Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
  • F17C1/16—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge constructed of plastics materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/02—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres in the form of fibres or filaments
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10724—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyamide
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
  • B32B27/22—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using plasticisers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
  • B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
  • B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/38—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising epoxy resins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/40—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyurethanes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
  • B32B3/04—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by at least one layer folded at the edge, e.g. over another layer ; characterised by at least one layer enveloping or enclosing a material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
  • B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/106—Carbon fibres, e.g. graphite fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/108—Rockwool fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/412—Transparent
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/56—Damping, energy absorption
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/702—Amorphous
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/704—Crystalline
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/724—Permeability to gases, adsorption
  • B32B2307/7242—Non-permeable
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
  • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/01—Reinforcing or suspension means
  • F17C2203/011—Reinforcing means
  • F17C2203/012—Reinforcing means on or in the wall, e.g. ribs
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
  • F17C2203/0604—Liners
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
  • F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
  • F17C2203/0614—Single wall
  • F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/066—Plastics
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
  • F17C2203/0673—Polymers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
  • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
  • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
  • F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
  • F17C2203/0675—Synthetics with details of composition
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
  • F17C2209/2109—Moulding
  • F17C2209/2127—Moulding by blowing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
  • F17C2209/2109—Moulding
  • F17C2209/2145—Moulding by rotation
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
  • F17C2209/23—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations
  • F17C2209/232—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations of walls
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
  • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Definitions

• TITLE MULTI-LAYER STRUCTURE FOR THE TRANSPORT OR STORAGE OF
• This patent application relates to composite multilayer structures for the transport, distribution or storage of hydrogen, in particular for the distribution or storage of hydrogen, and their method of manufacture.
• Hydrogen tanks are a subject that is currently attracting a lot of interest from many manufacturers, particularly in the automotive field.
• One of the aims is to offer less and less polluting vehicles.
• electric or hybrid vehicles comprising a battery aim to gradually replace thermal vehicles, such as gasoline or diesel vehicles.
• thermal vehicles such as gasoline or diesel vehicles.
• the battery is a relatively complex component of the vehicle. Depending on where the battery is located in the vehicle, it may need to be protected from impact and the external environment, which may be extreme temperatures and varying humidity. It is also necessary to avoid any risk of flames.
• the electric vehicle still suffers today from several problems, namely the autonomy of the battery, the use in these rare earth batteries whose resources are not inexhaustible, recharge times much longer than the durations tank filling, as well as a problem of electricity production in the various countries to be able to recharge the batteries.
• Hydrogen therefore represents an alternative to the electric battery since hydrogen can be transformed into electricity by means of a fuel cell and thus power electric vehicles.
• Hydrogen tanks generally consist of a metal envelope (liner or sealing layer) which must prevent the permeation of hydrogen.
• a metal envelope liner or sealing layer
• the liner or sealing sheath in thermoplastic resin is associated with a reinforcing structure made up of fibers (glass, aramid, carbon) called sheath or reinforcing layer which allows working at much higher pressures while reducing the mass and avoiding the risk of explosive rupture in the event of severe external attacks.
• a reinforcing structure made up of fibers (glass, aramid, carbon) called sheath or reinforcing layer which allows working at much higher pressures while reducing the mass and avoiding the risk of explosive rupture in the event of severe external attacks.
• the permeability of the liner is indeed a key factor in limiting hydrogen losses from the tank;
• the first generation of type IV tanks used a liner based on high density polyethylene (HDPE).
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• HDPE has the defect of having too low a melting temperature and a high hydrogen permeability, which represents a problem with the new requirements for thermal resistance and does not allow to increase the speed of tank filling.
• PA6 and PA66 have the disadvantage of having low cold resistance and high water uptake.
• PA12 liners have also been developed with good impact resistance, but PA12 has the drawback of having excessive hydrogen permeability.
• Application EP3112421 describes a polyamide resin composition for a molded article intended for high pressure hydrogen, the composition comprising: a polyamide 6 resin (A); and a polyamide resin (B) having a melting point, as determined by DSC, which is not higher than the melting point of the polyamide 6 resin (A) + 20 0 C and a cooling crystallization temperature, such as determined by DSC, which is higher than the cooling crystallization temperature of the polyamide 6 resin (A).
• French application FR2923575 describes a reservoir for storing fluid under high pressure comprising at each of its ends along its axis a metal end cap, a liner enveloping said end caps and a structural fiber layer impregnated with thermosetting resin enveloping said liner.
• Application EP3222668 describes a polyamide resin composition for a molded article intended for high pressure hydrogen, the composition comprising a polyamide resin (A) comprising a unit derived from hexamethylenediamine and a unit derived from an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid of 8 to 12 carbon atoms and an ethylene / a -olefin copolymer (B) modified with an unsaturated carboxylic acid and / or a derivative thereof.
• A polyamide resin
• B ethylene / a -olefin copolymer
• Application US2014/008373 describes a lightweight storage cylinder for high pressure compressed gas, the cylinder having a liner wrapped in a stress layer, the liner comprising: a first inner layer of impact modified polyamide (PA) in contact with the gas, an outer thermoplastic layer in contact with the stress layer; and an adhesive tie layer between the first impact modified inner PA layer and the outer thermoplastic layer.
• PA impact modified polyamide
• WO1 855491 describes a hydrogen transport component having a three-layer structure, the inner layer of which is a composition consisting of PA11, 15 to 50% of an impact modifier and 1 to 3% of plasticizer or devoid of plasticizer which has hydrogen barrier properties, good flexibility and durability at low temperatures.
• this structure is suitable for pipes for the transport of hydrogen but not for the storage of hydrogen.
• the matrix of the composite in order to optimize its mechanical resistance at high temperature and on the other hand the material composing the sealing sheath, in order to optimize its implementation temperature.
• the possible modification of the composition of the material making up the sealing sheath, which will be made, must not result in a significant increase in the manufacturing temperature (extrusion-blow molding, injection, rotational molding, etc.) of this liner, compared to what is practiced today.
• the impact resistance, water uptake and hydrogen permeability of the material making up the sealing sheath must also be optimized.
• the inventors have therefore unexpectedly found that the use of a polyamide thermoplastic polymer having an average number of carbon atoms per nitrogen atom of between 7 and 9, comprising a limited proportion of impact modifier and plasticizer, for the sealing layer, with a different polymer for the matrix of the composite and in particular an epoxy or epoxy-based resin, or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates, said composite being wound on the sealing layer , made it possible to obtain a compromise in particular on impact resistance, hydrogen permeability and water uptake compared to polymers polyamide thermoplastic having an average number of carbon atoms per nitrogen atom of less than 7 and greater than 9, and thus made it possible to obtain a structure suitable for the transport, distribution or storage of hydrogen and in particular an increase in the maximum operating temperature of up to 120°C, thus making it possible to increase the filling speed of the tanks.
• multilayer structure is meant a tank comprising or consisting of several layers, namely several sealing layers and several reinforcing layers, or one sealing layer and several reinforcing layers, or several sealing layers and a reinforcing layer or a sealing layer and a reinforcing layer.
• the multilayer structure is therefore understood to exclude a pipe or a tube.
• ie PA6 and PA68 are excluded from the composition of said sealing layers.
• said multilayer structure consists of two layers, a sealing layer and a reinforcing layer.
• the sealing layer or layers are the innermost layers compared to the composite reinforcement layers which are the outermost layers.
• the tank can be a tank for mobile hydrogen storage, i.e. on a truck for transporting hydrogen, on a car for transporting hydrogen and supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell for example, on a train for hydrogen supply or on a drone for hydrogen supply, but it can also be a stationary hydrogen storage tank in a station for hydrogen distribution to vehicles.
• the sealing layer (1) is impermeable to hydrogen at 23° C., that is to say that the permeability to hydrogen at 23° C. is lower than 100 cc.mm/m2.24h .atm at 23°C under 0% relative humidity (RH).
• the permeability can also be expressed in (cc.mm/m 2 .24h.Pa).
• the permeability must then be multiplied by 101325.
• the copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin are excluded from the impact modifier of the composition of said sealing layer or layers.
• PEBA polyether block amide
• PEBA polyether block amide
• the composite reinforcement layer(s) is (are) wound around the sealing layer by means of tapes (or tapes or rovings) of fibers impregnated with polymer which are deposited, for example, by filament winding.
• the polymers are different.
• the polymers of the reinforcing layers are identical, there may be several layers present, but advantageously only one reinforcing layer is present and which then has at least one complete winding around the sealing layer.
• the other layers of composite reinforcement may also adhere or not to each other.
• the other sealing layers may or may not adhere to each other.
• only a sealing layer and a reinforcing layer are present and do not adhere to each other.
• the reinforcement layer consists of a fibrous material in the form of continuous fibers impregnated with a composition mainly comprising at least one polymer P2j , in particular an epoxy resin or epoxy-based or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• a sealing layer and a reinforcement layer are present and do not adhere to each other and the reinforcement layer consists of a fibrous material in the form of continuous fibers impregnated with a composition mainly comprising a polymer P2j which is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• a polymer P2j which is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• epoxy-based throughout the specification means that the epoxy constitutes at least 50% by weight of the matrix.
• One or more sealing layers may be present.
• the term “predominantly” means that said at least one polymer is present at more than 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
• said at least one majority polymer is present at more than 60% by weight, in particular at more than 70% by weight, particularly at more than 80% by weight, more particularly greater than or equal to 90% by weight, relative to the weight composition total.
• Said composition may also comprise up to 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition of impact modifiers and/or a plasticizer and or additives.
• Additives can be selected from another polymer, antioxidant, heat stabilizer, UV absorber, light stabilizer, lubricant, inorganic filler, flame retardant, colorant, carbon black and carbon nanofillers, with the exception of a nucleating agent, in particular the additives are chosen from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a UV absorber, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a colorant, carbon black and carbon nanofillers, with the exception of a nucleating agent.
• Said other polymer may be another semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer or a different polymer and in particular an EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol).
• EVOH ethylene vinyl alcohol
• said composition comprises said thermoplastic polymer P1 i mainly, from 0 to 30% by weight of impact modifier, in particular from 0 to less than 15% of impact modifier, in particular from 0 to 9% of impact modifier, from 0 to 1 5% of plasticizer and from 0 to 5% by weight of additives, the sum of the constituents of the composition being equal to 100%.
• said composition consists of said thermoplastic polymer P1i mainly from 0 to 30% by weight of impact modifier, in particular from 0 to less than 15% of impact modifier, in particular from 0 to 9% of impact modifier, from 0 to 1 5% of plasticizer and from 0 to 5% by weight of additives, the sum of the constituents of the composition being equal to 100%.
• Said at least one majority polymer of each layer can be identical or different.
• a single majority polymer is present at least in the sealing layer which does not adhere to the composite reinforcement layer.
• said composition comprises an impact modifier of 0.1 to 30% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to less than 15% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 9% by weight of impact modifier per relative to the total weight of the composition.
• said composition comprises an impact modifier from 1 to
• said composition comprises an impact modifier of 2 to 30% by weight,
• said composition is devoid of plasticizer.
• said composition comprises an impact modifier from 0.1 to 30% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to less than 15% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 9% by weight of impact modifier and said composition is devoid of plasticizer relative to the total weight of the composition.
• said composition comprises an impact modifier of 0.1 to 30% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to less than 15% by weight, in particular from 0.1 to 9% by weight of modifier shock and from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight of plasticizer relative to the total weight of the composition.
• thermoplastic or semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer
• Tg glass transition temperature
• Tf melting temperature
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2:2013 and 11357-3:2013 respectively.
• the number-average molecular mass Mn of said semi-crystalline polyamide thermoplastic polymer is preferably in a range ranging from 10,000 to 85,000, in particular from 10,000 to 60,000, preferentially from 10,000 to 50,000, even more preferentially from 12,000 to 50,000. may correspond to inherent viscosities greater than or equal to 0.8 as determined in m-cresol according to ISO 307:2007 but by changing the solvent (use of m-cresol instead of sulfuric acid and the temperature being 20°C).
• the polyamide can be a homopolyamide or a copolyamide or a mixture thereof.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512, PA610 and PA612.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612.
• each sealing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polyamide.
• welding elements made of polyamide thermoplastic polymer.
• it can be used heating blades with or without contact, ultrasound, infrared, application of vibrations, rotation of one element to be welded against another or even laser welding.
• the impact modifier can be any impact modifier from the moment a polymer with a modulus lower than that of the resin, exhibiting good adhesion with the matrix, so as to dissipate the cracking energy.
• the impact modifier is advantageously made up of a polymer having a flexural modulus of less than 100 MPa measured according to ISO 178 and a Tg of less than 0°C. (measured according to standard 11357-2 at the inflection point of the DSC thermogram), in particular a polyolefin.
• PEBAs are excluded from the definition of impact modifiers.
• the polyolefin of the impact modifier can be functionalized or non-functionalized or be a mixture of at least one functionalized and/or at least one non-functionalized.
• the polyolefin has been designated by (B) and functionalized polyolefins (B1) and non-functionalized polyolefins (B2) have been described below.
• a non-functionalized polyolefin (B2) is conventionally a homopolymer or copolymer of alpha olefins or diolefins, such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, butene-1, octene-1, butadiene.
• alpha olefins or diolefins such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, butene-1, octene-1, butadiene.
• LDPE low density polyethylene
• HDPE linear low density polyethylene
• LLDPE linear low density polyethylene, or linear low density polyethylene
• VLDPE very low density polyethylene, or very low density polyethylene
• metallocene polyethylene metallocene polyethylene
• ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers such as ethylene/propylene, EPR (abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM).
• EPR abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber
• EPDM ethylene/propylene/diene
• SEBS styrene/ethylene-butene/styrene
• SBS styrene/butadiene/styrene
• SIS styrene/isoprene/styrene
• SEPS styrene/ethylene-propylene/styrene
• the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can be a polymer of alpha olefins having reactive units (the functionalities); such reactive units are acid, anhydride or epoxy functions.
• polyolefins (B2) grafted or co- or ter-polymerized with unsaturated epoxides such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate, or with carboxylic acids or the corresponding salts or esters such as (meth)acrylic acid (the latter possibly being totally or partially neutralized by metals such as Zn, etc.) or else by carboxylic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride.
• unsaturated epoxides such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate
• carboxylic acids or the corresponding salts or esters such as (meth)acrylic acid (the latter possibly being totally or partially neutralized by metals such as Zn, etc.) or else by carboxylic acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride.
• a functionalized polyolefin is, for example, a PE/EPR mixture, the weight ratio of which can vary widely, for example between 40/60 and 90/10, said mixture being co-grafted with an anhydride, in particular maleic anhydride, according to a degree of grafting for example of 0.01 to 5% by weight.
• the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can be chosen from the following (co)polymers, grafted with maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate, in which the degree of grafting is for example from 0.01 to 5% by weight:
• ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers such as ethylene/propylene, EPR (abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM).
• EPR abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber
• EPDM ethylene/propylene/diene
• SEBS styrene/ethylene-butene/styrene
• SBS styrene/butadiene/styrene
• SIS styrene/isoprene/styrene
• SEPS styrene/ethylene-propylene/styrene
• alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of alkyl (meth)acrylate;
• the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can also be chosen from ethylene/propylene copolymers with a majority of propylene grafted with maleic anhydride then condensed with monoamino polyamide (or a polyamide oligomer) (products described in EP-A-0342066) .
• the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can also be a co- or ter-polymer of at least the following units: (1) ethylene, (2) alkyl (meth)acrylate or saturated carboxylic acid vinyl ester and (3) anhydride such as maleic anhydride or (meth)acrylic acid or epoxy such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate.
• the (meth)acrylic acid can be salified with Zn or Li.
• alkyl (meth)acrylate in (B1) or (B2) denotes C1 to C8 alkyl methacrylates and acrylates, and may be chosen from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate , n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, ethyl-2-hexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate.
• the aforementioned polyolefins (B1) can also be crosslinked by any appropriate process or agent (diepoxy, diacid, peroxide, etc.); the term functionalized polyolefin also includes mixtures of the aforementioned polyolefins with a difunctional reagent such as diacid, dianhydride, diepoxy, etc. capable of reacting with these or mixtures of at least two functionalized polyolefins capable of reacting with each other.
• a difunctional reagent such as diacid, dianhydride, diepoxy, etc.
• copolymers mentioned above, (B1) and (B2) can be randomly or block copolymerized and have a linear or branched structure.
• the molecular weight, the MFI index, the density of these polyolefins can also vary to a large extent, which those skilled in the art will appreciate.
• MFI short for Melt Flow Index, is the Melt Flow Index. It is measured according to the ASTM 1238 standard.
• the non-functionalized polyolefins (B2) are chosen from homopolymers or copolymers of polypropylene and any homopolymer of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene and of a comonomer of the higher alpha olefinic type. such as butene, hexene, octene or 4-methyl 1 -pentene.
• PP high-density PE
• medium-density PE linear low-density PE
• low-density PE very low-density PE.
• polyethylenes are known to those skilled in the art as being produced according to a “radical” process, according to a “Ziegler” type catalysis or, more recently, according to a so-called “metallocene” catalysis.
• the functionalized polyolefins (B1) are chosen from any polymer comprising alpha-olefin units and units carrying polar reactive functions such as epoxy, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride functions.
• polymers mention may be made of ter-polymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate such as the Applicant's Lotader® or polyolefins grafted with maleic anhydride such as the Applicant's Orevac® as well as ter polymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and (meth)acrylic acid.
• Mention may also be made of polypropylene homopolymers or copolymers grafted with a carboxylic acid anhydride and then condensed with polyamides or monoamino polyamide oligomers.
• said constituent composition of said sealing layer(s) is devoid of polyether block amide (PEBA).
• PEBAs are therefore excluded from the impact modifiers.
• said transparent composition is devoid of core-shell particles or core-shell polymers.
• core-shell particle it is necessary to understand a particle whose first layer forms the core and the second or all the following layers form the respective shells.
• the core-shell particle can be obtained by a multi-step process comprising at least two steps. Such a process is described for example in the documents US2009/0149600 or EP0722961.
• ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers are excluded from the impact modifiers.
• the plasticizer can be a plasticizer commonly used in compositions based on polyamide(s).
• a plasticizer which has good thermal stability so that no fumes are formed during the steps of mixing the various polymers and of converting the composition obtained.
• this plasticizer can be chosen from: benzene sulfonamide derivatives such as n-butyl benzene sulfonamide (BBSA), ortho and para isomers of ethyl toluene sulfonamide (ETSA), N-cyclohexyl toluene sulfonamide and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzene sulfonamide (HP-BSA), esters of hydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-ethylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate
• BBSA n-butyl benzene sulfonamide
• ETSA ethyl toluene sulfonamide
• HP-BSA N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzene sulfonamide
• esters of hydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-ethylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate
• EHPB 2-decylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate
• HDPB 2-decylhexyl para-hydroxybenzoate
• esters or ethers of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol such as oligoethyleneoxytetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
• esters of citric acid or hydroxymalonic acid such as oligoethyleneoxymalonate.
• a preferred plasticizer is n-butyl benzene sulfonamide (BBSA).
• Another more particularly preferred plasticizer is N-(2-hydroxy-propyl)benzenesulfonamide (HP-BSA).
• HP-BSA N-(2-hydroxy-propyl)benzenesulfonamide
• the polymer P2j can be a thermoplastic polymer or a thermosetting polymer.
• One or more layers of composite reinforcement may be present.
• Each of said layers consists of a fibrous material in the form of continuous fibers impregnated with a composition mainly comprising at least one thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer P2j, j corresponding to the number of layers present.
• said at least one polymer is present at more than 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition and of the matrix of the composite.
• said at least one majority polymer is present at more than 60% by weight, in particular at more than 70% by weight, particularly at more than 80% by weight, more particularly greater than or equal to 90% by weight, relative to the weight composition total,
• Said composition can also comprise impact modifiers and/or additives.
• the additives can be chosen from an antioxidant, a heat stabilizer, a UV absorber, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a plasticizer and a colorant, with the exception of a nucleating agent.
• said composition consists of said thermoplastic polymer P2j mainly, from 0 to 15% by weight of impact modifier, in particular from 0 to 12% by weight of impact modifier, from 0 to 5% by weight of additives, the sum of constituents of the composition being equal to 100% by weight.
• Said at least one majority polymer of each layer can be identical or different.
• a single majority polymer is present at least in the composite reinforcement layer and which does not adhere to the sealing layer.
• each reinforcing layer comprises the same type of polymer, in particular an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• Thermoplastic or thermoplastic polymer is understood to mean a material which is generally solid at room temperature, which may be semi-crystalline or amorphous, in particular semi-crystalline and which softens during an increase in temperature, in particular after passing from its temperature of glass transition (Tg) and flows at a higher temperature when it is amorphous, or which can present a frank melting on passing its so-called melting temperature (Tf) when it is semi-crystalline, and which becomes solid again when 'a decrease in temperature below its crystallization temperature, Te, (for a semi-crystalline) and below its glass transition temperature (for an amorphous).
• Tg, Te and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2:2013 and 11357-3:2013 respectively.
• the number-average molecular mass Mn of said thermoplastic polymer is preferably in a range extending from 10,000 to 40,000, preferably from 10,000 to 30,000. These Mn values may correspond to inherent viscosities greater than or equal to 0.8 as determined in the m-cresol according to the ISO 307:2007 standard but changing the solvent (use of m-cresol instead of sulfuric acid and the temperature being 20°C).
• suitable semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymers in the present invention include: polyamides, in particular comprising an aromatic and/or cycloaliphatic structure, including copolymers, for example polyamide-polyether copolymers, polyesters, polyaryletherketones (PAEK ), polyetherether ketones (PEEK), polyetherketone ketones (PEKK), polyetherketoneetherketone ketones (PEKEKK), polyimides in particular polyetherimides (PEI) or polyamide-imides, polylsulfones (PSU) in particular polyarylsulfones such as polyphenyl sulfones
• PPSU polyethersulfones
• semi-crystalline polymers are more particularly preferred, and in particular polyamides and their semi-crystalline copolymers.
• the polyamide can be a homopolyamide or a copolyamide or a mixture thereof.
• the semi-crystalline polyamides are semi-aromatic polyamides, in particular a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula X/YAr, as described in EP1505099, in particular a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula A/XT in which A is chosen from a unit obtained from an amino acid, a unit obtained from a lactam and a unit corresponding to the formula (diamine in Ca).
• (Cb diacid) with a representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine and b representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid, a and b each being between 4 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, the unit (Ca diamine) being chosen from aliphatic diamines, linear or branched, cycloaliphatic diamines and diamines aromatic alkyls and the unit (Cb diacid) being chosen from aliphatic, linear or branched diacids, cycloaliphatic diacids and aromatic diacids;
• X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine and terephthalic acid, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 5 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, in particular a polyamide of formula A/5T, A/6T, A/9T, A/10T or A/11T, A being as defined above, in particular a polyamide chosen from a PA MPMDT/6T, a PA11/1 OT, one PA 5T/10T, one PA 11/BACT, one PA 11/6T/10T, one PA MXDT/10T, one PA MPMDT/10T, one PA BACT/10T, one PA BACT/6T, PA BACT/10T/6T, one PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/10T, PA 11/BACT/10T, one PA 11/MXDT/1 OT, one 11/5T/10T .
• T stands for terephthalic acid
• MXD stands for m-xylylene diamine
• MPMD stands for methylpentamethylene diamine
• BAC stands for bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane.
• Said semi-aromatic polyamides defined above have in particular a Tg greater than or equal to 80°C.
• thermosetting polymers are chosen from epoxy or epoxy-based resins, polyesters, vinylesters, resins based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates, and polyurethanes, or a mixture of these, in particular epoxy resins or based on epoxy or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• each composite reinforcement layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer, in particular an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• Said composition comprising said polymer P2j can be transparent to radiation suitable for welding.
• the winding of the composite reinforcement layer around the sealing layer is carried out in the absence of any subsequent welding.
• Said multilayer structure therefore comprises at least one sealing layer and at least one layer of composite reinforcement which is wound around the sealing layer and which may or may not adhere to each other.
• sealing and reinforcing layers do not adhere to each other and consist of compositions which respectively comprise different polymers.
• said different polymers may be of the same type.
• Said multilayer structure can comprise up to 10 layers of sealing and up to 10 layers of composite reinforcement of different natures. It is obvious that said multilayer structure is not necessarily symmetrical and that it can therefore comprise more sealing layers than composite layers or vice versa, but there cannot be an alternation of layers and reinforcement layer.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten sealing layers and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten of composite reinforcement.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two, three, four or five layers of sealing and one, two, three, four or five layers of composite reinforcement.
• said multilayer structure comprises one, two or three layers of sealing and one two or three layers of composite reinforcement.
• compositions which respectively comprise different polymers consist of compositions which respectively comprise different polymers.
• compositions which respectively comprise polyamides corresponding to polyamides P1i and an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates P2j
• said multilayer structure comprises a single sealing layer and several reinforcing layers, said adjacent reinforcing layer being wrapped around said sealing layer and the other reinforcing layers being wrapped around the reinforcing layer directly adjacent.
• said multilayer structure comprises a single reinforcing layer and several sealing layers, said reinforcing layer being wrapped around said adjacent sealing layer.
• said multilayer structure comprises a single sealing layer and a single composite reinforcement layer, said reinforcement layer being wrapped around said sealing layer.
• each sealing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P1i, in particular a polyamide.
• said polymer P1 i is a polyamide and said polymer P2j is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• the PU polyamide is identical for all the sealing layers.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512, PA610 and PA612.
• said PU polymer is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612.
• each reinforcing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P2j, in particular an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• each sealing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P1i, in particular a polyamide and each reinforcing layer consists of a composition comprising the same type of polymer P2j, in particular an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512, PA610 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from PA MPMDT/6T, a PA11/1 OT, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/6T/10T, a PA MXDT/10T, a PA MPMDT/10T, a PA BACT/10T, a PA BACT/6T, PA BACT/10T/6T, a PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/10T, PA 11/ BACT/10T, a PA and 11/MXDT/10T.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT/6T , a PA11/1 OT, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/6T/10T, a PA MXDT/10T, a PA MPMDT/10T, a PA BACT/10T, a PA BACT/6T , PA BACT/10T/6T, a PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/10T, PA 11/ BACT/10T, a PA and 11/MXDT/10T.
• said multilayer structure consists of a single reinforcing layer and a single sealing layer in which said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide selected from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 , PA610 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT/6T, a PA11/10T, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/6T/ 10T, a PA MXDT/10T, a PA MPMDT/10T, a PA BACT/10T, a PA BACT/6T, PA BACT/10T/6T, one PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/10T, PA 11/BACT/1 OT and one PA 11 /MXDT/1 OT.
• a PA MPMDT/6T a PA11/10T, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/6T/ 10
• said multilayer structure consists of a single reinforcing layer and a single sealing layer in which said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide selected from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is a semi-aromatic polyamide, in particular chosen from a PA MPMDT/6T, a PA11/10T, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/6T/10T, a PA MXDT/1 OT, PA MPMDT/10T, PA BACT/1 OT, PA BACT/6T, PA BACT/10T/6T, PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/ MPMDT/10T, PA 11/ BACT/1 OT and a PA 11 /MXDT/1 OT.
• a PA MPMDT/6T a PA11/10T, a PA 11/BACT
• PA 5T/10T a PA 11/6T/10T
• PA MXDT/1 OT PA MP
• the multilayer structure consists of a single reinforcing layer and a single sealing layer in which said PU polymer is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512, PA610 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• said PU polymer is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512, PA610 and PA612
• said polymer P2j is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• the multilayer structure consists of a single reinforcing layer and a single sealing layer in which said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612 and said polymer P2j is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• said polymer P1 i is an aliphatic polyamide chosen from PA410, PA412, PA510, PA512 and PA612
• said polymer P2j is an epoxy or epoxy-based resin or a resin based on polyisocyanates, in particular polyisocyanurates.
• said multilayer structure further comprises at least one outer layer consisting of a fibrous material of continuous fiberglass impregnated with a transparent amorphous polymer, said layer being the outermost layer of said multilayer structure.
• Said outer layer is a second reinforcement but transparent layer which makes it possible to put an inscription on the structure.
• said sealing layer comprises, from the inside outwards: a layer (a) consisting of a composition as defined above, optionally a binder layer; a hydrogen barrier layer, in particular in fluoropolymer, in particular in PVDF, or in EVOH, preferably in EVOH; optionally a binder layer; a layer (b) consisting of a composition as defined above.
• barrier layer denotes a layer having characteristics of low permeability and good resistance to hydrogen, that is to say that the barrier layer slows down the passage of hydrogen into the other layers of the structure or even outside the structure.
• the barrier layer is therefore a layer making it possible above all not to lose too much hydrogen in the atmosphere by diffusion, thus making it possible to avoid problems of explosion and ignition.
• barrier materials can be low-carbon polyamides, that is to say whose average number of carbon atoms (C) relative to the nitrogen atom (N) is less than 9, preferably semi- crystalline and with a high melting point, polyphthalamides and/or also non-polyamide barrier materials such as highly crystalline polymers such as the copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol (denoted EVOH below), or even fluorinated materials functionalized such as functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), functionalized ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), functionalized ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene copolymer (EFEP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS ) functionalized, functionalized polybutylene naphthalate (PBN). If these polymers are not functionalized, then an intermediate layer of binder can be added to ensure good adhesion within the MLT structure.
• PVDF functionalized polyvinylidene flu
• the EVOHs are particularly interesting, in particular those richest in vivnyl alcohol comonomer as well as those modified shocks because they make it possible to produce less fragile structures.
• barrier layer means in other words that said barrier layer has very little permeability to hydrogen, in particular the permeability to hydrogen at 23° C. is less than 100, in particular less than 75 cc. mm/m2.24h.atm at 23°C under 0% relative humidity (RH).
• the permeability can also be expressed in (cc.mm/m 2 .24h.Pa).
• the permeability must then be multiplied by 101325.
• these fibers forming said fibrous material are in particular fibers of mineral, organic or plant origin.
• said fibrous material can be sized or not sized.
• Said fibrous material may therefore comprise up to 3.5% by weight of a material of organic nature (thermosetting or thermoplastic resin type) called size.
• fibers of mineral origin mention may be made of carbon fibers, glass fibers, basalt or basalt-based fibers, silica fibers, or silicon carbide fibers for example.
• fibers of organic origin mention may be made of fibers based on thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer, such as semi-aromatic polyamide fibers, aramid fibers, polyester fibers or fibers in polyolefins for example.
• they are based on an amorphous thermoplastic polymer and have a glass transition temperature Tg higher than the Tg of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer constituting the pre-impregnation matrix when the latter is amorphous, or higher than the Tm of the polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer constituting the pre-impregnation matrix when the latter is semi-crystalline.
• thermoplastic polymers are based on a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer and have a melting point Tf higher than the Tg of the polymer or thermoplastic polymer mixture constituting the pre-impregnation matrix when the latter is amorphous, or higher than the Tm polymer or mixture of thermoplastic polymer constituting the pre-impregnation matrix when the latter is semi-crystalline.
• Tf melting point
• the organic fibers forming the fibrous material during impregnation by the thermoplastic matrix of the final composite there is no risk of melting for the organic fibers forming the fibrous material during impregnation by the thermoplastic matrix of the final composite.
• the fibers of plant origin mention may be made of natural fibers based on flax, hemp, lignin, bamboo, silk, in particular spider silk, sisal, and other cellulosic fibers, in particular viscose. These fibers of plant origin can be used pure, treated or even coated with a coating layer, in order to facilitate adhesion and impregnation of
• the fibrous material can also be a fabric, braided or woven with fibers.
• building fibers can be used alone or in mixtures.
• organic fibers can be mixed with mineral fibers to be pre-impregnated with thermoplastic polymer powder and form the pre-impregnated fibrous material.
• Organic fiber rovings can have several grammages. They may also have several geometries.
• the fibers making up the fibrous material may also be in the form of a mixture of these reinforcing fibers of different geometries.
• the fibers are continuous fibers.
• the fibrous material is chosen from glass fibres, carbon fibres, basalt or basalt-based fibres, or a mixture of these, in particular carbon fibres.
• It is used in the form of a wick or several wicks.
• the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a multilayer structure as defined above, characterized in that it comprises a step of preparing the sealing layer by extrusion blow molding, by rotational molding, by injection or extrusion.
• said method of manufacturing a multilayer structure comprises a step of filament winding of the reinforcement layer as defined above around the sealing layer as defined above.
• FIG.1 shows the notched Charpy impact at 23 and -40°C according to ISO 179-1:2010 of five liners in KJ/m 2 : from left to right PA12, PA612, PA610, PA6 and PA66 (for each liner : left histogram: 23°C and right histogram: - 40°C)
• FIG.2 shows the hydrogen permeability at 23°C in cc.mm/m2.d.atm of liners from left to right: PA12, PA6, PA610 and PA612.
• FIG.3 shows the permeability to hydrogen at 23°C in cc.mm/m2.d.atm of PA610 liners with different proportions of impact modifier (mixture Lotader® 4700 (50%) + Lotader® AX8900 ( 25%) + Lucalène® 3110 (25%)): from left to right: PA610 without impact modifier, PA610 with 8% impact modifier, PA610 with 12% impact modifier, and PA610 with 15% impact modifier.
• impact modifier mixture Lotader® 4700 (50%) + Lotader® AX8900 ( 25%) + Lucalène® 3110 (25%)
• the tanks are obtained by rotational molding of the sealing layer (liner) at a temperature adapted to the nature of the thermoplastic resin used.
• a wet filament winding process is then used which consists in winding fibers around the liner, which fibers being previously pre-impregnated in a liquid epoxy bath or a liquid epoxy-based bath.
• the reservoir is then polymerized in an oven for 2 hours.
• a fibrous material previously impregnated with the thermoplastic resin (tape) is then used.
• This tape is deposited by filament winding using a robot comprising a 1500W power laser heater at a speed of 12m/min and there is no polymerization step.
• Example 1 Charpy impact notched at -40° C according to IS0179-1:2010
• a liner having a number of carbon per nitrogen atom greater than 9 (PA12), two liners having a number of carbon per nitrogen atom less than 7 (PA6 and PA66), and two having a number of carbon per nitrogen atom comprised from 7 to 9 (PA610 and PA612) were prepared by rotational molding as above.
• PA12 Permeability of PA12, PA612, PA610 and PA6 liners without impact modifier.
• One liner with a carbon number per nitrogen atom greater than 9 (PA12), one liner with a carbon number per nitrogen atom less than 7 (PA6), and two with a carbon number per nitrogen atom including 7 to 9 (PA610 and PA612) were prepared by rotational molding and the permeability to hydrogen at 23° C. was tested. This consists of sweeping the upper face of the film with the test gas (Hydrogen) and measuring by gas phase chromatography the flux which diffuses through the film in the lower part, swept by the carrier gas: Nitrogen. experimental results are presented in Table 1:
• Figure 3 shows the influence of the impact modifier on the hydrogen permeability of a PA610 liner.
• Example 3 water uptake
• Test specimens of PA6, PA66, PA610, PA612 and PA12 are immersed in demineralised water at 23°C. Daily (excluding weekends), the samples are taken out of water, wiped off, weighed, and reintroduced into the water. Once the mass has stabilized (reached a plateau) the value is plotted on the graph. This value corresponds to the maximum mass of water that these products can absorb at 23°C.
• FIG 4 shows that the water uptake of PA612 and PA610 is much lower than that of PA6 and PA66.
• PA6, PA6.10, PA6.12 and PA12 liners have been covered with a composite shell, the latter being made by winding T700SC31 E carbon fibers (produced by Toray) impregnated with an epoxy resin. The whole is heated for 5 hours at 110°C to ensure the curing of the epoxy resin. The reservoirs are then cut out and analyzed. The PA6 liner has bubbles on the outer side (side in contact with the composite structure). The PA6.10, PA6.12 and PA12 liners show no defects.
• Type IV hydrogen storage tank composed of an epoxy composite reinforcement (Tg 120°C) T700SC31 E carbon fiber (produced by Toray) and a PA612 sealing layer.
• Pressure cycling tests at -40°C are carried out on the tanks.
• the pressure is applied via glycol or silicone oil, cycles between 20 and 875 bar are applied according to Regulation (EC) No 79/2009, until reaching 100 cycles or the breakage of the tank (deviation from the regulation EC79 which requires 45000 cycles).
• Type IV hydrogen storage tank composed of an epoxy composite reinforcement (Tg 120°C) T700SC31 E carbon fiber (produced by Toray) and a PA12 sealing layer.
• Example 6 Type IV hydrogen storage tank, composed of a reinforcement in epoxy composite (Tg 120°C) carbon fiber T7006C31 E (produced by Toray) and a PA6 sealing layer.
• PA6 liner is much less resistant than a PA612 or PA12 liner.
• PA612 or PA12 liner present the best compromise for shock resistance, permeability and water uptake compared to PA12, PA6 and PA66.
• a PA610 or PA612 liner therefore makes it possible to offer a good compromise between mechanical resistance and hydrogen barrier properties while ensuring less moisture uptake.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)

Priority Applications (7)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=77411864

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (9)

Cited By (1)

Families Citing this family (1)

Citations (13)

Family Cites Families (3)

• 2021
  • 2021-06-28 FR FR2106907A patent/FR3124428B1/fr active Active
• 2022
  • 2022-06-24 CN CN202280046262.4A patent/CN117615904A/zh active Pending
  • 2022-06-24 MX MX2023014613A patent/MX2023014613A/es unknown
  • 2022-06-24 JP JP2023575842A patent/JP2024525320A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2022-06-24 CA CA3221459A patent/CA3221459A1/fr active Pending
  • 2022-06-24 US US18/573,626 patent/US20240288121A1/en active Pending
  • 2022-06-24 KR KR1020247003252A patent/KR20240027092A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2022-06-24 WO PCT/FR2022/051248 patent/WO2023275465A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2022-06-24 EP EP22743852.0A patent/EP4363210A1/fr active Pending

Patent Citations (13)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events