WO2023202153A1 - 哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用 - Google Patents

哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用 Download PDF

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WO2023202153A1
WO2023202153A1 PCT/CN2022/143323 CN2022143323W WO2023202153A1 WO 2023202153 A1 WO2023202153 A1 WO 2023202153A1 CN 2022143323 W CN2022143323 W CN 2022143323W WO 2023202153 A1 WO2023202153 A1 WO 2023202153A1
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tobacco
treatment
root
trichoderma harzianum
plants
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PCT/CN2022/143323
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English (en)
French (fr)
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殷全玉
匡志豪
王新发
刘国顺
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河南农业大学
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Priority to US18/281,326 priority Critical patent/US12075787B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/38—Trichoderma
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/45—Tobacco
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A01C1/08—Immunising seed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
    • A01H4/002—Culture media for tissue culture
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H4/00—Plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques ; Tissue culture techniques therefor
    • A01H4/008—Methods for regeneration to complete plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
    • A01P21/00—Plant growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
    • A01P3/00—Fungicides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
    • G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi
    • C12R2001/885—Trichoderma
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of tobacco growth, and in particular to the application of Trichoderma harzianum application methods on tobacco growth and induced resistance.
  • Tobacco is an important economic crop in my country. Due to long-term continuous cropping and excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides, the soil quality in tobacco areas has declined, the occurrence of diseases has become increasingly serious, and the quality of tobacco leaves has decreased. At the same time, it has had a series of negative impacts on the ecological environment. Tobacco black shank disease is caused by tobacco. A soil-borne fungal disease caused by Phytophthora commonly occurs in various tobacco areas in my country. The incidence of tobacco black shank in severely affected areas is as high as more than 75%. It is one of the main diseases that harms tobacco production and seriously affects the production of tobacco leaves. sustainable development.
  • the problem solved by the present invention is to provide the application of Trichoderma harzianum application methods on tobacco growth and induced resistance.
  • Different application methods of Trichoderma harzianum can promote the growth of tobacco plants and reduce the occurrence of black shank disease, among which root irrigation treatment during the transplanting period has the most effective effect. good.
  • PDA 200g potato, 20g glucose, 15 ⁇ 20g agar and 1000mL distilled water, natural pH;
  • Oat agar medium OA 60g oat kernel, 20g sucrose, 8g agar and 1000mL distilled water, natural pH;
  • Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC23294 into the PDA plate at 27 ⁇ 1°C. After culturing for 5 to 7 days, rinse the spores with sterile water to prepare a 1 ⁇ 107cfu/mL Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension for later use. Insert Phytophthora nicotianae into Use oat agar OA medium at 26 ⁇ 1°C. After culturing for 6 to 7 days, rinse the spores with sterile water and adjust to 1 ⁇ 105cfu/mL Phytophthora spore suspension for later use;
  • the potting soil is field soil. After removing weeds and stones, it is passed through a 1 ⁇ 1cm screen.
  • the sterilized tobacco seeds are raised by conventional floating seedlings. When the tobacco seedlings reach the seedling stage, they are potted and transplanted. The roots are treated with Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension. Each tobacco plant is inoculated with 20 mL, for a total of 50 plants;
  • the tobacco seedlings of each treatment were inoculated using the root irrigation method, and 20 mL of the prepared Phytophthora tobacco spore suspension 1 ⁇ 105 cfu/mL was evenly inoculated into the soil at the roots of the tobacco plants. After 14 days, the incidence rate was investigated, and the disease index and prevention and treatment were calculated. Effect,
  • the surface is disinfected with 75% alcohol for 1 minute, and then with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 5 minutes.
  • the treatment times for root irrigation and foliar spraying with Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension are the same, and the tobacco plants in each treatment are transplanted at the same time, and the transplanting method is consistent with subsequent management measures.
  • Trichoderma CGMCC23294 strain has a significant promoting effect on the biological properties and biomass accumulation of the above-ground and underground parts of tobacco.
  • the promoting effect on leaf area is better than that of plant height and stem circumference, and the overall performance is root filling.
  • Seed soaking > Foliar spraying and root irrigation treatments.
  • the fresh weight of the above-ground and underground parts of tobacco seedlings increased by 84.16% and 82.12% respectively 28 days after transplanting compared with the control.
  • the tobacco roots treated with nitric acid in the three application methods Reductase activity, root activity, and leaf chlorophyll content were all significantly higher than the control.
  • the root irrigation treatment was better than seed soaking and foliar spraying.
  • the incidence and disease index of tobacco black shank in the root irrigation treatment were significantly lower than the control and other treatments. , improves the activities of tobacco root cell defense enzymes PPO, PAL and CAT;
  • Trichoderma can promote the growth of tobacco plants and reduce the occurrence of black shank. Among them, root irrigation treatment during the transplanting period has the best effect.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of the above-ground biological properties of tobacco plants in different application modes of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of the biological properties of the underground part of tobacco plants using different application methods of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a diagram of tobacco plant biomass accumulation in different application methods of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a line chart of tobacco nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content in different application modes of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a histogram of tobacco root activity in different application modes of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a diagram showing the antagonistic effects of tobacco black shank using different application methods of Trichoderma harzianum according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a diagram showing the influence of the Trichoderma harzianum application method of the present invention on tobacco-induced resistance.
  • PDA 200g potato, 20g glucose, 15 ⁇ 20g agar and 1000mL distilled water, natural pH;
  • Oat agar medium OA 60g oat kernel, 20g sucrose, 8g agar and 1000mL distilled water, natural pH;
  • Trichoderma harzianum CGMCC23294 into the PDA plate at 27 ⁇ 1°C. After culturing for 5 to 7 days, rinse the spores with sterile water to prepare a 1 ⁇ 107cfu/mL Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension for later use. Insert Phytophthora nicotianae into Use oat agar OA medium at 26 ⁇ 1°C. After culturing for 6 to 7 days, rinse the spores with sterile water and adjust to 1 ⁇ 105cfu/mL Phytophthora spore suspension for later use;
  • the potting soil is field soil. After removing weeds and stones, it is passed through a 1 ⁇ 1cm screen.
  • the sterilized tobacco seeds are raised by conventional floating seedlings. When the tobacco seedlings reach the seedling stage, they are potted and transplanted. The roots are treated with Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension. Each tobacco plant is inoculated with 20 mL, for a total of 50 plants;
  • the treatment times for root irrigation and foliar spraying with Trichoderma harzianum spore suspension are the same.
  • the tobacco plants in each treatment are transplanted at the same time, and the transplanting method is consistent with the subsequent management measures.
  • the tobacco seedlings of each treatment were inoculated using the root irrigation method, and 20 mL of the prepared Phytophthora tobacco spore suspension 1 ⁇ 105 cfu/mL was evenly inoculated into the soil at the roots of the tobacco plants. After 14 days, the incidence rate was investigated, and the disease index and prevention and treatment were calculated. Effect,
  • Incidence rate [Number of diseased leaf plants/Total number of plants investigated] ⁇ 100
  • Disease index ⁇ (disease level ⁇ number of diseased plants at this level)/(highest disease level ⁇ total trees surveyed) ⁇ 100
  • Control effect (%) (number of non-infected plants/total number of plants investigated) ⁇ 100;
  • Trichoderma harzianum has a better effect on tobacco leaves and plant height than stem circumference, that is, leaves > plant height > stem circumference.
  • the average root diameter, root volume and number of branches of the tobacco plants treated with Trichoderma root irrigation increased significantly compared with the blank control, with an increase of 87.63%, 119.79% and 80.46% respectively, P ⁇ 0.05; the seed soaking treatment had a significant effect on tobacco root surface area and The root volume increased significantly, reaching 49.60% and 85.03% respectively, P ⁇ 0.05, which was similar to the effect of root irrigation treatment; foliar spraying had no significant effect on tobacco root surface area, average root diameter and root volume, which increased by 14.02% compared with the blank control. , 4.12% and 17.47% (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • the application method of Trichoderma has the same effect on the biological characteristics of the above-ground and underground parts of tobacco, that is, root irrigation > seed soaking > foliar spraying;
  • Foliar spraying was weak, and the underground fresh weight, aboveground fresh weight, underground dry weight, and aboveground dry weight in the root irrigation treatment increased by 84.16%, 82.12%, 63.29%, and 64.17% respectively compared with the control, P ⁇ 0.05 , the fresh weight and dry weight of the above-ground part of the tobacco in the seed soaking treatment increased significantly, with an increase of 62.49% and 58.35% respectively, P ⁇ 0.05, and there was no significant difference between the root and root filling treatments; the tobacco root caps in the control, seed soaking and root filling treatments There was no significant difference in the tobacco root-to-shoot ratio after foliar spraying, indicating that Trichoderma harzianum can promote the accumulation of above-ground and underground biomass in tobacco.
  • the seed soaking and root irrigation treatments reached the maximum increase 21 days after transplanting, 29.54% and 55.72% respectively, P ⁇ 0.05; the foliar spray treatment had the most significant difference compared with the blank control on the 14th day after transplanting, an increase of 24.77%, P ⁇ 0.05, the nitrate reductase activity in tobacco roots was highest in the root irrigation treatment 28 days after transplanting, and there was no significant difference between seed soaking and foliar spraying treatments.
  • Trichoderma treatment can improve tobacco root vitality to varying degrees.
  • the root vitality of the three application methods increases with the number of transplanting days, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.
  • the root irrigation treatment had the strongest promotion effect, with the peak value appearing on the 14th day after transplanting.
  • the increase was the largest, reaching 41.71%, P ⁇ 0.05; the root activity peaks of the seed soaking and foliar spraying treatments both appeared after transplanting.
  • the incidence rate and disease index of the blank treatment were significantly higher than those of the Trichoderma treatment, and the root irrigation treatment had the most significant effect on the control of tobacco black shank, reaching 75.94%.
  • the disease index dropped from 57.74 to 13.89, P ⁇ 0.05;
  • Trichoderma harzianum There is no significant difference between seed soaking and foliar spraying in the incidence, disease index and control effect of tobacco black shank.
  • the control effects are 53.32% and 49.48% respectively, P ⁇ 0.05;
  • Induced resistance is usually expressed by the activities of defensive enzymes POD, PPO, PAL and CAT.
  • POD perceptive dermatitis
  • the root irrigation treatment has the most significant effect, which is 71.34 higher than the blank, P ⁇ 0.05; there is no significant difference between the seed soaking and foliar spraying treatments, which are respectively increased by 33.84% and 39.63% compared with the control, P ⁇ 0.05;
  • PAL enzyme activity After seed soaking treatment, PAL activity in tobacco roots increased by 5.87% compared with the blank, P ⁇ 0.05, and there was no significant difference from the blank; root irrigation and foliar spraying treatments can significantly increase PAL activity, increasing by 66.75% and 32.52% respectively. ,P ⁇ 0.05;
  • CAT enzyme activity Seed soaking and root irrigation treatments have the most obvious promotion effect on CAT activity, reaching 80.33% and 105.92%, P ⁇ 0.05. The effect of foliar spraying is significantly lower than that of seed soaking and root irrigation, with only an increase of 28.7%, P ⁇ 0.05. The difference from the blank is not significant;
  • the three application methods all promoted the activities of POD, PPO, PAL and CAT in tobacco roots, among which the root irrigation treatment had the most significant improvement in the activity of each defensive enzyme.
  • POD activity is less affected by the application method of Trichoderma, and PAL and CAT activities are most affected by the application method.
  • root irrigation treatment is beneficial to stimulate POD, PPO, PAL and CAT activities in tobacco roots and improve tobacco induced resistance. .
  • the plant-Trichoderma-pathogen interaction is a complex system, and induced resistance plays a vital role in the process of plant disease resistance. It means that under the induction of external factors, the plant activates its own defense system, including defensive enzymes.
  • the synthesis of various physiological and biochemical factors such as activity, lignification, phytoalexins, and disease process-related proteins enhances resistance to pathogenic bacteria;
  • POD and CAT are the main enzymes responsible for scavenging reactive oxygen species in plants, and POD can induce the synthesis of lignin; PAL, as a key enzyme in the synthesis of phytoalexins, also participates in the oxidation of phenols into quinones with stronger antibacterial properties together with PPO.
  • PAL as a key enzyme in the synthesis of phytoalexins, also participates in the oxidation of phenols into quinones with stronger antibacterial properties together with PPO.
  • Trichoderma can induce an increase in the activity of POD, CAT, PPO, PAL and other defensive enzymes in plants, resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, and effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases.

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Abstract

一种哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，操作步骤：S1、试验材料：供试培养基和菌液制备；S2、试验处理：S2.1对照处理、S2.2浸种处理、S2.3灌根处理、S2.4叶面接种处理；S3、试验测定指标及方法：S3.1生物学性状测定、S3.2生理生化指标测定、S3.3抗病性及诱导抗性指标测定；S4、数据处理；进行数据差异显著检验。木霉不同施用方式均能促进烟株生长，降低黑胫病发生，其中移栽期灌根效果最佳。

Description

哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用 技术领域
本发明涉及烟草生长技术领域，尤其涉及哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用。
背景技术
烟草是我国重要的经济作物，由于长期连作及过量化肥、农药施用，烟区土壤质量下降、病害发生日益严重、烟叶品质降低，同时对生态环境产生一系列负面影响，烟草黑胫病是由烟草疫霉菌引起的一种土传真菌病害，在我国各烟区普遍发生，病害严重地块烟草黑胫病发病率高达75％以上，是危害烟叶生产的主要病害之一，严重影响了烟叶生产的可持续发展。
发明内容
本发明解决的问题在于提供哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，哈茨木霉不同施用方式均能促进烟株生长，降低黑胫病发生，其中移栽期灌根处理效果最佳。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用了如下技术方案：
哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，该应用的具体操作步骤如下：
S1、试验材料：
S1.1供试培养基：
PDA：马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂15～20g和蒸馏水1000mL，pH自然；
燕麦琼脂培养基OA：60g燕麦仁、20g蔗糖、8g琼脂和蒸馏水1000mL，pH自然；
S1.2菌液制备：
将哈茨木霉CGMCC23294接入PDA平板于27±1℃，培养5～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，制成1×107cfu/mL哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液备用，将烟草疫霉接入燕麦琼脂OA培养基26±1℃，培养6～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，并调节为1×105cfu/mL疫霉孢子悬浮液备用；
S2、试验处理：
温室大棚内进行，盆栽土壤采用大田耕层土壤，除去杂草和石子后过1×1cm筛网，按1.83g/kg添加复合肥m(N)：m(P2O5)：m(K2O)＝1：1.5：3，充分混匀，装入内口径20.5cm，高度13.5cm的花盆，每盆装土3kg；
S2.1对照处理：
将烟草种子表面消毒后，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中培育，总计50株；
S2.2浸种处理：
将烟草种子表面消毒后，用哈茨木霉CGMCC23294悬浮液浸种48h，无菌水漂洗干净，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽至温室；
S2.3灌根处理：
消毒后的烟草种子，采用常规漂浮育苗，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽，利用哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液进行灌根处理，每株烟接种20mL， 总计50株；
S2.4叶面接种处理：
烟苗长至成苗期后移栽，移栽当天，将哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液均匀喷施在烟苗叶片上直至叶表面布满一层细微水珠而不滴落为止，每株烟均匀喷施20mL，总计50株；
S3、试验测定指标及方法：
S3.1生物学性状测定：
移栽后28d进行生长量指标测定，各处理选取5株，测量株高、茎围、叶片长度和宽度，自上而下第5片叶，计算叶面积，其中叶面积＝0.6345×叶长×叶宽；将盆内土壤倒出，轻轻抖落根部土壤，用清水反复冲洗干净，吸水纸吸干水分称量地上部和地下部鲜重，通过EPSON根系扫描仪将根系完整扫描的图像存入计算机，利用WinRHIZO分析总根长、根表面积、平均根直径、根体积及分枝数，扫描后的根部同地上部在105℃烘箱杀青15min后，70℃烘干测干重及根冠比；
S3.2生理生化指标测定：
移栽后7、14、21、28d，各处理采样，自上而下第4片叶，避开叶脉取0.5g，采用丙酮乙醇提取比色法，测定叶绿素含量，采用TTC法测根系活力，采用活体分光光度法测根系硝酸还原酶活性，每个处理3次重复；
S3.3抗病性及诱导抗性指标测定：
各处理烟苗在移栽后28d，采用灌根接种法，将配制好的烟草疫 霉孢子悬浮液1×105cfu/mL均匀接种20mL在烟株根部土壤14d后调查发病率，计算病情指数及防治效果，
取各处理烟株根部测定过氧化物酶POD、多酚氧化酶PPO、苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL活性和过氧化氢酶CAT活性，各处理3次重复；
S4、数据处理：
进行数据差异显著性检验。
优选的，所述表面消毒通过75％酒精的消毒1min，然后通过30％双氧水消毒5min。
优选的，所述哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液灌根与叶面喷施处理时间相同，各处理烟株同一时间移栽，且移栽方式与后续管理措施保持一致。
本发明的有益效果是：木霉CGMCC23294菌株对烟草地上部和地下部生物学性状及生物量积累均具有显著促进作用，对叶面积的促进效果优于株高和茎围，整体表现为灌根>浸种>叶面喷施，灌根处理烟苗移栽后28d地上部和地下部鲜重较对照分别增加了84.16％和82.12％，移栽后28d内，3种施用方式处理的烟草根系硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量均显著高于对照，灌根处理效果优于浸种和叶面喷施，灌根处理烟草黑胫病发病率和病情指数均显著低于对照和其它处理方式，提高了烟草根系细胞防御性酶PPO、PAL和CAT活性；
木霉不同施用方式均能促进烟株生长，降低黑胫病发生，其中移栽期灌根处理效果最佳。
附图说明
图1为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟株地上部生物学性状图；
图2为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟株地下部生物学性状图；
图3为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟株生物量积累图；
图4为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟草硝酸还原酶活性和叶绿素含量折线图；
图5为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟草根系活力柱状图；
图6为本发明哈茨木霉不同施用方式烟草黑胫病拮抗效果图；
图7为本发明哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草诱导抗性的影响图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
下面给出具体实施例。
参见图1～图7，哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，该应用的具体操作步骤如下：
S1、试验材料：
S1.1供试培养基：
PDA：马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂15～20g和蒸馏水1000mL，pH自然；
燕麦琼脂培养基OA：60g燕麦仁、20g蔗糖、8g琼脂和蒸馏 水1000mL，pH自然；
S1.2菌液制备：
将哈茨木霉CGMCC23294接入PDA平板于27±1℃，培养5～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，制成1×107cfu/mL哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液备用，将烟草疫霉接入燕麦琼脂OA培养基26±1℃，培养6～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，并调节为1×105cfu/mL疫霉孢子悬浮液备用；
S2、试验处理：
温室大棚内进行，盆栽土壤采用大田耕层土壤，除去杂草和石子后过1×1cm筛网，按1.83g/kg添加复合肥m(N)：m(P2O5)：m(K2O)＝1：1.5：3，充分混匀，装入内口径20.5cm，高度13.5cm的花盆，每盆装土3kg；
S2.1对照处理：
将烟草种子表面消毒后，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中培育，总计50株，表面消毒通过75％酒精的消毒1min，然后通过30％双氧水消毒5min；
S2.2浸种处理：
将烟草种子表面消毒后，用哈茨木霉CGMCC23294悬浮液浸种48h，无菌水漂洗干净，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽至温室；
S2.3灌根处理：
消毒后的烟草种子，采用常规漂浮育苗，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽，利用哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液进行灌根处理，每株烟接种20mL， 总计50株；
S2.4叶面接种处理：
烟苗长至成苗期后移栽，移栽当天，将哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液均匀喷施在烟苗叶片上直至叶表面布满一层细微水珠而不滴落为止，每株烟均匀喷施20mL，总计50株；
哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液灌根与叶面喷施处理时间相同，各处理烟株同一时间移栽，且移栽方式与后续管理措施保持一致
S3、试验测定指标及方法：
S3.1生物学性状测定：
移栽后28d进行生长量指标测定，各处理选取5株，测量株高、茎围、叶片长度和宽度，自上而下第5片叶，计算叶面积，其中叶面积＝0.6345×叶长×叶宽；将盆内土壤倒出，轻轻抖落根部土壤，用清水反复冲洗干净，吸水纸吸干水分称量地上部和地下部鲜重，通过EPSON根系扫描仪将根系完整扫描的图像存入计算机，利用WinRHIZO分析总根长、根表面积、平均根直径、根体积及分枝数，扫描后的根部同地上部在105℃烘箱杀青15min后，70℃烘干测干重及根冠比；
S3.2生理生化指标测定：
移栽后7、14、21、28d，各处理采样，自上而下第4片叶，避开叶脉取0.5g，采用丙酮乙醇提取比色法，测定叶绿素含量，采用TTC法测根系活力，采用活体分光光度法测根系硝酸还原酶活性，每个处理3次重复；
S3.3抗病性及诱导抗性指标测定：
各处理烟苗在移栽后28d，采用灌根接种法，将配制好的烟草疫霉孢子悬浮液1×105cfu/mL均匀接种20mL在烟株根部土壤14d后调查发病率，计算病情指数及防治效果，
取各处理烟株根部测定过氧化物酶POD、多酚氧化酶PPO、苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL活性和过氧化氢酶CAT活性，各处理3次重复；
发病率＝[病叶株数/调查总数株数]×100
病情指数＝∑(病级数×该级病株数)/(最高病级数×调查总株树)×100
防治效果(％)＝(未发病株数/调查总株数)×100；
S4、数据处理：
进行数据差异显著性检验。
1、哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生物学性状的影响
1.1对烟草地上部生物学性状的影响
由图1可知，与对照相比，在移栽后28d，哈茨木霉3种施用方式对烟草地上部生长具有明显促进作用，其中灌根处理对烟草株高和叶面积提高效果最显著，较对照分别增加54.21％和67.42％，P<0.05，显著高于浸种和叶面喷施处理；相较空白对照，3种处理方式对茎围增加均有显著影响，叶面喷施处理增幅最大达到23.40％，P<0.05；
整体来看，哈茨木霉对烟草叶片和株高促进效果优于茎围，即叶片>株高>茎围。
1.2对烟草地下部生物学性状的影响
结合图2可知，3种施用方式对烟草根部各指标均有不同程度促进作用，哈茨木霉灌根处理的烟株在移栽后28d根系更发达，各根系指标均高于浸种和叶面喷施处理，茨木霉灌根处理的烟株平均根直径、根体积和分枝数较空白对照增加显著，增幅分别达87.63％、119.79％和80.46％，P<0.05；浸种处理对烟草根表面积和根体积提高较显著，分别达到49.60％和85.03％，P<0.05，与灌根处理效果相近；叶面喷施对于烟草根表面积、平均根直径及根体积影响不显著，较空白对照增加14.02％、4.12％和17.47％(P<0.05)，木霉施用方式对烟草地上部和地下部生物学性状影响相同，即灌根>浸种>叶面喷施；
1.3对烟草生物量积累的影响
由图3可知，哈茨木霉浸种、灌根和叶面喷施处理的烟株地上部和地下部生物量积累均显著高于空白，其中以灌根处理的促进作用最强，浸种处理居中，叶面喷施较弱，灌根处理的地下部鲜重、地上部鲜重、地下部干重和地上部干重较对照分别增加了84.16％、82.12％、63.29％和64.17％，P<0.05，浸种处理烟草地上部的鲜重和干重提高较为显著，增幅分别为62.49％和58.35％，P<0.05，与灌根之间无显著差异；对照、浸种和灌根处理之间烟草根冠比不存在显著差异，经叶面喷施后烟草根冠比有所下降，说明哈茨木霉能促进烟草地上部和地下部生物量积累。
2、哈茨木霉施用方式对生理特性的影响
2.1对烟草根系硝酸还原酶活性和叶片叶绿素含量的影响
由图4可知，叶绿素含量随移栽时间逐渐增加，各时期含量均表 现为灌根>浸种>叶面喷施>对照，其中浸种和灌根处理各时期叶绿素含量与空白之间均呈显著差异，最大增幅为33.70％和51.52％，P<0.05，分别出现在移栽后第7d和14d，移栽后28d两处理之间无显著差异；移栽后14d叶面喷施与空白处理差异不显著，第21d叶面喷施处理叶绿素含量比对照高21.61％，P<0.05；
各时期3种施用方式的烟草根系硝酸还原酶活性与对照之间均呈显著差异，总体变化趋势与叶绿素相同，随移栽时间逐渐增长，灌根处理烟草根系硝酸还原酶活性始终处于较高水平，浸种和灌根处理在移栽后21d增幅达到最大，分别为29.54％和55.72％，P<0.05；叶面喷施处理在移栽后第14d较空白对照差异最显著，增加24.77％，P<0.05，移栽后28d灌根处理烟草根系硝酸还原酶活性最高，浸种与叶面喷施处理之间无显著差异。
2.2对烟草根系活力的影响
由图5可知，木霉菌处理可以不同程度提高烟草根系活力，3种施用方式根系活力随移栽天数增加，呈现先升高后降低的趋势。其中以灌根处理促进作用最强，峰值出现在移栽后第14d，相较空白对照增幅最大，达到41.71％，P<0.05；浸种和叶面喷施处理根系活力峰值均出现在移栽后第21d，较空白分别提高20.35％和12.99％，P<0.05；空白处理根系活力逐渐升高，与各处理间差值随移栽后天数增加呈现缩小趋势，但移栽后28d仍显著低于木霉处理。
2.3哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草诱导抗性的影响
2.3.1对烟草黑胫病拮抗效果的影响
空白处理的发病率和病情指数均显著高于木霉处理，并以灌根处理对烟草黑胫病防治效果最显著，达到75.94％，病情指数由57.74降至13.89，P<0.05；哈茨木霉浸种和叶面喷施两者在烟草黑胫病发病率、病情指数和防治效果方面差异不显著，其防效分别为53.32％和49.48％，P<0.05；
2.3.2对烟草诱导抗性的影响
诱导抗性通常以防御性酶POD、PPO、PAL及CAT活性表示，从图7可看出，哈茨木霉对4种防御性酶活性具有诱导效应；
POD酶活性：3种施用方式均有效提高了烟草根部POD活性，但三者之间无显著差异，灌根处理后烟草POD活性较对照增加28.70％(P<0.05)，略高于浸种和叶面喷施处理；
PPO酶活性：以灌根处理作用效果最显著，较空白提高71.34，P<0.05；浸种与叶面喷施处理之间无显著差异，分别较对照增加33.84％和39.63％，P<0.05；
PAL酶活性：浸种处理后烟草根部PAL活性较空白升高5.87％，P<0.05，与空白间无显著差异；灌根和叶面喷施处理能显著提高PAL活性，分别提高66.75％和32.52％，P<0.05；
CAT酶活性：浸种和灌根处理对CAT活性促进作用最明显，达到80.33％和105.92％，P<0.05，叶面喷施效果显著低于浸种和灌根，仅增加28.7％，P<0.05，与空白之间差异不显著；
综上结果，3种施用方式对烟草根部POD、PPO、PAL和CAT活性均促进作用，其中以灌根处理对各防御性酶活性提高最显著。POD 活性受木霉施用方式影响较小，PAL和CAT活性受施用方式影响最大，在受生物胁迫条件下，灌根处理有利于激发烟草根部POD、PPO、PAL和CAT活性，提高烟草诱导抗性。
本研究结果显示3种施用方式对烟株各生理指标促进效果整体表现为灌根>浸种>叶面喷施，经灌根处理后，烟株叶绿素含量更高，加快了叶片光合速率，增加碳水化合物的形成和积累，同时烟株根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性升高，提高土壤水肥吸收和氮素利用效率，从而促进烟株株高、叶面积、根体积扩展和生物量的积累，这也是木霉促进植物生长的机制之一。
植物—木霉—病原菌互作是一个复杂的系统，在植物抗病过程中诱导抗性起着至关重要的作用，它是指在外界因子诱导下，植物启动自身防御系统，包括防御性酶活性、木质化、植保素、病程相关蛋白等多种生理生化因子的合成，增强对病原菌的抗性现象；
POD、CAT是植物体内担负清除活性氧的主要酶，且POD能诱导木质素的合成；PAL作为植保素合成的关键酶，同时与PPO参与将酚类氧化为抗菌性更强的醌类物质的过程，已有大量研究表明木霉菌能诱导植物体内POD、CAT、PPO、PAL等防御性酶活性升高，抵制病原菌入侵，有效降低病害发生，在烟草疫霉胁迫下，经哈茨木霉灌根处理的烟株根系防御性酶活性最高，POD、PPO、PAL和CAT活性分别较对照升高28.70％、71.34％、66.75％和105.92％，同时烟草黑胫病防治效果达到75.94％，显著高于其他处理；
烟草黑胫病的防治效果随烟株体内防御性酶活性升高而提高，说 明烟株在哈茨木霉诱导下可以提高抗性相关的酶活性，从而产生醌、木质素、植保素等物质阻止病原菌侵染，增强烟株抗病性，因此，诱导抗性是哈茨木霉CGMCC23294防治烟草黑胫病的重要机制。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (3)

  1. 哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，其特征在于，该应用的具体操作步骤如下：
    S1、试验材料：
    S1.1供试培养基：
    PDA：马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂15～20g和蒸馏水1000mL，pH自然；
    燕麦琼脂培养基OA：60g燕麦仁、20g蔗糖、8g琼脂和蒸馏水1000mL，pH自然；
    S1.2菌液制备：
    将哈茨木霉CGMCC23294接入PDA平板于27±1℃，培养5～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，制成1×107cfu/mL哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液备用，将烟草疫霉接入燕麦琼脂OA培养基26±1℃，培养6～7d后，用无菌水冲洗下孢子，并调节为1×10 5cfu/mL疫霉孢子悬浮液备用；
    S2、试验处理：
    温室大棚内进行，盆栽土壤采用大田耕层土壤，除去杂草和石子后过1×1cm筛网，按1.83g/kg添加复合肥m(N)：m(P2O5)：m(K2O)＝1：1.5：3，充分混匀，装入内口径20.5cm，高度13.5cm的花盆，每盆装土3kg；
    S2.1对照处理：
    将烟草种子表面消毒后，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中培育，总计50株；
    S2.2浸种处理：
    将烟草种子表面消毒后，用哈茨木霉CGMCC23294悬浮液浸种48h，无菌水漂洗干净，播种于装有已灭菌基质的漂浮育苗盘中，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽至温室；
    S2.3灌根处理：
    消毒后的烟草种子，采用常规漂浮育苗，待烟苗到达成苗期装盆移栽，利用哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液进行灌根处理，每株烟接种20mL，总计50株；
    S2.4叶面接种处理：
    烟苗长至成苗期后移栽，移栽当天，将哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液均匀喷施在烟苗叶片上直至叶表面布满一层细微水珠而不滴落为止，每株烟均匀喷施20mL，总计50株；
    S3、试验测定指标及方法：
    S3.1生物学性状测定：
    移栽后28d进行生长量指标测定，各处理选取5株，测量株高、茎围、叶片长度和宽度，自上而下第5片叶，计算叶面积，其中叶面积＝0.6345×叶长×叶宽；将盆内土壤倒出，轻轻抖落根部土壤，用清水反复冲洗干净，吸水纸吸干水分称量地上部和地下部鲜重，通过EPSON根系扫描仪将根系完整扫描的图像存入计算机，利用WinRHIZO分析总根长、根表面积、平均根直径、根体积及分枝数，扫描后的根部同地上部在105℃烘箱杀青15min后，70℃烘干测干重及根冠比；
    S3.2生理生化指标测定：
    移栽后7、14、21、28d，各处理采样，自上而下第4片叶，避开叶脉取0.5g，采用丙酮乙醇提取比色法，测定叶绿素含量，采用TTC法测根系活力，采用活体分光光度法测根系硝酸还原酶活性，每个处理3次重复；
    S3.3抗病性及诱导抗性指标测定：
    各处理烟苗在移栽后28d，采用灌根接种法，将配制好的烟草疫霉孢子悬浮液1×105cfu/mL均匀接种20mL在烟株根部土壤14d后调查发病率，计算病情指数及防治效果，
    取各处理烟株根部测定过氧化物酶POD、多酚氧化酶PPO、苯丙氨酸解氨酶PAL活性和过氧化氢酶CAT活性，各处理3次重复；
    S4、数据处理：
    进行数据差异显著性检验。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，其特征在于，所述表面消毒通过75％酒精的消毒1min，然后通过30％双氧水消毒5min。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的哈茨木霉施用方式对烟草生长和诱导抗性的应用，其特征在于，所述哈茨木霉孢子悬浮液灌根与叶面喷施处理时间相同，各处理烟株同一时间移栽，且移栽方式与后续管理措施保持一致。
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