is most preferable that r is 3.
- titanate-based coupling agents used in the present invention include isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate, isopropyl tridodecylbenzenesulfonyl titanate, isopropyl tris(dioctyl pyrophosphate) titanate, tetraisopropyl(dioctyl phosphite) titanate, tetraisopropyl bis(dioctyl phosphite) titanate, tetraoctyl bis(ditridecyl phosphite) titanate, tetra(2,2-diallyloxymethyl-1-butyl)bis(ditridecyl)phosphite titanate, bis(dioctyl pyrophosphate)oxyacetate titanate, bis(dioctyl pyrophosphate)ethylene titanate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the higher fatty acid is preferably a saturated or unsaturated linear or branched mono- or polycarboxylic acid, more preferably a saturated or unsaturated linear or branched monocarboxylic acid, and even more preferably a saturated or unsaturated linear monocarboxylic acid.
- the fatty acid preferably has 7 or more carbon atoms.
- the derivative refers to a salt or amide of the fatty acid.
- the higher fatty acid or its derivative used in the present invention preferably has 7 to 23 carbon atoms, more preferably 10 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Examples of such higher fatty acids or their derivatives include saturated fatty acids such as capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, and metal salts or amides thereof.
- Metal salts of higher fatty acids include salts of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals such as Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag, and metals other than transition metals such as Al and Zn, and are preferably polyvalent metal salts such as Al, Zn, W, and V.
- the higher fatty acid metal salts may be mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra-forms depending on the valence of the metal.
- the higher fatty acid metal salts may be any combination of these.
- phosphate ester and the phosphite ester those having an alkyl group having 6 to 22 carbon atoms are preferably used.
- phosphate esters include hexyl phosphate, heptyl phosphate, monooctyl phosphate, monononyl phosphate, monodecyl phosphate, monoundecyl phosphate, monododecyl phosphate, monotridecyl phosphate, monotetradecyl phosphate, and monopentadecyl phosphate.
- phosphite esters include hexyl phosphite, heptyl phosphite, monooctyl phosphite, monononyl phosphite, monodecyl phosphite, monoundecyl phosphite, monododecyl phosphite, monotridecyl phosphite, monotetradecyl phosphite, and monopentadecyl phosphite.
- the surface treatment agent is preferably a triazole-based compound or a titanium-based compound, as it has excellent affinity with the insulating resin and is highly effective in increasing the coverage rate of the insulating resin.
- benzotriazole, 4-carboxybenzotriazole, isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate, and tetraisopropyl (dioctyl phosphite) titanate are particularly preferred.
- the method of treating the conductive particles with the surface treatment agent includes dispersing the conductive particles in a solution of the surface treatment agent and then filtering the resultant. Before the treatment with the surface treatment agent, the conductive particles may be treated with another treatment agent or may be untreated.
- the concentration of the surface treatment agent in the solution of the surface treatment agent in which the conductive particles are dispersed can be 0.01% by mass or more and 10.0% by mass or less.
- Examples of the solvent in the solution of the surface treatment agent include water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, etc., ketones such as acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl-n-butyl ketone, etc., esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, etc., ethers such as diethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, normal hexane, cyclohexanone, toluene, 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, etc. It is preferable to disperse the conductive particles after the surface treatment, which have been dispersed and filtered, again in a solvent to remove excess
- Surface treatment of conductive particles with a surface treatment agent can be carried out by mixing the conductive particles, the surface treatment agent, and a solvent at room temperature.
- the conductive particles and the surface treatment agent may be mixed in a solvent and then heated to promote the reaction.
- the heating temperature can be, for example, 30°C or higher and 50°C or lower.
- the conductive particles of the present invention have low connection resistance and excellent connection reliability, and are therefore suitable for use, for example, as an anisotropic conductive film (ACF), heat seal connector (HSC), or conductive material for connecting electrodes of a liquid crystal display panel to a circuit board of a driving LSI chip.
- ACF anisotropic conductive film
- HSC heat seal connector
- conductive material for connecting electrodes of a liquid crystal display panel to a circuit board of a driving LSI chip.
- conductive materials include the conductive particles of the present invention used as is, or conductive materials obtained by dispersing the conductive particles of the present invention in a binder resin.
- the conductive material include anisotropic conductive paste, conductive adhesive, anisotropic conductive ink, etc.
- the binder resin may be a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin.
- the thermoplastic resin include acrylic resin, styrene resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, and styrene-butadiene block copolymer
- examples of the thermosetting resin include epoxy resin, phenol resin, urea resin, polyester resin, urethane resin, and polyimide resin.
- the conductive material may contain, as necessary, tackifiers, reactive auxiliaries, epoxy resin curing agents, metal oxides, photoinitiators, sensitizers, curing agents, vulcanizing agents, deterioration inhibitors, heat resistance additives, thermal conductivity enhancers, softeners, colorants, various coupling agents, metal deactivators, etc.
- the amount of conductive particles used in the conductive material may be determined appropriately depending on the application, but from the viewpoint of easily achieving electrical conductivity without the conductive particles coming into contact with each other, it is preferable that the amount is, for example, 0.01 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass, and particularly 0.03 parts by mass to 40 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the conductive material.
- the conductive particles of the present invention are particularly suitable for use as a conductive filler in conductive adhesives, among the above-mentioned forms of conductive materials.
- the conductive adhesive is preferably used as an anisotropic conductive adhesive that is placed between two substrates on which a conductive base material is formed, and that adheres the conductive base material to provide electrical conductivity by heating and pressurization.
- This anisotropic conductive adhesive contains the conductive particles of the present invention and an adhesive resin.
- Any adhesive resin that is insulating and can be used as an adhesive resin can be used without particular restrictions. It may be either a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin, and it is preferable that the adhesive performance is expressed by heating.
- adhesive resins include, for example, a thermoplastic type, a thermosetting type, and an ultraviolet curing type.
- thermosetting types that show intermediate properties between the thermoplastic type and the thermosetting type
- composite types of a thermosetting type and an ultraviolet curing type are so-called semi-thermosetting types that show intermediate properties between the thermoplastic type and the thermosetting type
- thermosetting type and an ultraviolet curing type.
- These adhesive resins can be appropriately selected according to the surface characteristics of the circuit board or the like to be adhered and the form of use.
- an adhesive resin that includes a thermosetting resin is preferable because it has excellent material strength after adhesion.
- adhesive resins include those prepared using as the main component one or a combination of two or more selected from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, carboxyl-modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-isobutyl acrylate copolymer, polyamide, polyimide, polyester, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, SBS block copolymer, carboxyl-modified SBS copolymer, SIS copolymer, SEBS copolymer, maleic acid-modified SEBS copolymer, polybutadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber, carboxyl-modified chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (hereinafter referred to as NBR), carboxyl-modified NBR, amine-modified NBR, epoxy resin, epoxy ester resin,
- thermoplastic resins are preferred because they have excellent reworkability.
- Epoxy resin is preferred as a thermosetting resin. Of these, epoxy resin is the most preferred due to its advantages of high adhesive strength, excellent heat resistance and electrical insulation, low melt viscosity, and the ability to connect at low pressure.
- any commonly used epoxy resin can be used as long as it is a polyhydric epoxy resin having two or more epoxy groups in one molecule.
- specific examples include novolac resins such as phenol novolac and cresol novolac; polyhydric phenols such as bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, resorcin, and bishydroxydiphenyl ether; polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane, and polypropylene glycol; polyamino compounds such as ethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine, and aniline; and polyvalent carboxy compounds such as adipic acid, phthalic acid, and isophthalic acid, and glycidyl-type epoxy resins obtained by reacting epichlorohydrin or 2-methylepichlorohydrin with epichlorohydrin.
- Other examples include aliphatic and alicyclic epoxy resins such as dicyclopentadiene e
- the amount of conductive particles used in an anisotropic conductive adhesive is usually 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 25 parts by mass, and more preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the adhesive resin component.
- the anisotropic conductive adhesive may contain additives known in the art.
- the amount of additives may be within the range known in the art.
- examples of other additives include tackifiers, reactive assistants, epoxy resin curing agents, metal oxides, photoinitiators, sensitizers, curing agents, vulcanizing agents, deterioration inhibitors, heat resistance additives, thermal conductivity enhancers, softeners, colorants, various coupling agents, and metal deactivators.
- tackifiers include rosin, rosin derivatives, terpene resins, terpene phenol resins, petroleum resins, coumarone-indene resins, styrene resins, isoprene resins, alkylphenol resins, and xylene resins.
- reactive auxiliaries i.e. crosslinking agents, include polyols, isocyanates, melamine resins, urea resins, utropines, amines, acid anhydrides, and peroxides.
- epoxy resin curing agents any agent having two or more active hydrogens per minute can be used without any particular restrictions.
- polyamino compounds such as diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, metaphenylenediamine, dicyandiamide, and polyamidoamine
- organic acid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride, methylnadic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, and pyromellitic anhydride
- novolac resins such as phenol novolac and cresol novolac.
- latent curing agents examples include imidazoles, hydrazides, boron trifluoride-amine complexes, sulfonium salts, aminimides, polyamine salts, dicyandiamide, and modified versions of these. These can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- the anisotropic conductive adhesive is manufactured using manufacturing equipment commonly used in the relevant technical field. For example, it is manufactured by blending conductive particles and adhesive resin, as well as a hardener and various additives as necessary, and mixing them in an organic solvent if the adhesive resin is a thermosetting resin, or by melt-kneading them at a temperature above the softening point of the adhesive resin, specifically preferably about 50 to 130°C, and more preferably about 60 to 110°C, if the adhesive resin is a thermoplastic resin.
- the anisotropic conductive adhesive obtained in this way may be applied as a coating or in the form of a film.
- connection structure of the present invention is obtained by connecting two circuit boards together using the conductive particles of the present invention or the conductive material of the present invention.
- Examples of the form of the connection structure include a connection structure between a flexible printed circuit board and a glass substrate, a connection structure between a semiconductor chip and a flexible printed circuit board, and a connection structure between a semiconductor chip and a glass substrate.
- the properties of the conductive particles were measured by the following methods.
- Compressive load value, compression ratio, and recovery ratio Using a micro-compression tester MCTM-500 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), a load was applied to one conductive particle at a loading rate of 0.03 mN/sec to measure the compressive load value, the displacement (d) when compressed, and the displacement (d') when unloaded.
- the compression rate and recovery rate were calculated according to the following formulas.
- Compressibility (%) (displacement when compressed (d)/average particle size (D)) ⁇ 100
- Recovery rate (%) (displacement when unloaded (d')/displacement when compressed (d)) ⁇ 100
- Average Particle Diameter 200 particles were randomly extracted from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the measurement subject, and the particle diameters of the particles were measured at a magnification of 10,000 times. The arithmetic mean value was taken as the average particle diameter.
- Example 1 (1) Cooling Treatment Spherical styrene-acrylate-silica composite resin particles with an average particle size of 3.0 ⁇ m were used as core particles. These core particles were placed in a square container so that the thickness was 5 mm. This was placed in a freezer (Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., FDS-1000) and cooled at a temperature of -20°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the mixture was left to stand until it reached room temperature. (2) Pretreatment 9 g of the core particles obtained by the cooling treatment was added to 200 mL of conditioner aqueous solution ("Cleaner Conditioner 231" manufactured by Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials) while stirring. The concentration of the conditioner aqueous solution was 40 mL/L.
- conditioner aqueous solution (“Cleaner Conditioner 231" manufactured by Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials)
- the solution was stirred for 30 minutes while applying ultrasonic waves at a liquid temperature of 60° C. to perform surface modification and dispersion treatment of the core particles.
- This aqueous solution was filtered, and the core particles that had been repulped and washed once were made into a 200 mL slurry.
- 0.1 g of stannous chloride was added to this slurry.
- the solution was stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature to perform a sensitization treatment in which tin ions were adsorbed on the surface of the core particles.
- the aqueous solution was filtered, and the core particles that had been repulped and washed once were made into a 200 mL slurry and maintained at 60° C.
- the obtained conductive particles had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and had protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the obtained conductive particles were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in the cooling treatment (1) of Example 1, spherical styrene-acrylate-silica composite resin particles having an average particle size of 5.0 ⁇ m were used as the core particles.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 5.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in the cooling treatment (1) of Example 1, spherical acrylic resin particles having an average particle size of 3.0 ⁇ m were used as the core particles.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression ratio, and recovery ratio of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in the cooling treatment (1) of Example 1, spherical acrylic resin particles having an average particle size of 5.0 ⁇ m were used as the core particles.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 5.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression ratio, and recovery ratio of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 The conductive particles obtained in Example 1 were placed in a square container so as to have a thickness of 5 mm.
- the particles were placed in a vacuum heating furnace (KDF-75, manufactured by Denken Hydental Co., Ltd.) and heated from room temperature to 390° C. at a temperature increase rate of 5° C./min under a vacuum of 10 Pa, and then heat-treated at this temperature for 2 hours.
- the pressure was adjusted to atmospheric pressure by nitrogen purging, and then cooled to room temperature at a temperature decrease rate of 3° C./min by blowing in nitrogen gas to obtain heat-treated conductive particles.
- the average particle diameter of the obtained conductive particles was 3.22 ⁇ m, the thickness of the conductive layer was 110 nm, and the conductive particles had protrusions.
- the compression load, compression ratio, and recovery ratio of the obtained conductive particles were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that (1) the cooling treatment was not performed.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression ratio, and recovery ratio of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 2 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in (1) cooling treatment, cooling treatment was performed at a temperature of -5°C for 24 hours.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and had protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 3 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in (1) cooling treatment in Example 1, cooling treatment was performed at a temperature of -150°C for 24 hours.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and had protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 4 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in the cooling treatment (1) of Example 1, spherical acrylic resin particles having an average particle size of 3.0 ⁇ m were used as core particles and the cooling treatment was performed at a temperature of -5° C. for 24 hours.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 5 Conductive particles were obtained by the same procedure as in Example 1, except that in the cooling treatment (1) of Example 1, spherical acrylic resin particles having an average particle size of 3.0 ⁇ m were used as core particles and the cooling treatment was performed at a temperature of -150° C. for 24 hours.
- the conductive particles obtained had an average particle size of 3.22 ⁇ m, a conductive layer thickness of 110 nm, and protrusions.
- the compression load, compression rate, and recovery rate of the conductive particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 1.
- connection resistance and connection reliability were evaluated by the following method. 1.0 g of the conductive particles obtained in the Examples and Comparative Examples was placed in a vertically standing resin cylinder with an inner diameter of 10 mm, and the electrical resistance between the upper and lower electrodes was measured at room temperature (25°C, 50% RH) with a load of 2 kN applied to determine the initial volume resistance. The lower the initial volume resistance, the more effectively the oxide film formed on the electrodes was removed, and the lower the connection resistance of the conductive particles can be evaluated to be. Furthermore, the resistance value was also measured after being held for 24 hours under conditions of 85° C. and 85% RH. The smaller the difference with the connection resistance value at room temperature, the more excellent the connection reliability of the conductive particles can be evaluated to be.
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Abstract
Description
前記芯材粒子としては、粒子状であれば、無機物であっても有機物であっても特に制限なく用いることができる。無機物の芯材粒子としては、金、銀、銅、ニッケル、パラジウム、ハンダ等の金属粒子、合金、ガラス、セラミック、シリカ、金属又は非金属の酸化物(含水物も含む)、アルミノ珪酸塩を含む金属珪酸塩、金属炭化物、金属窒化物、金属炭酸塩、金属硫酸塩、金属リン酸塩、金属硫化物、金属酸塩、金属ハロゲン化物及び炭素等が挙げられる。一方、有機物の芯材粒子としては、例えば、天然繊維、天然樹脂、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ポリブテン、ポリアミド、ポリアクリル酸エステル、ポリアクリルニトリル、ポリアセタール、アイオノマー、ポリエステル等の熱可塑性樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、フェノール樹脂、尿素樹脂、ベンゾグアナミン樹脂、メラミン樹脂、キシレン樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ジアリルフタレート樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂が挙げられる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
芯材粒子の表面に導電層を形成する方法としては、蒸着法、スパッタ法、メカノケミカル法、ハイブリダイゼーション法等を利用する乾式法、電解めっき法、無電解めっき法等を利用する湿式法が挙げられる。また、これらの方法を組み合わせて芯材粒子の表面に導電層を形成してもよい。
無電解めっき法により芯材粒子の表面に導電層を形成する場合、芯材粒子は、その表面が貴金属イオンの捕捉能を有するか、又は貴金属イオンの捕捉能を有するように表面改質されることが好ましい。貴金属イオンは、パラジウムや銀のイオンであることが好ましい。貴金属イオンの捕捉能を有するとは、貴金属イオンをキレート又は塩として捕捉し得ることをいう。例えば芯材粒子の表面に、アミノ基、イミノ基、アミド基、イミド基、シアノ基、水酸基、ニトリル基、カルボキシル基などが存在する場合には、該芯材粒子の表面は貴金属イオンの捕捉能を有する。貴金属イオンの捕捉能を有するように表面改質する場合には、例えば特開昭61-64882号公報記載の方法を用いることができる。
第1工程は、芯材粒子の水性スラリーと、分散剤、ニッケル塩、還元剤及び錯化剤などを含んだ無電解ニッケルめっき浴とを混合する無電解ニッケルめっき工程である。かかる第1工程では、芯材粒子上への導電層の形成と同時にめっき浴の自己分解が起こる。この自己分解は、芯材粒子の近傍で生じるため、導電層の形成時に自己分解物が芯材粒子表面上に捕捉されることによって、微小突起の核が生成し、それと同時に導電層の形成がなされる。生成した微小突起の核を基点として、突起が成長する。
表面が平滑な導電層の形成は、上記突起を有する導電層を形成する処理の第1工程における無電解ニッケルめっき浴中のニッケル塩の濃度を薄くすることで行うことができる。すなわち、ニッケル塩としては、例えば塩化ニッケル、硫酸ニッケル又は酢酸ニッケルなどが用いられ、その濃度を好ましくは0.01~0.5g/Lの範囲とする。無電解ニッケルめっき浴中のニッケル塩の濃度を薄くすること以外の上記第1工程、及び第2工程を行う方法により、表面が平滑な導電層を形成できる。
このようにして、本発明の導電性粒子が得られる。
(式中、Xはリン原子、窒素原子、又は硫黄原子であり、Rは同じであっても異なっていてもよく、水素原子、直鎖状、分岐鎖状若しくは環状のアルキル基、又はアリール基である。nは、Xが窒素原子、リン原子の場合は1であり、Xが硫黄原子の場合は0である。*は結合手である。)
(式中、X、R及びnは前記一般式(1)と同義である。mは0以上5以下の整数である。An-は一価のアニオンを示す。)
(式中、X、R及びnは前記一般式(1)と同義である。An-は一価のアニオンを示す。m1は1以上5以下の整数である。R5は、水素原子又はメチル基である。)
C.V.(%)=(標準偏差/平均粒子径)×100・・・(1)
このC.V.が大きいということは粒度分布の幅が広いことを示し、一方、C.V.が小さいということは粒度分布がシャープであることを示す。本実施形態の被覆粒子は、C.V.が好ましくは0.1%以上20%以下、より好ましくは0.5%以上15%以下、最も好ましくは1%以上10%以下の絶縁性微粒子を用いることが望ましい。C.V.がこの範囲であることにより、絶縁性微粒子による被覆層の厚みを均一にできる利点がある。
前記表面処理剤としては、例えば、ベンゾトリアゾール系化合物、チタン系化合物、高級脂肪酸又はその誘導体、リン酸エステル及び亜リン酸エステル等が挙げられる。これらは単独で用いてもよいし、必要に応じて複数を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
ベンゾトリアゾール系化合物としては、下記一般式(I)で表されるものが挙げられる。
(式中、R11は、負電荷、水素原子、アルカリ金属、置換されていてもよいアルキル基、アミノ基、ホルミル基、ヒドロキシル基、アルコキシ基、スルホン酸基又はシリル基であり、R12、R13、R14及びR15はそれぞれ独立に、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換されていてもよいアルキル基、カルボキシル基、ヒドロキシル基又はニトロ基である。)
式(I)におけるR11、R12、R13、R14及びR15で表されるアルキル基としては、炭素数1~20のものが挙げられ、炭素数1~12が特に好ましい。当該アルキル基は、置換されていてもよく、置換基としてはアミノ基、アルコキシ基、カルボキシル基、ヒドロキシル基、アルデヒド基、ニトロ基、スルホン酸基、第四級アンモニウム基、スルホニウム基、スルホニル基、ホスホニウム基、シアノ基、フルオロアルキル基、メルカプト基、及びハロゲン原子が挙げられる。
R11で表されるアルコキシ基としては、炭素数が1~12のものが好ましく挙げられる。
また、R12、R13、R14及びR15で表されるアルキル基の置換基としてのアルコキシ基の炭素数は1~12であることが好ましい。式(I)におけるR12、R13、R14及びR15で表されるハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子等が挙げられる。
(R21は2価又は3価の基であり、R22は炭素原子数2以上30以下の脂肪族炭化水素基、炭素原子数6以上22以下のアリール基又は炭素原子数7以上23以下のアリールアルキル基であり、p及びrはそれぞれ1以上3以下の整数であり、p+r=4を満たし、qは1又は2である整数であり、R21が2価の基である場合、qは1であり、R21が3価の基である場合、qは2である。qが2である場合、複数のR22は同一であっても異なってもよい。*は結合手を表す。)
炭素原子数6以上22以下のアリール基としては、フェニル基、トリル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基等が挙げられる。
炭素原子数7以上23以下のアリールアルキル基としては、ベンジル基、フェネチル基、ナフチルメチル基等が挙げられる。
疎水性基としては直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の脂肪族炭化水素基が特に好ましく、直鎖状の脂肪族炭化水素基がとりわけ好ましい。
絶縁樹脂と導電性粒子との親和性を高める点から、疎水性基としての脂肪族炭化水素基としては、特に炭素原子数4以上28以下のものが更に好ましく、6以上24以下のものが最も好ましい。
(R21は、-O-、-COO-、-OCO-、-OSO2-から選ばれる基であり、p、r及びR22は一般式(II)と同義である。)
なお、これらのチタネート系カップリング剤は、例えば、味の素ファインテクノ株式会社から市販されている。
リン酸エステルとしては、例えば、リン酸ヘキシルエステル、リン酸ヘプチルエステル、リン酸モノオクチルエステル、リン酸モノノニルエステル、リン酸モノデシルエステル、リン酸モノウンデシルエステル、リン酸モノドデシルエステル、リン酸モノトリデシルエステル、リン酸モノテトラデシルエステル、リン酸モノペンタデシルエステル等が挙げられる。
亜リン酸エステルとしては、例えば、亜リン酸ヘキシルエステル、亜リン酸ヘプチルエステル、亜リン酸モノオクチルエステル、亜リン酸モノノニルエステル、亜リン酸モノデシルエステル、亜リン酸モノウンデシルエステル、亜リン酸モノドデシルエステル、亜リン酸モノトリデシルエステル、亜リン酸モノテトラデシルエステル、亜リン酸モノペンタデシルエステル等が挙げられる。
導電性粒子を分散させる表面処理剤の溶液(導電性粒子を含む溶液)における表面処理剤の濃度としては、0.01質量%以上10.0質量%以下が挙げられる。また表面処理剤の溶液における溶媒は、水、メタノール、エタノール、1-プロパノール、2-プロパノール、1-ブタノール、2-ブタノール、イソブチルアルコール、イソペンチルアルコール、シクロヘキサノール、などのアルコール類、アセトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチル-n-ブチルケトン、などのケトン類、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、などのエステル類、ジエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテルなどのエーテル類、ノルマルヘキサン、シクロヘキサノン、トルエン、1,4-ジオキサン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、テトラヒドロフラン等が挙げられる。分散、ろ過した表面処理後の導電性粒子は、再度溶媒中に分散させて過剰の表面処理剤を除去することが好ましい。
(1)圧縮荷重値、圧縮率及び回復率
微小圧縮試験機MCTM-500(株式会社島津製作所製)を用いて、負荷速度0.03mN/秒で導電性粒子1個に荷重を与えて圧縮荷重値、圧縮したときの変位(d)、除荷したときの変位(d’)を測定した。
圧縮率及び回復率は次式により算出した。
圧縮率(%)=(圧縮したときの変位(d)/平均粒子径(D))×100
回復率(%)=(除荷したときの変位(d’)/圧縮したときの変位(d))×100
(2)平均粒子径
測定対象の走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)写真から、任意に200個の粒子を抽出して、倍率10,000倍にて粒子径を測定し、その算術平均値を平均粒子径とした。
(3)導電層の厚み
導電性粒子を2つに切断し、その切り口の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察して測定した。
(1)冷却処理
平均粒子径3.0μmの球状スチレン-アクリレート-シリカ複合系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用いた。この芯材粒子を、5mmの厚さとなるように角型状の容器内に入れた。これを冷凍装置(東京理化器械株式会社製、FDS-1000)に入れ、温度-20℃、24時間で冷却処理した。冷却処理後、常温になるまで放置した。
(2)前処理
前記冷却処理で得られた芯材粒子9gを、200mLのコンディショナー水溶液(ローム・アンド・ハース電子材料製の「クリーナーコンディショナー231」)に攪拌しながら投入した。コンディショナー水溶液の濃度は40mL/Lであった。引き続き、液温60℃で超音波を与えながら30分間攪拌して芯材粒子の表面改質及び分散処理を行った。この水溶液を濾過し、1回リパルプ水洗した芯材粒子を200mLのスラリーにした。このスラリーへ塩化第一錫0.1gを投入した。常温で5分間攪拌し、錫イオンを芯材粒子の表面に吸着させる感受性化処理を行った。引き続きこの水溶液を濾過し、1回リパルプ水洗した芯材粒子を200mLのスラリーにして60℃に維持した。このスラリーへ0.11mol/Lの塩化パラジウム水溶液1.5mLを投入した。60℃で5分間撹拌し、パラジウムイオンを芯材粒子の表面に捕捉させる活性化処理を行った。引き続きこの水溶液を濾過し、1回リパルプ湯洗した芯材粒子を100mLのスラリーにし、0.5g/Lジメチルアミンボラン水溶液10mLを加え、超音波を与えながら2分間撹拌して前処理済み芯材粒子のスラリーを得た。
(3)めっき浴の調製
5g/Lの酒石酸ナトリウム、2g/Lの硫酸ニッケル六水和物、10g/Lのクエン酸3ナトリウム、0.1g/Lの次亜リン酸ナトリウム、及び2g/Lのポリエチレングリコールを溶解した水溶液からなる無電解ニッケル-リンめっき浴3Lを調製し、70℃に昇温した。
(4)無電解めっき処理
この無電解めっき浴に、前記前処理済み芯材粒子のスラリーを投入し、5分間攪拌して水素の発泡が停止するのを確認した。
このスラリーに、224g/Lの硫酸ニッケル水溶液420mLと、210g/Lの次亜リン酸ナトリウム及び80g/Lの水酸化ナトリウムを含む混合水溶液420mLを、添加速度はいずれも2.5mL/分として定量ポンプによって連続的に分別添加し、無電解めっきを開始した。
硫酸ニッケル水溶液と、次亜リン酸ナトリウム及び水酸化ナトリウムの混合水溶液のそれぞれ全量を添加した後、70℃の温度を保持しながら5分間攪拌を継続した。次いで液を濾過し、濾過物を3回洗浄した後、110℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥して、ニッケル-リン合金皮膜を有する導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、平均粒子径5.0μmの球状スチレン-アクリレート-シリカ複合系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は5.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、平均粒子径3.0μmの球状アクリル系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、平均粒子径5.0μmの球状アクリル系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は5.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1で得られた導電性粒子を、5mmの厚さとなるように角型状の容器内に入れた。これを真空加熱炉(デンケン・ハイデンタル社製、KDF-75)に入れ、10Paの真空下、室温から昇温速度5℃/分で390℃まで加熱し、その後この温度で2時間の加熱処理を行った。加熱処理後、窒素パージにより大気圧にした後、窒素ガスを吹き込むことにより降温速度3℃/分で室温まで冷却して加熱処理済みの導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1において、(1)冷却処理を行わなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、温度-5℃、24時間で冷却処理したこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、温度-150℃、24時間で冷却処理したこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、平均粒子径3.0μmの球状アクリル系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用い、温度-5℃、24時間で冷却処理したこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例1の(1)冷却処理において、平均粒子径3.0μmの球状アクリル系樹脂粒子を芯材粒子として用い、温度-150℃、24時間で冷却処理したこと以外は、実施例1と同じ操作を行い、導電性粒子を得た。得られた導電性粒子の平均粒子径は3.22μm、導電層の厚みは110nmであり突起を有していた。得られた導電性粒子の圧縮荷重、圧縮率及び回復率を測定した結果を表1に示す。
実施例及び比較例の導電性粒子を用いて、接続抵抗及び接続信頼性の評価を以下の方法で行った。
垂直に立てた内径10mmの樹脂製円筒内に、実施例及び比較例で得られた導電性粒子1.0gを入れ、室温下(25℃・50%RH)、2kNの荷重をかけた状態で上下電極間の電気抵抗を測定し、初期体積抵抗値を求めた。初期体積抵抗値が低いほど、電極に形成されている酸化膜を効果的に排除できており、導電性粒子の接続抵抗が低いと評価できる。
更に、85℃・85%RHの条件で24時間保持後の抵抗値も測定した。室温下での接続抵抗値と差が小さいほど導電性粒子の接続信頼性が優れているものと評価できる。
Claims (10)
- 芯材粒子の表面に導電層を有する導電性粒子であって、圧縮荷重が10mNのときの圧縮率が90%以上98%以下である導電性粒子。
- 圧縮荷重が9mN未満のときの圧縮率が50%以下である請求項1に記載の導電性粒子。
- 圧縮率が90%以上のときの回復率が1%以上10%以下である請求項1に記載の導電性粒子。
- 前記導電層の厚みが0.1nm以上2000nm以下である請求項1又は2に記載の導電性粒子。
- 外表面に突起を有する請求項1又は2に記載の導電性粒子。
- 外表面が平滑である請求項1又は2に記載の導電性粒子。
- 請求項1又は2に記載の導電性粒子と絶縁性樹脂とを含む導電性材料。
- 請求項7に記載の導電性材料を介して被接続部材同士が接続されている接続構造体。
- 芯材粒子の表面に導電層を有する導電性粒子の製造方法であって、前記芯材粒子を-100℃以上-10℃未満の温度で冷却処理した後、導電層を形成する工程を有する導電性粒子の製造方法。
- 前記冷却処理を1時間以上100時間以下で行う請求項9に記載の導電性粒子の製造方法。
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| JP2021163717A (ja) * | 2020-04-03 | 2021-10-11 | 日本化学工業株式会社 | 導電性粒子、その製造方法及びそれを含む導電性材料 |
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