WO2023282255A1 - クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成抑制剤 - Google Patents
クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成抑制剤 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023282255A1 WO2023282255A1 PCT/JP2022/026692 JP2022026692W WO2023282255A1 WO 2023282255 A1 WO2023282255 A1 WO 2023282255A1 JP 2022026692 W JP2022026692 W JP 2022026692W WO 2023282255 A1 WO2023282255 A1 WO 2023282255A1
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- oil
- inorganic compound
- acid
- sporulation
- clostridium perfringens
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sporulation inhibitor for Clostridium perfringens.
- Necrotic enteritis (NE) in the poultry kingdom is an important disease that causes large economic losses ($2 billion US/year) (Non-Patent Document 1). Necrotizing enterocolitis greatly reduces the growth of broilers and, in the worst case, leads to death.
- NE the mucosa of the small intestine becomes necrotic and forms a yellow-brown or bile-colored pseudomembrane, and in cryptic NE, pit-like ulcers form on the mucosal surface (Non-Patent Document 2).
- Necrotic enteritis is known to be caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens. C.
- Non-Patent Document 3 The vegetative cells of C. perfringens are bacilli (1 x 10 ⁇ m), but when the environment deteriorates, they form spores (spheres with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m). It is known that NetB toxins (such as NetB) are secreted during spore germination, and this causes enteritis (Non-Patent Document 4, Fig. 1). Therefore, controlling C. perfringens toxin production requires understanding the C. perfringens life cycle. C. perfringens is classified into types according to the type of toxin it produces (Non-Patent Document 5).
- C. perfringens does not have flagella, but it is known that it moves by stretching the fimbriae (Type-IV-pillar: T4P) and adheres to the intestinal tract of the host animal (Non-Patent Document 7 ).
- T4P fimbriae of Gram-positive bacteria including C. perfringens have also been reported, and it is known that the tip of T4P expands and contracts using the energy of ATP (Non-Patent Document 8, Fig. 1).
- ATP Non-Patent Document 8 Fig. 1
- Non-Patent Document 9, Fig. 1 The genus Clostridium secretes mucin-degrading enzymes, breaks down mucin in the mucus layer, adheres to thinned epithelial cells, induces cell death, and destroys tight junctions, thereby inducing inflammation.
- AGPs anti-biotic growth promoters
- bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid and avilamycin are used in poultry (Non-Patent Documents 10, 11).
- Certain drugs such as Tylosin and Colistin are prohibited.
- As a method that does not use antibiotics there is a method that uses nano-iron oxide as a sporulation inhibitor for Clostridium difficile (Patent Document 1).
- the method disclosed here is a method in which nano-iron oxide acts directly on Clostridium difficle spores to suppress germination, but the document does not describe the effect on C. difficle vegetative cells. Absent.
- Clostridium difficile described in Patent Document 1 differs from Clostridium perfringens in terms of phenotype, chemotaxonomy, and phylogeny, and since it also has flagella, it was named Clostridioides difficile in 2016 ( Non-Patent Document 12).
- an object of the present invention is to provide an alternative to antibiotics that can prevent or treat Clostridium perfringens infections, such as necrotic enteritis. Another object of the present invention is to provide supplements and feed containing such substitutes. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of administering such a substitute.
- the present inventors have found that feeding birds with an inorganic compound capable of sedimenting C. perfringens in the vegetative state can inhibit spore formation.
- Clostridium perfringens infection can be suppressed because C. perfringens can be excreted as feces before it produces toxin.
- C. perfringens is also a resident bacterium of the human intestinal tract, the inorganic compound can be used not only in animals such as birds, but also for preventing or treating Clostridium perfringens infections in humans, or for treating infections. It can also be used as a supplement to reduce symptoms. That is, the present application provides the following inventions. 1.
- a sporulation inhibitor for Clostridium perfringens comprising at least one inorganic compound at a concentration to precipitate Clostridium perfringens in vivo, wherein said inorganic compound comprises K, Na, Mg, Ca , and Fe, wherein the inorganic compound is coated with a protective layer containing hardened vegetable oil.
- the inorganic compound is formed from an acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, lignosulfonic acid, silicic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, iodine, and iodic acid. 2.
- the sporulation inhibitor according to 1 above which is a salt with an anion. 3. 3. The sporulation inhibitor according to 1 or 2 above, wherein the inorganic compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and FeCl2 . 4. 4. The sporulation inhibitor according to any one of 1 to 3 above, wherein the inorganic compound is KCl. 5. 5. The sporulation inhibitor according to any one of 1 to 4 above, further comprising a polysaccharide. 6.
- the polysaccharides include pullulan, xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan, arabic gum, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, chondroitin, tara gum, locust bean gum, alginate (sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, or ammonium salt), alginate and esters thereof. 5.
- the sporulation inhibitor according to 5 above which is at least one selected from the group consisting of mixtures. 7.
- the sporulation inhibitor according to 5 above, wherein the polysaccharide is arabic gum.
- the hydrogenated vegetable oil is rapeseed oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, rice oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, or hydrogenated coconut oil.
- 10. The sporulation inhibitor according to any one of 1 to 7 above, wherein the inorganic compound and optionally contained polysaccharide are protected by two layers of hydrogenated rapeseed oil and benzoic acid resin.
- 11. A supplement for preventing or treating Clostridium perfringens infection, containing the sporulation inhibitor according to any one of 1 to 10 above. 12.
- the supplement according to 10 or 11 above which contains the inorganic compound at a concentration such that a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight/day or more of the inorganic compound can be administered.
- 13. 11 The supplement according to 10 above, wherein the Clostridium perfringens infection is necrotic enteritis.
- a method for preventing or treating Clostridium perfringens infection in a non-human animal comprising adding at least one salt inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of K, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe to the non-human animal.
- the above method comprising administering to the intestinal tract.
- a method for suppressing sporulation of Clostridium perfringens in vitro wherein the concentration of at least one salt inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of K, Na, Ca, and Fe is at least an effective concentration of 500 mM or more.
- a method of inhibiting sporulation by incubating comprising adding at least one salt inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of K, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe to the non-human animal.
- the present invention it is possible to prevent vegetative cells of C. perfringens from changing into spores. According to the present invention, necroinflammation caused by C. perfringens can also be prevented or treated. According to the present invention, while preventing or treating Clostridium perfringens infectious disease, it is possible to exert an effect of increasing the body weight of livestock.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of sedimentation experiments for Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of aggregation and bacterial cell shape observation experiments for 3 strains of Clostridium perfringens (ATCC10873, SM101, CNEOP004).
- FIG. 3 is a phase-contrast micrograph of Clostridium perfringens SM101 spores.
- FIG. 4 is a phase-contrast micrograph of Clostridium perfringens SM101 coccus when KCl (500 mM) was added.
- FIG. 5 shows the aggregation experiment results of Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873, Salmonella enterica IAM1648, and E.
- FIG. 7 shows the elution test results of Coated-KCl.
- the inorganic compound used in the present invention is at least one salt selected from the group consisting of K, Na, Mg, Ca and Fe.
- the anion constituting the salt is not particularly limited, but is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, lignosulfonic acid, silicic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, iodine, iodic acid, and the like.
- Anions formed from selected acids are mentioned. Cl 2 ⁇ is preferred from an economic point of view.
- the inorganic compound is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and FeCl2 . More preferably the inorganic compound comprises KCl. More preferably, the inorganic compound is KCl.
- the concentration of the inorganic compound in the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration sufficient to precipitate Clostridium perfringens without aggregating it in vivo.
- the concentration required for sedimentation varies depending on the type of inorganic compound or the bacterial cell concentration.
- the MgCl2 concentration is above 500 mM and the FeCl2 concentration is above 10 mM.
- the concentration of the inorganic compound may be increased to exert the sedimentation effect, the effect reaches a ceiling at a certain concentration, so from an economical point of view, for example, 1,000 mM or less is desirable.
- Polysaccharide Polysaccharides have been reported to exert an aggregation effect on Gram-negative bacteria (International Publication No. 2019/177172), but experiments conducted by the present inventors have shown that Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive bacterium, exhibited neither sedimentation nor flocculation effects (see Examples 1 and 5 below). However, when combined with said inorganic compounds, it was found that the inorganic compounds enhanced the sedimentation and flocculation effects of C. perfringens. In particular, it was found that when the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention exhibited an agglutinating effect on Gram-positive bacteria, it was also possible to improve the weight gain effect of livestock.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention may further contain a polysaccharide.
- Polysaccharides that can be used in the present invention include pullulan, xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan, arabic gum, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, chondroitin, tara gum, locust bean gum, alginate (sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, or ammonium salt). ), alginates and mixtures thereof.
- arabic gum, carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum, carrageenan, locust bean gum, and pullulan are preferred, and arabic gum is more preferred, from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness and feed registration status.
- the polysaccharide can be given to the subject together with the inorganic compound or separately.
- a coating agent to an inorganic compound and a polysaccharide to form a sporulation inhibitor
- the inorganic compound and the polysaccharide are combined and the coating agent is applied, and the inorganic compound is applied to one sporulation inhibitor.
- It may be given to the subject as an agent in which the compound and the polysaccharide coexist, or the sporulation inhibitor may be obtained by applying a coating agent to the inorganic compound and giving it to the subject together with the polysaccharide to which the coating agent is applied.
- the polysaccharide concentration in the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention can be determined as appropriate, but 0.5 to 3% by mass is preferable from an economical point of view. More preferably 1 to 2% by mass. In this specification, the unit "%" represents % by mass unless otherwise specified. Concentrations of inorganic compounds required to precipitate Clostridium perfringens in vivo can be lower with polysaccharides than without polysaccharides. For example, when used in combination with gum arabic, the concentration of KCl in the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention containing KCl can exhibit a sedimentation effect at a concentration of 50 mM or higher.
- the concentration of the inorganic compound may be increased to exhibit the sedimentation effect, the effect peaks out at a certain concentration, so from an economical point of view, for example, 500 mM or less is desirable.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention may contain excipients.
- the excipient is not particularly limited as long as it is commonly used for improving molding and is pharmacologically acceptable. Examples include calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, zeolite, Examples include sorbitol, cornstarch, talc, yeast bentonite, rice husks, liquid paraffin, and polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and disaccharides other than those having the property of aggregating Clostridium perfringens.
- the amount of the excipient is preferably 0.1 to 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the sporulation inhibitor.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention may also contain any additive that can be contained in supplements or feed.
- Additives include, for example, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, color enhancers (carotenoids), flavoring agents, probiotic agents, and the like.
- the amount of the optional additive is usually preferably 0.1 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the sporulation inhibitor.
- the coating forms a protective layer of the inorganic compound.
- Any coating agent can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a substance capable of forming an enteric coating and is safe for livestock or humans to ingest.
- a coating agent may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used in combination of 2 or more types. From the viewpoint of ease of handling and economy, the coating agent may be vegetable hardened oil, or substances commonly used as tablet coating agents such as benzoic acid resin, shellac (shellac), zein, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and maltitol.
- Hydrogenated vegetable oils include rapeseed oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, rice oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, or hydrogenated coconut oil.
- the hydrogenated vegetable oil is rapeseed oil, linseed oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, rice oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, or hydrogenated coconut oil.
- As the coating agent rapeseed hardened oil and benzoic acid resin are particularly preferable.
- the layer of hardened rapeseed oil is preferable because the core can be eluted in a short period of time.
- a layer of benzoic acid resin is preferred because it allows the anti-sporulation agent to be eluted under neutral to alkaline conditions (after passage through the stomach).
- the amount of the coating agent is preferably 5 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to 30% by mass, based on the total mass of the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention.
- the coating may also contain any additives that may be included in feed or human medicine.
- the coating may be a single layer or multiple layers of two or more layers. A multi-layer coating is preferable because it is easier to control the dissolution rate in the body.
- the outermost layer is a layer of hardened rapeseed oil and the innermost layer in contact with the inorganic compound is a layer of benzoic acid resin, because the coating does not dissolve in the stomach but dissolves in the intestines.
- the dissolution rate of the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention in gastric juice is desirably less than 60%, and the dissolution rate in intestinal juice is desirably 70% or more.
- adjustment can be made by using a two-layer film or a multilayer film, or by controlling the type of film agent and film thickness of each layer.
- the inorganic compound is K salt (especially KCl), the polysaccharide is arabic gum, and the coating agent is at least one selected from the group consisting of hardened rapeseed oil and benzoic acid resin.
- the inorganic compound is K salt (especially KCl), the polysaccharide is arabic gum, and the coating agent is two layers of hardened rapeseed oil and benzoic acid resin.
- the layer formed from benzoic acid resin is in contact with the inorganic compound, and the layer formed from hydrogenated rapeseed oil is formed thereon.
- the KCl concentration in the sporulation inhibitor is 500 mM
- the arabic gum concentration is 1%
- the layer formed from benzoic acid resin is in contact with the inorganic compound
- the layer formed from hydrogenated rapeseed oil is in contact therewith. It is most preferable that a layer is formed.
- the method of coating the sporulation inhibitor is not particularly limited.
- a commercially available fluidized bed spray granulator is used to fluidize the powder or granular core while heating to a temperature higher than the melting point to convert it into a liquid state.
- a coated sporulation inhibitor can be obtained by spraying the coated coating agent. It is preferable that the coating type sporulation inhibitor has a size of about 0.05 to 5 mm because it is easy to handle.
- the temperature for heating the coating material is not particularly limited as long as it is equal to or higher than the melting point of the coating material, but it is preferably about 5° C. to 15° C. higher than the melting point of the coating material.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention can be orally ingested by humans or non-human animals, or can be directly administered to the intestinal tract of non-human animals.
- direct administration to the intestinal tract there is no need to consider deactivation by gastric acid or irritation to the gastric mucosa, so there is no need to coat with a protective layer containing hydrogenated vegetable oil.
- the amount of the inorganic compound to be ingested by the subject and the administration frequency are the same as those of the supplements described later.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention can also be used as a supplement for humans or non-human animals.
- the form of the supplement is not particularly limited, and tablets, granules, powders, drinks and the like can be mentioned.
- the supplement of the present invention may further contain known ingredients for supplements, such as antioxidants and proteins. It is appropriate to take the supplement of the present invention continuously every day.
- the intake of the supplement of the present invention varies, for example, depending on the body weight of the subject to whom it is administered.
- a subject receiving the supplement of the present invention can be administered a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight/day or more, preferably 1-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the inorganic compound.
- the supplements of the invention are administered 1-3 times per day.
- Subjects to be ingested with the supplement of the present invention include ruminants such as humans, cattle, sheep and goats, and monogastric animals such as horses, pigs, chickens, dogs and fish.
- the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention can be directly given to non-human animals such as domestic animals, or can be used as a feed together with excipients or diluents such as corn, soybean flour, rice bran, fish meal, and brewer's yeast. can also
- the feed of the present invention may also contain any additive that can be included in conventional feed. It is suitable to ingest the feed of the present invention continuously every day.
- the intake amount of feed varies depending on the size of livestock. For example, in the case of chickens, the daily intake of the sporulation inhibitor is as follows: , 0.013 to 2.7 mmol/kg (1 to 340 ppm), preferably 0.14 to 1.4 mmol/kg (10 to 170 ppm).
- a sporulation inhibitor containing a polysaccharide when included in a conventional feed, the amount of intake increases accordingly.
- the inorganic compound when 133 ppm of arabic gum is contained as a polysaccharide, the inorganic compound is about 0.013 to 1.4 mmol/kg (1 to 170 ppm), preferably 0.14 to 0.7 mmol/kg ( 10 to 85 ppm), more preferably 0.54 to 0.8 mmol/kg (40 to 60 ppm).
- ppm means "ppm by mass.”
- livestock means living creatures raised by humans.
- ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats
- monogastric animals such as horses, pigs, chickens, dogs and fish. It is particularly preferred to feed the feed according to the invention to monogastric animals.
- the feeding method of the sporulation inhibitor of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- Example 1 Cell Sedimentation Test Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873 was cultured on a GAM plate (manufactured by Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., modified GAM bouillon “Nissui”) at 37° C. under anaerobic conditions for 24 hours. Anaerobic culture was performed using an anaerobic culture kit "Aneropack” manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company. The obtained culture was suspended in 4 mL of pure water produced using a pure water production apparatus manufactured by Merck Millipore, and the optical density (OD) of the suspension was adjusted to about 2.0 at a wavelength of 660 nm.
- GAM plate manufactured by Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., modified GAM bouillon “Nissui”
- Anaerobic culture was performed using an anaerobic culture kit "Aneropack” manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company.
- the obtained culture was suspended in 4 mL of pure water produced using a pure water production apparatus manufactured by Merck Mill
- Example 2 Aggregation and bacterial cell shape observation experiment Using 3 strains of Clostridium perfringens [ATCC10873 (toxin-producing TypeA), SM101 (toxin-producing TypeF: CPE toxin producer), CNEOP004 (toxin-producing TypeG: netB toxin producer), all of which are bacilli], Example 1 A similar experiment was conducted. However, the optical density of the samples was not measured. Eight hours after the addition of the sedimentation substance, the samples were collected, and the presence or absence of aggregation of each strain and the shape of the cells were observed using an upright microscope (manufactured by OLYMPUS, model: BX50). ⁇ Results> The results are shown in Table 2 and FIG.
- Example 3 Measurement of Clostridium perfringens Cell Surface Potential An experiment was performed under the same conditions as in Example 1 using three Clostridium perfringens strains (ATCC10873, SM101, CNEOP004). However, the optical density of the samples was not measured. Eight hours after the addition of the sedimentation substance, the sample was recovered, diluted 100-fold, and the surface potential of the Clostridium perfringens cells was measured using Zetasizer Nano (model number: Nano-ZS) manufactured by Malvern. The surface potential of the sedimentation substance before addition of the sedimentation substance and the surface potential of the sedimentation substance were also measured (the concentration at the time of measurement was adjusted to the concentration at the time of measuring the surface potential of the sample).
- Zetasizer Nano model number: Nano-ZS
- Example 4 Phase-contrast microscopic observation of Clostridium perfringens coccus under KCl addition
- E.coli, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori change their shape into coccoids called “coccoid-form” under stressful conditions.
- Clostridium is also reported to be spherical (International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (2016), 5(7), 210-223). The spore formation process must be accompanied by cell division and requires the necessary nutrients.
- Clostridium perfringens spores like Clostridium difficile, have been reported to become vegetative cells after transitioning from Phase-bright spores to Phase-dark spores (J. Am. Chem. Soc.
- Example 2 since pure water containing no nutrients was used, the cocci observed in Example 2 were expected to be "coccoid-form" rather than spores. Therefore, we investigated whether cocci (1 ⁇ m in diameter) generated when KCl (0.5 M) was added to Clostridium perfringens were vegetative or spores. Spores have a reduced water content and are enriched with DNA, etc., so they glow white under a phase-contrast microscope (Phase-bright spores). Phase-dark spores are seen before germination into vegetative cells, but are dark under phase-contrast microscopy.
- Vegetative cells are pale in color under a phase-contrast microscope, and dark spots can be seen inside the cells.
- spores of Clostridium perfringens SM101 strain were observed under a phase-contrast microscope (Fig. 3).
- elliptical spores that shine white are Phase-bright spores, and dark-looking spores of the same shape are Phase-dark spores.
- fragments of vegetative bacteria were observed.
- Example 2 when KCl (500 mM) was added to Clostridium perfringens strain SM101, coccoid bacteria were observed under a phase-contrast microscope (Fig. 4).
- Example 5 Observation Experiment for Aggregation of Enteric Bacteria For enteric bacteria other than Clostridium perfringens, aggregation of each strain was observed in the same manner as in Example 2.
- intestinal bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Lactobacillus casei ATCC393 and Bifidobacterium animalis JCM1190, and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica IAM1648 and E. coli MG1655 were selected.
- Lactobacillus casei ATCC393 and Bifidobacterium animalis JCM1190 were cultured on MRS plates (manufactured by Difco), E.
- Bifidobacterium animalis JCM1190 was cultured under anaerobic conditions in the same manner as Clostridium perfringens, using an anaerobic culture kit "Aneropack" manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company. Other fungi were cultured under aerobic conditions. Table 4 shows the results. For reference, the results of Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873 performed in Example 2 are also shown.
- the agglutinating effect of KCl in the presence of Arabic gum was specific to Clostridium perfringens among Gram-positive bacteria, but not to Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis.
- Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella enterica and E. coli were aggregated by Arabic gum. This result is similar to that reported in WO2019/177172. None of the Gram-negative bacteria agglutinated with KCl alone, but agglutinated with Arabic Gum. Therefore, it was suggested that the combined use of KC1 and Arabic gum specifically aggregates Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enterica, and E. coli, which are called bad bacteria.
- FeCl 2 showed an agglutinating effect on Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium animals, which are Gram-positive bacteria.
- Example 6 Aggregation Observation Experiment of Three Kinds of Intestinal Bad Bacteria
- three strains of Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873, Salmonella enterica IAM1648, and E. coli MG1655 were cultured.
- a suspension of each strain was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. After adjusting the optical density (OD) of each suspension to about 0.6 to 0.7 at a wavelength of 660 nm, the suspensions of the three cells are mixed and the mixed cells are recovered using a centrifuge. Then, it was adjusted in a vial so that the final optical density was about 2.0 (@ wavelength 660 nm).
- a mixed solution of 500 mM KCl and 1% Arabic Gum and a mixed solution of 500 mM NaCl and 1% Arabic Gum were added to vials and brought into contact with the above-mentioned mixed cells. Each vial was allowed to stand still at 37°C, and the optical density was automatically and continuously measured. The results are shown in FIG. It was confirmed that a combination of 500 mM KCl and 1% Arabic gum and a combination of 500 mM NaCl and 1% Arabic gum could rapidly agglutinate 3 types of bad intestinal bacteria.
- Example 7 Preparation of coating-type feed sporulation inhibitor
- Arabic Gum manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- KCl manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Resin manufactured by Chuo Koryo Co., Ltd.
- a coating type sporulation inhibitor for feed was obtained by spraying a predetermined amount of a coating material which was liquefied by heating to a temperature higher than the melting point onto powdered or granular cores.
- Arabic Gum was used as a single layer coating, and 75 parts by mass of the core material was coated with 25 parts by mass of hardened rapeseed oil.
- this additive will be referred to as "Coated-Arabic Gum”.
- KCl is a two-layer coating, covering 84.77 parts by mass of the core material with 2.23 parts by mass of Benzoin Resin for the first layer (inner layer) and 13 parts by mass of hardened rapeseed oil for the second layer (outer layer). bottom.
- this additive will be referred to as "Coated-KCl”.
- Example 8 Enteric test of Coated-Arabic Gum (simulated gastric juice treatment) 0.2% NaCl and 0.2% pepsin (from Porcine stomach Mucosa, 1:5,000, 2,500unit /mg,) was added to adjust the pH to 2, the Coated-Arabic Gum prepared in Example 7 was added, and enzyme treatment was carried out at 37°C for 2 hours. The enteric properties were evaluated by automatically and continuously measuring the optical density during this period. In addition, "2 hours” assumes the time from when the feed reaches the stomach of the chicken to when it passes through.
- the dissolution rate was suppressed to about 60% or less in 2 hours from the start of gastric juice treatment, while it exceeded 90% in intestinal juice treatment. From this result, it was found that the sample coated with hydrogenated rapeseed oil as a coating agent was able to control the release well.
- Example 9 Elution Test of Coated-KCl
- Coated-KCl prepared in Example 7 was added to pure water produced using a pure water production apparatus manufactured by Merck Millipore, and an elution test was carried out at 37°C.
- the dissolution rate was measured by automatically and continuously measuring the optical density during this period.
- turbidity optical density [OD], wavelength 190 nm
- a UVmini-1240 spectrophotometer manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. The results are shown in FIG. While the dissolution rate was suppressed to about 50% or less in 2 hours from the start, it reached 80% in intestinal juice treatment. From this result, it was found that the sample coated with two layers of Benzoin Resin and hardened rapeseed oil as a coating agent was able to control release well.
- Example 10 Clostridium perfringens Infection Test
- Coated-KCl prepared in Example 7 was added to the diet described in Hofacre, CL, et al., Avian Dis. was added to obtain a feed composition.
- the experiment was entrusted to SPRG and conducted in the United States.
- 25 day old broiler chicks were used in one section, fed with the feed composition, and 500 chicks in total of 20 repetitions were reared for 6 weeks from the time of feeding.
- a commercially available attenuated coccidia vaccine (0.007 mL vaccine/bird) was administered on Day 0.
- Clostiridium perfringens was placed in a drinker to a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 8 cfu/mL and water was given.
- Necrotic enteritis (NE)-derived mortality and NE-derived intestinal damage scores during the breeding period were evaluated.
- the non-additive group was used as a control (“Challenge Control” in Table 5).
- Bacitracin methylenedisalicylate (BMD) was used as a positive control.
- BMD is known to be effective against necrotizing enterocolitis caused by Clostridium perfringens, and is also widely used as an antimicrobial growth promoting substance (AGP), and is one of the most used AGPs in the United States.
- BMD was added at 55 ppm by volume to the feed described in the above Hofacre reference to prepare a positive control feed composition.
- a commercially available BMD (BMD (registered trademark) from Zoetis, no coating) was used as it was.
- Table 5 shows the results.
- BMD reduced mortality to 13.2% compared with Challenge Control.
- Coated-KCl reduced mortality by 3.8% compared to Challenge Control.
- the NE lesion score significantly improved compared to the Challenge Control (Control: 0.75, BMD: 0.30, Coated-KCl: 0.52).
- Example 11 Weight gain effect test Coated-KCl and Coated-Arabic Gum prepared in Example 7 were added to the basic feed without feed additives in Table 6 so that the amount of core material was 40 ppm by volume and 100 ppm by volume, respectively. was added to obtain a feed composition.
- test chicks were broiler exclusive breed (UK chunky) day-old male chicks weighing 38 to 46 g and selected for use in the test.
- all test groups were fed the basal feed with no feed additives shown in Table 6, and the test chicks were set to 50 chicks per group so that the weight distribution was almost even. were reared for 3 weeks from the time of feeding.
- As a test condition in order to put a load on the environmental conditions, about 1 L of water per group was sprayed on the front surface of the floor once a day during the breeding period, and the rats were reared on a wet floor.
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Abstract
Description
壊死性腸炎はグラム陽性細菌であるクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスが引き起こすことが知られている。C. perfringensは家禽類の腸管常在菌であることが知られている(非特許文献3)。C. perfringensの栄養細胞は桿菌 (1 x 10 μm)だが、環境が悪化すると、芽胞(直径1μmの球状)を形成する。芽胞発芽時にNetB毒素(NetBなど)を分泌し、これが腸炎の要因となることが知られている(非特許文献4, Fig.1)。したがって、C. perfringensの毒素生産を制御するには、C. perfringensのライフサイクルを把握しておく必要がある。
C. perfringensは、産生する毒素の種類によって、typeが分類されている(非特許文献5)。2008年に、type Aから新たに2種が定義され、NetB(Necrotic Enteritis Toxin B-like)という毒素を産生するC. perfringensがtype F、CPE(Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin)という毒素を産生するC. perfringensがtype Gと定義された。NetBがNEの主要因であると報告されている(非特許文献6)。
Clostridium属の腸管での作用機序についても報告がある。Clostridium属は、ムチン分解酵素を分泌し、粘液層のムチンを分解し、菲薄化した所から、上皮細胞に接着し細胞死を誘導し、またタイトジャンクションを破壊することで、炎症を誘導する(非特許文献9、図1)。
家禽の壊死性腸炎を制御する方法の一つに、成長促進用抗生物質(AGP:Anti-biotic growth promoter)を用いる方法がある。AGPとして、バシトラシンメチレンジサリチル酸およびアビラマイシンが家禽類では利用されている(非特許文献10、11)。しかしながら、環境への負荷や薬剤耐性菌の出現の問題などからAGPは世界的に使用規制が強化され、欧州では2006年に全面的に禁止、米国においても人畜共通で利用されている抗生物質であるTylosinやColistin等が使用禁止されている。こうした課題を解決する環境調和型のAGP代替品が求められている。
抗生物質を利用しない方法として、クロストリジウム ディフィシル(Clostridium difficle)の芽胞形成抑止剤としてナノ酸化鉄を用いる方法がある(特許文献1)。ここで開示されている方法は、ナノ酸化鉄が、Clostridium difficleの芽胞に直接作用することで、発芽を抑制する方法であるが、当該文献にはC. difficleの栄養細胞に対する効果についての記載はない。
特許文献1に記載されているClostridium difficileは、Clostridium perfringensとは、表現型、化学分類学、系統発生学上でも異なっており、鞭毛も存在することから、2016年、Clostridioides difficileと命名された(非特許文献12)。
1.生体内でクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス(Clostridium perfringens)を沈降させる濃度の少なくとも1種の無機化合物を含有するクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成抑制剤であって、前記無機化合物が、K、Na、Mg、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩であり、前記無機化合物が植物硬化油を含む保護層で被覆されている、前記芽胞形成抑制剤。
2.前記無機化合物が、塩酸、硫酸、リン酸、炭酸、リグノスルホン酸、ケイ酸、乳酸、クエン酸、グルコン酸、コハク酸、フマル酸、ヨウ素、及びヨウ素酸からなる群から選ばれる酸から形成されるアニオンとの塩である、前記1に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
3.前記無機化合物が、KCl、NaCl、MgCl2、CaCl2、及びFeCl2からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、前記1又は2に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
4.前記無機化合物がKClである、前記1~3のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
5.さらに多糖を含む、前記1~4のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
6.前記多糖が、プルラン、キサンタンガム、グアーガム、カラギーナン、アラビックガム、ペクチン、カルボキシメチルセルロース、コンドロイチン、タラガム、ローカストビーンガム、アルギン酸塩(ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、カルシウム塩、又はアンモニウム塩)、アルギン酸エステル及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、前記5に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
7.前記多糖が、アラビックガムである、前記5に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
8.前記無機化合物及び必要により含まれる多糖が、植物硬化油を含む保護層で被覆されている、前記1~7のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
9.前記植物硬化油が、菜種油、亜麻仁油、サフラワー油、ひまわり油、大豆油、トウモロコシ油、落花生油、綿実油、ゴマ油、コメ油、オリーブ油、パーム油、パーム核油、又はヤシ油の硬化油である、前記8に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
10.前記無機化合物及び必要により含まれる多糖が、菜種硬化油と安息香酸樹脂の2層により保護されている、前記1~7のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
11.前記1~10のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤を含有する、クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症を予防又は治療するためのサプリメント。
12.1mg/kg体重/日以上の用量の無機化合物が投与され得る濃度の無機化合物を含む、前記10又は11に記載のサプリメント。
13.クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症が壊死性腸炎である、前記10に記載のサプリメント。
14.前記1~8のいずれかに記載の芽胞形成抑制剤を含有する飼料。
15.さらに慣用の飼料を含有し、前記無機化合物の濃度が、慣用の飼料の質量を基準にして、0.013mmol/kg以上である、前記14に記載の飼料。
16.非ヒト動物のクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症の予防又は処置方法であって、K、Na、Mg、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩の無機化合物を、非ヒト動物の腸管に投与することを含む、前記方法。
17.クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成をインビトロで抑制する方法であって、K、Na、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩の無機化合物の濃度が500mM以上の有効濃度以上でインキュベートする、芽胞形成を抑制する方法。
AG:Arabic Gum(アラビックガム)
AGP:Anti-biotic growth promoter(成長促進用抗生物質)
BMD:Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate(バシトラシンメチレンジサリチレート)
BWG:Body Weight Gain(増体効果)
Cp:Clostridium perfringens(クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス)
DW:distilled water(純水)
NE:necrotic enteritis(壊死性腸炎)
NT:non treatment(非処置、無添加)
OD:optical density(光学濃度)
本発明で用いる無機化合物は、K、Na、Mg、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩である。塩を構成するアニオンは特に限定されないが、塩酸、硫酸、リン酸、炭酸、リグノスルホン酸、ケイ酸、乳酸、クエン酸、グルコン酸、コハク酸、フマル酸、ヨウ素、ヨウ素酸等からなる群から選ばれる酸から形成されるアニオンがあげられる。経済的の観点からCl-が好ましい。
具体的には、無機化合物が、KCl、NaCl、MgCl2、CaCl2、及びFeCl2からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であるのが好ましい。無機化合物がKClを含むのがより好ましい。無機化合物がKClであるのがさらに好ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤における無機化合物の濃度は、生体内でクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスを凝集させなくても沈降させるのに十分な濃度であれば、特に限定されない。沈降させるのに必要な濃度は無機化合物の種類又は菌体濃度により異なり、例えば菌体濃度が、波長660nmにおける光学濃度が2.0程度のとき、KCl濃度は100mM以上、NaCl濃度は500mM以上、MgCl2濃度は500mM超、FeCl2濃度は10mM以上である。沈降効果を発揮させるのに無機化合物濃度を高めてもよいが、ある程度の濃度で効果は頭打ちになるため、経済的観点から、例えば1,000mM以下が望ましい。
多糖は、グラム陰性細菌に対し凝集効果を発揮することが報告されている(国際公開第2019/177172号)が、本発明者らが行った実験により、グラム陽性細菌であるクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスには沈降効果も凝集効果も発揮しなかった(後述する例1及び例5参照)。しかし、前記無機化合物と組合せると、無機化合物のC.perfringensの沈降効果及び凝集効果を増強することが分かった。特に、本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤がグラム陽性細菌に対して凝集効果を発揮する場合、家畜の増体効果も向上させることができることが分かった。したがって、本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤はさらに多糖を含んでもよい。
本発明において用いることができる多糖としては、プルラン、キサンタンガム、グアーガム、カラギーナン、アラビックガム、ペクチン、カルボキシメチルセルロース、コンドロイチン、タラガム、ローカストビーンガム、アルギン酸塩(ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、カルシウム塩、又はアンモニウム塩)、アルギン酸エステル及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種があげられる。このうち、費用対効果および飼料登録状況の観点から、アラビックガム、カルボキシメチルセルロース、グアーガム、カラギーナン、ローカストビーンガム、プルランが好ましく、アラビックガムがより好ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤における多糖の濃度は適宜決定することができるが、0.5~3質量%とすると、経済的観点で好ましい。1~2質量%とするのがより好ましい。なお、特に記載の無い限り、本明細書において、単位「%」は、質量%を表わす。
生体内でクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスを沈降させるのに必要な無機化合物の濃度は、多糖と併用すると、多糖と併用しない場合よりも低くすることができる。例えば、アラビックガムと併用するとき、KClを含む本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤中のKClの濃度は50mM以上で沈降効果を発揮することができる。好ましくは100mM以上(例えば、100~1,000mM)、より好ましくは200mM以上(例えば、200~700mM)とすることができる。沈降効果を発揮させるのに無機化合物濃度を高めてもよいが、ある程度の濃度で効果は頭打ちになるため、経済的観点から、例えば500mM以下が望ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤はまた、サプリメント又は飼料に含まれ得る任意の添加剤を含んでもよい。添加剤としては、例えば、アミノ酸、有機酸、ビタミン、色調強化剤(カロテノイド)、着香料、生菌剤等があげられる。芽胞形成抑制剤が任意の添加剤を含む場合、任意の添加剤の量は、芽胞形成抑制剤100質量部に対して、通常、0.1~100質量部であるのが好ましい。
被覆剤は、前記無機化合物の保護層を形成する。被覆剤は、腸溶性被膜を形成し得る物質であって、家畜又はヒトが摂取しても安全な物質であれば、特に制限なく用いることができる。被覆剤は、一種単独で使用しても、二種以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。被覆剤は、取扱の容易性および経済性の観点から、植物硬化油や、錠剤の被覆剤として慣用の物質である、安息香酸樹脂、シェラック(セラック)、ツェイン、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース及びマルチトール等であるのが好ましい。植物硬化油としては、菜種油、亜麻仁油、サフラワー油、ひまわり油、大豆油、トウモロコシ油、落花生油、綿実油、ゴマ油、コメ油、オリーブ油、パーム油、パーム核油、又はヤシ油の硬化油があげられる。前記植物硬化油は、菜種油、亜麻仁油、サフラワー油、ひまわり油、大豆油、トウモロコシ油、落花生油、綿実油、ゴマ油、コメ油、オリーブ油、パーム油、パーム核油、又はヤシ油の硬化油であるのが好ましい。被覆剤としては、なかでも、菜種硬化油及び安息香酸樹脂が好ましい。菜種硬化油の層は、短時間でコアを溶出させることができるので好ましい。安息香酸樹脂の層は、(胃を通過後の)中性ないしアルカリ性において芽胞形成抑制剤を溶出させることができるので好ましい。
コーティングは、単層でもよく、2層以上の複数層でもよい。複数層コーティングの方が、体内での溶出率を制御しやすいので好ましい。特に、最も外側の層を菜種硬化油の層とし、無機化合物に接する最も内側の層を安息香酸樹脂の層とすると、被覆剤が胃で溶けずに腸で溶けるので好ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤の胃液中の溶出率は60%未満が望ましく、また腸液中の溶出率は70%以上であることが望ましい。このような溶出率を達成するには、2層膜や多層膜にしたり、各層の被膜剤の種類や被膜厚さを制御したりすることにより調整することができる。
前記芽胞形成抑制剤を被覆する方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、市販の流動層型噴霧造粒機にて、粉末ないし顆粒状のコアを流動させながら、融点より高い温度に加熱して液状とした被覆剤を噴霧することにより、被覆型芽胞形成抑制剤を得ることができる。被覆型芽胞形成抑制剤を0.05~5mm程度の大きさにすると、取扱が容易になるので好ましい。また、被覆剤を加熱するときの温度は、被覆剤の融点以上であれば特に制限されないが、被覆剤の融点より5℃~15℃程度高いことが好ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤は、ヒト又は非ヒト動物用のサプリメントとすることもできる。サプリメントの形態は特に制限されず、錠剤、顆粒剤、散剤、ドリンク剤等を挙げることができる。本発明のサプリメントは、本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤に加え、サプリメント用の成分として公知の成分、例えば酸化防止剤やタンパク質をさらに含んでもよい。本発明のサプリメントは、毎日連続して摂取するのが適当である。本発明のサプリメントの摂取量は、例えば、投与する対象の体重に応じて変動する。例えば、本発明のサプリメントを与えられる対象に、1mg/kg体重/日以上、好ましくは1~100mg/kg体重/日の用量の無機化合物が投与され得るように調合することができる。典型的には、本発明のサプリメントは、1日あたり1~3回投与される。
本発明のサプリメントを摂取させる対象としては、ヒト、牛、羊、山羊等の反芻動物、馬、豚、鶏、犬、魚等の単胃動物があげられる。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤は、そのまま家畜等の非ヒト動物に与えることもできるし、トウモロコシ、大豆粉、米ぬか、魚粉、ビール酵母等の賦形剤ないし希釈剤と一緒にして飼料とすることもできる。
本発明の飼料はまた、慣用の飼料に含まれ得る任意の添加剤を含んでもよい。本発明の飼料は、毎日連続して摂取するのが適当である。飼料の摂取量は、家畜の大きさにより異なるが、例えばニワトリの場合、前記芽胞形成抑制剤の1日あたりの摂取量としては、芽胞形成抑制剤以外の慣用の飼料に対して、無機化合物が、0.013~2.7mmol/kg(1~340ppm)程度、好ましくは0.14~1.4mmol/kg(10~170ppm)となるように与えるのが望ましい。また、多糖を含む芽胞形成抑制剤を慣用の飼料に含ませる場合には、その分摂取量が多くなる。例えば、多糖として133ppmのアラビックガムを含むとき、無機化合物が、慣用の飼料に対して0.013~1.4mmol/kg(1~170ppm)程度、好ましくは0.14~0.7mmol/kg(10~85ppm)、さらに好ましくは、0.54~0.8mmol/kg(40~60ppm)、となるように与えるのが望ましい。なお、本明細書において、「ppm」は「ppm by mass」を意味する。
本明細書において、「家畜」とは、人間に飼養される生き物を意味する。具体的には、牛、羊、山羊等の反芻動物、馬、豚、鶏、犬、魚等の単胃動物を含む。本発明の飼料を、単胃動物に与えるのが特に好ましい。
本発明の芽胞形成抑制剤の給餌方法は特に制限されない。
Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873を、GAMプレート(日水製薬株式会社製、変性GAMブイヨン「ニッスイ」)にて37℃において、嫌気条件下で24時間培養した。嫌気培養は、三菱ガス化学社製の嫌気培養キット「アネロパック」を用いて行った。
得られた培養物を、Merck Millipore社製の純水製造装置を用いて製造した純水4mLに懸濁し、懸濁液の光学濃度(OD)は波長660nmにおいて2.0程度となるように調整した。
この懸濁液0.5mLを投入したバイアル瓶に、表1に記載の沈降化物質を表1に記載の濃度で添加し、Clostridium perfringensと各物質とを接触させた。なお、陽性対照として、Arabic Gum(「AG」)を用いた。
バイアル瓶を37℃にて8時間静置した。その間、サンプルの光学濃度を自動連続計測した。
沈降化物質添加から8時間後のサンプルの光学濃度の低下分が、沈降化物質無添加のサンプルの8時間後の光学濃度の低下分(すなわち菌体の自然沈降による光学濃度の低下分)の2倍以上に達した沈降化物質を、沈降効果がある、と判断した。
結果を表1および図1に示した。グラム陰性細菌に対して沈降効果を発揮したAGは、グラム陽性細菌であるC. perfringensには沈降効果を発揮しなかった。AG不存在下では、KC1 100mM以上, NaCl 500mM, 又はFeCl2 10mM 以上で沈降性が確認された。これは、陽イオンがClostridium perfringens菌体の表層電位を変化させることで、反発力を軽減したと考えられる。AG不存在下では沈降効果を発揮しなかったMgCl2(500mM)は、AGと併用することで沈降効果を発揮した。
Clostridium perfringens3株〔ATCC10873(毒素産生TypeA)、SM101 (毒素産生TypeF:CPE toxin producer)、CNEOP004 (毒素産生TypeG:netB toxin producer)、いずれも桿菌〕を用いて、例1と同様の実験を実施した。但し、サンプルの光学濃度を計測しなかった。
沈降化物質添加から8時間後にサンプルを回収し、正立顕微鏡(OLYMPUS社製、型版:BX50)を用いて、各菌株の凝集の有無および菌体形状を観察した。
<結果>
結果を表2および図2に示した。
グラム陰性細菌に対して凝集効果を発揮したAGは、Clostridium perfringensに対して凝集効果を発揮しなかった。KC1又はNaClをサンプルに添加した場合、AG不存在下では、菌体の形状は桿菌から球菌に変化したが、菌体自身は凝集しなかった。KC1又はNaClとAGとの共存下では、菌体は、球菌の状態で凝集した。
MgC12をサンプルに添加した場合、AG不存在下では、形状は桿菌のまま変化せず、凝集も観察されなかったが、AG共存下では、Clostridium perfringensの凝集が観察された。
CaC12およびFeC12をそれぞれサンプルに添加した場合、AG不存在下で、Clostridium perfringensは桿菌の状態で凝集した。
Clostridium perfringens 3株(ATCC10873、SM101、CNEOP004)を用いて、例1と同条件の実験を実施した。但し、サンプルの光学濃度を計測しなかった。
沈降化物質添加から8時間後にサンプルを回収し、100倍希釈した後、Malvern社製 Zetasizer Nano(型番:Nano-ZS)を用いて、Clostridium perfringens菌体の表面電位を測定した。沈降化物質添加前の沈降化物質の表面電位及び沈降化物質の表面電位もまた測定した(なお、測定時の濃度は、前記サンプルの表面電位測定時の濃度に合わせた)。
<結果及び考察>
結果を表3及び表Aに示した。Arabic Gum又はKClを単独で添加しても、Clostridium perfringensは凝集しなかったが、両者を共存させると凝集した。これは、菌体表層は、水中では負電荷を帯びているところ、KC1を添加することで、菌体表層電位の負電荷が増大し、さらにArabic Gumを共存させることで、表層電位がニュートラルになったことから、菌体およびKClとArabic Gumが相互干渉して、凝集したと考えられる(表3)。ATCC10873株の場合は、MgC12を添加した場合、菌体表層電位は、一旦、ニュートラルになり、さらにArabic Gumの添加で再び、菌体表層電位に変化(負に帯電)が観られた(表3-1)。このことから、菌体およびMgC12とArabic Gumが相互干渉し、凝集したと考えられる。一方、SM101、CNEOP004では、MgC12を添加時に、菌体表層電位は大きくニュートラル側に変化し、凝集したと考えられる(表3-2,表3-3)。CaC12(20mM以上)およびFeC12(10mM以上)をそれぞれ添加した場合、AG不存在下で菌体表層電位は大きくニュートラル側に変化し、菌体およびCaC12、菌体およびFeC12が相互干渉し、凝集したと考えられる(表3)。
一般的にストレス環境下では、E.coliやCampylobacter、Helicobacter pyloriでは、“coccoid-form”と呼ばれる球菌へと形状が変化する報告が多数あり、Clostridiumでも球状化することが報告されている(International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (2016), 5(7), 210-223)。芽胞の形成工程では、細胞分裂を伴う必要があり、それに必要な栄養素が必要とされる。Clostridium perfringensの芽胞は、Clostridium difficileと同様に、Phase-bright sporeから Phase-dark sporeに移行後、栄養細胞になることが報告されている(J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2014) v136 pp14498-14504)。
例2では、栄養素を含まない純水を用いていることから、例2で観察された球菌は、芽胞ではなく、“coccoid-form”であると予想された。
そこで、Clostridium perfringensにKCl (0.5M)を添加した際に生じた球菌(直径1μm)が、栄養細胞(vegetative)あるいは芽胞(spore)のいずれであるかを検討した。芽胞は、水分含量が減少し、DNA等が濃縮されることから、位相差顕微鏡では、白く光る(Phase-bright spore)。Phase-dark sporeは、栄養細胞への発芽前に観られるが、位相差顕微鏡では、色調は濃い。栄養細胞は、位相差顕微鏡では、色調が薄く、黒い斑点が細胞内に観られる。
参照として、Clostridium perfringens SM101株の芽胞を位相差顕微鏡で観察した(図3)。図3において、白く光っている楕円形のものがPhase-bright sporeであり、同じ形で暗く見えるものがPhase-dark sporeである。その他、栄養型菌の破片が観察された。
一方、例2において、Clostridium perfringens SM101株 に KCl(500mM)を添加した際に生じた球状菌を位相差顕微鏡にて観察したところ(図4)、栄養細胞である桿菌と同様に、色調が薄く、黒い斑点が細胞内に観られるため、芽胞ではないと推察された。
したがって、KCl等添加によるClostridium perfringens菌体の形状変化は、芽胞を形成することなく、栄養細胞の状態で起こったと考えられる。
Clostridium perfringens 以外の腸内細菌についても、例2と同様にして、各菌株の凝集を観察した。腸内細菌として、グラム陽性細菌であるLactobacillus casei ATCC393、Bifidobacterium animalis JCM1190、グラム陰性細菌であるSalmonella enterica IAM1648、E.coli MG1655を選択した。
Lactobacillus casei ATCC393およびBifidobacterium animalis JCM1190はMRSプレート(Difco社製)、E.coli MG1655はLBプレート(BD社製)、Salmonella enterica IAM1648は、NBプレート(Difco社製)にて、37℃で培養した。Bifidobacterium animalis JCM1190は、Clostridium perfringensと同様に、嫌気条件にて培養し、三菱ガス化学社製の嫌気培養キット「アネロパック」を用いた。その他の菌は好気条件で培養した。
結果を表4に示した。参考までに、例2で行ったClostridium perfringens ATCC10873の結果も併記する。
Arabic Gum共存下でのKClの凝集効果は、グラム陽性細菌の中でもClostridium perfringensに特異的で、Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium animalisには凝集作用を示さなかった。グラム陰性細菌であるSalmonella entericaおよびE.coliは、Arabic Gumにより凝集した。この結果は、WO2019/177172において報告された結果と同様である。グラム陰性細菌はいずれもKCl単独では凝集しなかったが、Arabic Gumと併用すると凝集した。したがって、KC1およびArabic Gumの併用によって、悪玉菌と呼ばれるClostridium perfringens、Salmonella enterica、及びE.coliを特異的に凝集化することが示唆された。
またFeCl2は、グラム陽性菌であるClostridium perfringensおよびLactobacillus casei、Bifidobacterium animals に凝集作用を示した。
例5と同様に、Clostridium perfringens ATCC10873、Salmonella enterica IAM1648、E.coli MG1655の3株を培養した。例1と同様の方法で、各菌株の懸濁液を調製した。各懸濁液の波長660nmにおける光学濃度(OD)が0.6~0.7程度となるように調整後、3菌体の懸濁液を混合し、遠心分離機にて混合菌体を回収し、バイアル瓶中で、最終的に光学濃度2.0程度(@波長660nm)となるように調整した。KCl 500mMおよびArabic Gum 1%の混合溶液、並びに、NaCl 500mMおよびArabic Gum 1%の混合溶液をそれぞれバイアル瓶に添加し、上述の混合菌体と接触させた。各バイアル瓶を37℃にて静置し、光学濃度を自動連続計測した。
結果を図5に示した。KCl 500mMとArabic Gum 1%の組合せ、および、NaCl 500mMとArabic Gum 1%の組合せは、腸内悪玉菌3種を速やかに凝集化できることが確認された。
コア材として、Arabic Gum(和光純薬社製)およびKCl(和光純薬社製)を使用し、被覆剤として、菜種硬化油(融点67℃)及びBenzoin Resin(中央香料社製)を使用した。粉末ないし顆粒状にしたコアに、融点より高い温度に加熱することにより液状とした被覆剤の所定量を噴霧することにより、被覆型飼料用芽胞形成抑制剤を得た。
Arabic Gumは、一層コーティングとし、コア材75質量部に対して菜種硬化油25質量部を被覆した。以下、この添加剤を「Coated-Arabic Gum」と表わす。一方、KClは、二層コーティングとし、コア材84.77質量部に対して、第1層(内側層)にBenzoin Resin2.23質量部、第2層(外側層)に菜種硬化油13質量部を被覆した。以下、この添加剤を「Coated-KCl」と表わす。
(人工胃液処理)Merck Millipore社製の純水製造装置を用いて製造した純水に、0.2% NaClおよび0.2% pepsin(from Porcine stomach Mucosa,1:5,000,2,500unit/mg,)を加え、pH2に調整後、例7で調製した Coated-Arabic Gum を投入し、37℃で2時間酵素処理を行った。この間の光学濃度を自動連続計測することで腸溶性を評価した。なお、「2時間」は、飼料が鶏の胃に到達してから通過するまでの時間を想定している。
(人工腸液処理)人工胃液処理後、0.2% trypsin(from Porcine Pancreas,1:5,000;4,500unit/mg)を加え、pH6に調整後、37℃で2時間酵素処理を行った。この間の光学濃度を自動連続計測することで腸溶性を評価した。なお、「2時間」は、飼料が鶏の腸に到達してから通過するまでの時間を想定している。
なお、両処理における光学濃度は、島津製作所社製の分光光度計UVmini-1240にて濁度(Optical density[OD]、波長 190nm)を測定した。また、両処理におけるpH調整剤として塩酸及び水酸化ナトリウムを使用した。
結果を図6に示す。胃液処理開始から2時間での溶出率が約60%以下に抑えられる一方、腸液処理では90%を超えた。この結果から、被覆剤として菜種硬化油を施したサンプルで良好な放出コントロールができることが分かった。
Merck Millipore社製の純水製造装置を用いて製造した純水に例7で調製した Coated-KCl を投入し、37℃で溶出試験を実施した。この間の光学濃度を自動連続計測することで溶出率を測定した。両処理における光学濃度は、島津製作所社製の分光光度計UVmini-1240にて濁度(Optical density[OD]、波長 190nm)を測定した。
結果を図7に示す。開始から2時間での溶出率が約50%以下に抑えられる一方、腸液処理では80%に達した。この結果から、被覆剤としてBenzoin Resin及び菜種硬化油の2層コートを施したサンプルで良好な放出コントロールができることが分かった。
例7で調製した Coated-KCl を、Hofacre, C.L., et al., Avian Dis. 1998;42(3):579-84 に記載の飼料中に、コア材の量が40ppmとなるように添加し、飼料組成物を得た。なお、実験は、SPRG社に委託し、米国において行った。
平飼い鶏舎にて、1区画、初生雛ブロイラー25羽を用い、飼料組成物を与え、20反復合計500羽で、餌付け時から6週間飼育した。試験条件はDay 0にて商用ベースで使用されているコクシジウム弱毒ワクチン(0.007 mL vaccine/ bird)を投与した。その後、Day 14, 15 および 16にて、4時間の絶食ならびに2-3時間の絶水を行ったのち、Clostiridium perfringensを、1 x 108 cfu/mLとなるようドリンカーに入れ、給水させた。
飼育期間中のNecrotic enteritis (NE)由来の死亡率およびNE 由来の腸管ダメージスコアを評価した。NE 由来の腸管ダメージスコアは、0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe とし、スコアの平均値を算出した。
なお、無添加区を対照(表5中、「Challenge Control」)とした。陽性対照として、バシトラシンメチレンジサリチレート(BMD)を用いた。BMDは、Clostridium perfringens によって引き起こされる壊死性腸炎に対する効果がある物質として知られ、抗菌性発育促進物質(AGP)としても広く利用されており、米国で最も使用されているAGP の一つである。BMDは、55ppm by volume となるように、上記Hofacre文献に記載の飼料中に添加し、陽性対照の飼料組成物を作成した。BMDは、市販品(Zoetis社の BMD(登録商標)、被覆なし)をそのまま用いた。
結果を表5に示す。BMD はChallenge Control と比較して13.2%に死亡率を低下させた。Coated-KClはChallenge Control と比較して3.8%死亡率を低下させた。N.E. lesion score は、Challenge Control と比較して有意にスコアを改善した(Control: 0.75, BMD: 0.30, Coated-KCl: 0.52)。
例7で調製した Coated-KCl および Coated-Arabic Gum を、表6の飼料添加物無添加の基礎飼料に、それぞれコア材の量が40ppm by volume、100 ppm by volume となるように添加し、飼料組成物を得た。
BMD はControl(Non treatment)と比較して全区間(0-21日齢)において、増体が向上した。一方、Coated-Arabic Gum とCoated-KClを組合せた区はControl と比較して有意差は認められなかったものの、成長に伴い増体効果が顕在化し、区間(15-21日齢)において、増体効果が観察された。通常、出荷は6~7週齢であるため、充分な増体効果が期待された。
Claims (17)
- 生体内でクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス(Clostridium perfringens)を沈降させる濃度の少なくとも1種の無機化合物を含有するクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成抑制剤であって、前記無機化合物が、K、Na、Mg、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩であり、前記無機化合物が植物硬化油を含む保護層で被覆されている、前記芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記無機化合物が、塩酸、硫酸、リン酸、炭酸、リグノスルホン酸、ケイ酸、乳酸、クエン酸、グルコン酸、コハク酸、フマル酸、ヨウ素、及びヨウ素酸からなる群から選ばれる酸から形成されるアニオンとの塩である、請求項1に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記無機化合物が、KCl、NaCl、MgCl2、CaCl2、及びFeCl2からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項1又は2に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記無機化合物がKClである、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- さらに多糖を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記多糖が、プルラン、キサンタンガム、グアーガム、カラギーナン、アラビックガム、ペクチン、カルボキシメチルセルロース、コンドロイチン、タラガム、ローカストビーンガム、アルギン酸塩(ナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、カルシウム塩、又はアンモニウム塩)、アルギン酸エステル及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である、請求項5に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記多糖が、アラビックガムである、請求項5に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記無機化合物及び必要により含まれる多糖が、植物硬化油を含む保護層で被覆されている、請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記植物硬化油が、菜種油、亜麻仁油、サフラワー油、ひまわり油、大豆油、トウモロコシ油、落花生油、綿実油、ゴマ油、コメ油、オリーブ油、パーム油、パーム核油、又はヤシ油の硬化油である、請求項8に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 前記無機化合物及び必要により含まれる多糖が、菜種硬化油と安息香酸樹脂の2層により保護されている、請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の芽胞形成抑制剤。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤を含有する、クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症を予防又は治療するためのサプリメント。
- 1mg/kg体重/日以上の用量の無機化合物が投与され得る濃度の無機化合物を含む、請求項10又は11に記載のサプリメント。
- クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症が壊死性腸炎である、請求項10に記載のサプリメント。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の芽胞形成抑制剤を含有する飼料。
- さらに慣用の飼料を含有し、前記無機化合物の濃度が、慣用の飼料の質量を基準にして、0.013mmol/kg以上である、請求項14に記載の飼料。
- 非ヒト動物のクロストリジウム パーフリンジェンス感染症の予防又は処置方法であって、K、Na、Mg、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩の無機化合物を、非ヒト動物の腸管に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- クロストリジウム パーフリンジェンスの芽胞形成をインビトロで抑制する方法であって、K、Na、Ca、及びFeからからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の塩の無機化合物の濃度が500mM以上の有効濃度以上でインキュベートする、芽胞形成を抑制する方法。
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