WO2024003034A2 - Procédé de purification de gaz d'échappement provenant d'un processus de combustion et dispositif de combustion à purification de gaz d'échappement - Google Patents

Procédé de purification de gaz d'échappement provenant d'un processus de combustion et dispositif de combustion à purification de gaz d'échappement Download PDF

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WO2024003034A2
WO2024003034A2 PCT/EP2023/067441 EP2023067441W WO2024003034A2 WO 2024003034 A2 WO2024003034 A2 WO 2024003034A2 EP 2023067441 W EP2023067441 W EP 2023067441W WO 2024003034 A2 WO2024003034 A2 WO 2024003034A2
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exhaust gas
reducing agent
combustion
amount
unit
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PCT/EP2023/067441
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German (de)
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WO2024003034A3 (fr
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Thomas Nikolaus
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Thomas Nikolaus
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/30—Controlling by gas-analysis apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/346—Controlling the process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48—Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50—Sulfur oxides
    • B01D53/508—Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with solids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/56—Nitrogen oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/81—Solid phase processes
    • B01D53/83—Solid phase processes with moving reactants
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8696—Controlling the catalytic process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/003—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes for supplying chemicals to fumes, e.g. using injection devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/20—Reductants
    • B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
    • B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/40—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds
    • B01D2251/404—Alkaline earth metal or magnesium compounds of calcium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/60—Inorganic bases or salts
    • B01D2251/606—Carbonates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20707—Titanium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20723—Vanadium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20776—Tungsten
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/02—Other waste gases
    • B01D2258/0283—Flue gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/12—Methods and means for introducing reactants
    • B01D2259/128—Solid reactants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
    • F23J2215/10—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
    • F23J2215/20—Sulfur; Compounds thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/10—Catalytic reduction devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to optimized methods for cleaning exhaust gas from a combustion process and a combustion device with exhaust gas cleaning that is suitable for carrying out these methods.
  • SNCR selective non-catalytic reduction
  • NOx nitrogen oxide
  • thermolysis for example, ammonia (NH3), ammonia water or urea is converted with the gaseous nitrogen oxides to form water vapor and nitrogen.
  • NH3 ammonia
  • urea reacts with the nitrogen oxides of the combustion gases in a radical reaction at high temperatures of 850 to 1,100 °C to form nitrogen and water vapor.
  • the degree of nitrogen oxide degradation in the SNCR process can be improved.
  • SCR selective catalytic reduction processes
  • a reducing agent e.g. ammonia, urea or urea solution
  • spraying takes place in temperature ranges from 200 °C to approx. 500 °C.
  • An advantage of the SCR process over the SNCR process is that higher denitrification levels are possible with minimal NHs slip.
  • a corresponding method is described, for example, in DE4139862A1.
  • conventional methods can include solids separators to reduce the sulfur dioxide content in the exhaust gas.
  • An additive is added to bind and separate sulfur dioxide.
  • an SCR process is combined with a solids separator, in such a way that the nitrogen oxide concentration is first reduced using an SCR process, and then the sulfur dioxide content in the exhaust gas is reduced using a solids separator.
  • WO2021/121575A1 shows a method for operating and a system for a steam boiler system.
  • the specific methods and the specific device of the present invention and the associated effects are not disclosed there, as will be explained in more detail below.
  • the object to be solved by the invention is therefore to provide optimized methods for cleaning exhaust gas from a combustion process, which are improved from an energy perspective and from a cost perspective compared to the prior art. Another task is to provide an optimized combustion device with exhaust gas purification, which is improved from an energy and cost perspective compared to the prior art. Another task to be solved is to provide a method for cleaning exhaust gas from a combustion process and a corresponding combustion device, with a longer travel time of the catalyst, by avoiding the formation of ammonium sulfate on the catalyst, because the formation of ammonium sulfate on the catalyst surface causes the catalytic Activity of the catalyst reduced or completely inhibited.
  • a method according to claim 1 represents a first embodiment of a method according to the invention.
  • Preferred embodiments of this method are defined in subclaims 2 to 7, which are also included in combination with each other.
  • the tasks are further solved by a combustion device with exhaust gas purification according to claim 8.
  • Preferred embodiments of the device are defined in subclaims 9 to 10, which are also included in combination with each other.
  • the tasks are further solved through the use according to claim 11.
  • the tasks are solved by the method according to claim 12, which is a second embodiment of a represents the method according to the invention.
  • Preferred embodiments of this alternative method are defined in subclaims 13 to 21, which are also included in combination with one another.
  • Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a combustion device with exhaust gas purification according to the present invention, with which a method according to the first and second embodiments of the present invention can be carried out.
  • the method is a method for purifying exhaust gas from a combustion process, comprising the steps of: 1) performing a combustion process; 2) performing a solids separation process in which the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas of the combustion process is reduced by adding an additive; 3) Performing a catalytic purification process in which the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas from the combustion process is reduced by adding a reducing agent.
  • combustion processes include all thermal processes in which oxidation processes take place in the presence of oxygen.
  • combustion processes include all thermal processes in which oxidation processes take place in the presence of oxygen.
  • fossil fuels, organic materials, garbage, etc. can be burned.
  • the combustion process can take place within a melting process, e.g. in an (aluminum) melting process.
  • the solids separation process in step 2) is conventionally known.
  • the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas from the combustion process is reduced by adding an additive.
  • the sulfur is present in particular as sulfur dioxide. If sulfur or sulfur dioxide (SO2) is mentioned below, this includes all gaseous sulfur oxides.
  • the additive binds the sulfur dioxide and thereby reduces the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas. Suitable additives are conventionally known and are explained in more detail below.
  • the catalytic cleaning process in step 3) is conventionally known.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the exhaust gas from the combustion process is reduced by adding a reducing agent.
  • the catalytic cleaning process is a conventional SCR process in embodiments.
  • SCN catalysts are, for example, porous ceramic solid catalysts based on titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide and/or vanadium oxide, which are preferably in a plate or honeycomb structure.
  • the porous structure of the catalyst material and thus its inner surface are crucial for the catalytic activity.
  • the Conversion of nitrogen oxides into molecular nitrogen takes place in the exhaust air at temperatures of around 200 to 400°C.
  • the SCR process has the advantage over the SNCR process that lower NOx limit values of, for example, 80 mg/m 3 can be easily achieved.
  • the catalyst in the SCN process typically requires an operating temperature of at least 210 °C, and in the presence of SO2 the temperatures are even higher. If the SO2 content is reduced to, for example, 10 mg by using more additive, an operating temperature of 215 °C is possible. However, this requires around 20-25% more additive, which is unfavorable from a cost perspective.
  • ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula (NH ⁇ SO ⁇ It is formed in the exhaust gas during the combustion process when unfavorable conditions prevail and impairs the activity of the catalyst because ammonium sulfate covers the catalyst surface and inactivates the catalyst. Influencing factors for the formation of ammonium sulfate are in particular the temperature, the water content, the reducing agent content and the sulfur dioxide content. Ammonium sulfate is partially converted into ammonium hydrogen sulfate in the process.
  • Ammonium hydrogen sulfate is formed by the decomposition of ammonium sulfate at temperatures above 100 ° C, whereby ammonia is released.
  • the interaction of the above-mentioned influencing factors with one another in Reference to the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate is well known and will not be explained further here. Where ammonium sulfate is referred to below, a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate is also included.
  • a strong deactivation of the catalyst occurs, especially with fuel containing sulfur, due to the reaction-related coating of the catalyst with ammonium sulfate.
  • deactivated catalytic converters are either thermally regenerated when installed or removed for cleaning.
  • the catalysts are heated to over 250 to 300 ° C so that the catalyst can be reused.
  • cleaning can also be done using ultrasound.
  • the disadvantage of cleaning is high energy consumption, the release of emissions and the reduction in system availability.
  • the method according to the invention avoids these disadvantages by preventing or at least slowing down the formation of ammonium sulfate through an optimized process procedure.
  • the catalyst is active for an extended period of time without the need for cleaning and the combustion device can be operated for a longer period of time without interrupting cleaning.
  • the optimized process control is achieved by measuring a measured variable of the exhaust gas after step 1), after step 2) and after step 3).
  • the measurement variable is selected from the group comprising temperature, pressure, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content or a combination thereof.
  • the amount of exhaust gas and/or amount of additive is additionally measured as further measured variables.
  • measured variable in the sense of the present invention therefore includes one of these measured variables, as well as any combination of several measured variables of the above-mentioned parameters temperature, pressure, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content, amount of exhaust gas and amount of additive. All combinations of these measured variables, in particular any combination of two, three, four, or more of these measured variables, are included.
  • the condition of the exhaust gas is determined by the measured variable(s).
  • the measured variable can relate to the same parameter. But it also includes that the measurement variable relates to two or three or more different parameters.
  • a combination of all parameters of water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content and amount of exhaust gas is measured as the measured variable.
  • This makes it possible to achieve particularly good procedural regulation. Measuring the temperature is optional.
  • the measurement of all parameters water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content and amount of exhaust gas can be carried out in embodiments after all three steps 1), 2), and 3).
  • the invention also includes the fact that only some, i.e. not all, of these measured variables are measured, as long as at least one of the measured variables is measured according to steps 1), 2) and 3).
  • the amount of additive added in step 2) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas.
  • the amount of reducing agent added in step 3) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas. This means that a combination of the measured variable is used for the control, which is measured after step 1), after step 2) and after step 3). This makes it possible to realize an optimized process design.
  • the catalyst can be operated for a very long time without regeneration or replacement (e.g. at least 40,000 h).
  • the catalytic converter can be operated permanently at 230 °C and 30 mg/m 3 SO2 concentration in the exhaust gas.
  • it is in the interests of the operators and energy efficiency to carry out the process at the lowest possible temperatures.
  • the SO2 concentration can be set to such a low level.
  • the combustion process in step 1) is usually subject to fluctuations, which result, for example, from fluctuating fuel compositions.
  • the degree of contamination of the combustion device which changes with the operating time, also plays a role, as this influences the exhaust gas temperature. This in turn causes fluctuating concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas.
  • fluctuating nitrogen oxide concentrations in the exhaust gas require a different concentration of reducing agent that must be added to the exhaust gas in order to break down the nitrogen oxide as completely as possible.
  • a high amount of reducing agent potentially promotes the formation of ammonium sulfate. Malfunctions in the system, such as when dosing additive in the solids separator, can also deactivate the catalyst within a very short time.
  • these fluctuations can be quantified by measuring the measured variable and can be prevented or at least reduced to a degree by regulating the amount of additive added in step 2) and/or the amount of reducing agent added in step 3) that the method can be carried out from an energetic point of view Optimized from a point of view and from a cost perspective.
  • the method according to the invention therefore serves in particular to protect the catalyst that is used to break down nitrogen oxides, to increase the energy efficiency of the combustion device and to reduce the amount of additive required to separate SO2.
  • the process can be used to largely avoid regenerating the catalyst and at the same time optimize additive consumption.
  • the process according to the invention enables an optimized process design with regard to energy efficiency, use of additives while maintaining the lowest possible limit values and an operating life of the catalyst.
  • the method according to the invention differs from the method of WO2021/121575A1 in particular in that the amount of additive added in step 2) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas, and / or the amount of reducing agent added Step 3) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas.
  • the measured variable is measured after step 1), after step 2) and after step 3).
  • the combination of the measured variables is used in the present invention to regulate the amount of the additive added in step 2) or the amount of the reducing agent added in step 3), that is, it becomes a combination of the measured variables that after step 1), step 2 ) and step 3) are used for regulation.
  • the process parameters ie the amount of additive added in step 2) and/or the amount of reducing agent added in step 3 are regulated on the basis of a combination of the measured variables measured at three points.
  • the temperature is measured as a measurement variable at various points on the device. For example, a temperature measurement is carried out in front of the solids separator unit in order to select a suitable additive.
  • the temperature is measured in front of the SCR unit.
  • the reducing agent is additionally added directly into the combustion process of step 1), the amount of reducing agent added in step 1) being regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas.
  • This embodiment therefore relates to a method for cleaning exhaust gas from a combustion process, comprising the steps: 1) carrying out a combustion process; 2) performing a solids separation process in which the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas of the combustion process is reduced by adding an additive; 3) Carrying out a catalytic cleaning process in which the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas of the combustion process is reduced by adding a reducing agent, wherein after step 1), after step 2) and after step 3), a measured variable of the exhaust gas is measured, the measured variable being selected is from the group comprising temperature, pressure, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content or a combination thereof; wherein the amount of additive added in step 2) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas; and/or the amount of reducing agent added in step 3) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas; wherein the reducing agent is additionally added directly into the combustion process of step 1), whereby the The amount of reducing agent added in step 1) is regulated depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas.
  • This embodiment preferably represents a combination of an SNCR process and an SCR process.
  • the SCR process is the catalytic cleaning process, the SCNR process takes place when the is added directly to the combustion process.
  • This combination provides particularly good protection for the catalyst in the event of fluctuations in the measured variable(s), as the formation of ammonium sulfate can be particularly effectively prevented. In particular, this combination can prevent deactivation of the catalyst if the solids separation process is disrupted.
  • direct addition into the combustion process means that the reducing agent can be added to a location that is close to the combustion, but not directly into the flame. In particular, the addition takes place in a flame-free room at a temperature window of 1050-850 ° C when combustion has already taken place. This is well known for SNCR processes and will not be explained further here.
  • the SNCR process takes over the breakdown of nitrogen oxide in whole or in part, in particular during a disturbance in the equilibrium of the measured variable.
  • concentration of reducing agent on the catalyst allows the concentration of reducing agent on the catalyst to be effectively influenced.
  • This has the particular advantage that the formation of ammonium sulfate is reduced and the travel time of the catalyst can therefore be increased.
  • a smaller dimensioning of the catalyst is also possible, which is advantageous from a cost perspective. It is also possible to switch off the addition of the additive for at least a short time, so that the NOx limit value can be maintained using the SNCR process without legal limit values, such as the maximum daily average value, being exceeded.
  • the operating temperature of the catalyst can also be reduced and the process can therefore be operated very energy-efficiently.
  • the control takes place depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas, preferably depending on the measured variable that is measured after step 2).
  • the added amount of reducing agent influences the remaining amount of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas and is therefore a means with which an optimized process control can be achieved in embodiments.
  • the process is a combination of an SNCR process and an SCR process, in which the ratio of the amount of reducing agent added in the SNCR process and in the SCR process depends on the Measurand is regulated.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is particularly effectively reduced.
  • the measured variable is measured continuously.
  • the continuous measurement of the measured variable enables continuous recording and thus optimal control.
  • the method is preferably designed in such a way that the reducing agent is added in steps 1) and 3), the ratio of the amount added in step 1) to the amount added in step 3) depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas, which is measured after step 2). is regulated.
  • This combination and in particular the measurement and control of the ratio of the amount added in step 1) to the amount added in step 3) depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas requires a particularly optimized process management.
  • the measured variable for determining the amount added in step 1) is measured after the combustion process and the measured variable for determining the amount added in step 3) is measured after the catalytic cleaning process.
  • step 2) is carried out in such a way that the amount of additive is adjusted depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas by changing the target value of the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas. This allows the amount of additive to be optimized particularly effectively.
  • the setpoint can be changed dynamically or smoothly in embodiments.
  • step 1) further comprises a temperature adjustment process in which the temperature of the exhaust gas is adjusted after the combustion process depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas, preferably to a range of 150 ° C to 350 ° C, particularly preferably 180 ° C up to 300 ° C, whereby the measured variable is preferably a measured variable that is measured after step 3).
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas can be effectively adjusted to a range that prevents the formation of ammonium sulfate, even in the event of fluctuations.
  • the solids separation process is preferably carried out with an acidic solids separator.
  • the amount of additive is preferably selected from the group comprising lime, hydrated lime, bicarbonate or activated carbon or a combination thereof. Bicarbonate is particularly preferably used.
  • the reducing agent is preferably selected from the group comprising ammonia, urea, staghorn salt or a combination thereof.
  • the combustion device with exhaust gas purification comprises a combustion unit with which exhaust gas is generated; a solids separator unit downstream of the combustion unit for reducing the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas by adding an additive; and a catalytic cleaning unit downstream of the solids separator unit for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas by adding a reducing agent.
  • the combustion unit, the solids separator unit and the catalytic cleaning unit are not limited according to the invention. In embodiments, conventional units can be used, which will not be explained further here.
  • the combustion device comprises a first measuring unit, which is arranged between the combustion unit and the solids separator unit, a second measuring unit, which is arranged between the solids separator unit and the catalytic cleaning unit, and a third measuring unit, which is arranged after the catalytic cleaning unit.
  • further measuring units may be included.
  • the measuring units are configured to measure a measurand of the exhaust gas, the measurand being selected from the group comprising temperature, pressure, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content or a combination thereof. All combinations of these measured variables, in particular any combination of two, three, four, or more of these measured variables, are included.
  • the measurement units are used to determine the measurement variable with which the combustion device can be operated in an optimized manner.
  • the combustion device further comprises a first metering unit for adding reducing agent to the combustion unit, a second metering unit for adding additive to the solids separator unit and a third metering unit for adding reducing agent to the catalytic cleaning unit.
  • further metering units may be included.
  • the dosing units are configured in such a way that they increase the amount of the Dose the reducing agent and/or the additive depending on the measured quantity of the exhaust gas. This dosage allows the combustion device to be operated in an optimized manner.
  • the optimized operation of the combustion device includes the advantages that have been described in detail with respect to the method according to the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the combustion device according to the invention differs from conventional devices in that the amount of additive and reducing agent to be added is regulated depending on the measured variable, the measured variable being measured at several specific points in the device. This enables optimized operation.
  • the combustion device differs from WO2021/121575A1 in particular in that in WO2021/121575A1 the metering units are not configured in such a way that they control the amounts of the reducing agent and/or the additive that are added to the exhaust gas, depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas can be metered.
  • the measurement of the temperatures in WO2021/121575A1, which are measured at the different locations of the device, are measured independently of each other, i.e. the measured values are not used in combination with each other to carry out a control, i.e. to control the amount of reducing agent and/or of the additive.
  • the device of WO2021/121575A1 therefore does not achieve the technical effects described above.
  • the combustion unit additionally comprises a temperature reduction unit, in which thermal energy of the exhaust gas is removed via a water vapor circuit.
  • the combustion unit preferably further comprises a bypass unit which is configured such that the thermal energy of the exhaust gas is used to adjust the temperature of the exhaust gas upstream of the solids separator unit.
  • the combustion unit preferably further comprises an additional heating unit, which is arranged after the energy production unit and which is configured in such a way that the temperature of the exhaust gas is adjusted in front of the solids separator unit. The temperature of the exhaust gas can thus be adjusted in a targeted manner, which enables a particularly optimized design of the device.
  • the invention further includes the use of the device according to a method according to the first and/or second embodiment.
  • This results in an extension of the cleaning interval and/or the service life of the device and/or an improvement in the energy balance and/or compliance with NOx limit values and/or an improvement in the travel time of the device.
  • the travel time of the device is the time for which the device can be operated without cleaning.
  • the travel time is therefore in particular the period of time in which the activity of the catalyst is sufficient for the catalytic cleaning process.
  • the catalyst activity at the end of the travel time is 25% or less, or 50% or less, or 75% or less of the initial catalyst activity.
  • the method is a method for cleaning sulfur-containing exhaust gas from a combustion process, comprising a catalytic cleaning process in which the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is reduced by continuously adding a reducing agent, the addition amount of the reducing agent being regulated depending on a measured variable of the exhaust gas, and wherein the amount of reducing agent added is set to zero for a defined period of time during the catalytic cleaning process.
  • the method according to the second embodiment represents an alternative method to the method according to the first embodiment described above.
  • the method according to the second embodiment also fulfills the advantages described with respect to the method according to the first embodiment described above.
  • the method according to the second embodiment can be carried out in the combustion device described above.
  • the method according to the second embodiment can also be carried out in conventional combustion devices that include a catalytic cleaning process, provided that the device includes at least one measuring unit for measuring the exhaust gas.
  • combustion processes include all thermal processes in which oxidation processes take place in the presence of oxygen.
  • combustion processes include all thermal processes in which oxidation processes take place in the presence of oxygen.
  • fossil fuels, organic materials, garbage, etc. can be used.
  • the combustion process can take place within a melting process, e.g. in an (aluminum) melting process.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas can be determined via a first measuring unit, which is arranged between the combustion unit and the solids separator unit, a second measuring unit, which is arranged between the solids separator unit and the catalytic cleaning unit, or a third measuring unit, which is arranged after the catalytic cleaning unit. be measured.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is preferably measured via the second measuring unit.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is measured via the third measuring unit.
  • the catalytic cleaning process is conventionally known and is not limited according to the invention.
  • the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas from the combustion process is reduced by adding a reducing agent.
  • the catalytic cleaning process is a conventional SCR process in embodiments.
  • SCN catalysts are, for example, porous ceramic solid catalysts based on titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide and/or vanadium oxide, which are preferably in a plate or honeycomb structure.
  • the porous structure of the catalyst material and thus its inner surface are crucial for the catalytic activity.
  • the conversion of nitrogen oxides into molecular nitrogen takes place in the exhaust gas at temperatures of around 200 to 400°C.
  • the SCR process has the advantage over the SNCR process that lower NOx limit values of, for example, 80 mg/m 3 can be easily achieved. In contrast, with the SNCR process, a minimum of 100 to 200 mg/m 3 is possible.
  • the catalyst in the SCN process requires an operating temperature of at least 210 °C; in the presence of SO2 the temperatures are even higher. If the SO2 content is reduced to, for example, 10 mg/m 3 by using more additive, an operating temperature of 215 °C is possible. However, this requires around 20-25% more additive, which is unfavorable from a cost perspective.
  • ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula (NH ⁇ SO ⁇ It is formed in the exhaust gas during the combustion process when unfavorable conditions prevail and impairs the activity of the catalyst because ammonium sulfate covers the catalyst surface and inactivates the catalyst. Influencing factors for the formation of ammonium sulfate are in particular the temperature, the water content, the reducing agent content and the sulfur dioxide content. Ammonium sulfate is partially converted into ammonium hydrogen sulfate in the process.
  • Ammonium hydrogen sulfate is formed by the decomposition of ammonium sulfate at temperatures above 100 ° C, whereby ammonia is released.
  • the interaction of the above-mentioned influencing factors with one another in Reference to the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate is well known and will not be explained further here.
  • ammonium sulfate is referred to below, a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium hydrogen sulfate is also included.
  • the optimized process management is achieved in that the process includes a step in which the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process is set to zero for a defined period of time, that is, the addition of the reducing agent is switched off.
  • the defined period is therefore a period during which the addition of the reducing agent is completely switched off.
  • the defined period does not cover the entire duration of the procedure, but is only temporary. In embodiments, the defined period is 30 minutes to 5 hours, preferably 1 hour to 4 hours.
  • the defined period of time for which the amount of reducing agent added is set to zero is preferably set so that the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas after the catalytic cleaning process does not exceed a predetermined limit over a specified period of time.
  • the limit value is preferably about 50 to 200 mg/m 3 in the daily average and/or about 200 to 500 mg/m 3 in the half-hour average.
  • the defined period of time for which the amount of reducing agent added is set to zero is set so that the formation of ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium hydrogen sulfate is suppressed.
  • the shutdown is regulated depending on the measured variable.
  • the connection is an emergency or protective shutdown measure, with the shutdown occurring when the measured variable exceeds or falls below a certain value. If the measured variable corresponds to a specific target value again, the shutdown is stopped again in embodiments and reducing agent is added.
  • Such a procedure has the advantage that no reducing agent is added for the period of time in which the measured variable is outside a certain range. This in turn prevents or at least reduces the formation of ammonium sulfate, i.e. switching on is a measure to protect the catalyst. Even a short-term occurrence of an unfavorable value of the measured variable can be very damaging to the catalyst due to the formation of ammonium sulfate.
  • ammonium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula (NH4)2SO4. It is formed in the exhaust gas during the combustion process when unfavorable conditions prevail and impairs the activity of the catalytic converter. Influencing factors for the formation of ammonium sulfate are, in particular, the temperature, the water content, the reducing agent content and the sulfur dioxide content. The interaction of these parameters with respect to the formation of ammonium sulfate is well known and will not be explained further here. Ammonium hydrogen sulfate is formed by the decomposition of ammonium sulfate at temperatures above 100 °C, releasing ammonia.
  • the catalyst can be operated for a very long time without regeneration or replacement (e.g. at least 40,000 h).
  • the catalyst can be at 230 ° C and 30 mg/m 3 SO2 concentration in the exhaust gas can be operated permanently.
  • the SO2 concentration can be set to such a low level.
  • the combustion process is usually subject to fluctuations, which result, for example, from fluctuating fuel compositions.
  • the degree of contamination of the combustion device which changes with the operating time, also plays a role, as this influences the exhaust gas temperature. This in turn causes fluctuating concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas.
  • fluctuating nitrogen oxide concentrations in the exhaust gas require a different concentration of reducing agent that must be added to the exhaust gas in order to break down the nitrogen oxide as completely as possible.
  • a high amount of reducing agent potentially promotes the formation of ammonium sulfate. Malfunctions in the system, such as when dosing additive in the solids separator, can also deactivate the catalyst within a very short time.
  • these fluctuations are quantified by measuring the measured variable and the amount of reducing agent added is set to zero for a defined period of time depending on the measured variable.
  • the method according to the invention therefore serves in particular to protect the catalyst that is used to break down nitrogen oxides, to increase the energy efficiency of the combustion device and to reduce the amount of additive required to separate SO2.
  • the process can be used to largely avoid regenerating the catalyst and at the same time optimize additive consumption.
  • the process according to the invention enables an optimized process design with regard to energy efficiency, use of additives while maintaining the lowest possible limit values and an operating life of the catalyst.
  • a malfunction can cause the SO2 content in the exhaust gas to not be reduced or to be reduced only insufficiently.
  • an emergency shutdown can occur for the duration of the repair work. If no equilibrium can be established over a longer period of time, so that conditions favorable for the formation of ammonium sulfate remain and there is a risk that legal limit values (such as the maximum daily average value) will be exceeded, the entire device is switched off.
  • the method according to the invention differs from the method of WO2021/121575A1 in particular in that the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas is reduced by continuously adding a reducing agent, the amount of reducing agent being added depending on a measured variable of the exhaust gas, and the amount of reducing agent being added during of the catalytic cleaning process is set to zero for a defined period of time. Therefore, the method of WO2021/121575A1 does not achieve the advantageous technical effects described above, which are achieved by the technical teaching according to the invention.
  • the measurement variable is selected from the group comprising temperature, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content or a combination thereof.
  • the measurement variable can be any combination of two, three or four of these measurement variables. A combination of the measured variable temperature and sulfur content is particularly preferred.
  • the amount of exhaust gas and/or amount of additive is additionally measured as further measured variables.
  • the term “measured variable” in the sense of the present invention therefore includes one of these measured variables, as well as any combination of several measured variables of the above-mentioned parameters temperature, pressure, water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content, amount of exhaust gas and amount of additive. All combinations of these measured variables, in particular any combination of two, three, four, or more of these measured variables, are included.
  • the condition of the exhaust gas is determined by the measured variable(s). According to the invention, the measured variable can relate to the same parameter. But it also includes that the measurement variable relates to two or three or more different parameters.
  • a combination of the parameters water content, sulfur content, nitrogen oxide content, reducing agent content, oxygen content and amount of exhaust gas is measured as the measured variable.
  • Measuring the temperature is optional.
  • the measured variable is the temperature of the exhaust gas, with the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process depending on the temperature being set to zero for a defined period of time, preferably if the temperature is 150 ° C or lower, more preferably 180 ° C or is lower, particularly preferably 200 ° C or lower.; and or
  • the measured variable is the water content of the exhaust gas, with the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process being set to zero for a defined period of time depending on the water content, preferably when the water content is so high that ammonium sulfate forms; and or
  • the measured variable is the sulfur content of the exhaust gas, with the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process depending on the sulfur content being set to zero for a defined period of time, preferably if the sulfur content is 3 mg/m 3 or greater, more preferably 30 mg/ m 3 or greater, more preferably 500 mg/m 3 or greater; and or
  • the measured variable is the nitrogen oxide content of the exhaust gas, with the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process depending on the nitrogen oxide content being set to zero for a defined period of time, preferably if the nitrogen oxide content is 200 mg/m 3 or greater, more preferably 1000 mg/ m 3 or greater; and or
  • the measurement variable is the reducing agent content of the exhaust gas, with the amount of reducing agent added during the catalytic cleaning process being set to zero for a defined period of time depending on the reducing agent content, preferably if the reducing agent content is 2 mg/m 3 or greater, more preferably 50 mg/ m 3 or larger.
  • the method further comprises a solids separation step for reducing the concentration of sulfur before the catalytic cleaning process.
  • the sulfur is present in particular as sulfur dioxide. If sulfur or sulfur dioxide is mentioned in the following, this includes all gaseous sulfur oxides.
  • the solids separation step preferably comprises an acidic solids separator, in which an additive, preferably selected from the group comprising lime, hydrated lime, bicarbonate or activated carbon or a combination thereof, is added. Bicarbonate is preferably used. This makes it possible to implement a particularly optimized process management.
  • the solids separation process is conventionally known and not limited according to the invention.
  • the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas from the combustion process is reduced by adding an additive. In embodiments, the additive binds the sulfur dioxide and thereby reduces the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas.
  • the amount of additive that is added in the solids separation step to reduce the concentration of sulfur during this period of time is preferred, depending on the measured quantity of the exhaust gas regulated.
  • the amount of additive is increased for this period of time, since this effectively prevents or at least reduces ammonium sulfate deposition on the catalyst.
  • the amount of additive should not be increased more than necessary as this is associated with increased costs. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the setpoint for the measured variable sulfur dioxide can be variably adjusted and is adapted to the circumstances such as legal requirements regarding exhaust gas limits.
  • the reducing agent is added directly into the combustion process during the defined period of time for which the amount of reducing agent added to the catalytic cleaning process is set to zero.
  • the amount of reducing agent that is added directly to the combustion process is preferably regulated depending on the measured quantity of the exhaust gas.
  • This embodiment preferably represents a combination of an SNCR process and an SCR process. This combination requires particularly good protection of the catalyst in the event of fluctuations in the measured variable(s), since the formation of ammonium sulfate can be prevented particularly effectively. In particular, this combination can prevent deactivation of the catalyst if the solids separation process is disrupted.
  • direct addition into the combustion process means that the reducing agent can be added to a location that is close to the combustion, but not directly into the flame.
  • the addition takes place in a flame-free room at a temperature window of 1050-850 ° C when combustion has already taken place. This is well known for SNCR processes and will not be explained further here.
  • the SNCR process takes over the breakdown of nitrogen oxide in whole or in part, in particular during a disturbance in the equilibrium of the measured variable.
  • This allows the concentration of reducing agent on the catalyst to be effectively influenced.
  • This has the particular advantage that the formation of ammonium sulfate is reduced and the cleaning interval of the catalyst can therefore be increased.
  • Also is smaller sizing Catalyst possible, which is advantageous from a cost perspective. It is also possible to switch off the addition of the additive for at least a short time, since the NOx limit value can be maintained using the SNCR process without the daily average value being exceeded. Furthermore, a reduction in the amount of additive added and thus significant cost savings is possible.
  • the operating temperature of the catalyst can also be reduced and the process can therefore be operated very energy-efficiently.
  • the added amount of reducing agent influences the remaining amount of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas and is therefore a means with which, in embodiments, a particularly optimized process control can be achieved.
  • the method is carried out in such a way that the amount of additive is adjusted depending on the measured variable of the exhaust gas by changing the target value of the concentration of sulfur in the exhaust gas. This allows the amount of additive to be optimized particularly effectively.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically an embodiment of a combustion device according to the invention.
  • the combustion device comprises a combustion unit 4, a solids separator unit 6 arranged downstream of the combustion unit and a catalytic cleaning unit 8 arranged downstream of the solids separator unit.
  • the combustion device further comprises a first measuring unit 12, which is arranged between the combustion unit and the solids separator unit, a second measuring unit 14, which is arranged between the solids separator unit and the catalytic cleaning unit is arranged, and a third measuring unit 16 which is arranged after the catalytic cleaning unit.
  • the combustion device also includes a first metering unit 18 for adding reducing agent to the combustion unit, a second metering unit 20 for adding additive to the solids separator unit and a third metering unit 22 for adding reducing agent to the catalytic cleaning unit.
  • the methods according to the first and second embodiments described above can be carried out in a combustion device according to Figure 1.
  • Material 2 to be burned is introduced into the combustion unit 4 and burned.
  • the exhaust gas purification is carried out by a solids separation process in the solids separator unit 6 by adding additive using a metering unit 20, as well as by a downstream SCR process in the catalytic cleaning unit 8 by adding reducing agent by means of a metering unit 22.
  • an upstream SNCR process takes place by adding reducing agent by means of a metering unit 18 After exhaust gas cleaning, cleaned exhaust gas 10 is obtained.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de purification des gaz d'échappement provenant d'un processus de combustion, comprenant les étapes qui consistent à : 1) effectuer un processus de combustion ; 2) effectuer un processus de séparation solide au cours duquel la concentration en soufre dans les gaz d'échappement provenant du processus de combustion est réduite par addition d'un additif ; 3) effectuer un processus de purification catalytique au cours duquel la concentration en oxyde d'azote dans les gaz d'échappement provenant du processus de combustion est réduite par addition d'un agent réducteur, les étapes 1), 2) et 3) étant suivies par une mesure d'une variable des gaz d'échappement, la variable mesurée étant sélectionnée dans le groupe comprenant température, pression, teneur en eau, teneur en soufre, teneur en oxyde d'azote, teneur en agent réducteur ou une combinaison de ceux-ci ; la quantité d'additif ajouté à l'étape 2) étant régulée en fonction de la variable mesurée des gaz d'échappement ; et/ou la quantité de l'agent réducteur ajouté à l'étape 3) étant régulée en fonction de la variable mesurée des gaz d'échappement ; l'agent réducteur étant de préférence ajouté directement dans le processus de combustion de l'étape 1), la quantité de l'agent réducteur ajouté à l'étape 1) étant régulée en fonction de la variable mesurée des gaz d'échappement. L'invention concerne également un procédé de purification de gaz d'échappement contenant du soufre provenant d'un processus de combustion, comprenant un procédé de purification catalytique au cours duquel la concentration en oxyde d'azote dans les gaz d'échappement est réduite par addition continue d'un agent réducteur, la quantité de l'agent réducteur ajouté étant régulée en fonction d'une variable mesurée des gaz d'échappement, et la quantité de l'agent réducteur ajouté étant remise à zéro pendant une durée définie pendant le processus de purification catalytique. L'invention concerne en outre un dispositif de combustion à purification des gaz d'échappement au cours duquel les procédés peuvent être mis en œuvre.
PCT/EP2023/067441 2022-06-27 2023-06-27 Procédé de purification de gaz d'échappement provenant d'un processus de combustion et dispositif de combustion à purification de gaz d'échappement WO2024003034A2 (fr)

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