WO2023273652A1 - 隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置 - Google Patents

隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置 Download PDF

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WO2023273652A1
WO2023273652A1 PCT/CN2022/093203 CN2022093203W WO2023273652A1 WO 2023273652 A1 WO2023273652 A1 WO 2023273652A1 CN 2022093203 W CN2022093203 W CN 2022093203W WO 2023273652 A1 WO2023273652 A1 WO 2023273652A1
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Prior art keywords
coating
battery
lithium
present application
separator
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PCT/CN2022/093203
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张倩倩
李星
金海族
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
    • H01M50/434—Ceramics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/44—Fibrous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/443—Particulate material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/454—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising a non-fibrous layer and a fibrous layer superimposed on one another
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the battery field, in particular, to a separator, a lithium ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an electrical device.
  • the battery separator is an insulating film with a porous structure and is an important part of the battery. It can block the positive and negative poles and prevent the positive and negative poles from short-circuiting inside the battery. There are nanoscale pores inside the battery separator, allowing lithium ions and other ions to pass through freely during charging and discharging, providing a channel for the rapid transmission of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
  • the volume of lithium-ion batteries continues to expand, and the external manifestations are changes in thickness and stress.
  • the expansion of the battery will cause the pole pieces to squeeze each other, and the electrolyte will be squeezed out, especially in the corner area of the battery.
  • the Gap and stress in the corner area of the battery cell are different from those in the non-corner area, it is difficult for the separator to retain liquid, which makes the electrolyte distribution of the entire battery cell uneven, resulting in the lack of liquid and insufficient infiltration of some pole pieces, thereby releasing lithium.
  • lack of electrolyte and insufficient wetting will lead to high internal resistance of the battery cell, capacity fading and reduced cycle performance, and may even cause safety problems.
  • the present application provides a separator, a lithium ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack, and an electrical device.
  • the present application provides a separator, comprising: a porous substrate; a first coating, the first coating is disposed on at least one surface of the porous substrate, and the first coating includes inorganic particles and a binder; a second coating, the second coating is disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating, the second coating includes ceramic fibers; a third coating, the third coating Disposed on at least a portion of the surface of the second coating, the third coating includes a polymer gel.
  • the isolation membrane provided by the present application sequentially includes a first coating layer and a second coating layer disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating layer on at least one surface of the porous substrate, and a second coating layer disposed on at least one surface of the porous substrate.
  • a third coating on at least a portion of the surface of the second coating.
  • the first coating includes inorganic particles and binder
  • the second coating includes ceramic fibers
  • the third coating includes polymer gel.
  • the isolation membrane provided by the present application adds a second coating and a third coating on the basis of the porous substrate and the first coating of inorganic particles.
  • the ceramic fibers in the second coating have a certain flexibility and elasticity due to their "fluff"-like structure, which can enhance the liquid absorption capacity of the isolation membrane;
  • the polymer gel in the third coating has a microporous structure, absorbing After the electrolyte swells, a lateral force is generated to press against the pole piece, which can improve the situation that the isolation membrane is difficult to maintain liquid and cause insufficient electrolyte. Therefore, the separator provided by the present application can improve the poor wetting of the battery cell caused by insufficient or uneven distribution of the local electrolyte.
  • the second coating is provided with one or more areas, and the plurality of second coatings are distributed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating at intervals; and/or, the There are one or more third coating areas, and the multiple third coatings are distributed on at least a part of the surface of the second coating at intervals.
  • a plurality of second and third coatings distributed at intervals can more effectively solve the problem of insufficient electrolyte or uneven distribution, while controlling the weight and cost of the battery cell and increasing the energy density of the battery.
  • the ceramic fiber is selected from at least one of alumina ceramic fiber, silicon oxide ceramic fiber, silicon nitride ceramic fiber, barium titanate ceramic fiber, titanium oxide ceramic fiber, and magnesium oxide ceramic fiber .
  • alumina ceramic fiber or silica ceramic fiber is cheap and light in weight, which can increase the energy density of the battery as much as possible while ensuring that the ceramic fiber can absorb liquid.
  • the thickness of the second coating is 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 6 ⁇ m; further optionally, the thickness of the second coating is 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5.5 ⁇ m. If the second coating is too thick, the energy density of the battery will be low, and the battery impedance will increase; if the second coating is too thin, the "fluff" structure will be less elastic and will not have a certain liquid absorption effect.
  • the polymer gel is selected from at least one of the following types of polymer gels: polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polypropylene Nitrile, polymethylacrylate, polyether and fluoropolymer.
  • polyimide polyethylene terephthalate
  • polystyrene polystyrene
  • polypropylene Nitrile polymethylacrylate
  • polyether fluoropolymer.
  • the above-mentioned polymer gel layer not only has the function of retaining liquid, but also has the characteristics of good heat insulation, good corrosion resistance and good thermal stability.
  • the polymer gel is selected from at least one of the following types of polymer gels: polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene.
  • polyimide not only has good mechanical properties and heat resistance, but also has good electrolyte wetting performance, which can make the separator maintain a strong structural stability and have a high electrolyte retention capacity.
  • Polyethylene terephthalate has excellent electrical insulation, good electrical properties, good fatigue resistance, friction resistance and dimensional stability.
  • Polystyrene is easy to process and form, cheap, and has good heat insulation, insulation and corrosion resistance.
  • the thickness of the third coating is 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, and optionally, the thickness of the third coating is 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 4.5 ⁇ m. If the third coating is too thick, it will not only reduce the energy density of the battery, but also increase the resistance of the electrolyte to pass through the coating, and the electrolyte will not be able to wet the entire separator well. If the third coating is too thin, it will affect the liquid retention ability of the gel, and the better liquid retention effect cannot be achieved.
  • the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating is 100 nm to 1000 nm; optionally, the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating is 300nm ⁇ 500nm. If the particle size of the polymer gel particles is too small, the impedance of the isolation membrane will increase, it will be difficult for lithium ions to pass through the isolation membrane, and the transmission speed will decrease. However, if the particle size of the polymer gel particles is too large, the adsorption capacity of the separator to the electrolyte will be reduced, and the liquid retention effect will be affected.
  • the polymer gel particles in the third coating are solid particles or hollow particles.
  • the swelling effect of the polymer gel layer after absorbing the electrolyte is more significant, which can more effectively improve the electrolyte shortage caused by the difficulty of keeping the separator in liquid.
  • the inorganic particles in the first coating include at least one of the following inorganic particles: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, boehmite, barium sulfate, calcium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, Magnesia, Zirconia and Tin Oxide.
  • the binder in the first coating includes at least one of the following binders: styrene, acrylate, vinyl acetate, fatty acid vinyl ester, epoxy resin, linear polyester, polylidene fluoride Vinyl, polystyrene, polysulfide, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyurethane, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, styrene-butadiene rubber, and gelatin.
  • the present application provides a lithium-ion battery, including a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece, a separator spaced between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, and an electrolyte, wherein the separator is according to the present application
  • the isolation film of the first aspect is according to the present application.
  • the lithium ion battery provided in the present application includes a wound electrode assembly, and the second coating is at least disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating in the corner region of the separator.
  • the corner area is prone to poor wetting caused by insufficient electrolyte or uneven distribution.
  • the second coating and at least part of the first coating surface on the corner area of the isolation film can effectively improve the cell due to the electrolyte in the corner area. Poor infiltration caused by insufficient or uneven distribution reduces the risk of local lithium deposition in the battery cell and improves the cycle life of the battery cell.
  • a plurality of the second coatings are arranged at intervals on part of the surface of the first coating, and the total area of the arrangement area of the plurality of second coatings occupies the corner area of the isolation film. 88% to 95% of the area, and optionally, the total area of the multiple second coating areas accounts for 90% to 92% of the corner area of the isolation film.
  • the impedance of the entire lithium battery will also increase; when the total area of the second coating accounts for too small a proportion of the area of the isolation film in the corner area of the cell, the ceramic fiber "fluff" structure is less, and the isolation film in the corner area.
  • the liquid absorption capacity cannot be significantly improved, and at the same time, the lateral force generated by the swelling of the polymer gel after absorbing the electrolyte is small, and the liquid retention capacity of the isolation membrane in the corner area becomes poor.
  • the present application provides a battery module, including the lithium ion battery in the second aspect of the present application.
  • the present application provides a battery pack, including the lithium-ion battery of the second aspect of the present application or the battery module of the third aspect of the present application.
  • the present application provides an electrical device, which includes the lithium-ion battery of the second aspect of the application or the battery module of the third aspect of the application or the battery pack of the fourth aspect of the application; wherein, the lithium-ion battery or A battery module or battery pack is used as a power source or an energy storage unit for an electrical device.
  • the lithium-ion battery, battery module, battery pack and electrical device of the present application include the separator of the first aspect of the present application, and thus at least have the same or similar technical effects as the above-mentioned lithium-ion battery.
  • Fig. 1 is a front view of an electric core according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 2 is a side view of a battery cell according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the layered structure of the non-corner region of the isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the layered structure of the corner region of the isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a corner area of an isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a corner area of an isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a corner area of an isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a corner area of an isolation film according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a lithium-ion battery according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 10 is an exploded view of the lithium ion battery shown in Fig. 9;
  • Fig. 11 is a perspective view of a battery module according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a battery pack according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 13 is an exploded view of the battery pack shown in Fig. 12;
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a battery separator, including: a porous substrate; a first coating, the first coating is provided on at least one surface of the porous substrate, and the first coating includes an inorganic particles and a binder; a second coating, the second coating is disposed on at least a portion of the surface of the first coating, the second coating includes ceramic fibers; a third coating, the third coating A layer is disposed on at least a portion of the surface of the second coating, and the third coating includes a polymer gel.
  • the isolation film includes a non-corner region and a corner region.
  • Figure 1 is a front view of a cell in some embodiments of the present application, and Figure 1 shows the non-corner region 54S1 of the isolation film;
  • Figure 2 is a side view of the cell in some embodiments of the present application, Figure 2 shows the corner of the isolation film Area 54S2.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of the layered structure of the non-corner region of the isolation film.
  • the non-corner region S1 of the isolation membrane includes a porous substrate 541 and a first coating 542 disposed on at least one surface of the porous substrate 541.
  • the first coating 542 can be an isolation membrane in the prior art.
  • the first coating 542 may include inorganic particles and binders, and the first coating 542 may further include other functional components.
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the layered structure of the corner region of the isolation film.
  • the corner region S2 of the isolation membrane is based on the porous substrate 541 and the first coating 542 disposed on at least one surface of the porous substrate 541, and also includes at least a part of the surface disposed on the first coating 542.
  • the embodiment of the present application provides a partitioned coating, in which a second coating and a third coating are added on the basis of the first coating in the corner area of the isolation film.
  • the ceramic fiber has a certain flexibility and elasticity due to its "fluff"-like structure, which can enhance the liquid absorption capacity of the isolation membrane.
  • the polymer gel has a microporous structure, and after absorbing the electrolyte, it swells and generates a lateral force to press against the pole piece, which can improve the situation of insufficient electrolyte caused by the difficulty of keeping the separator in liquid. Therefore, the separator of the embodiment of the present application can effectively improve the poor wetting of the battery cell caused by insufficient or uneven distribution of electrolyte in the corner area, reduce the risk of local lithium deposition in the battery cell, and improve the cycle life of the battery cell.
  • the second coating and the third coating can also be added on the surface of the first coating in the non-corner area of the separator, so as to improve the problem caused by insufficient or uneven distribution of electrolyte in any local area of the battery cell. In case of poor infiltration.
  • the second coating may cover the entire surface of the first coating, or may cover a part of the surface of the first coating.
  • the multiple second coating areas are distributed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating at intervals.
  • the disposition areas of the plurality of second coatings are evenly spaced and distributed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating.
  • the third coating is provided in one or more regions.
  • the multiple third coatings are distributed on at least a part of the surface of the second coating at intervals.
  • the multiple third coatings are evenly spaced and distributed on at least a part of the surface of the second coating.
  • a plurality of second and third coatings distributed at intervals can more effectively solve the problem of insufficient or uneven distribution of electrolyte in the local area of the separator, and can also control the weight and cost of the battery cell and increase the energy density of the battery.
  • 5 to 8 are schematic diagrams of the corner area of the isolation film according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • the second coating 543 covers the whole surface of the first coating (not shown in the figure)
  • the third coating 544 covers the partial surface of the second coating 543
  • the setting area of 544 is one.
  • the second coating 543 covers the partial surface of the first coating 542
  • the third coating 544 covers the partial surface of the second coating 543
  • the setting areas of the second coating 543 and the third coating 544 are both one.
  • the second coating 543 covers the whole surface of the first coating (not shown in the figure), the setting area of the third coating 544 is multiple, and the plurality of third coatings 544 are evenly spaced and distributed, covering the first coating 544. Part of the surface of the second coating 543 .
  • a plurality of second coating layers 543 are distributed at intervals on part of the surface of the first coating layer 542 , and the third coating layer 544 covers part of the surface of the second coating layer 543 .
  • Fig. 5 to Fig. 8 are only several examples of the corner area of the isolation film according to the embodiment of the present application, but the shapes of the first coating, the second coating and the third coating can be Optionally, the positions of the first coating, the second coating, and the third coating are not limited thereto.
  • the materials of the first coating, the second coating and the third coating can be synthesized according to existing literature methods or can be purchased through commercial channels, and the first coating, the second coating and the third coating can be sprayed , photolithography, printing and other methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the ceramic fibers may be selected from at least one of alumina ceramic fibers, silica ceramic fibers, silicon nitride ceramic fibers, barium titanate ceramic fibers, titanium oxide ceramic fibers, and magnesium oxide ceramic fibers.
  • alumina ceramic fiber or silica ceramic fiber is cheap and light in weight, which can increase the energy density of the battery as much as possible while ensuring that the ceramic fiber can absorb liquid.
  • the thickness of the second coating layer may be 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 6 ⁇ m. In another part of the embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the second coating may be 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5.5 ⁇ m. If the second coating is too thick, the energy density of the battery will be low, and the battery impedance will increase; if the second coating is too thin, the "fluff" structure will be less elastic and will not have a certain liquid absorption effect.
  • the polymer gel can be selected from at least one of the following types of polymer gels: polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, Polyacrylonitrile, polymethylacrylate, polyether and fluoropolymer.
  • polyimide polyethylene terephthalate
  • polystyrene polystyrene
  • Polyacrylonitrile polymethylacrylate
  • polyether polyether
  • fluoropolymer fluoropolymer.
  • the above-mentioned polymer gel layer not only has the function of retaining liquid, but also has the characteristics of good heat insulation, good corrosion resistance and good thermal stability.
  • the polymer gel can be selected from at least one of the following types of polymer gels: polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene .
  • polyimide not only has good mechanical properties and heat resistance, but also has good electrolyte wetting performance, which can make the separator maintain a strong structural stability and have a high electrolyte retention capacity.
  • Polyethylene terephthalate has excellent electrical insulation, good electrical properties, good fatigue resistance, friction resistance and dimensional stability.
  • Polystyrene is easy to process and form, cheap, and has good heat insulation, insulation and corrosion resistance.
  • the thickness of the third coating layer may be 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m. In another part of the embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the third coating layer may be 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 4.5 ⁇ m. If the third coating layer is too thick, it will not only reduce the energy density of the battery, but also increase the resistance of the electrolyte to pass through the coating, and the electrolyte will not be able to wet the entire separator well. And when the third coating is too thin, it will affect the liquid retention capacity of the gel, and the better liquid retention effect cannot be achieved.
  • the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating layer may be 100 nm ⁇ 1000 nm. In another part of the embodiments of the present application, the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating layer may be 300nm-500nm. If the particle size of the polymer gel particles is too small, the impedance of the isolation membrane will increase, it will be difficult for lithium ions to pass through the isolation membrane, and the transmission speed will decrease. However, if the particle size of the polymer gel particles is too large, the adsorption capacity of the separator to the electrolyte will be reduced, and the liquid retention effect will be affected.
  • the polymer gel particles in the third coating may be solid particles or hollow particles.
  • the third coating can have a more sufficient swelling effect after absorbing the electrolyte, which can more effectively improve the situation that the isolation membrane is difficult to maintain and cause insufficient electrolyte.
  • the inorganic particles in the first coating may include at least one of the following inorganic particles: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, boehmite, barium sulfate, calcium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, Magnesia, Zirconia and Tin Oxide.
  • the binder in the first coating may include at least one of the following binders: styrene, acrylate, vinyl acetate, fatty acid vinyl ester, epoxy resin, linear polyester , polyvinylidene fluoride, polystyrene, polysulfide rubber, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyurethane, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, styrene-butadiene rubber and gelatin.
  • binders styrene, acrylate, vinyl acetate, fatty acid vinyl ester, epoxy resin, linear polyester , polyvinylidene fluoride, polystyrene, polysulfide rubber, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyurethane, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sty
  • the present application provides a lithium-ion battery, including a positive pole piece, a negative pole piece, a separator spaced between the positive pole piece and the negative pole piece, and an electrolyte, wherein the separator is according to the present application
  • the isolation film of the first aspect is according to the present application.
  • the lithium-ion battery may include a wound electrode assembly, and the second coating is disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first coating in the corner area of the separator, thereby effectively improving the thickness of the corner area.
  • the poor infiltration of the battery cell due to insufficient electrolyte or uneven distribution reduces the risk of local lithium deposition in the battery cell, slows down the capacity attenuation, and improves the cycle life and safety performance of the battery cell.
  • a plurality of the second coatings may be arranged at intervals on part of the surface of the first coating, and the total area of the arrangement area of the plurality of second coatings may account for the spaced area. 88% to 95% of the corner area of the membrane.
  • the total area of the plurality of second coating layers may account for 90%-92% of the corner area of the isolation film.
  • the second coating and the third coating may have the same shape and size, and are sequentially stacked on the surface of the first coating.
  • the transmission rate of lithium ions decreases, the effect of the electrolyte infiltrating the separator is not optimal, and the impedance of the entire lithium battery will also increase.
  • the ceramic fiber "fluff" structure is less, and the liquid absorption capacity of the isolation film in the corner area cannot be significantly improved, and at the same time, the polymer coagulates After the glue absorbs the electrolyte, it swells and produces a small lateral force. As a result, the liquid retaining ability of the isolation film in the corner region deteriorates.
  • the positive electrode sheet of the lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive active material layer may be disposed on one surface of the positive current collector or on both surfaces of the positive current collector.
  • Those skilled in the art can choose an appropriate method to prepare the positive electrode sheet, for example, may include the following steps: After mixing the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive agent to form a slurry, coating it on the positive electrode current collector.
  • the specific type of positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, as long as it can meet the requirements of inserting and extracting lithium ions.
  • the positive electrode active material can be either a layered structure material, allowing lithium ions to diffuse in a two-dimensional space, or a spinel structure, allowing lithium ions to diffuse in a three-dimensional space.
  • the positive electrode active material may be selected from one or more of lithium transition metal oxides, compounds obtained by adding other transition metals or non-transition metals or non-metals to lithium transition metal oxides.
  • the positive electrode active material can be selected from lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, olivine structure containing One or more of lithium phosphates.
  • the general formula of lithium-containing phosphate with olivine structure can be LiFe 1-xy Mn x M' y PO 4 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 1, M' can be One or more selected from other transition metal elements or non-transition metal elements except Fe and Mn, M' can be selected from one or more of Cr, Mg, Ti, Al, Zn, W, Nb, Zr kind. More optionally, the lithium-containing phosphate of olivine structure can be selected from one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, and lithium manganese iron phosphate.
  • the lithium transition metal oxide may be selected from LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi x Co y Mn 1-xy O 2 , LiNi x Co y Al 1-xy O 2 , LiNi x Mn 2-x One or more of O 4 , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 1.
  • the lithium transition metal oxide may be selected from LiCoO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 , LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 One or more of Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Mn 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 .
  • the positive active material layer may further include a conductive agent and a binder, wherein the type and content of the conductive agent and the binder are not specifically limited, and may be selected according to actual needs.
  • the binder usually includes a fluorine-containing polyolefin binder, and water is usually a good solvent relative to the fluorine-containing polyolefin binder, that is, the fluorine-containing polyolefin binder is usually in Good solubility in water, for example, the fluorine-containing polyolefin binder can include but not limited to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride copolymer or their modification (for example, carboxylic acid, acrylic acid , modified acrylonitrile) derivatives, etc.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • the mass percentage of the binder may be due to the poor conductivity of the binder itself, so the amount of the binder cannot be too high.
  • the mass percentage of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer is less than or equal to 2wt%, so as to obtain lower resistance of the electrode sheet.
  • the conductive agent of the positive electrode sheet can be various conductive agents suitable for secondary batteries in the art, for example, it can include but not limited to acetylene black, conductive carbon black, carbon fiber (VGCF), carbon nanotube (CNT), Ketjen One or more combinations of black.
  • the weight of the conductive agent may account for 1wt%-10wt% of the total mass of the positive electrode material layer. More optionally, the weight ratio of the conductive agent to the positive active material in the positive electrode sheet is greater than or equal to 1.5:95.5.
  • the type of the positive current collector is not specifically limited, and can be selected according to actual needs.
  • the positive current collector can usually be a layered body, and the positive current collector is usually a structure or part that can collect current.
  • the positive current collector can be various materials suitable for use as the positive current collector of the electrochemical energy storage device in the art.
  • the positive electrode current collector may include but not limited to metal foil, more specifically may include but not limited to nickel foil and aluminum foil.
  • the negative electrode sheet of the lithium ion battery generally includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer generally includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode active material can be various materials suitable for the negative electrode active material of lithium-ion batteries in the art, for example, can include but not limited to graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon fiber, mesocarbon microspheres, silicon-based materials , tin-based materials, lithium titanate or other metals capable of forming alloys with lithium.
  • the graphite can be selected from one or more combinations of artificial graphite, natural graphite and modified graphite;
  • the silicon-based material can be selected from elemental silicon, silicon oxide compounds, silicon-carbon composites, silicon alloys A combination of one or more;
  • the tin-based material can be selected from one or more of simple tin, tin oxide, and tin alloys.
  • the negative electrode current collector is usually a structure or part that collects current.
  • the negative electrode current collector can be a variety of materials suitable for use as a lithium ion battery negative electrode collector in the art.
  • the negative electrode current collector can include but is not limited to Metal foil, more specifically, may include but not limited to copper foil.
  • the negative electrode sheet can also be a lithium sheet.
  • the electrolyte solution of the lithium-ion battery can be various electrolyte solutions suitable for lithium-ion batteries in the art, for example, the electrolyte solution usually includes an electrolyte and a solvent, and the electrolyte usually includes a lithium salt .
  • the lithium salt may be an inorganic lithium salt and/or an organic lithium salt, specifically including but not limited to LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 (abbreviated as LiFSI), LiN(CF 3 A combination of one or more of SO 2 ) 2 (abbreviated as LiTFSI), LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 (abbreviated as LiBOB), LiBF 2 C 2 O 4 (abbreviated as LiDFOB) .
  • the concentration of the electrolyte may be 0.8 mol/L ⁇ 1.5 mol/L.
  • the solvent can be a variety of solvents suitable for the electrolyte of lithium-ion secondary batteries in the art.
  • the solvent of the electrolyte is usually a non-aqueous solvent, which can be an organic solvent, specifically including but not limited to ethylene carbonate, A combination of one or more of propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, pentene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate or their halogenated derivatives.
  • each of the positive electrode sheet, the separator and the negative electrode sheet can be a layered body , so that it can be cut to the target size and then stacked in sequence, and can also be wound to the target size to form a battery cell, and can be further combined with the electrolyte to form a lithium-ion battery.
  • FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a lithium-ion battery according to a specific embodiment of the present application
  • FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the lithium-ion battery shown in FIG. 9
  • a lithium-ion battery 5 according to the present application (hereinafter referred to as a battery cell 5 ) includes an outer package 51 , an electrode assembly 52 , a top cover assembly 53 and an electrolyte (not shown).
  • the electrode assembly 52 is accommodated in the casing 51, and the number of the electrode assembly 52 is not limited, and may be one or more.
  • the battery cell 5 shown in FIG. 9 is a can-type battery, but the application is not limited thereto.
  • the battery cell 5 may be a pouch-type battery, that is, the casing 51 is replaced by a metal plastic film and the top cover is omitted. Component 53.
  • a third aspect of the present application provides a battery module, which includes the lithium-ion battery described in the second aspect of the present application.
  • the lithium-ion batteries can be assembled into a battery module, and the number of lithium-ion batteries contained in the battery module can be multiple, and the specific number can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a battery module 4 as an example. Referring to FIG. 11 , in the battery module 4 , a plurality of lithium-ion batteries 5 may be arranged sequentially along the length direction of the battery module 4 . Of course, it can also be arranged in any other manner. Further, the plurality of lithium ion batteries 5 can be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 may also include a casing with an accommodating space, and a plurality of lithium-ion batteries 5 are accommodated in the accommodating space.
  • a fourth aspect of the present application provides a battery pack, which includes the battery module described in the third aspect of the present application.
  • the above-mentioned battery modules can be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the battery pack 1 as an example
  • FIG. 13 is an exploded view of the battery pack shown in FIG. 12 .
  • the battery pack 1 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 disposed in the battery box.
  • the battery box includes an upper box body 2 and a lower box body 3 , the upper box body 2 can cover the lower box body 3 and form a closed space for accommodating the battery module 4 .
  • Multiple battery modules 4 can be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • a fifth aspect of the present application provides an electric device, which includes the lithium-ion battery described in the second aspect of the present application, or the battery module described in the third aspect of the present application, or the battery pack described in the fourth aspect of the present application.
  • the lithium ion battery, or the battery module, or the battery pack can be used as a power source of the electric device or an energy storage unit of the electric device.
  • the electric device can be, but not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, notebook computers, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.
  • the electric device can select a lithium-ion battery, a battery module or a battery pack according to its usage requirements.
  • Fig. 14 shows a schematic diagram of an electrical device according to a specific embodiment of the present application.
  • the electric device may be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
  • a battery pack or battery module can be used.
  • the electric device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, and the like.
  • the electrical device is usually required to be light and thin, and the lithium-ion battery of the present application can be used as a power source.
  • the polymer gel is coated on the surface of the ceramic fiber by means of spin spraying, and then dried in an oven at 50° C. to 60° C. to finally obtain the isolation film described in this application.
  • the positive electrode active material LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM523), the conductive agent carbon black (Super P) and the binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were mixed in an appropriate amount of solvent N-formaldehyde at a mass ratio of 96.2:2.7:1.1. NMP was mixed uniformly to obtain a positive electrode slurry, which was coated on an aluminum foil of a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode sheet was obtained through drying, cold pressing, slitting, cutting and other processes.
  • Negative electrode active material artificial graphite, conductive agent carbon black (Super P), binder styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) are mixed in appropriate amount according to mass ratio 96.4:0.7:1.8:1.1
  • the solvent is mixed evenly in deionized water to obtain negative electrode slurry, and the negative electrode slurry is coated on the negative electrode current collector copper foil, and the negative electrode sheet is obtained through drying, cold pressing, slitting, cutting and other processes.
  • the isolation film As the isolation film, the isolation films prepared in the examples and comparative examples of the present application were used.
  • the separators and lithium ion batteries of Examples 1-22 and Comparative Examples 1-12 were prepared according to the above method.
  • Cycle performance test 25°C, 1C/1C, 1500 cycles.
  • the battery that has completed the test is disassembled to observe the situation of lithium precipitation at the interface.
  • the degree of lithium separation is divided, so as to evaluate the improvement effect of the separator described in this application on the lithium separation at the corner of the cell.
  • the division is based on the percentage (A) of the corner area where lithium is deposited in the corner area.
  • the degree of lithium analysis is divided into the following table (degree of lithium analysis: I ⁇ II ⁇ III ⁇ IV).
  • Lithium analysis area ratio Lithium analysis degree division A ⁇ 0.3% I 0.3% ⁇ A ⁇ 1% II 1% ⁇ A ⁇ 3% III A ⁇ 3% IV
  • Examples 1-6 show the effect of the thickness of the second coating on the technical effect.
  • the thickness of the second coating can be 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 6 ⁇ m; optionally, the thickness of the second coating is 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5.5 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the second coating exceeds 6 ⁇ m, the energy density of the battery will be low, and the battery impedance will increase; and when the thickness of the second coating layer is less than 4 ⁇ m, the "fluff" structure will be less elastic and will not work well. liquid absorption effect.
  • Examples 3, 7-10 show examples where the third coating comprises different kinds of polymer gels. Applying polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl acrylate and other polymer gels to the third coating can achieve better technical effects, The capacity and capacity retention rate of the battery after 1500 cycles are at a relatively high level, and lithium precipitation is not easy to occur.
  • polyimide not only has good mechanical properties and heat resistance, but also has good electrolyte wettability, which can make the separator maintain a strong structural stability and have a high electrolyte retention capacity, which is a relatively good choice.
  • Examples 3, 11-15 show the influence of the thickness of the third coating on the technical effect.
  • the thickness of the third coating may be 3 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, optionally, the thickness of the third coating may be 4 ⁇ m ⁇ 4.5 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the third coating exceeds 5 ⁇ m, the energy density of the battery may decrease, and the resistance of the electrolyte to pass through the coating increases, and the electrolyte cannot wet the entire separator well.
  • the thickness of the third coating layer is less than 3 ⁇ m, the liquid retention capacity of the gel will be affected, and a better liquid retention effect cannot be achieved.
  • Example 3, 16-20 shows the effect of the particle size of the polymer gel particles in the third coating on the technical effect.
  • the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating can be 100nm-1000nm; optionally, the particle diameter of the polymer gel particles in the third coating is 300nm-500nm.
  • the particle size of the polymer gel particles is less than 100nm, which will increase the resistance of the isolation membrane, and it will be difficult for lithium ions to pass through the isolation membrane, and the transmission speed will be reduced; while the particle size of the polymer gel particles is greater than 1000nm, then It will reduce the adsorption capacity of the separator to the electrolyte, which will have a certain adverse effect on the liquid retention effect.
  • Examples 3, 21 show the effect of hollow/solid gel particles on technical performance.
  • the polymer gel particles are hollow particles, the swelling effect of the polymer gel layer after absorbing the electrolyte is more significant, which can more effectively improve the electrolyte shortage caused by the difficulty of keeping the separator in liquid.
  • Examples 3, 22-26 show the influence of the ratio of the total area of the second coating to the corner area of the isolation film on the technical effect.
  • the total area of the setting area of the second coating can account for 88% to 95% of the area of the corner area of the isolation film.
  • the total area of multiple second coatings can account for the area of the corner area of the isolation film. 90% to 92% of that.
  • the impedance of the lithium battery will also increase; when the total area of the second coating accounts for less than 88% of the corner area of the separator, the ceramic fiber "fluff" structure is less, and the liquid absorption capacity of the separator in the corner area cannot be significantly At the same time, the lateral force generated by the swelling of the polymer gel after absorbing the electrolyte is small, and the liquid retention capacity of the isolation film in the corner area becomes poor.
  • Embodiments 3 and 27 show the influence of the distribution of the added second coating and third coating on the technical effect.
  • a plurality of second coatings and third coatings distributed at intervals can more effectively solve the problem of insufficient electrolyte or uneven distribution, while controlling the weight and cost of the battery cell and increasing the energy density of the battery.
  • Examples 28-30 show some other different types of ceramic fibers and polymer gels as the materials of the second coating and the third coating, which are applied to the examples of the implementation of the application, and can realize the separation film of the application technical effect.
  • the surface of the corner area of the isolation film of Comparative Example 1 is only provided with the first coating; the surface of the corner area of the isolation film of Comparative Example 2 is only provided with the first coating and the second coating; the surface of the corner area of the isolation film of Comparative Example 3 is only provided with There is a first coating and a third coating; the difference between Comparative Example 4 and Example 3 is that the positions of the second coating and the third coating are exchanged.
  • the cycle performance and capacity retention rate of Comparative Examples 1-4 are obviously insufficient compared with the examples, and the situation of lithium precipitation is aggravated.
  • the separator provided by the application can effectively improve the poor infiltration of the battery cell caused by insufficient or uneven distribution of electrolyte in the corner area, reduce the risk of local lithium deposition in the battery cell, and improve the energy of the battery. Density, prolong the cycle life of the battery.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置。所述隔离膜包括多孔基材；设置于多孔基材至少一个表面的第一涂层，第一涂层包括无机颗粒和粘结剂；设置于第一涂层至少一部分表面的第二涂层，第二涂层包括陶瓷纤维；设置于第二涂层至少一部分表面的第三涂层，第三涂层包括聚合物凝胶。本申请提供的隔离膜可有效改善电芯局部区域因电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况，从而降低电芯局部析锂的风险，改善电芯的容量衰减速度，提高电芯的循环寿命。

Description

隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求享有于2021年07月02日提交的名称为“隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置”的中国专利申请202110751942.3的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池领域，具体地讲，涉及一种隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置。
背景技术
电池隔离膜是具有多孔结构的绝缘性薄膜，是电池的重要组成部分，其能够阻隔正极极片和负极极片，防止正极极片与负极极片在电池内部短路。电池隔离膜内部具有纳米级孔道，允许锂离子及其他离子在充放电过程中自由穿过，为锂离子在正极、负极之间的快速传输提供通道。
锂离子电池在循环充放电过程中，体积不断膨胀，对外表现形式为厚度和应力的变化。电芯膨胀会使得极片与极片之间互相挤压，电解液被挤出，尤其在电芯拐角区域。由于电芯拐角区域的Gap与应力和非拐角区域的不一样，隔离膜保液较难，使得整个电芯的电解液分布不均匀，造成部分极片缺液和浸润不足，从而析锂。此外，电解液缺失和浸润不足均会致使电芯内阻偏高、容量衰减和循环性能降低，甚至可能引起安全问题。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术中存在的问题，本申请提供一种隔离膜、锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包及用电装置。
第一方面，本申请提供一种隔离膜，包括：多孔基材；第一涂层，所述第一涂层设置于所述多孔基材的至少一个表面，所述第一涂层包括无机颗粒和粘结剂；第二涂层，所述第二涂层设置于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第二涂层包括陶瓷纤维；第三涂层，所述第三涂层设置于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第三涂层包括聚合物凝胶。
相对于现有技术而言，本申请提供的隔离膜在多孔基材的至少一个表面依次包括第一涂层以及设置于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面的第二涂层、设置于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面的第三涂层。其中，第一涂层包 括无机颗粒和粘结剂，第二涂层包括陶瓷纤维，第三涂层包括聚合物凝胶。
本申请提供的隔离膜，在多孔基材及无机颗粒第一涂层的基础上，增设了第二涂层和第三涂层。其中，第二涂层中的陶瓷纤维因具有类似“绒毛”状结构，具有一定柔性和弹性，可以加强隔离膜的吸液能力；第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶具有微孔结构，吸收电解液后溶胀产生横向作用力压靠极片，可改善隔离膜保液难造成电解液不足的情况。因而，本申请提供的隔离膜可改善电芯因局部电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第二涂层的设置区域为一个或多个，所述多个第二涂层间隔分布于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面；和/或，所述第三涂层的设置区域为一个或多个，所述多个第三涂层间隔分布于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面。多个间隔分布的第二涂层、第三涂层，可更为有效地解决电解液不足或分布不均匀问题的同时，控制电芯的重量及成本，提高电池的能量密度。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述陶瓷纤维选自氧化铝陶瓷纤维、氧化硅陶瓷纤维、氮化硅陶瓷纤维、钛酸钡陶瓷纤维、氧化钛陶瓷纤维、氧化镁陶瓷纤维中的至少一种。其中，氧化铝陶瓷纤维或氧化硅陶瓷纤维价廉质轻，可以在保证陶瓷纤维起到吸液作用的同时，尽可能提高电池的能量密度。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第二涂层的厚度为4μm～6μm；进一步可选的，所述第二涂层的厚度为5μm～5.5μm。第二涂层过厚会导致电池能量密度偏低，同时电池阻抗会增大；而第二涂层层厚度过薄，则“绒毛”结构弹性较小，起不到一定的吸液效果。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述聚合物凝胶选自以下类型的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈系、聚丙烯酸甲酯系、聚醚系和含氟聚合物系。上述聚合物凝胶层在起到保液作用的同时，还具有隔热性好、耐腐蚀性好和热稳定性好的特点。
可选的，所述聚合物凝胶选自以下类型的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯乙烯。其中，聚酰亚胺不仅力学性能和耐热性能较好，而且电解液润湿性能好，可使隔离膜在保持较强的结构稳定性的同时具有较高的电解液保液能力。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的电绝缘性优良，电性能较好，耐疲劳性，耐摩擦性和尺寸稳定性都很好。聚苯乙烯易加工成型，价廉，隔热性、绝缘性和耐腐蚀性好。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第三涂层的厚度为3μm～5μm，可选的，所述第三涂层的厚度为4μm～4.5μm。如第三涂层过厚，不仅会降低电池能量密度，而且会造成电解液穿过该涂层的阻力增大，电解液不能很好地浸润整个隔离膜。而第三涂层过薄，则会影响凝胶的保液能力，达不到较佳的保液效果。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径为100nm～1000nm；可选的，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径为300nm～500nm。聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径过小，会使得隔离膜阻抗增大，锂离 子通过隔离膜较困难，传输速度会降低。而聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径过大，则会减小隔离膜对电解液的吸附能力，影响保液效果。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒为实心颗粒或空心颗粒。当聚合物凝胶颗粒为空心颗粒，聚合物凝胶层吸收电解液后可产生的溶胀作用更显著，可更有效地改善隔离膜保液难造成电解液不足的情况。
在一些可选实施方式中，所述第一涂层中的无机颗粒包括以下无机颗粒中的至少一种：氧化硅、氧化铝、勃姆石、硫酸钡、氧化钙、氧化钛、氧化锌、氧化镁、氧化锆和氧化锡。
可选的，所述第一涂层中的粘结剂包括以下粘接剂中的至少一种：苯乙烯、丙烯酸酯、醋酸乙烯、脂肪酸乙烯酯、环氧树脂、线性聚酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚硫橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯醇、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、丁苯橡胶和明胶。
第二方面，本申请提供一种锂离子电池，包括正极极片、负极极片、间隔于正极极片和负极极片之间的隔离膜、电解液，其中，所述隔离膜为根据本申请第一方面的隔离膜。
在一些可选实施方式中，本申请所提供的锂离子电池包括卷绕型电极组件，所述第二涂层至少设置于隔离膜拐角区域的第一涂层的至少一部分表面。拐角区域较易发生电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况，将第二涂层和至少设置于隔离膜拐角区域的部分第一涂层表面，能有效改善电芯因拐角区域电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况，降低电芯局部析锂的风险，提高电芯的循环寿命。
在一些可选实施方式中，多个所述第二涂层间隔设置于所述第一涂层的部分表面，多个所述第二涂层的设置区域的总面积占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的88％～95％，可选的，多个所述第二涂层的设置区域的总面积占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的90％～92％。当第二涂层的总面积在电芯拐角区域的隔离膜面积中的占比过大，锂离子穿过隔离膜的阻力会增大，传输速率降低，电解液浸润隔离膜效果达不到最佳，整个锂电池阻抗也会增大；当第二涂层的总面积在电芯拐角区域的隔离膜面积中的占比过小，陶瓷纤维“绒毛”状结构较少，拐角区域隔离膜的吸液能力不能显著提高，同时聚合物凝胶吸收电解液后发生溶胀产生的横向作用力较小，对拐角区域隔离膜的保液能力变差。
第三方面，本申请提供一种电池模组，包括本申请第二方面的锂离子电池。
第四方面，本申请提供一种电池包，包括本申请第二方面的锂离子电池或者本申请第三方面的电池模组。
第五方面，本申请提供一种用电装置，其包括本申请第二方面的锂离子电池或本申请第三方面的电池模组或本申请第四方面的电池包；其中，锂 离子电池或电池模组或电池包用作用电装置的电源或能量存储单元。
本申请的锂离子电池、电池模组、电池包和用电装置包括本申请第一方面的隔离膜，因而至少具有与上述锂离子电池相同或类似的技术效果。
附图说明
图1是根据本申请一具体实施方式的电芯的正视图；
图2是根据本申请一具体实施方式的电芯的侧视图；
图3是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜非拐角区域的层状结构示意图；
图4是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的层状结构示意图；
图5是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的示意图；
图6是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的示意图；
图7是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的示意图；
图8是根据本申请一具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的示意图；
图9是根据本申请一具体实施方式的锂离子电池的立体图；
图10是图9所示锂离子电池的分解图；
图11是根据本申请一具体实施方式的电池模组的立体图；
图12是根据本申请一具体实施方式的电池包的立体图；
图13是图12所示电池包的分解图；
图14是本申请一具体实施方式的用电装置的示意图。
其中，附图标记说明如下：
1电池包；
2上箱体；
3下箱体；
4电池模组；
5二次电池；
51壳体；
52电极组件；
53顶盖组件；
54S1隔离膜非拐角区域；
54S2隔离膜拐角区域；
541多孔基材；
542第一涂层；
543第二涂层；
544第三涂层。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例，进一步阐述本申请。应理解，这些具体实施例 仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
电池隔离膜
本申请的第一方面提供一种电池隔离膜，包括：多孔基材；第一涂层，所述第一涂层设置于所述多孔基材的至少一个表面，所述第一涂层包括无机颗粒和粘结剂；第二涂层，所述第二涂层设置于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第二涂层包括陶瓷纤维；第三涂层，所述第三涂层设置于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第三涂层包括聚合物凝胶。
在本申请的实施方式中，隔离膜包括非拐角区域和拐角区域。图1为本申请部分实施方式的电芯的正视图，图1示出了隔离膜非拐角区域54S1；图2为本申请部分实施方式的电芯的侧视图，图2示出了隔离膜拐角区域54S2。
进一步的，图3示出了隔离膜非拐角区域的层状结构示意图。如图3所示，隔离膜的非拐角区域S1包括多孔基材541、以及设置于多孔基材541至少一个表面的第一涂层542，该第一涂层542可以为现有技术中隔离膜表面的各种常规涂层，例如，第一涂层542可以包括无机颗粒和粘结剂，第一涂层542还可以进一步包括其他功能性组份。
图4示出了隔离膜拐角区域的层状结构示意图。如图4所示，隔离膜的拐角区域S2在多孔基材541、设置于多孔基材541至少一个表面的第一涂层542的基础上，还包括设置于第一涂层542的至少一部分表面的第二涂层543、以及设置于第二涂层543的至少一部分表面的第三涂层544，其中，第二涂层543包括陶瓷纤维，第三涂层544包括聚合物凝胶。
可见，本申请的实施方式提供了一种分区域涂层的隔离膜，在隔离膜拐角区域的第一涂层基础上，增设了第二涂层、第三涂层。在第二涂层中，陶瓷纤维因具有类似“绒毛”状结构，具有一定柔性和弹性，可以加强隔离膜的吸液能力。在第三涂层中，聚合物凝胶具有微孔结构，吸收电解液后溶胀产生横向作用力压靠极片，可改善隔离膜保液难造成电解液不足的情况。因而，本申请实施方式的隔离膜，能有效改善电芯因拐角区域电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况，降低电芯局部析锂的风险，提高电芯的循环寿命。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第二涂层、第三涂层也可增设在隔离膜非拐角区域的第一涂层表面，达到改善电芯任何局部区域电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第二涂层可以覆盖第一涂层的全部表面，也可以覆盖第一涂层的部分表面。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第二涂层的设置区域可以为一个或多个。当第二涂层的设置区域为多个时，所述多个第二涂层的设置区域间隔分布于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面。可选的，所述多个第二涂层的设置区域均匀地间隔分布于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，所述第三涂层的设置区域为一个或多 个。当第三涂层的设置区域为多个时，所述多个第三涂层间隔分布于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面。可选的，所述多个第三涂层的设置区域均匀地间隔分布于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面。
多个间隔分布的第二涂层、第三涂层可更有效地解决隔离膜局部区域电解液不足或分布不均匀问题，同时也能控制电芯的重量及成本，提高电池的能量密度。
图5～图8为根据本申请部分具体实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的示意图。
图5中，第二涂层543覆盖第一涂层(图中未示出)的全部表面，第三涂层544覆盖第二涂层543的部分表面，第二涂层543和第三涂层544的设置区域均为一个。
图6中，第二涂层543覆盖第一涂层542的部分表面，第三涂层544覆盖第二涂层543的部分表面，第二涂层543和第三涂层544的设置区域均为一个。
图7中，第二涂层543覆盖第一涂层(图中未示出)的全部表面，第三涂层544的设置区域为多个，多个第三涂层544均匀间隔分布，覆盖第二涂层543的部分表面。
图8中，多个第二涂层543的设置区域间隔分布于第一涂层542的部分表面，第三涂层544则覆盖第二涂层543的部分表面。
需要说明的是，图5～图8所示出的仅仅是根据本申请实施方式的隔离膜拐角区域的几种示例，然第一涂层、第二涂层、第三涂层的形状可以是任意的，第一涂层、第二涂层、第三涂层的设置位置也不限于此。
另外，第一涂层、第二涂层、第三涂层的材料均可按照现有文献方法合成或可通过商业渠道购买，第一涂层、第二涂层、第三涂层可通过喷涂、光刻、印刷等本领域技术人员所熟知的方法制备。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，所述陶瓷纤维可选自氧化铝陶瓷纤维、氧化硅陶瓷纤维、氮化硅陶瓷纤维、钛酸钡陶瓷纤维、氧化钛陶瓷纤维、氧化镁陶瓷纤维中的至少一种。其中，氧化铝陶瓷纤维或氧化硅陶瓷纤维价廉质轻，可以在保证陶瓷纤维起到吸液作用的同时，尽可能提高电池的能量密度。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第二涂层的厚度可为4μm～6μm。在本申请的另外一部分实施方式中，第二涂层的厚度可为5μm～5.5μm。第二涂层过厚会导致电池能量密度偏低，同时电池阻抗会增大；而第二涂层厚度过薄，“绒毛”结构弹性较小，起不到一定的吸液效果。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，所述聚合物凝胶可选自以下类型的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈系、聚丙烯酸甲酯系、聚醚系和含氟聚合物系。上述聚合物凝胶层在起到保液作用的同时，还具有隔热性好、耐腐蚀性好和热稳定性好的特点。
在本申请的另外一部分实施方式中，所述聚合物凝胶可选自以下类型 的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯乙烯。其中，聚酰亚胺不仅力学性能和耐热性能较好，而且电解液润湿性能好，可使隔离膜在保持较强的结构稳定性的同时具有较高的电解液保液能力。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的电绝缘性优良，电性能较好，耐疲劳性，耐摩擦性和尺寸稳定性都很好。聚苯乙烯易加工成型，价廉，隔热性、绝缘性和耐腐蚀性好。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第三涂层的厚度可为3μm～5μm。在本申请的另外一部分实施方式中，第三涂层的厚度可为4μm～4.5μm。如第三涂层层过厚，不仅会降低电池能量密度，而且会造成电解液穿过该涂层的阻力增大，电解液不能很好地浸润整个隔离膜。而当第三涂层过薄，则会影响凝胶的保液能力，达不到较佳的保液效果。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径可为100nm～1000nm。在本申请的另外一部分实施方式中，第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径可为300nm～500nm。聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径过小，会使得隔离膜阻抗增大，锂离子通过隔离膜较困难，传输速度会降低。而聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径过大，则会减小隔离膜对电解液的吸附能力，影响保液效果。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒可以为实心颗粒或空心颗粒。当聚合物凝胶颗粒为空心颗粒，第三涂层吸收电解液后可产生的溶胀作用更充分，可更有效地改善隔离膜保液难造成电解液不足的情况。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第一涂层中的无机颗粒可包括以下无机颗粒中的至少一种：氧化硅、氧化铝、勃姆石、硫酸钡、氧化钙、氧化钛、氧化锌、氧化镁、氧化锆和氧化锡。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，第一涂层中的粘结剂可包括以下粘接剂中的至少一种：苯乙烯、丙烯酸酯、醋酸乙烯、脂肪酸乙烯酯、环氧树脂、线性聚酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚硫橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯醇、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、丁苯橡胶和明胶。
钮离子电池
第二方面，本申请提供一种锂离子电池，包括正极极片、负极极片、间隔于正极极片和负极极片之间的隔离膜、电解液，其中，所述隔离膜为根据本申请第一方面的隔离膜。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，所述锂离子电池可包括卷绕型电极组件，所述第二涂层设置于隔离膜拐角区域的第一涂层的至少一部分表面，因而可有效改善拐角区域电芯因电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良的情况，降低电芯局部析锂的风险，减缓容量的衰减，提高电芯的循环寿命和安全性能。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，多个所述第二涂层可间隔设置于所述第一涂层的部分表面，多个所述第二涂层的设置区域的总面积可占所述隔离膜 拐角区域面积的88％～95％。在本申请的另外一部分实施方式中，多个所述第二涂层的总面积可占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的90％～92％。在这些实施方式中，第二涂层和第三涂层的形状、大小可以相同，依次层叠设于第一涂层的表面。当第二涂层的设置区域的总面积在隔离膜拐角区域面积中的占比过大，锂离子穿过隔离膜的阻力会增大。由此，锂离子的传输速率降低，电解液浸润隔离膜效果达不到最佳，整个锂电池阻抗也会增大。当第二涂层的设置区域的总面积在隔离膜拐角区域面积中的占比过小，陶瓷纤维“绒毛”状结构较少，拐角区域隔离膜的吸液能力不能显著提高，同时聚合物凝胶吸收电解液后发生溶胀产生的横向作用力较小。由此，对拐角区域隔离膜的保液能力变差。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，锂离子电池的正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极活性物质层。正极极片中，所述正极活性物质层可设置在正极集流体的其中一个表面上也可以设置在正极集流体的两个表面上。
本领域技术人员可选择合适的方法制备所述正极极片，例如，可以包括如下步骤：将正极活性材料、粘结剂、导电剂混合形成浆料后，涂布于正极集流体上。
其中，正极活性物质的具体种类没有特别的限制，只要能满足嵌入、脱出锂离子即可。正极活性物质既可为层状结构材料，使锂离子在二维空间扩散，也可为尖晶石结构，使锂离子在三维空间扩散。可选地，正极活性物质可选自锂过渡金属氧化物、锂过渡金属氧化物添加其它过渡金属或非过渡金属或非金属得到的化合物中的一种或几种。具体地，正极活性物质可选选自锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍锰氧化物、锂镍钴锰氧化物、锂镍钴铝氧化物、橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐中的一种或几种。
其中，橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐的通式可为LiFe 1-x-yMn xM’ yPO 4，0≤x≤1，0≤y<1，0≤x+y≤1，M’可选自除Fe、Mn外的其它过渡金属元素或非过渡金属元素中的一种或几种，M’可选自Cr、Mg、Ti、Al、Zn、W、Nb、Zr中一种或几种。更可选地，橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐可选自磷酸铁锂、磷酸锰锂、磷酸锰铁锂中的一种或几种。
锂过渡金属氧化物可选自LiCoO 2、LiMnO 2、LiNiO 2、LiMn 2O 4、LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2、LiNi xCo yAl 1-x-yO 2、LiNi xMn 2-xO 4中的一种或几种，其中0＜x＜1、0＜y＜1、0＜x+y＜1。可选地，锂过渡金属氧化物可选自LiCoO 2、LiNi 1/3Co 1/3Mn 1/3O 2、LiNi 0.5Co 0.2Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2、LiNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2、LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Mn 0.05O 2、LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O 2、LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4、LiMn 2O 4中的一种或几种。
正极极片中，所述正极活性物质层还可包括导电剂以及粘结剂，其中导电剂以及粘结剂的种类和含量不受具体的限制，可根据实际需求进行选择。所述粘结剂通常包括含氟聚烯烃类粘结剂，相对于所述含氟聚烯烃类粘结剂来说，水通常是良溶剂，即所述含氟聚烯烃类粘结剂通常在水中具有良 好的溶解性，例如，所述含氟聚烯烃类粘结剂可以是包括但不限于聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、偏氟乙烯共聚物或它们的改性(例如，羧酸、丙烯酸、丙烯腈等改性)衍生物等。在所述正极材料层中，粘结剂的质量百分比含量可以是由于粘结剂本身的导电性较差，因此粘结剂的用量不能过高。可选地，正极活性物质层中粘结剂的质量百分含量小于等于2wt％，以获得较低的极片阻抗。正极极片的导电剂可以是本领域各种适用于二次电池的导电剂，例如，可以是包括但不限于乙炔黑、导电炭黑、碳纤维(VGCF)、碳纳米管(CNT)、科琴黑中的一种或多种的组合。导电剂的重量可以占正极材料层总质量的1wt％～10wt％。更可选地，正极极片中导电剂与正极活性物质的重量比大于等于1.5:95.5。
正极极片中，正极集流体的种类也不受具体的限制，可根据实际需求进行选择。正极集流体通常可以为层体，正极集流体通常是可以汇集电流的结构或零件。正极集流体可以是本领域各种适用于作为电化学储能装置正极集流体的材料。例如，正极集流体可以是包括但不限于金属箔，更具体可以是包括但不限于镍箔、铝箔。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，锂离子电池的负极极片通常包括负极集流体和位于负极集流体表面的负极活性材料层，所述负极活性材料层通常包括负极活性材料。所述负极活性材料可以是本领域各种适用于锂离子电池的负极活性材料的材料，例如，可以是包括但不限于石墨、软碳、硬碳、碳纤维、中间相碳微球、硅基材料、锡基材料、钛酸锂或其他能与锂形成合金的金属中的一种或多种的组合。其中，所述石墨可选自人造石墨、天然石墨以及改性石墨中的一种或多种的组合；所述硅基材料可选自单质硅、硅氧化合物、硅碳复合物、硅合金中的一种或多种的组合；所述锡基材料可选自单质锡、锡氧化合物、锡合金中的一种或多种的组合。
所述负极集流体通常是汇集电流的结构或零件，所述负极集流体可以是本领域各种适用于作为锂离子电池负极集流体的材料，例如，所述负极集流体可以是包括但不限于金属箔，更具体可以是包括但不限于铜箔。此外，负极极片也可为锂片。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，锂离子电池的电解液可以是本领域各种适用于锂离子电池的电解液，例如，所述电解液通常包括电解质和溶剂，所述电解质通常可以包括锂盐。更具体的，所述锂盐可以是无机锂盐和/或有机锂盐，具体可以是包括但不限于LiPF 6、LiBF 4、LiN(SO 2F) 2(简写为LiFSI)、LiN(CF 3SO 2) 2(简写为LiTFSI)、LiClO 4、LiAsF 6、LiB(C 2O 4) 2(简写为LiBOB)、LiBF 2C 2O 4(简写为LiDFOB)中的一种或多种的组合。再例如，所述电解质的浓度可以为0.8mol/L～1.5mol/L。所述溶剂可以是本领域各种适用于锂离子二次电池的电解液的溶剂，所述电解液的溶剂通常为非水溶剂，可以为有机溶剂，具体可以是包括但不限于碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸戊烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲乙酯或它们的卤代衍生物中的一种或多种的组合。
在本申请的部分实施方式中，制备所述锂离子电池的方法对于本领域技术人员来说应该是已知的，例如，所述正极极片、隔离膜和负极极片各自都可以是层体，从而可以裁剪成目标尺寸后依次叠放，还可以卷绕至目标尺寸，以用于形成电芯，并可以进一步与电解液结合以形成锂离子电池。
图9示出了根据本申请一具体实施方式的锂离子电池的立体图，图10是图9所示锂离子电池的分解图。参看图9和图10，根据本申请的锂离子电池5(以下简称电池单体5)包括外包装51、电极组件52、顶盖组件53和电解液(未示出)。其中电极组件52收容于壳体51内，电极组件52的数量不受限制，可以为一个或多个。
需要说明的是，图9所示的电池单体5为罐型电池，但本申请并不限于此，电池单体5可以是袋型电池，即壳体51由金属塑膜替代且取消顶盖组件53。
电池模组
本申请的第三方面提供一种电池模组，其包括本申请第二方面所述的锂离子电池。在一些实施方式中，所述锂离子电池可以组装成电池模组，电池模组所含的锂离子电池的数量可以为多个，具体数量可根据电池模组的应用和容量来调节。图11是作为一个示例的电池模组4的立体图。参照图11，在电池模块4中，多个锂离子电池5可以是沿电池模组4的长度方向依次排列设置。当然，也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件将该多个锂离子电池5进行固定。可选地，电池模组4还可以包括具有容纳空间的壳体，多个锂离子电池5容纳于该容纳空间。
电池包
本申请的第四方面提供一种电池包，其包括本申请第三方面所述的电池模组。在一些实施方式中，上述电池模组可以组装成电池包，电池包所含电池模组的数量可以根据电池包的应用和容量进行调节。图12是作为一个示例的电池包1的立体图，图13是图12所示电池包的分解图。参照图12和图13，在电池包1中可以包括电池箱和设置于电池箱中的多个电池模组4。电池箱包括上箱体2和下箱体3，上箱体2能够盖设于下箱体3，并形成用于容纳电池模块4的封闭空间。多个电池模组4可以按照任意的方式排布于电池箱中。
用电装置
本申请的第五方面提供一种用电装置，其包括本申请第二方面所述的锂离子电池或本申请第三方面所述的电池模组或本申请第四方面所述的电池包。所述锂离子电池、或所述电池模组、或所述电池包可用作所述用电装置的电源或所述用电装置的能量存储单元。所述用电装置可以但不限于是移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等。
所述用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择锂离子电池、电池模组或 电池包。
图14示出了根据本申请一具体实施方式的用电装置的示意图。该用电装置可以为纯电动车、混合动力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对锂离子电池的高功率和高能量密度的需求，可以采用电池包或电池模组。
作为另一个示例的用电装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该用电装置通常要求轻薄化，可以采用本申请的锂离子电池作为电源。
本领域技术人员可以理解：以上提到的本申请的不同实施例中对于电化学活性材料中的组分选择、组分含量和材料理化性能参数的各种限定或可选范围可以任意组合，其组合而得到的各种实施例仍然在本申请范围内，且视为本说明书公开内容的一部分。
除非特别规定，本说明书中涉及的各种参数具有本领域公知的通用含义，可以按本领域公知的方法进行测量。例如，可以按照在本申请的实施例中给出的方法进行测试。另外，各种可选实施例中给出的各种不同参数的可选范围和选项可以进行任意组合，由此得到的各种组合都视为在本申请的公开范围之内。
以下结合具体实施例进一步说明本申请的优势。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。
隔离膜的制备
1.取本领域常规使用的7μm基膜，在其表面采用常规方法涂布第一涂层，第一涂层的厚度也采用常规选择，例如为2μm；
2.将陶瓷纤维、聚偏氟乙烯、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、水按照质量比40：1：9：50混合后得到陶瓷纤维浆料；
3.将聚合物凝胶、水和聚偏氟乙烯按照质量比35：60：5混合分散得到聚合物凝胶浆料；
4.采用凹版涂布的方式将陶瓷纤维涂布于第一涂层的表面，之后于40℃～50℃烘箱中进行干燥；
5.采用旋转喷涂的方式将聚合物凝胶涂在陶瓷纤维表面，之后于50℃～60℃烘箱中进行干燥，最终得到本申请所述隔离膜。
锂离子电池的制备
1.正极极片的制备
将正极活性材料LiNi 0.5Co 0.2Mn 0.3O 2(NCM523)、导电剂炭黑(Super P)和粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比96.2:2.7:1.1在适量的溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中混合均匀，得到正极浆料，将正极浆料涂布于正极集流体铝箔上，通过烘干、冷压、分条、裁切等工序，得到正极极片。
2.负极极片的制备
将负极活性材料人造石墨、导电剂炭黑(Super P)、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)按质量比96.4:0.7:1.8:1.1在适量 的溶剂去离子水中混合均匀，得到负极浆料，将负极浆料涂布于负极集流体铜箔上，通过烘干、冷压、分条、裁切等工序，得到负极极片。
3.隔离膜
隔离膜采用本申请实施例及对比例所制备的隔离膜。
4.电解液的制备
将碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)按质量比30:70进行混合，得到有机溶剂，将充分干燥的电解质盐LiPF 6溶解于上述混合溶剂中，电解质盐的浓度为1.0mol/L，混合均匀后获得电解液。
5.锂离子电池的制备
将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序叠好，使隔离膜处于正、负极极片之间起到隔离的作用，然后卷绕得到电极组件；将电极组件置于外包装中，将上述制备好的电解液注入到干燥后的锂离子电池中，经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序，获得二次电池。
按照上述方法制备实施例1～22、对比例1～12的隔离膜及锂离子电池。
电池性能测试
1.循环1500次容量和容量保持率：
循环性能测试：25℃，1C/1C，循环1500次。
Figure PCTCN2022093203-appb-000001
2.电芯析锂：
将完成测试的电池进行拆解，观察界面析锂情况。针对拐角处析锂情况对析锂程度进行划分，以此来评估本申请所述隔离膜对电芯拐角析锂的改善效果。划分依据为拐角析锂的面积占拐角区域面积的百分比(A)。
Figure PCTCN2022093203-appb-000002
根据析锂情况将析锂程度进行划分如下表(析锂程度：Ⅰ＜Ⅱ＜Ⅲ＜Ⅳ)。
表1析锂程度划分表
析锂面积占比 析锂程度划分
A＜0.3％ Ⅰ
0.3％≤A＜1％ Ⅱ
1％≤A≤3％ Ⅲ
A≥3％ Ⅳ
实施例和对比例的参数及检测结果
实施例1～30、对比例1～4的参数和性能检测数据如表2所示。
表2实施例及对比例的参数和性能检测数据
Figure PCTCN2022093203-appb-000003
实施例1～6示出了第二涂层的厚度对技术效果的影响。第二涂层的厚度可以为4μm～6μm；可选的，第二涂层的厚度为5μm～5.5μm。当第二涂层的厚度超过6μm，可导致电池能量密度偏低，同时电池阻抗会增大；而当第二涂层层厚度小于4μm，则“绒毛”结构弹性较小，起不到很好的吸液效果。
实施例3、7-10示出了第三涂层包括不同种类聚合物凝胶的例子。将聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯酸甲酯等聚合物凝胶应用于第三涂层中，均可实现较佳的技术效果，电池循环1500次容量及容量保持率在较高水平，且不易发生析锂。其中，聚酰亚胺不仅力学性能和耐热性能较好，而且电解液润湿性能好，可使隔离膜在保持较强的结构稳定性的同时具有较高的电解液保液能力，为较佳选择。
实施例3、11-15示出了第三涂层的厚度对技术效果的影响。第三涂层的厚度可以为3μm～5μm，可选的，第三涂层的厚度可以为4μm～4.5μm。当第三涂层的厚度超过5μm，可导致电池能量密度有所降低，而且电解液穿过该涂层的阻力增大，电解液不能很好地浸润整个隔离膜。而当第三涂层的厚度小于3μm，则对凝胶的保液能力有所影响，达不到较佳的保液效果。
实施例3、16-20，示出了第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径对技术效果的影响。第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径可以为100nm～1000nm；可选的，第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径为300nm～500nm。聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径小于100nm，会使得隔离膜阻抗有所增大，锂离子通过隔离膜出现一定的困难，传输速度有所降低；而聚合物凝胶颗粒的粒径大于1000nm，则会减小隔离膜对电解液的吸附能力，对保液效果存在一定的不利影响。
实施例3、21示出凝胶颗粒空心/实心对于技术效果的影响。当聚合物凝胶颗粒为空心颗粒，聚合物凝胶层吸收电解液后可产生的溶胀作用更显著，可更有效地改善隔离膜保液难造成电解液不足的情况。
实施例3、22-26示出了第二涂层的总面积相对于隔离膜拐角区域面积的占比对技术效果的影响。第二涂层的设置区域的总面积可占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的88％～95％，可选的，多个所述第二涂层的总面积可占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的90％～92％。当第二涂层的总面积相对于隔离膜拐角区域面积的占比大于95％，锂离子穿过隔离膜的阻力增大，传输速率降低，电解液浸润隔离膜效果达不到最佳，整个锂电池阻抗也会增大；当第二涂层的总面积相对于隔离膜拐角区域面积的占比小于88％，陶瓷纤维“绒毛”状结构较少，拐角区域隔离膜的吸液能力不能显著提高，同时聚合物凝胶吸收电解液后发生溶胀产生的横向作用力较小，对拐角区域隔离膜的保液能力变差。
实施例3、27示出了增设的第二涂层、第三涂层的分布情况对技术效果的影响。多个间隔分布的第二涂层及第三涂层，可更为有效地解决电解液不足或分布不均匀问题的同时，控制电芯的重量及成本，提高电池的能量密度。
实施例28-30示出了另外一些不同种类的陶瓷纤维和聚合物凝胶作为第二涂层和第三涂层的材料，应用于本申请实施方式中的例子，都可以实现本申请隔离膜的技术效果。
对比例1的隔离膜拐角区域表面仅设有第一涂层；对比例2的隔离膜拐角区域表面仅设有第一涂层和第二涂层；对比例3的隔离膜拐角区域表面仅设有第一涂层和第三涂层；对比例4与实施例3的区别在于将第二涂层和第三涂层的位置进行了互换。对比例1-4的循环性能和容量保持率相对于实施例均呈现明显不足，析锂情况加重。从对比例和实施例的数据对比可知，本申请提供的隔离膜可有效改善电芯因拐角区域电解液不足或分布不均匀造成的浸润不良，降低电芯局部析锂的风险，提高电池的能量密度，延长电芯的循环寿命。
根据上述说明书的揭示和教导，本领域技术人员还可以对上述实施方式进行变更和修改。因此，本申请并不局限于上面揭示和描述的具体实施方式，对本申请的一些修改和变更也应当落入本申请的权利要求的保护范围内。此外，尽管本说明书中使用了一些特定的术语，但这些术语只是为了方 便说明，并不对本申请构成任何限制。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种隔离膜，包括：
    多孔基材；
    第一涂层，所述第一涂层设置于所述多孔基材的至少一个表面，所述第一涂层包括无机颗粒和粘结剂；
    第二涂层，所述第二涂层设置于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第二涂层包括陶瓷纤维；
    第三涂层，所述第三涂层设置于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面，所述第三涂层包括聚合物凝胶。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的隔离膜，其中，
    所述第二涂层的设置区域为一个或多个，所述多个第二涂层间隔分布于所述第一涂层的至少一部分表面；和/或，
    所述第三涂层的设置区域为一个或多个，所述多个第三涂层间隔分布于所述第二涂层的至少一部分表面。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的隔离膜，其中，所述陶瓷纤维选自氧化铝陶瓷纤维、氧化硅陶瓷纤维、氮化硅陶瓷纤维、钛酸钡陶瓷纤维、氧化钛陶瓷纤维、氧化镁陶瓷纤维中的至少一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述第二涂层的厚度为4μm～6μm，可选的，所述第二涂层的厚度为5μm～5.5μm。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述聚合物凝胶选自以下类型的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈系、聚丙烯酸甲酯系、聚醚系和含氟聚合物系；
    可选的，所述聚合物凝胶选自以下类型的聚合物凝胶中的至少一种：聚酰亚胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚苯乙烯。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述第三涂层的厚度为3μm～5μm，可选的，所述第三涂层的厚度为4μm～4.5μm。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶的颗粒粒径为100nm～1000nm，可选的，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶的颗粒粒径为300nm～500nm。
  8. 根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述第三涂层中的聚合物凝胶颗粒为实心颗粒或空心颗粒。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的隔离膜，其中，所述第一涂层中的无机颗粒包括以下无机颗粒中的至少一种：氧化硅、氧化铝、勃姆石、硫酸钡、氧化钙、氧化钛、氧化锌、氧化镁、氧化锆和氧化锡；
    可选的，所述第一涂层中的粘结剂包括以下粘接剂中的至少一种：苯乙烯、丙烯酸酯、醋酸乙烯、脂肪酸乙烯酯、环氧树脂、线性聚酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚硫橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯醇、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯腈、聚氧化乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、丁苯橡胶和 明胶。
  10. 一种锂离子电池，包括：
    正极极片、负极极片、间隔于正极极片和负极极片之间的隔离膜、电解液，
    其中，所述隔离膜为根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的隔离膜。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的锂离子电池，其包括卷绕型电极组件，所述第二涂层至少设置于隔离膜拐角区域的第一涂层的至少一部分表面。
  12. 根据权利11所述的锂离子电池，其中，多个所述第二涂层间隔设置于所述第一涂层的部分表面，
    多个所述第二涂层的总面积占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的88％～95％；可选的，多个所述第二涂层的总面积占所述隔离膜拐角区域面积的90％～92％。
  13. 一种电池模组，包括根据权利要求10-12中任一项所述的锂离子电池。
  14. 一种电池包，包括根据权利要求10-12中任一项所述的锂离子电池或根据权利要求13所述的电池模组。
  15. 一种用电装置，包括根据权利要求10-12中任一项所述的锂离子电池、或根据权利要求13所述的电池模组、或根据权利要求14所述的电池包，所述锂离子电池或所述电池模组或所述电池包用作所述用电装置的电源或所述用电装置的能量存储单元。
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