WO2024056017A1 - 一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2024056017A1
WO2024056017A1 PCT/CN2023/118749 CN2023118749W WO2024056017A1 WO 2024056017 A1 WO2024056017 A1 WO 2024056017A1 CN 2023118749 W CN2023118749 W CN 2023118749W WO 2024056017 A1 WO2024056017 A1 WO 2024056017A1
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ionic liquid
substrate
polybenzimidazole
polymer
liquid
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PCT/CN2023/118749
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English (en)
French (fr)
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赵龙
宋逸菲
王志国
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华中科技大学
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
    • H01M8/1086—After-treatment of the membrane other than by polymerisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
    • H01M8/1044—Mixtures of polymers, of which at least one is ionically conductive
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
    • H01M8/1086—After-treatment of the membrane other than by polymerisation
    • H01M8/1088—Chemical modification, e.g. sulfonation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of battery separators, and more specifically, relates to an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane and its preparation method and application.
  • membranes are key components that isolate electrolytes and serve as conductive discharge carriers to complete internal circuits.
  • the properties of ion exchange membranes affect the performance and cost of battery systems. A cheap, durable, highly conductive and low permeability ion exchange membrane can greatly improve battery performance and reduce battery costs.
  • polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membranes Compared with commercial Nafion membranes, polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membranes not only have extremely low vanadium permeability after acidification due to their structural characteristics, but also have excellent chemical stability and mechanical strength. However, due to its dense structure and the Donnan effect after acidification, the proton transmission efficiency is extremely low. Therefore, the modification of polybenzimidazole membranes is mainly to improve its proton transport ability.
  • Ionic liquids are room-temperature molten salts that have attracted widespread attention in recent years for their applications in fuel cells and vanadium flow battery separators due to their excellent electrochemical properties.
  • researchers have used ionic liquids to construct proton transmission channels, which can improve the conductivity of ion exchange membranes through the Grotthuss mechanism and vehicle transmission mechanism.
  • the binding force between the ionic liquid monomer and PBI is weak, and the ionic liquid is prone to leakage during use, affecting the practical life and application efficiency of the i
  • CN106558717B discloses a high-temperature composite proton exchange membrane for fuel cells and a preparation method thereof. After directly dissolving polybenzimidazole and ionic liquid in an organic solvent to obtain a mixed solution, the film is formed by a casting method to obtain a fuel cell. Use high temperature composite proton exchange membrane. However, the ionic liquid/polymer membrane system formed is unstable and the ionic liquid is prone to leakage.
  • CN107248583A discloses a polybenzimidazole-polyionic liquid cross-linked composite high-temperature material Sub-exchange membrane and preparation method thereof, by adding a cross-linking agent to a mixed solution of polybenzimidazole and imidazole-based polyionic liquid derived from polybenzimidazole, and then inducing a cross-linking reaction at high temperature to convert the polyionic liquid into The structure is introduced into the fluorine-containing polybenzimidazole polymer matrix to bind the polyionic liquid to the polymer in a covalent cross-linking manner, thereby preventing the loss of the ionic liquid.
  • polybenzimidazole (PBI) and its derivatives have high radiation stability and are not easy to generate free radicals.
  • those skilled in the art cannot immobilize polyionic liquids into PBI by radiation grafting technology. So far, there has been no successful report on the use of ionizing radiation technology to covalently bond ionic liquids containing unsaturated double bonds to PBI by grafting polymerization.
  • the existing technology has various limitations, and it is necessary to develop a structurally stable ionic liquid/PBI polymer composite ion exchange membrane with simple preparation method, low cost, excellent performance and high ionic liquid retention rate.
  • the present invention provides an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane and a preparation method and application thereof, the purpose of which is to provide a polyionic liquid/polymer composite membrane and a preparation method thereof which is simple to operate, suitable for industrial production and has excellent performance.
  • a preparation method of an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane which includes:
  • the polymer base material and the ionic liquid monomer containing unsaturated double bonds are mixed evenly through a good solvent to obtain a casting liquid.
  • the polymer base material includes at least one of polybenzimidazole and polybenzimidazole derivatives. kind;
  • the film casting liquid is spread flatly on the substrate, and the solvent is removed by drying to obtain a solid film;
  • the solid film is subjected to ionizing radiation, and the ionizing radiation is used to induce the ionic liquid monomer to form polyionic liquid and its cross-linked products inside the substrate, and physical entanglement occurs between the polyionic liquid molecular chain and the substrate molecular chain.
  • the ionic liquid component is fixed in the polymer substrate to form a composite film.
  • it also includes:
  • the irradiated solid membrane is cleaned and protonated to form an ionic liquid/polymer composite ion exchange membrane.
  • the derivatives of polybenzimidazole are diphenyl ether-based polybenzimidazole, diphenylsulfonyl polybenzimidazole, poly[2,5-benzimidazole], fluorine-containing polybenzimidazole At least one kind of imidazole.
  • the anion of the ionic liquid monomer is at least one of tetrafluoroborate, bromide, chloride or nitrate ions, and the cation is vinylimidazolium or allyl containing a double bond. Imidazolium.
  • the mass of the ionic liquid monomer is 10% to 200% of the mass of the substrate, preferably 50% to 100%.
  • the good solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methylpyrrolidone.
  • the substrate is also mixed with inorganic nanoparticles, and the inorganic nanoparticles include at least one of graphene, mesoporous carbon, functionalized carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitrogen compounds. kind.
  • the ionizing radiation is any one of gamma ray radiation, electron beam radiation or X-ray radiation, and the irradiation dose range of the ionizing radiation is 10 kGy-300 kGy, preferably 80 kGy-200 kGy.
  • an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane which is characterized in that it includes a polymer substrate and polyions that are entangled with the molecular chains of the substrate and fixed in the substrate. Liquid and its cross-linked structure, the polymer substrate includes at least one of polybenzimidazole and polybenzimidazole derivatives, and the polyionic liquid is polymerized by ionic liquid monomers containing unsaturated double bonds. become.
  • an application of an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane is provided, which is characterized in that the above-mentioned ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane is used as an electrolyte separator in an all-vanadium liquid in flow batteries or fuel cells.
  • the inventor first mixes the PBI substrate and the ionic liquid monomer containing unsaturated double bonds through a solvent to form a casting liquid, and then uses the casting liquid to spread the film, evaporate the solvent, and solidify to form a film. At this time, the ionic liquid monomer is evenly dispersed in the substrate. Then, the solid film was subjected to ionizing radiation.
  • the ionic liquid monomers dispersed in the substrate will polymerize to form a cross-linked structure.
  • the ionic liquid is evenly dispersed in the substrate, Physical entanglement occurs between the polyionic liquid molecular chains and the polymer molecular chains in the substrate to form a composite film.
  • the molecular weight of the polyionic liquid becomes larger, it is easier for chemical bonds to form between the ionic liquid units and the polymer, or molecular entanglement occurs directly, and the structural properties are more stable.
  • the polyionic liquid in the obtained composite membrane is firmly bonded to the substrate, and the ionic liquid is not easy to leak.
  • This invention breaks conventional thinking and solves the problem that ionic liquid monomers and PBI substrates cannot be directly introduced through graft polymerization using ionizing radiation technology.
  • ionic liquid monomers and substrates in a co-solvent, uniform distribution and film coating are achieved. It is then irradiated in the state of a solid film to achieve polymerization/cross-linking of the ionic liquid, and finally becomes physically entangled with the polymer molecular chains in the substrate to form a composite film.
  • the use of ionizing radiation technology to achieve the preparation of composite membranes in the solid state. Compared with the solid-liquid grafting reaction or liquid-liquid grafting reaction in the liquid phase, the control process is simpler and safer, more suitable for industrial large-scale production, and has industrialization application prospects.
  • Figure 1 is a step flow chart of a preparation method of an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane in an embodiment
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the entanglement between the polyionic liquid and the substrate after irradiation in an embodiment
  • Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a composite film after adding nanoparticles in an embodiment
  • Figure 4 shows the changes in the absorption peak of the PIL/PBI composite film in Example 1 before and after irradiation in the range of 2000 to 1400 cm -1 ;
  • Figure 5 is an SEM image of the micromorphology of the composite film obtained under different conditions.
  • (a) is the SEM image of the micromorphology of PBI without adding PIL
  • (b) is the SEM image of the PIL/PBI composite film without irradiation.
  • Micromorphology SEM image is the micromorphology SEM image of the irradiated PIL/PBI composite film in Example 1;
  • Figure 6 is a comparison chart of the vanadium permeability of the irradiated PIL/PBI composite membrane and the commercial Nafion 115 separator in Example 1;
  • Figure 7 is a comparison chart of the battery efficiency of a battery assembled using the irradiated PIL/PBI composite film of Example 1 and a commercial Nafion 115 separator at different current densities, where (a) is a comparison of the two at different current densities.
  • Figure 1 shows a preparation method of an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane in one embodiment of the present invention, which mainly includes the following steps:
  • Step S100 Mix the polymer substrate and the ionic liquid monomer containing unsaturated double bonds evenly through a good solvent to obtain a casting liquid.
  • the polymer substrate includes at least one of polybenzimidazole and polybenzimidazole derivatives. A sort of.
  • the base material and the ionic liquid monomer are both solid, and the two are dissolved in a good solvent and mixed. Evenly.
  • the dosage of ionic liquid is 1%-200% of the mass of the substrate, preferably 50%-100%.
  • the substrate may optionally include polybenzimidazole (PBI) or its derivatives.
  • the derivatives of polybenzimidazole can be diphenyl ether polybenzimidazole (OPBI), diphenylsulfonyl polybenzimidazole, poly[2,5-benzimidazole] (ABPBI), fluorine-containing type At least one of polybenzimidazole (6FPBI), etc., or a composite of the above-mentioned PBI and its derivatives and other polymer materials.
  • OPBI diphenyl ether polybenzimidazole
  • ABSPBI poly[2,5-benzimidazole]
  • 6FPBI fluorine-containing type
  • Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is preferred as the substrate.
  • the ionic liquid monomer is a doping substance that needs to be fixed in the composite membrane. It has inorganic anions and organic cations. Most of the ionic liquids are hydrophilic and contain unsaturated double bonds, which can be opened when ionizing radiation. Polymerization reaction occurs. Specifically, the anions of the ionic liquid monomer include tetrafluoroborate, bromide ions, chloride ions or nitrate ions, and the cations of the ionic liquid monomer include vinyl or allyl imidazolium containing double bonds.
  • a good solvent is a solvent that can dissolve the substrate and the ionic liquid monomer and can be removed during curing to form a film.
  • organic solvents can be selected, such as N-methylpyrrolidone or dimethyl sulfoxide or N,N- Dimethylformamide, etc.
  • the ionic liquid monomer will not undergo polymerization reaction after being dissolved in a good solvent. It will only polymerize on a large scale to form a polyionic liquid after subsequent ionizing radiation.
  • Step S200 spreading the casting solution on a substrate, and removing the solvent by drying to obtain a solid film.
  • the casting liquid is directly prepared into a film.
  • the casting method can be used to cast the film into a film.
  • ultrasonic defoaming and heating and drying to remove the solvent a solid film is obtained.
  • all materials are in a solid state, there is no liquid substance, and the ionic liquid monomer is dispersed in the substrate.
  • the thickness of the solid film can be controlled at 10-200 ⁇ m, preferably 10-50 ⁇ m.
  • Step S300 ionizing radiation is applied to the solid film, and the ionizing radiation is used to induce the ionic liquid monomers to form polyionic liquids and their crosslinked products inside the substrate, and physical entanglement is generated between the polyionic liquid molecular chains and the substrate molecular chains to fix the ionic liquid components in the polymer substrate to form a composite membrane.
  • polybenzimidazole (PBI) and its derivatives have high radiation stability.
  • Those skilled in the art generally would not think of using ionizing radiation technology to convert ionic liquids containing unsaturated double bonds into Fixed on PBI matrix.
  • the present invention performs step S300 to subject the cured solid film to ionizing radiation to disperse it on the substrate.
  • the internal ionic liquid monomers polymerize to form polyionic liquid (PIL) and its cross-linked structure.
  • PIL polyionic liquid
  • the entanglement between the polyionic liquid and the polymer molecular chains in the substrate and the cross-linked structure of the polyionic liquid achieve the fixation of the ionic liquid.
  • the cured film contains PBI polymer molecular chains and ionic liquid monomer VEImBr dispersed in the PBI polymer molecular chains.
  • the ionic liquid Monomer VEImBr polymerizes to form polyionic liquid PVEImBr.
  • PVEImBr chains and PBI chains are entangled with each other to fix the polyionic liquid in the substrate and prevent it from leaking from the composite membrane.
  • the ionizing radiation may be gamma ray radiation, electron beam radiation, or X-ray radiation.
  • the irradiation dose of ionizing radiation may be 10kGy-300kGy, preferably 80kGy-200kGy. If the radiation dose is too large, it will destroy the structure of the material and affect its performance. If the radiation dose is too small, it will be difficult to polymerize the ionic liquid monomer.
  • inorganic nanoparticles can be incorporated into the casting liquid, that is, the substrate, ionic liquid monomer and inorganic nanoparticles are dissolved in a good solvent.
  • the radiation is During the irradiation period, the ionic liquid generates cross-linking and entanglement, and at the same time, it also wraps and fixes the mixed conductive nanoparticles, further improving the electrochemical performance of the composite film.
  • the solid film contains PBI polymer molecular chains and ionic liquid monomer VEImBr and nanoparticles MXene dispersed in the PBI polymer molecular chains.
  • nanoparticles can choose materials such as graphene, mesoporous carbon, functionalized carbon nanotubes, and two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitrides.
  • the above preparation method of ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane firstly mixes the original materials through solvent The ionic liquid monomers are uniformly combined, and then laid and solidified to form a film, so that the ionic liquid monomers are dispersed in the substrate. Finally, the ionic liquid monomers are polymerized through ionizing radiation, and the molecular chains of the polyionic liquid and the molecular chains of the substrate are entangled with each other. knot, thereby achieving the immobilization of ionic liquids. Each step of the above method is interrelated, and each step works synergistically. Finally, a composite membrane with stable performance is obtained, which can effectively prevent the leakage of ionic liquid. Moreover, the use of ionizing radiation technology proposed in the present invention to achieve composite film preparation in the solid state is simpler to control and more conducive to industrial mass production.
  • the present invention also relates to an ionic liquid/polymer composite membrane, which can be obtained by the above method.
  • the composite membrane includes a base material and a polyionic liquid and its cross-linked structure that are entangled with polymer molecular chains in the base material and fixed in the base material.
  • the polyionic liquid is polymerized by the ionic liquid monomer.
  • the selection of the base material and the ionic liquid monomer refers to the above introduction and will not be repeated here.
  • the polyionic liquid/polymer composite film also contains nanoparticles, which can be fixed in the polyionic liquid/polymer composite film after irradiation to improve the conductivity of the film.
  • the present invention also mentions the application of ionic liquid/polymer composite membranes.
  • the ionic liquid/polymer composite membranes introduced above are protonated and used as electrolyte separators in all-vanadium redox flow batteries or fuel cells. Since in the ionic liquid/polymer composite ion exchange membrane, the ionic liquid is firmly bonded to the substrate through entanglement, it is not easy to leak in the electrolyte, greatly improving the performance of the battery.
  • step (2) Put the solid film in step (1) into a polyethylene bag and lay it flat, vacuum seal it and then irradiate it with electron beam.
  • the absorbed dose is 80kGy to obtain a composite film.
  • the irradiated composite membrane was soaked in deionized water for 3 days to obtain a composite ion exchange membrane.
  • m1 is the mass of the film before soaking
  • m2 is the mass of the dried film after soaking. It can be seen from Table 1 that when the ionic liquid content is 50% of the substrate, the ionic liquid retention rate of the non-irradiated composite membrane is 26.85%. When the absorbed dose is 160kGy, the ionic liquid retention rate is 64.93%; when the ionic liquid When the content is 100% of the substrate, the ionic liquid retention rate of the unirradiated composite membrane is 41.86%. When the absorbed dose is 160kGy, the ionic liquid retention rate is 81.97%. It shows that the preparation method proposed by the present invention can effectively improve the retention rate of ionic liquid and reduce the leakage of ionic liquid.
  • the SEM image of the micromorphology of the composite membrane prepared in Example 1 shows that the composite membrane is a homogeneous membrane, the ionic liquid has good compatibility with PBI, and no phase separation occurs.
  • the composite membrane prepared in Example 1 was subjected to a vanadium permeability test.
  • the separator is sandwiched between two electrolytic cells.
  • the left electrolytic cell is a 2M sulfuric acid solution of 1.5M vanadyl sulfate
  • the right electrolytic cell is a 1.5M magnesium sulfate solution of 2M sulfuric acid.
  • the vanadium ion concentration in the electrolytic cell on the right side was recorded within 7 days, and the vanadium ion permeability was calculated to be 3.70 ⁇ 10 -3 mg/(L ⁇ min).
  • the vanadium permeability of the composite membrane prepared in Example 1 after 7 days is about 1/48 of the Nafion 115 membrane. It shows that the present invention achieves lower vanadium permeability.
  • the PIL/PBI composite membrane obtained after protonation treatment of the composite membrane obtained in Example 1 has a swelling degree of 19%. It is assembled into a battery, and the PIL/PBI composite membrane and the currently commercial Nafion 115 membrane are tested at 100mA.
  • the Coulombic efficiency, energy efficiency and voltage efficiency of the battery at cm -2 as shown in Figure 7, using the PIL/PBI composite film obtained in this example, the Coulombic efficiency of the battery at 100mA ⁇ cm -2 is 98.24%, The energy efficiency is 80.27%, the voltage efficiency is 82.23%, and the electrochemical performance is better than the commercial Nafion 115 membrane.
  • Example 2 The preparation method is the same as in Example 1, except that the ionic liquid monomer is changed to 1-allyl-3-ethylimidazole chloride, and other conditions remain unchanged.
  • the performance of the PIL/PBI composite membrane obtained is equivalent to that of Example 1.
  • the preparation method is the same as in Example 1, except that the polymer is changed to diphenyl ether-based polybenzimidazole (OPBI), and other conditions remain unchanged.
  • OPBI diphenyl ether-based polybenzimidazole
  • the performance of the PIL/PBI composite membrane obtained is equivalent to that of Example 1.
  • the preparation method is the same as in Example 1, except that the solvent is changed from DMAc to NMP, and other conditions remain unchanged.
  • the performance of the PIL/PBI composite membrane obtained is equivalent to that of Example 1.
  • Polybenzimidazole (PBI) solid powder and imidazole with an unsaturated double bond content of 20 to 100% Onium ionic liquid solution for example, choose 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazole bromide or 1-allyl-3-ethyl-imidazole chloride for hydrophilic ionic liquid; choose 1-vinyl for hydrophobic ionic liquid -3-butylimidazole tetrafluoroborate or 1-vinyl-3-octylimidazole tetrafluoroborate) are mixed, and the electron beam is used for co-irradiation at a radiation dose of 10kGy-300kGy.
  • Onium ionic liquid solution for example, choose 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazole bromide or 1-allyl-3-ethyl-imidazole chloride for hydrophilic ionic liquid; choose 1-vinyl for hydrophobic ionic liquid -3-butylimidazole tetra
  • Polybenzimidazole (PBI) solid powder is irradiated with electron beams in a nitrogen atmosphere at -20 degrees, and the irradiation dose ranges from 10kGy to 300kGy. After the irradiation, the above-mentioned PBI powder monomer is put into an imidazolium ionic liquid solution with an unsaturated double bond content of 20 to 100% that has been deoxygenated in advance (for example, the hydrophilic ionic liquid selects 1-vinyl-3-ethane).
  • Imidazole bromide or 1-allyl-3-ethyl-imidazole chloride; hydrophobic ionic liquids include 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazole tetrafluoroborate and 1-vinyl-3-octyl Imidazole tetrafluoroborate) react at 40-60 degrees for 24 hours. Use ethanol and water to wash the ionic liquid monomer and the homopolymer produced under irradiation conditions. Comparing the changes in the quality of the polybenzimidazole substrate before and after, it can be seen that ionic liquids containing unsaturated double bonds cannot be grafted on polybenzimidazole. superior. Further thermogravimetric analysis of the PBI substrate surface before and after irradiation grafting also found that no ionic liquid component was successfully introduced onto the PBI substrate.
  • Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 illustrate that polybenzimidazole (PBI) is difficult to be modified by irradiation, that is, it is difficult to graft ionic liquids and polybenzimidazole (PBI) through ionizing irradiation. This is also currently the case.
  • the present invention breaks conventional thinking and solves the problem that ionic liquid monomers and PBI substrates cannot be directly introduced through graft polymerization using ionizing radiation technology. By first using ionic liquid monomers and substrates in a co-solvent, uniform distribution and paving are achieved.
  • the film is then irradiated in the state of a solid film to achieve polymerization/cross-linking of the ionic liquid, and finally generate an interaction with the polymer molecular chain in the substrate. Untangle and form a composite film.

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Abstract

一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用，离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法包括：将高分子基材与含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体通过良溶媒混合均匀，得到铸膜液，高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种；将铸膜液平铺于基板上，经干燥去除溶剂，得到固态膜；对固态膜进行电离辐射，利用电离辐射诱发离子液体单体在基材内部形成聚离子液体及其交联物，且聚离子液体分子链与基材分子链之间产生物理缠结作用而将离子液体成分固定于高分子基材中，形成复合膜。

Description

一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用 【技术领域】
本发明属于电池隔膜技术领域，更具体地，涉及一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用。
【背景技术】
在电池电化学装置中，膜是隔离电解质以及作为导电放电载体以完成内部电路的关键组件。离子交换膜的性质影响着电池系统性能的好坏与成本的高低，一种廉价、耐久、高导电和低渗透的离子交换膜可以极大的提高电池的性能表现并降低电池的成本。
与商用的Nafion膜相比，基于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)的薄膜由于其结构特性不仅酸化后具有极低的钒渗透率，而且具有优异的化学稳定性与机械强度。但由于其本身致密结构，且酸化后由于唐南效应，质子传输效率极低。因此针对聚苯并咪唑膜的改性主要是对其质子传输能力的提高。离子液体是一种室温熔盐，由于其优异的电化学性能，近年来在燃料电池与钒液流电池隔膜领域的应用引起了广泛关注。已有研究者利用离子液体，构建质子传输通道，通过Grotthuss机制与车辆传递机制，可以提高离子交换膜的电导率。但目前研究发现离子液体单体与PBI之间结合力较弱，使用过程中易发生离子液体泄露，影响离子交换膜的实用寿命与应用效率。
CN106558717B公开了一种燃料电池用高温复合型质子交换膜及其制备方法，其直接将聚苯并咪唑和离子液体溶于有机溶剂得到混合溶液后，采用流延法延流成膜，得到燃料电池用高温复合型质子交换膜。但是所形成的离子液体/聚合物膜体系不稳定，离子液体易泄露。
CN107248583A公开了一种聚苯并咪唑-聚离子液体交联复合型高温质 子交换膜及其制备方法，通过向聚苯并咪唑和由聚苯并咪唑衍生而来的咪唑类聚离子液体的混合溶液中加入交联剂，然后在高温下诱发交联反应将聚离子液体结构引入到含氟型聚苯并咪唑聚合物基质中，以共价交联的方式将聚离子液体与聚合物绑定，从而防止离子液体流失。
不同于PVDF等基材，由于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)及其衍生物的辐射稳定性很高，不易产生自由基，本领域技术人员一般是无法通过辐射接枝技术将聚离子液体固载到PBI中。目前尚未看到有利用电离辐射技术将含有不饱和双键的离子液体通过接枝聚合共价键合PBI上的成功报道。现有技术存在各种局限性，需要开发一种制备方法简单、成本低廉、性能优异且离子液体保持率高的结构稳定的离子液体/PBI聚合物复合离子交换膜。
【发明内容】
针对现有技术的以上缺陷或改进需求，本发明提供了一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法和应用，其目的在于提供一种操作简单、适合工业化生产、性能优异的聚离子液体/聚合物复合膜及其制备方法。
为实现上述目的，按照本发明的一个方面，提供了一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其包括：
将高分子基材与含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体通过良溶媒混合均匀，得到铸膜液，所述高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种；
将所述铸膜液平铺于基板上，经干燥去除溶剂，得到固态膜；
对所述固态膜进行电离辐射，利用电离辐射诱发所述离子液体单体在基材内部形成聚离子液体及其交联物，且聚离子液体分子链与基材分子链之间产生物理缠结作用而将离子液体成分固定于所述高分子基材中，形成复合膜。
在其中一个实施例中，还包括：
对经辐射后的固态膜进行清洗和质子化处理，形成离子液体/聚合物复合离子交换膜。
在其中一个实施例中，聚苯并咪唑的衍生物为二苯醚基聚苯并咪唑、二苯磺酰基聚苯并咪唑、聚[2,5-苯并咪唑]、含氟型聚苯并咪唑中的至少一种。
在其中一个实施例中，所述离子液体单体的阴离子为四氟硼酸根、溴离子、氯离子或硝酸根离子中的至少一种，阳离子为含有双键的乙烯基咪唑鎓或烯丙基咪唑鎓。
在其中一个实施例中，离子液体单体的质量为基材质量的10～200％，优选为50％-100％。
在其中一个实施例中，良溶媒包括N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜和N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种。
在其中一个实施例中，所述基材中还混合有无机纳米颗粒，所述无机纳米颗粒包括石墨烯、介孔碳、功能化碳纳米管、二维过渡金属碳/氮化合物中的至少一种。
在其中一个实施例中，所述电离辐射为伽马射线辐射、电子束辐射或X射线辐射中的任一种，所述电离辐射的辐照剂量范围为10kGy-300kGy，优选为80kGy-200kGy。
按照本发明的另一个方面，提供了一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜，其特征在于，包括高分子基材以及与基材分子链产生缠结作用而固定于所述基材中的聚离子液体及其交联结构，所述高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种，所述聚离子液体由含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体聚合而成。
按照本发明的又一个方面，提供了一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜的应用，其特征在于，将上述离子液体/聚合物复合膜作为电解质隔膜应用于全钒液 流电池或燃料电池中。
总体而言，通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比，能够取得下列有益效果：
由于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)及其衍生物的辐射稳定性很高，本领域技术人员一般不会想到采用电离辐射技术将含有不饱和双键的离子液体固定于PBI基体上。而在本发明中，发明者先将PBI基材和含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体通过溶剂混合均匀，制成铸膜液，然后利用铸膜液平铺并蒸发溶剂、固化成膜，此时，离子液体单体均匀的分散在基材中。然后，对固态膜再进行电离辐照，经实验发现，在辐照期间，分散于基材内的离子液体单体会发生聚合，形成交联结构，同时由于离子液体均匀分散在基材中，聚离子液体分子链与基材中的聚合物分子链之间发生物理缠结，形成复合膜。在本技术方案中，聚离子液体由于分子量变大，其中所含离子液体单元与聚合物之间更容易形成化学键，或者直接发生分子缠绕，结构性质更为稳定。且通过实验证明，所得的复合膜中聚离子液体与基材结合牢固，离子液体不易泄露。本发明打破常规思维，解决了离子液体单体和PBI基材无法直接通过电离辐射技术接枝聚合导入的问题，通过先用离子液体单体和基材在共溶媒里实现均匀分布和铺膜，然后再固态膜的状态下进行辐照，实现离子液体聚合/交联，最终与基材中的聚合物分子链之间发生物理缠结，形成复合膜。利用电离辐射技术在固态下实现复合膜的制备，相比于存在液相的固-液接枝反应或液-液接枝反应，其操控过程更加简单安全，更适合工业化大规模生产，具有工业化应用的前景。
【附图说明】
图1是一实施例中的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法的步骤流程图；
图2是一实施例中的经辐照后聚离子液体与基材相互缠结的示意图；
图3是一实施例中的加入纳米颗粒后的复合膜的结构示意图；
图4是实施例1中的PIL/PBI复合膜辐照前后在2000～1400cm-1范围内的吸收峰变化；
图5是不同条件下所得到的复合膜的微观形貌SEM图，其中，(a)为未加入PIL的PBI微观形貌SEM图，(b)为未经辐照的PIL/PBI复合膜的微观形貌SEM图，(c)为实施例1中经辐照的PIL/PBI复合膜的微观形貌SEM图；
图6为实施例1中经辐照的PIL/PBI复合膜与商用的Nafion 115隔膜的钒渗透率对比图；
图7为利用实施例1经辐照的PIL/PBI复合膜组装成的电池与商用的Nafion 115隔膜在不同电流密度下的电池效率对比图，其中，(a)为两者在不同电流密度下的库伦效率曲线图，(b)为两者在不同电流密度下的电压效率曲线图，(c)为两者在不同电流密度下的能量效率曲线图。
【具体实施方式】
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。此外，下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。
如图1所示为本发明一实施例中的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，主要包括以下步骤：
步骤S100：将高分子基材与含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体通过良溶媒混合均匀，得到铸膜液，高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种。
其中，基材和离子液体单体均为固体，将两者共同溶于良溶媒中混合 均匀。离子液体的用量为基材质量的1％-200％，优选50％-100％。
其中，基材可以选择包含聚苯并咪唑(PBI)或其衍生物。具体的，聚苯并咪唑的衍生物可以选择二苯醚基聚苯并咪唑(OPBI)、二苯磺酰基聚苯并咪唑、聚[2,5-苯并咪唑](ABPBI)、含氟型聚苯并咪唑(6FPBI)等中的至少一种，或者是上述PBI及其衍生物与其他聚合物材料的复合物。优选聚苯并咪唑(PBI)作为基材。
其中，离子液体单体为需要固定在复合膜中的掺杂物质，其具有无机阴离子和有机阳离子，多选择亲水性且含有不饱和双键的离子液体，在电离辐照时能被打开而发生聚合反应。具体的，离子液体单体的阴离子包括四氟硼酸根或溴离子或氯离子或硝酸根离子，离子液体单体的阳离子包括含有双键的乙烯基或烯丙基咪唑鎓。
其中，良溶媒为能够溶解基材和离子液体单体、且在固化成膜时能被去除的溶剂，具体可选择有机溶剂，例如N-甲基吡咯烷酮或二甲基亚砜或N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等。离子液体单体溶于良溶媒后不会发生聚合反应，当后续进行电离辐照后才大范围地聚合形成聚离子液体。
步骤S200：将铸膜液平铺于基板上，经干燥去除溶剂，得到固态膜。
在得到混合的铸膜液后，直接将铸膜液制备成膜，具体可以利用流延法延流成膜，经超声除泡、加热干燥去除溶剂后，得到固态膜。此时，所有材料呈固态，不存在液态物质，离子液体单体分散于基材中。具体的，固态膜的厚度可控制于10-200μm，优选为10-50μm。
步骤S300：对固态膜进行电离辐射，利用电离辐射诱发离子液体单体在基材内部形成聚离子液体及其交联物，且聚离子液体分子链与基材分子链之间产生物理缠结作用而将离子液体成分固定于高分子基材中，形成复合膜。
常规认知下，聚苯并咪唑(PBI)及其衍生物的辐射稳定性很高，本领域技术人员一般不会想到采用电离辐射技术将含有不饱和双键的离子液体 固定于PBI基体上。本发明中，发现处于固态膜内部的离子液体单体在电离辐照期间会发生聚合反应，因此，本发明通过执行步骤S300，对固化成膜的固态膜进行电离辐照，使分散于基材内部的离子液体单体发生聚合，形成聚离子液体(PIL)及其交联结构。聚离子液体与基材中的聚合物分子链的缠结作用和聚离子液体的交联结构，来实现离子液体的固定。
具体的，如图2所示，经步骤S200铺膜之后，固化膜中含有PBI聚合物分子链以及分散于PBI聚合物分子链中的离子液体单体VEImBr，再经过电离辐射EB后，离子液体单体VEImBr聚合，形成聚离子液体PVEImBr，PVEImBr链和PBI链相互缠结，使聚离子液体固定于基材中，防止其从复合膜中泄露。
在一实施例中，电离辐射可选择伽马射线辐射或电子束辐射或X射线辐射。电离辐射的辐照剂量可以为10kGy-300kGy，优选为80kGy-200kGy。辐照剂量过大，会破坏材料的结构而影响其性能，而辐照剂量过小，又难以使离子液体单体发生聚合。
在一实施例中，在步骤S100中，可以向铸膜液中掺入无机纳米颗粒，即将基材、离子液体单体和无机纳米颗粒共同溶于良溶媒中，掺入纳米颗粒后，在辐照期间，离子液体产生交联与缠结的同时，也会包裹固定所参杂的导电性纳米颗粒，进一步提高复合膜的电化学性能。如图3所示，在通过步骤S200铺膜之后，固态膜中具有PBI聚合物分子链以及分散于PBI聚合物分子链中的离子液体单体VEImBr和纳米颗粒MXene，再经过电离辐射EB后，离子液体单体VEImBr之间发生聚合，最终在PBI/PIL复合膜基础上，生成MXene掺杂修饰的PBI/PIL复合膜。一方面进一步降低离子液体的泄露，一方面通过纳米材料本身的性质提高复合膜的电化学性能。具体的，纳米颗粒可以选择石墨烯、介孔碳、功能化碳纳米管、二维过渡金属碳/氮化物等材料。
以上离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，首先将原始材料通过溶剂混 合均匀，然后铺设固化成膜，使离子液体单体分散于基材中，最后再通过电离辐照，使离子液体单体发生聚合反应，聚离子液体的分子链和基材的分子链相互缠结，从而实现离子液体的固定。上述方法的每个步骤都是相互关联的，各个步骤协同作用，最后得到了性能稳定的复合膜，有效防止离子液体的泄露。而且，本发明所提出的利用电离辐射技术在固态下实现复合膜制备，其操控更加简单，更有利于工业大规模生产。
相应的，本发明还涉及一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜，具体可以通过上述方法获得。该复合膜包括基材以及与基材中的聚合物分子链产生缠结作用而固定于基材中的聚离子液体及其交联结构。其中，聚离子液体由离子液体单体聚合而成，基材和离子液体单体的选材参考上文介绍，在此不再赘述。在一实施例中，该聚离子液体/聚合物复合膜中还包含有纳米颗粒，辐照后，可以被固定聚离子液体/聚合物复合膜中，以提高膜的导电性。
相应的，本发明还提及离子液体/聚合物复合膜的应用，将上文介绍的离子液体/聚合物复合膜进行质子化处理后作为电解质隔膜应用于全钒液流电池或燃料电池中。由于离子液体/聚合物复合离子交换膜中，离子液体通过缠结与基材牢固结合，因此，在电解液中不易泄露，大大提高了电池的性能。
以下，通过具体的实施例进行说明。
实施例1
(1)将0.5g聚苯并咪唑(PBI)和0.5g 1-乙烯基-3-乙基-咪唑溴盐放入25mL烧杯中，然后加入9g N,N-二甲基乙酰胺，在60℃下搅拌24小时，形成质量分数为5％的铸膜液。超声1小时除去气泡后倒置在干净的玻璃板上，静置5-10分钟后，在60℃下干燥24小时成膜。
(2)将步骤(1)中的固态膜装入聚乙烯袋中铺平，抽真空密封后利用电子束辐照，吸收剂量为80kGy，得到复合膜。将辐照后的复合膜用去离子水浸泡3d，得到复合离子交换膜。
(3)对复合离子交换膜的性能进行测试。
为了研究可聚合型离子液体在辐照条件下发生交联的机理，分别对单纯的PBI膜、步骤(2)经辐照后所得的复合膜VImBr/PBI膜以及步骤(2)中未经辐照的VImBr/PBI固态膜分别进行红外测试，如图4所示，经辐照后，在1600cm-1处-C＝C-特征吸收峰辐照后，其幅值明显降低，表明辐照后含有不饱和双键的离子液体交联。
为了比较辐照前后离子液体泄漏量，将复合膜在3M硫酸溶液浸泡3d，测试两种不同配比下的复合膜在辐照前和辐照后的离子液体保持率，其结果如下表1所示。
表一 不同配比下的复合膜在辐照前和辐照后的离子液体保持率
其中，m1为浸泡前膜的质量，m2为浸泡后烘干膜的质量。由表1可见，当离子液体含量为基材50％时，未辐照的复合膜的离子液体保持率为26.85％，当吸收剂量为160kGy时，离子液体的保持率为64.93％；当离子液体含量为基材100％时，未辐照的复合膜的离子液体保持率为41.86％，当吸收剂量为160kGy时，离子液体的保持率为81.97％。说明本发明所提的制备方法能够有效提高离子液体的保持率，降低离子液体的泄漏量。
如图5所示，实施例1制备的复合膜的微观形貌SEM图，从图中可以看出，复合膜为均相膜，离子液体与PBI相容性良好，不发生相分离。
对实施例1中制备的复合膜进行电导率测试。将尺寸为3cm×1cm的复合膜置于1M H2SO4溶液中静置24小时后，擦干其表面水分并置于两片相距1cm的铜片上，夹紧后通过电化学工作站测试其交流阻抗曲线，通过计 算得到其导电率为77.57mS/cm，说明本发明所制备出的复合膜具有良好的导电性。
对实施例1制备的复合膜进行钒渗透率测试。将隔膜夹在两个电解槽的中间，左侧电解池是1.5M硫酸氧钒的2M硫酸溶液，右侧电解池是1.5M硫酸镁的2M硫酸溶液。记录7d内右侧电解池中的钒离子浓度，计算得到钒离子渗透率为3.70×10-3mg/(L·min)。同时，对比本发明中的复合膜PVEImBr/PBI膜和目前商用的Nafion 115隔膜，如图6所示，7d后实施例1制备的复合膜的钒渗透率约为Nafion 115隔膜的1/48，说明本发明实现了更低的钒渗透率。
将实施例1所得的复合膜经质子化处理后得到的PIL/PBI复合膜，溶胀度为19％，将其组装至电池，分别测试该PIL/PBI复合膜与目前商用的Nafion 115膜在100mA·cm-2下电池的库伦效率、能量效率和电压效率，如图7所示，利用本实施例中得到的PIL/PBI复合膜，在100mA·cm-2下电池的库伦效率为98.24％，能量效率为80.27％，电压效率为82.23％，电化学性能优于商用Nafion 115膜。
实施例2
与实施例1制备方法相同，离子液体单体改为1-烯丙基-3-乙基咪唑氯盐，其他条件不变，得到的PIL/PBI复合膜性能与实施例1的性能相当。
实施例3
与实施例1制备方法相同，聚合物改为二苯醚基聚苯并咪唑(OPBI)，其他条件不变，得到的PIL/PBI复合膜性能与实施例1的性能相当。
实施例4
与实施例1制备方法相同，溶剂由DMAc改为NMP，其他条件不变，得到的PIL/PBI复合膜性能与实施例1的性能相当。
对比例1
将聚苯并咪唑(PBI)固体粉末与含量为20～100％的不饱和双键的咪唑 鎓类离子液体溶液(例如亲水性离子液体选择1-乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑溴盐或1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑氯盐；疏水性离子液体选择1-乙烯基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐或1-乙烯基-3-辛基咪唑四氟硼酸盐)混合，在辐照剂量在10kGy-300kGy条件下利用电子束进行共辐照。结束后，使用乙醇和水洗去离子液体单体及其辐照条件下产生的均聚物，比较聚苯并咪唑基材质量，发现质量没有变化，表明含有不饱和双键的离子液体无法接枝在聚苯并咪唑上。进一步通过辐照接枝前后PBI基材表面的热重分析也发现没有离子液体成分成功导入到PBI基材上。
对比例2
将聚苯并咪唑(PBI)固体粉末，在氮气氛围，-20度的条件下利用电子束进行辐照，辐照剂量在10kGy-300kGy。辐照结束后，上述PBI粉末单体投入到提前除氧的含量为20～100％的不饱和双键的咪唑鎓类离子液体溶液(例如亲水性离子液体选择1-乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑溴盐或1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑氯盐；疏水性离子液体选择1-乙烯基-3-丁基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、1-乙烯基-3-辛基咪唑四氟硼酸盐)在40-60度的条件下反应24小时。使用乙醇和水洗去离子液体单体及其辐照条件下产生的均聚物，比较聚苯并咪唑基材质量前后的变化可知，含有不饱和双键的离子液体无法接枝在聚苯并咪唑上。进一步通过辐照接枝前后PBI基材表面的热重分析也发现没有离子液体成分成功导入到PBI基材上。
对比例1和对比例2说明，聚苯并咪唑(PBI)很难通过辐照进行改性，即很难通过电离辐照实现离子液体与聚苯并咪唑(PBI)的接枝，这也是目前在制备以聚苯并咪唑(PBI)为基底的离子液体/聚合物复合膜时，不选用电离辐照的原因。而本发明则打破常规思维，解决了离子液体单体和PBI基材无法直接通过电离辐射技术接枝聚合导入的问题，通过先用离子液体单体和基材在共溶媒里实现均匀分布和铺膜，然后再固态膜的状态下进行辐照，实现离子液体聚合/交联，最终与基材中的聚合物分子链之间发生物 理缠结，形成复合膜。利用电离辐射技术在固态下实现复合膜的制备，相比于存在液相的固-液接枝反应或液-液接枝反应，其操控过程更加简单安全，更适合工业化大规模生产，具有工业化应用的前景。
以上实施例均证实了通过本发明所得到的复合膜性能优异，且本发明所提出的固态膜状态下的辐射反应，其操控更加简单，更有利于工业大规模生产。
本领域的技术人员容易理解，以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，包括：
    将高分子基材与含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体通过良溶媒混合均匀，得到铸膜液，所述高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种；
    将所述铸膜液平铺于基板上，经干燥去除溶剂，得到固态膜；
    对所述固态膜进行电离辐射，利用电离辐射诱发所述离子液体单体在基材内部形成聚离子液体及其交联物，且聚离子液体分子链与基材分子链之间产生物理缠结作用而将离子液体成分固定于所述高分子基材中，形成复合膜。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，还包括：
    对经辐射后的固态膜进行清洗和质子化处理，形成离子液体/聚合物复合离子交换膜。
  3. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，聚苯并咪唑的衍生物为二苯醚基聚苯并咪唑、二苯磺酰基聚苯并咪唑、聚[2,5-苯并咪唑]、含氟型聚苯并咪唑中的至少一种。
  4. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，所述离子液体单体的阴离子为四氟硼酸根、溴离子、氯离子或硝酸根离子中的至少一种，阳离子为含有双键的乙烯基咪唑鎓或烯丙基咪唑鎓。
  5. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，离子液体单体的质量为基材质量的10～200％，优选为50％-100％。
  6. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，良溶媒包括N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜和N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，所述基材中还混合有无机纳米颗粒，所述无机纳米颗粒包括石墨烯、介孔碳、功能化碳纳米管、二维过渡金属碳/氮化合物中的至少一种。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的离子液体/聚合物复合膜的制备方法，其特征在于，所述电离辐射为伽马射线辐射、电子束辐射或X射线辐射中的任一种，所述电离辐射的辐照剂量范围为10kGy-300kGy，优选为80kGy-200kGy。
  9. 一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜，其特征在于，包括高分子基材以及与基材分子链产生缠结作用而固定于所述基材中的聚离子液体及其交联结构，所述高分子基材包括聚苯并咪唑、聚苯并咪唑的衍生物中的至少一种，所述聚离子液体由含有不饱和双键的离子液体单体聚合而成。
  10. 一种离子液体/聚合物复合膜的应用，其特征在于，将权利要求9中的离子液体/聚合物复合膜作为电解质隔膜应用于全钒液流电池或燃料电池中。
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