WO2023231424A1 - 多级吸能装置 - Google Patents

多级吸能装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023231424A1
WO2023231424A1 PCT/CN2023/072859 CN2023072859W WO2023231424A1 WO 2023231424 A1 WO2023231424 A1 WO 2023231424A1 CN 2023072859 W CN2023072859 W CN 2023072859W WO 2023231424 A1 WO2023231424 A1 WO 2023231424A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
energy
absorbing
cutting
guide
absorbing element
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PCT/CN2023/072859
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘永强
潘登
苏柯
罗宝
杭惠峰
水文菲
刘必成
Original Assignee
中车株洲电力机车有限公司
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Publication of WO2023231424A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023231424A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61F—RAIL VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS, e.g. UNDERFRAMES, BOGIES OR ARRANGEMENTS OF WHEEL AXLES; RAIL VEHICLES FOR USE ON TRACKS OF DIFFERENT WIDTH; PREVENTING DERAILING OF RAIL VEHICLES; WHEEL GUARDS, OBSTRUCTION REMOVERS OR THE LIKE FOR RAIL VEHICLES
    • B61F19/00—Wheel guards; Bumpers; Obstruction removers or the like
    • B61F19/04—Bumpers or like collision guards
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/30—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation in transportation, e.g. on roads, waterways or railways

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-stage energy absorption device and belongs to the technical field of vehicle energy absorption.
  • the energy absorption of the energy absorption device is related to the force and stroke. Therefore, the longer the energy absorption stroke of the structure, the greater the energy absorption.
  • the anti-climb device in order not to affect the normal coupling and hooking functions of the coupler, the anti-climb device usually participates in energy absorption after the energy absorption of the coupler is completed. Therefore, the front end face of the anti-climb device in the existing solution is located behind the front end face of the coupler, which limits the absorption capacity of the anti-climb device. It can travel but absorbs limited energy.
  • Chinese invention patent application publication numbers CN105292164A and CN113799841A both provide an energy-absorbing part that when the anti-climb device is located behind the coupler under normal operating conditions, can pop out a certain distance before collision, so that the front end face of the anti-climb device exceeds the front end face of the coupler. Breaking through the limitations of the installation and deformation space of the energy-absorbing device at the front of the vehicle body, the anti-climb device begins to absorb part of the energy before the coupler absorbs energy to improve the vehicle's collision safety performance.
  • both solutions have the following disadvantages: 1.
  • the couplers of the two trains will come into contact, and the coupler and the anti-climb device will be in an energy-absorbing state at the same time, causing the interface force of the car body to be too large, exceeding the strength limit of the car body, and causing permanent damage.
  • the anti-climbing device mounting surface is located at the end.
  • the distance between the anti-climbing teeth at the front end and the mounting surface is If it is too far, it will easily lead to insufficient vertical stiffness, thereby reducing the vertical bending resistance of the anti-climb device. This needs to be compensated by increasing the size and cross-section of the anti-climb device, which greatly increases the weight and has poor practicality.
  • the planing energy-absorbing solution tool needs to be controlled by a cylinder, which has a high failure rate.
  • Chinese invention patent application publication number CN101857040A also discloses a linear shock absorber for railway vehicles, which focuses on hydraulic shock absorption, mainly controlling the compression and extension speed of the device through the flow of working oil. How to provide a long-stroke, segmented energy-absorbing device without affecting the normal functions of the vehicle or causing permanent damage to the vehicle body to improve the collision safety performance of the vehicle while taking into account equipment economy, maintainability, and stability. , the failure rate is a technical problem that needs to be solved by those skilled in the art.
  • the present invention aims to provide a multi-stage energy-absorbing device.
  • the energy-absorbing device can avoid the existing technical solution. After the anti-climbing device is compressed for a certain stroke, the couplers of the two trains will come into contact, resulting in the simultaneous energy-absorbing state of the coupler and the anti-climbing device. , causing the interface force of the car body to be too large, exceeding the strength limit of the car body, and causing permanent damage. At the same time, it can also avoid the existing technical solution, whether it is a high-speed or low-speed collision, once the energy-absorbing part moves to absorb energy, the entire All anti-climbing devices need to be replaced, which is a problem of poor economy and maintenance.
  • the multi-stage energy-absorbing device includes an energy-absorbing element, a mounting plate, and a cutting device mounted on the mounting plate. It is characterized in that it also includes a guide driving device and a signal control device;
  • the energy-absorbing element includes an anti-climb device and a propulsion energy-absorbing tube connected to the anti-climb device;
  • the guide drive device has a cavity with one end open, and one end of the propulsion energy-absorbing tube is located in the cavity of the guide drive device and can slide axially along the cavity; the mounting plate and the end of the guide drive device Connected together, the cutting part of the cutting device abuts on the energy absorbing element, and the cutting edge of the cutting device faces the front end of the energy absorbing element;
  • the signal control device is used to transmit the emergency collision signal of the vehicle system to the guide drive device, and the high-pressure gas stored in the guide drive device drives the energy-absorbing element to eject relative to the cavity of the guide drive device.
  • the signal control device controls the opening of the guide driving device to promote the ejection of the energy-absorbing element.
  • the rear end of the energy-absorbing element is slidingly connected to the guide driving device.
  • the cutting device is installed on the mounting plate. The cutting device contacts the energy-absorbing element, which can effectively reduce the energy generated by the collision.
  • the car body is not damaged, which makes it possible to replace the anti-climb device in low-speed collisions.
  • the front end of the energy absorbing element refers to the end of the energy absorber along the forward direction of the vehicle, that is, the end that contacts the collision object when the vehicle collides forward.
  • the front end of the energy-absorbing element refers to the end of the energy-absorbing element facing the direction of the vehicle front, that is, the end opposite to the front end of the energy-absorbing element.
  • the existing technical solutions of the energy-absorbing device adopt a longer energy-absorbing structure.
  • the installation surface of the anti-climbing device of the present invention is located at the end.
  • the anti-climbing device pops up and stretches, the anti-climbing device at the front end If the distance between the climbing teeth and the mounting surface is too far, it will easily lead to insufficient vertical stiffness, thereby reducing the vertical bending resistance of the anti-climb device. This needs to be compensated by increasing the size and cross-section of the anti-climb device, which greatly increases the weight and has poor practicality. .
  • planing-type energy-absorbing solution cutting tools need to be controlled by cylinders, which has a high failure rate.
  • the present invention solves this problem well through the cooperation of the signal control device and the cutting guide device.
  • the cutting device includes a support base connected to the mounting plate, a cutter head mounted on the support base, and a torsion bar passing through the support base and the cutter head; the cutter head It has a rotatable arc segment and a straight segment for position limiting; a one-way limit hole is provided on the support base, a cutter head hole is provided on the cutter head, and the torsion bar is inserted into the one-way limit hole and the cutter head.
  • a spring for realizing one-way rotation and reverse stop of the cutter head is installed in the one-way limit hole.
  • the anti-climbing device includes an anti-climbing plate located at the front end and a casing connected to the anti-climbing plate;
  • the propulsion energy-absorbing tube includes a second cutting preparation area arranged from front to back, a low The energy-absorbing area, the first cutting preparation area and the stop;
  • the sleeve is located in the propelling energy-absorbing tube in the assembled state; when the energy-absorbing element does not pop up, the cutting device is located in the second cutting preparation area; when the energy-absorbing element pops up , the cutting device is located in the first cutting preparation area, and the advancing energy-absorbing tube is locked in the guide driving device through a stop.
  • the size and position of the low energy absorption area are synchronized with the energy absorption of the coupler.
  • the casing and the propulsion energy-absorbing tube are assembled or disassembled by screwing in or out of the bolts in the first bolt hole and the second bolt hole.
  • the guide driving device includes a guide tube and a high-pressure air cylinder arranged at the end of the guide tube; one end of the high-pressure air cylinder is an inflation hole, and the other end is provided with a pusher between the inner cavity of the guide tube and the inner cavity of the guide tube. hole; when the signal control device receives an emergency collision signal from the vehicle system, it controls the opening of the propulsion hole; one end of the energy-absorbing element extends into the guide tube.
  • the present invention also provides a method for high-speed energy absorption using a multi-stage energy absorption device, which includes the following steps:
  • the signal control device receives the emergency collision signal from the vehicle system and controls the high-pressure air-driven propulsion energy-absorbing tube to eject relative to the guide drive device.
  • the cutting device is located in the first cutting preparation area at the rear of the propulsion energy-absorbing tube; When a high-speed collision occurs, the cutting device cuts and absorbs energy on the energy-absorbing element.
  • the contact height between the energy-absorbing element and the cutting device is increased, and there is no cutting force between the cutting device and the energy-absorbing element;
  • the contact height between the energy-absorbing element and the cutting device decreases, and the chip portion of the cutting device cuts and absorbs energy on the energy-absorbing element.
  • the present invention also provides a method for low-speed energy absorption using a multi-stage energy absorption device, which includes the following steps: One end of the energy-absorbing element is deep into the guide driving device, and the cutting device is located in the second cutting preparation area in front of the advancing energy-absorbing tube; High-pressure air is stored in the high-pressure air cylinder. When a low-speed collision occurs, the cutting device will cut and absorb energy on the anti-climb device; Replace the anti-climb device after energy absorption is completed.
  • the dividing line between high speed and low speed in the present invention is 25km/h.
  • the multi-stage energy-absorbing device of the present invention includes an energy-absorbing element, a cutting device, a mounting plate, a guide driving device, a supporting plate, and a signal control device.
  • the anti-climb device remains in a compressed state.
  • the train signal control device detects that a train is approaching in front and is about to make contact, driven by the guide drive device, the anti-climb device pops up and pushes the energy-absorbing tube, and the anti-climb device The device is extended and the energy absorption stroke is increased.
  • the signal control device controls the opening of the guide driving device to promote the ejection of the energy-absorbing element.
  • the rear end of the energy-absorbing element is slidingly connected to the guide driving device and has a stop function.
  • the cutting device is installed on the mounting plate, so The cutting device evenly surrounds and abuts the energy-absorbing element, the support plate is connected to the middle part of the guide driving device, the mounting plate is connected to the end of the guide driving device, and the two-stage installation structure provides support in all directions.
  • the energy-absorbing components include a replaceable anti-climb device and a propulsion energy-absorbing tube.
  • the end and tail of the replaceable anti-climbing device is set in the propulsion energy-absorbing tube.
  • the end and tail of the propulsion energy-absorbing tube have a stop function, and the cutting energy-absorbing area is divided into a high energy-absorbing area and a low energy-absorbing area.
  • the low energy absorption zone and the coupler energy absorption travel together to ensure that the interface force is less than the vehicle body's endurance limit, greatly improving the vehicle's energy absorption capacity.
  • the cutting device of the present invention includes a support base, a cutter head, a torsion bar, and a spring. In this way, the cutting device can realize one-way rotation and reverse limiting functions, and can cooperate with the ejection and energy absorption of energy-absorbing components. It is purely mechanical and has a low failure rate.
  • the multi-stage energy-absorbing device of the present invention adopts the idea of active protection and has the function of a low-energy-absorbing anti-climb device when running at low speed. Its energy-absorbing stroke is longer and the energy-absorbing energy is greater; it is easy to disassemble after damage, has fewer replacement parts, and is economical and Better maintainability; adjustable interface force, no risk of car body damage; two-stage installation structure, good support and stability; purely mechanical movable cutter head, low failure rate and other characteristics.
  • the anti-climb device absorbs energy at low speed, only the part of the anti-climb device needs to be replaced.
  • the energy-absorbing stroke can be increased, and the energy-absorbing stroke of the anti-climbing device and the coupler can be adjusted in the same stroke to avoid excessive interface force.
  • This structure has the characteristics of large energy absorption, low failure rate, good stability, good economy, good maintainability, and no risk of body damage.
  • the propulsion energy-absorbing tube of the present invention can provide a multi-stage cutting energy-absorbing function.
  • the present invention uses cutting energy absorption, especially the one-way rotation, reverse limit and cutting function of the cutting device, to focus on solving the problem of large collision energy absorption and at the same time avoiding the problem of excessive vehicle body interface force.
  • Figure 1 Schematic structural diagram of a multi-stage energy absorption device of the present invention
  • Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the energy-absorbing component in Figure 1
  • Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the working mode of the device during low-speed operation of the present invention
  • Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the working mode of the device during high-speed collision according to the present invention
  • Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the cutting device in Figure 1
  • Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the activity mode of the cutting device in Figure 1.
  • a) and b) are different working states.
  • the multi-level energy-absorbing device for active protection in this embodiment includes an energy-absorbing element 1, a cutting device 2, a mounting plate 3, a guide driving device 4, a support plate 5, and a signal control device 6.
  • the cutting device 2 is installed on the mounting plate 3 .
  • the mounting plate 3 is sealed with the guide drive device 4 .
  • One end of the energy absorbing element 1 is located in the cavity of the guide driving device 4 and can slide axially.
  • the support plate 5 is connected to the middle part of the guide drive device 4.
  • the support plate 5 is slightly smaller than the installation plate 3, making it easy to install on the vehicle body to provide sufficient stability.
  • the signal control device 6 receives the vehicle system emergency collision signal and transmits it to the guide driving device 4 to control the release of high-pressure air in the high-pressure air cylinder 4c.
  • the energy-absorbing element 1 includes a replaceable anti-climb device 11 and a propulsion energy-absorbing tube 12.
  • the casing 11b is in the propulsion energy-absorbing tube 12 and passes through the first bolt hole 11c and the second bolt.
  • Hole 12d screws in or out bolts for assembly or disassembly.
  • the end of the replaceable anti-climb device 11 is connected to the anti-climb plate 11a and has an anti-climb function.
  • the main area of the advancement energy-absorbing tube is divided into a low energy-absorbing area 12a, a first cutting preparation area 12b, a stop 12c, and a second cutting preparation area 12e.
  • the cutting depth of the low energy absorption zone 12a needs to be smaller than the cutting depth of the main energy absorption zone. It can also be zero cutting to reduce the force on the energy absorption device.
  • the size and position of the low energy absorption zone 12a are synchronized with the energy absorption of the coupler to avoid excessive interface force. .
  • FIG 3 is a schematic diagram of the working mode of the device during low-speed operation.
  • One end of the energy absorbing element 1 is inserted deep into the guide tube 4a.
  • the cutting device 2 is located in the second cutting preparation area 12e.
  • High-pressure air is injected through the inflation hole 4d and stored in the high-pressure air cylinder 4c.
  • the pressure of the high-pressure gas is generally set according to the size of the cylinder.
  • the high-pressure gas from the high-pressure air cylinder 4c needs to be pushed out of the guide pipe 4a.
  • the gas fills the guide pipe to reach an atmospheric pressure.
  • the volume ratio of the pipe 4a and the high-pressure air pressure in the high-pressure air cylinder 4c are about 5 atmospheres.
  • the target is completed after the high-pressure gas pushes out the guide tube 4a, the gas is discharged through the pressure relief hole, and the gas generated by the retreat of the energy absorber is released at the same time.
  • the anti-climb plate 11a plays an anti-climb role, and the cutting device 2 cuts and absorbs energy on the replaceable anti-climb device 11. After the energy absorption is completed, only the replaceable anti-climb device 11 can be used again.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the working mode of the device during a high-speed collision.
  • the signal control device 6 receives the emergency collision signal of the vehicle system and controls the opening of the propulsion hole 4b.
  • the high-pressure air enters the guide tube 4a and pushes the energy-absorbing element 1 to eject.
  • the first cutting preparation area 12b is limited to the position of the cutting device 2 through the stop 12c.
  • the cutting device 2 performs cutting and energy absorption on the energy-absorbing element 1.
  • the cutting force is reduced, and is greatly increased while ensuring that the interface force is less than the vehicle body's endurance limit. Vehicle energy absorption capacity.
  • the cutting device 2 includes a cutter head 21, a support seat 22, a spring 23, and a torsion bar 24.
  • the arc section of the cutter head 21 can rotate, and the straight section can cooperate with the limiter.
  • the support base 22 is connected to the mounting plate 3 through the mounting hole 22a.
  • the torsion bar 24 is inserted into the hole of the cutter head 21 and stuck.
  • the torsion bar is inserted into the one-way limit hole 22b, and the spring 23 is installed in the one-way limit hole 22b, so that the one-way rotation and reverse stop function can be realized.
  • the contact height between the energy-absorbing element 1 and the cutting device 2 increases, the cutter head 21 and the torsion bar 24 begin to rotate, and the spring 23 compresses and deforms. At this time, the cutting device 2 and the energy-absorbing element 1 No cutting force.
  • the contact height between the energy-absorbing element 1 and the cutting device 2 is reduced, the spring 23 is released and deformed, and the cutter head 21 and the torsion bar 24 rotate reversely to the limit state. Carry out cutting energy absorption.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

一种多级吸能装置，其包括吸能元件（1）、切削装置（2）、安装板（3）、导向驱动装置（4）和信号控制装置（6）；吸能元件（1）包括防爬器（11）和推进吸能管（12）；导向驱动装置（4）具有一端开口的空腔，推进吸能管（12）的一端设于导向驱动装置（4）的空腔内；安装板（3）与导向驱动装置（4）密封连接，切削装置（2）的切屑部抵接在吸能元件（1）上；信号控制装置（6）用于将车辆系统紧急碰撞信号传递给导向驱动装置并驱动吸能元件（1）弹出。多级吸能装置通过切削吸能解决了碰撞吸能量大，同时避免了车体界面力过大的问题。

Description

多级吸能装置
本申请要求享有于2022年06月02日提交的中国专利申请CN 202210621826.4的优先权，该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及多级吸能装置，属于车辆吸能技术领域。
 背景技术
随着列车速度等级越来越高，对列车的碰撞安全也越来越重视。高速度带来的高动能将会在列车碰撞时转化为低动能、内能和摩擦能等，而列车吸收内能过大会导致车体变形损坏，影响车内人员安全。因此通常在车端安装车钩和防爬器等吸能装置吸收大部分碰撞动能，从而减少车体内能的吸收。
吸能装置的吸能量与力和行程有关，因此结构吸能行程越长，吸能量越大。但为了不影响车钩正常连挂等功能，防爬器通常在车钩吸能完成后再参与吸能，因此现有方案的防爬器前端面均位于车钩前端面后方，限制了防爬器的吸能行程，吸能量有限。
中国发明专利申请公开号CN105292164A和 CN113799841A均提供了一种在正常运行状态下防爬器处于车钩后方位置，碰撞前能弹出一定行程的吸能部，使防爬器前端面超出了车钩前端面，突破车体前端吸能装置的安装与变形空间的限制，在车钩吸能前防爬器就开始吸收部分能量，用来提升车辆的碰撞安全性能。但这两种方案均存在如下弊端：
1、在防爬器压缩一段行程后，两列车的车钩便会接触，会出现车钩和防爬器存在同时吸能状态，导致车体界面力过大，超出车体强度极限，出现永久损伤。
2、不论是高速，还是低速碰撞情况下，一旦吸能部发生动作吸能后。整个防爬器需全部更换，经济性和维护性差。
3、为了增加吸能量，均采用了较长的吸能结构，而这两个方案防爬器安装面均位于端部，当防爬器弹出伸长后，前端的防爬齿距离安装面距离过远，容易导致垂向刚度不足，从而降低防爬器的垂向抗弯性能，需通过增大防爬器的尺寸截面来弥补，大幅增加了重量，实用性较差。
4、刨削式吸能方案刀具需要通过气缸控制，故障率高。
中国发明专利申请公开号CN101857040A也公开了一种铁道车辆用线性减震器，其侧重在于液压减震，主要是通过工作油的流量控制该装置的压缩拉伸速度。如何在不影响车辆正常功能，不对车体造成永久损伤情况下，提供一种长行程、分段吸能的装置，以提高车辆的碰撞安全性能，同时考虑设备经济性，可维护性，稳定性，故障率是本领域技术人员所需要解决的技术问题。
 技术问题
本发明旨在提供多级吸能装置，该吸能装置可以避免既有技术方案在防爬器压缩一段行程后，两列车的车钩便会接触，会出现车钩和防爬器存在同时吸能状态，导致车体界面力过大，超出车体强度极限，出现永久损伤的问题，同时还可以避免既有技术方案不论是高速，还是低速碰撞情况下，一旦吸能部发生动作吸能后，整个防爬器需全部更换，经济性和维护性差的问题。
 技术解决方案
多级吸能装置包括吸能元件、安装板、以及装在安装板上切削装置，其特征在于，还包括导向驱动装置和信号控制装置；
所述吸能元件包括防爬器和连接在防爬器上的推进吸能管；
所述导向驱动装置具有一端开口的空腔，所述推进吸能管的一端设于导向驱动装置的空腔内并可沿所述空腔轴向滑动；所述安装板与导向驱动装置的端部连接在一起，所述切削装置的切屑部抵接在所述吸能元件上，且切削装置的切屑刃刃口朝向所述吸能元件的前端；
所述信号控制装置用于将车辆系统紧急碰撞信号传递给导向驱动装置，由储存在该导向驱动装置内高压气体驱动所述吸能元件相对导向驱动装置的空腔弹出。
由此，工作时，信号控制装置控制导向驱动装置的开启以推进吸能元件的弹出，所述吸能元件的后端与导向驱动装置滑动连接，所述切削装置安装在安装板上，所述切削装置抵接吸能元件，可以有效地消减碰撞产生的能量，车体无损坏，在低速碰撞时为防爬器的更换提供了可能。
在本发明中，吸能元件的前端是指吸能器沿着车辆前进方向的一端，也即车辆向前发生碰撞时，与碰撞物接触的一端。吸能元件的前端是指吸能元件朝向车头方向的一端，也即与吸能元件的前端相反的一端。
现有的吸能装置的技术方案为了增加吸能量，均采用了较长的吸能结构，而本发明的防爬器安装面均位于端部，当防爬器弹出伸长后，前端的防爬齿距离安装面距离过远，容易导致垂向刚度不足，从而降低防爬器的垂向抗弯性能，需通过增大防爬器的尺寸截面来弥补，大幅增加了重量，实用性较差。
此外，现有的刨削式吸能方案刀具需要通过气缸控制，故障率高，本发明通过信号控制装置和切削导向装置配合很好地解决了这一问题。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，所述切削装置包括连接在安装板上的支撑座，装在支撑座上的刀头，以及穿过所述支撑座和刀头的扭杆；所述刀头具有可转动的圆弧段和用于限位的直线段；所述支撑座上开设有单向限位孔，刀头上开设有刀头孔，所述扭杆插入单向限位孔和刀头孔内，所述单向限位孔内安装有用于实现刀头单向转动、逆向止档的弹簧。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，所述防爬器包括位于前端部的防爬板和与防爬板相连的套管；所述推进吸能管包括自前向后设置的第二切削准备区、低吸能区、第一切削准备区和止档；所述套管在装配状态下位于推进吸能管内；当吸能元件未弹出时，切削装置位于第二切削准备区；当吸能元件弹出时，切削装置位于第一切削准备区，所述推进吸能管通过止档锁定在导向驱动装置内。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，所述低吸能区的尺寸和位置与车钩吸能同步。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，所述套管与推进吸能管通过拧入或拧出第一螺栓孔和第二螺栓孔的螺栓进行装配或拆卸。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，所述导向驱动装置包括导向管以及设置在导向管尾部的高压风缸；所述高压风缸的一端为充气孔，另一端与导向管内腔之间设有推进孔；所述信号控制装置接收车辆系统紧急碰撞信号时控制推进孔开启；所述吸能元件的一端伸入所述导向管内。
基于同一个发明构思，本发明还提供了一种利用多级吸能装置进行高速吸能的方法，其包括如下步骤：
信号控制装置接收车辆系统紧急碰撞信号，控制高压空气驱动推进吸能管相对导向驱动装置弹出，切削装置位于推进吸能管后部的第一切削准备区处；
发生高速碰撞时，切削装置对吸能元件进行切削吸能。
在其中一个优选的实施例中，吸能元件与切削装置接触高度增加，切削装置与吸能元件无切削受力；
当高速碰撞模式完成，切削装置位于推进吸能管前部的第二切削准备区时，吸能元件与切削装置接触高度降低，所述切削装置的切屑部对吸能元件进行切削吸能。
基于同一个发明构思，本发明还提供了一种利用多级吸能装置进行低速吸能的方法，其包括如下步骤：
吸能元件一端深入导向驱动装置内，切削装置位于推进吸能管前部的第二切削准备区处；
高压空气保存在高压风缸中，发生低速碰撞时，切削装置对防爬器进行切削吸能；
吸能完成后更换防爬器。
按照标准的要求，本发明的高速和低速的分界线是25km/h。
由此，本发明的多级吸能装置包括吸能元件、切削装置、安装板、导向驱动装置、支撑板、信号控制装置。在列车正常运行状态下防爬器保持压缩状态，当列车信号控制装置检测到前方有列车相向行驶过来并即将接触时，在导向驱动装置的驱动下，防爬器的弹出推进吸能管，防爬器伸长，吸能行程增加。
工作时，信号控制装置控制导向驱动装置的开启以推进吸能元件的弹出，所述吸能元件后端与导向驱动装置滑动连接并有止档功能，所述切削装置安装在安装板上，所述切削装置均匀环绕并抵接吸能元件，所述支撑板与导向驱动装置中部连接，安装板与导向驱动装置端部连接，两级安装结构提供各向支撑。
吸能元件包括可更换式防爬器和推进吸能管，可更换式防爬器端尾套在推进吸能管内，当低速吸能后仅需更换可更换式防爬器。
推进吸能管端尾具有止档功能，切削吸能区域分为高吸能区和低吸能区。低吸能区与车钩吸能共行程，保证界面力小于车体承受极限情况下，大幅提升车辆吸能能力。
本发明的切削装置包括支撑座、刀头、扭杆、弹簧，这样切削装置可实现单向转动，逆向限位功能，可配合吸能元件的弹出和吸能，纯机械活动，故障率低。
 有益效果
本发明多级吸能装置采用主动防护的思路，在低速运行时具备低吸能防爬器功能，其吸能行程更长，吸能量更大；损坏后便于拆卸，更换部件少，经济性和可维护性更好；界面力可调整，无车体损坏风险；两级安装结构，支撑性和稳定性好；纯机械活动刀头，故障率低等特点。
当防爬器低速吸能后仅需更换防爬器部分，高速运行并发生危险时能增加吸能行程，并调整防爬器与车钩同行程的吸能量，避免界面力过大。该结构具有吸能量大、故障率低、稳定性好、经济性好、可维护性好、无车体损坏风险等特点。
相对于CN101857040A通过工作油的流量控制该装置的压缩拉伸速度，本发明的推进吸能管能提供多段式切削吸能功能。
总之，本发明通过切削吸能，尤其是切削装置单向转动、逆向限位并进行切削功能，重点解决了碰撞吸能量大，同时避免了车体界面力过大的问题。
 附图说明
图 1：本发明一种多级吸能装置的结构示意图；
图 2：图1 中吸能元件的示意图；
图 3：本发明低速运行时装置工作模式示意图；
图4：本发明高速碰撞时装置工作模式示意图；
图5：图1 中切削装置的示意图；
图 6：图1 中切削装置活动方式示意图，a）和b）为不同的工作状态。
在图中：
1-吸能元件；11-可更换式防爬器；11a-防爬器板；11b-套管；11c-第一螺栓孔；12-推进吸能管；12a-低吸能区；12b-第一切削准备区；12c-止档；12d-第二螺栓孔；12e-第二切削准备区；2-切削装置；21-刀头；211-刀头孔；22-支撑座；22a-安装孔；22b-单向限位孔；23-弹簧；24-扭杆；3-安装板；4-导向驱动装置；4a-导向管；4b-推进孔；4c-高压风缸；4d-充气孔；5-支撑板、6-信号控制装置。
本发明的最佳实施方式
以下将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本发明中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。为叙述方便，下文中如出现“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”字样，仅表示与附图本身的上、下、左、右方向一致，并不对结构起限定作用。
如图1所示，本实施例的主动防护的多级吸能装置包括吸能元件1、切削装置2、安装板3、导向驱动装置4、支撑板5、信号控制装置6。具体的，切削装置2安装在安装板3上。安装板3与导向驱动装置4密封连接。吸能元件1一端设于导向驱动装置4空腔内，并能进行轴向滑动。支撑板5与导向驱动装置4中部连接，支撑板5略小于安装板3，便于安装在车体上，以提供足够的稳定性。信号控制装置6接收车辆系统紧急碰撞信号，并传递至导向驱动装置4，以控制高压风缸4c内高压空气的释放。
如图2所示，所述吸能元件1包括可更换式防爬器11和推进吸能管12，装配状态下套管11b在推进吸能管12内，通过在第一螺栓孔11c和第二螺栓孔12d拧入或拧出螺栓进行装配或拆卸。更换式防爬器11端部连接防爬板11a，具备防爬功能。推进吸能管主要区域分为低吸能区12a、第一切削准备区12b、止档12c、第二切削准备区12e。低吸能区12a切削深度需小于主吸能区切削深度，亦可零切削，以减小吸能装置受力，低吸能区12a尺寸和位置与车钩吸能同步，以避免界面力过大。当吸能元件1未弹出时，切削装置2位于第二切削准备区12e。当吸能元件1弹出时，切削装置2位于第一切削准备区12b，此时止档12c锁定在导向驱动装置4内。
图3为低速运行时装置工作模式示意图。吸能元件1的一端深入导向管4a。切削装置2位于第二切削准备区12e。通过充气孔4d注入高压空气，保存在高压风缸4c中。高压气体的压力一般根据气缸大小来设定，需要将高压风缸4c的高压气体将导向管4a顶出，气体填充满导向管内达到一个大气压即可，按照本实施例中高压风缸4c和导向管4a的体积比，高压风缸4c内的高压空气压力约5个大气压。高压气体将导向管4a推出后目标即完成，气体通过泄压孔排泄，同时释放吸能器后退产生的气体。
当发生低速碰撞时，防爬板11a起到防爬作用，切削装置2对可更换式防爬器11进行切削吸能，吸能完成后仅更换可更换式防爬器11即可再次使用。
图4为高速碰撞时装置工作模式示意图。信号控制装置6接收车辆系统紧急碰撞信号，控制推进孔4b开启，高压空气进入导向管4a并推进吸能元件1弹出，通过止档12c将第一切削准备区12b限制在切削装置2位置。发生高速碰撞时，切削装置2对吸能元件1进行切削吸能，在与车钩吸能同行程的低吸能区12a，切削力降低，在保证界面力小于车体承受极限情况下，大幅提升车辆吸能能力。
如图5,6所示，切削装置2包含刀头21、支撑座22、弹簧23、扭杆24。刀头21圆弧段可实现转动，直线段可配合限位。支撑座22通过安装孔22a连接安装板3。扭杆24插入刀头21孔内并卡死。扭杆插入单向限位孔22b，并在单向限位孔22b内安装弹簧23，即可实现单向转动，逆向止档功能。当装置由低速运行模型变为高速碰撞模型过程中，吸能元件1与切削装置2接触高度增加，刀头21与扭杆24开始转动，弹簧23压缩变形，此时切削装置2与吸能元件1无切削受力。当高速碰撞模式完成，切削装置位于第二切削准备区12e时，吸能元件1与切削装置2接触高度降低，弹簧23释放变形，刀头21与扭杆24逆向转动至限位状态，即可进行切削吸能。
上述实施例阐明的内容应当理解为这些实施例仅用于更清楚地说明本发明，而不用于限制本发明的范围，在阅读了本发明之后，本领域技术人员对本实施例的各种等价形式的修改均落入本发明所附权利要求所限定的范围。

Claims (6)

  1. 多级吸能装置，包括吸能元件（1）、安装板（3）、以及装在安装板（3）上切削装置（2），其特征在于，还包括导向驱动装置（4）和信号控制装置（6）；
    所述吸能元件（1）包括防爬器（11）和连接在防爬器（11）上的推进吸能管（12）；
    所述导向驱动装置（4）具有一端开口的空腔，所述推进吸能管（12）的一端设于导向驱动装置（4）的空腔内并可沿所述空腔轴向滑动；所述安装板（3）与导向驱动装置（4）的端部连接在一起，所述切削装置（2）的切屑部抵接在所述吸能元件（1）上，且切削装置（2）的切屑刃刃口朝向所述吸能元件（1）的前端；
    所述信号控制装置（6）用于将车辆系统紧急碰撞信号传递给导向驱动装置（4），由储存在该导向驱动装置（4）内的高压气体驱动所述吸能元件（1）相对导向驱动装置（4）的空腔弹出。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的多级吸能装置，其特征在于，
    所述切削装置（2）包括连接在安装板（3）上的支撑座（22），装在支撑座（22）上的刀头（21），以及穿过所述支撑座（22）和刀头（21）的扭杆（24）；
    所述刀头（21）具有可转动的圆弧段和用于限位的直线段；所述支撑座（22）上开设有单向限位孔（22b），刀头（21）上开设有刀头孔（211），所述扭杆（24）插入单向限位孔（22b）和刀头孔（211）内，所述单向限位孔（22b）内安装有用于实现刀头单向转动、逆向止档的弹簧（23）。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的多级吸能装置，其特征在于，
    所述防爬器（11）包括位于前端部的防爬板（11a）和与防爬板（11a）相连的套管（11b）；
    所述推进吸能管（12）包括自前向后设置的第二切削准备区（12e）、低吸能区（12a）、第一切削准备区（12b）和止档（12c）；
    所述套管（11b）在装配状态下位于推进吸能管（12）内；
    当吸能元件（1）未弹出时，切削装置（2）位于第二切削准备区（12e）；当吸能元件（1）弹出时，切削装置（2）位于第一切削准备区（12b），所述推进吸能管（12）通过止档（12c）锁定在导向驱动装置（4）内。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的多级吸能装置，其特征在于，
    吸能元件（1）与切削装置（2）接触高度增加，切削装置（2）与吸能元件（1）无切削受力；
    当高速碰撞模式完成，切削装置（2）位于推进吸能管（12）前部的第二切削准备区（12e）时，吸能元件（1）与切削装置（2）接触高度降低，所述切削装置（2）的切屑部对吸能元件（1）进行切削吸能。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的多级吸能装置，其特征在于，
    所述套管（11b）与推进吸能管（12）通过拧入或拧出第一螺栓孔（11c）和第二螺栓孔（12d）的螺栓进行装配或拆卸。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的多级吸能装置，其特征在于，
    所述导向驱动装置（4）包括导向管（4a）以及设置在导向管（4a）尾部的高压风缸（4c）；所述高压风缸（4c）的一端为充气孔（4d），另一端与导向管（4a）内腔之间设有推进孔（4b）；所述信号控制装置（6）接收车辆系统紧急碰撞信号时控制推进孔（4b）开启；
    所述吸能元件（1）的一端伸入所述导向管（4a）内。
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