WO2023138828A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines brennstoffzellensystems, steuergerät - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines brennstoffzellensystems, steuergerät Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023138828A1 WO2023138828A1 PCT/EP2022/084605 EP2022084605W WO2023138828A1 WO 2023138828 A1 WO2023138828 A1 WO 2023138828A1 EP 2022084605 W EP2022084605 W EP 2022084605W WO 2023138828 A1 WO2023138828 A1 WO 2023138828A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- cathode
- voltage
- anode
- cell stack
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04231—Purging of the reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0438—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow
- H01M8/04388—Pressure; Ambient pressure; Flow of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
- H01M8/04455—Concentration; Density of cathode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04552—Voltage of the individual fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating a fuel cell system with the features of the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a control unit that is set up to carry out steps of the method.
- the method is particularly suitable for operating a mobile fuel cell system.
- Hydrogen-based fuel cell systems are considered to be the mobility concept of the future because they only emit water as exhaust gas and enable fast refueling times.
- fuel cells require oxygen to convert the hydrogen into electrical energy, heat and water.
- Stack a large number of fuel cells are usually combined to form a fuel cell stack, the so-called "stack".
- the core of a fuel cell is formed by a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), which comprises a membrane that is coated on both sides with a catalytic material to form electrodes.
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly
- one electrode, the anode is supplied with hydrogen and the other electrode, the cathode, with air as an oxygen supplier.
- the required hydrogen can be stored in a tank.
- hydrogen is a flammable gas that can form an explosive mixture with air
- hydrogen must be prevented from escaping from the fuel cell system. This means that leaks in the fuel cell system are avoided or at least detected early must. Leaks can occur when individual cells are damaged due to production, aging and/or external influences.
- Another reason for leaks can be a valve that is stuck in the open position, for example a shut-off valve that is arranged on the cathode or anode side, is stuck open and leaking, e.g. B. to interrupt the air supply to the cathode.
- the valve which is stuck in the open position and is therefore leaking can also be a valve for blowing out the nitrogen and the water on the anode.
- a leak in the system therefore not only has the disadvantage that hydrogen can escape from the area of the anode as a result of the leak, but also that ambient air can penetrate into the fuel cell stack and damage the individual fuel cells.
- the object of the present invention is to enable leakage detection during operation of a fuel cell system in order to avoid the disadvantages described above. A leak should be detected as early as possible.
- a method for operating a fuel cell system which comprises a fuel cell stack with a cathode and an anode.
- Air is supplied to the cathode via an air supply path and exhaust air emerging from the fuel cell stack is discharged via an exhaust air path.
- the anode is supplied with hydrogen via an anode circuit.
- the cathode is shut off when the fuel cell system is switched off and the oxygen concentration of the air present in the cathode is minimized.
- the following steps are then carried out: a) the anode is flushed with hydrogen, b) at least one cell voltage and/or the total voltage of the fuel cell stack is or are measured and used to detect a leak point.
- the build-up of tension requires the presence of oxygen. However, if the cathode was shut off when it was switched off and the oxygen present in the cathode was removed, for example by converting the oxygen, there will be a lack of oxygen when the engine is started again or during the first flush. However, if a voltage builds up, this is an indication of a leak or a leak in the system.
- the voltage depends on how much oxygen is present on the cathode side of each fuel cell. This does not presuppose that the leaking point must necessarily be on the cathode side. This is because oxygen can diffuse in the fuel cell stack in both directions, ie from the cathode side to the anode side and vice versa.
- the leak does not necessarily have to be in the fuel cell stack, but can be anywhere in the system.
- the voltage can be recorded cell-specifically and/or across the entire stack.
- the size of a detected leakage point is advantageously estimated on the basis of the at least one measured cell voltage and/or the total voltage. Since the measured voltage is proportional to the amount of oxygen in the cathode, the leakage can be quantified via the measured voltage. In this way a leakage assessment mechanism can be installed.
- the duration of the previous shutdown phase is preferably taken into account. Because the longer the shutdown phase lasts, the more air and thus oxygen is drawn in via the leakage point. The size of the leak can thus be estimated more accurately.
- the temperature in the fuel cell stack at the start of the shutdown phase is taken into account when estimating the size of a detected leak point.
- the negative pressure depends on the temperature. From the temperature at the beginning of the shutdown phase, the pressure or negative pressure in the fuel cell stack and thus the drawn-in quantity can be determined Air or oxygen are closed.
- the oxygen drawn in with the air spreads through diffusion across the membrane in both the anode and the cathode.
- the voltage distribution over the fuel cell stack can be determined by measuring the cell voltages of individual fuel cells and/or fuel cell groups. In turn, the location of the leakage point can be inferred from the voltage distribution, since the voltage distribution correlates with the distribution of oxygen in the fuel cell stack.
- a leak point is detected and localized based on the voltage distribution across the individual fuel cells of the fuel cell stack.
- the voltage distribution shows where air or oxygen enters the system and then spreads out by diffusion.
- the voltage distribution can be used, for example, to identify whether the leakage point is a leaking cell or a leaking valve.
- a leaking valve can be identified in the same way. Since the propagation of oxygen in the system depends on the length of the flow path, which extends from the leaking valve to the respective individual cell, there is a characteristic oxygen distribution over the individual fuel cells for each leaking valve. If hydrogen is then blown in on the anode side during the first flush, a voltage proportional to the oxygen present in the cells develops. This results in a characteristic distribution of the cell voltages for each leaking valve, which can be used to identify the leaking valve. If a leaking valve is identified, a corresponding error message can be set and reported. By identifying the leaking valve, the corresponding valve can then be replaced in the workshop in a targeted manner, so that costs and time for the investigations that would otherwise be necessary can be saved.
- the duration of the previous shutdown phase and/or the temperature at the beginning of the shutdown phase is or are preferably taken into account. Because both parameters have an influence on the oxygen distribution in the fuel cell stack. If they are taken into account, a leak can be localized very precisely.
- the at least one cell voltage and/or the total voltage is/are preferably monitored with the aid of a control device.
- This can in particular be the control unit of the fuel cell system. Leakage monitoring can be set up with the aid of the control device, which is activated when the fuel cell system is started after a longer shutdown phase, lasting for example several hours.
- at least one time-dependent voltage distribution is preferably stored in the control unit, which is characteristic of a specific valve of the fuel cell system when the latter is leaking. If the valve leaks during operation of the fuel cell system, the leaking valve can be identified directly using the characteristic voltage distribution stored in the control unit.
- method steps a) and b), which serve to detect a leak be carried out repeatedly, preferably each time the fuel cell system is started after a longer shutdown phase, in particular lasting several hours, and the at least one measured cell voltage and/or total voltage is/are stored. Relevant changes can be detected with the stored voltage values, for example whether a leakage point has increased and/or whether a new leakage point has formed. In this way, compliance with a tightness limit value can be monitored. If the limit value is exceeded, countermeasures can be taken.
- control unit which is set up to carry out steps of the method according to the invention. Leakage monitoring can be automated with the help of the control unit.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of a fuel cell system that can be operated according to the method according to the invention
- Figure 2 a) Voltage curve over time t during the first flush after a shutdown phase lasting several hours and with a blocked, oxygen-free cathode, b) Voltage distribution over the individual cells three seconds after the start of the first flush,
- Figure 3 a) Voltage curve over time t during the first flush after a shutdown phase lasting several hours and with the cathode blocked, with a valve being left open to simulate a leakage point, b) voltage distribution over the individual cells three seconds after the start of the first flush,
- Figure 4 a) Voltage curve over time t during the first flush after a shutdown phase lasting several hours and with the cathode shut off, with another valve left open to simulate a leakage point, b) voltage distribution over the individual cells three seconds after the start of the first flush, and
- Figure 5 a) Voltage curve over time t during the first flush after a shutdown phase lasting several hours and with the cathode blocked, with two valves left open to simulate leakage points, b) voltage distribution over the individual cells three seconds after the start of the first flush.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a fuel cell system 1 with a fuel cell stack 2 which has a cathode 3 and an anode 4 .
- the fuel cell stack 2 is connected to a cooling circuit 22 in order to dissipate the heat generated in the process.
- At least one electrical connection 23 is also provided.
- the cathode 3 When the fuel cell system 1 is in operation, the cathode 3 is supplied with air as an oxygen supplier via an air supply path 5 .
- An air conveying and air compression system 10 is integrated into the supply air path 5, with the aid of which the air is compressed in advance. Furthermore, a humidifier 11 is provided with which Help the air can be humidified in advance.
- Exhaust air emerging from the fuel cell stack 2 is discharged via an exhaust air path 6 .
- a turbine 13 of the air conveyance and air compression system 10 for energy recovery is integrated into the exhaust air path 6 . Before the exhaust air is fed to the turbine 13, liquid water is removed from the exhaust air with the aid of a water separator 12.
- several valves 8 , 9 are provided on the cathode side for shutting off the cathode 3 when it is switched off, as well as a bypass valve 14 integrated into a bypass path 15 for bypassing the fuel cell stack 2 .
- the anode 4 is supplied with hydrogen from a high-pressure tank (not shown) via an anode circuit 7 and by means of recirculation.
- a high-pressure tank not shown
- the pressure is first reduced with the aid of a pressure reducer 16 .
- the hydrogen is then metered into the anode circuit 7 with the aid of a metering valve 17 in the area of a jet pump 18 .
- the jet pump 18 is activated via the metered quantity of hydrogen. It is used for the passive recirculation of depleted hydrogen that emerges from the fuel cell stack 2 .
- a blower 19 is also provided for active recirculation.
- the blower 19 is preceded by a further water separator 20 which can discharge the separated water via a drain valve 21 .
- a further water separator 20 which can discharge the separated water via a drain valve 21 .
- the anode circuit 7 has to be flushed from time to time.
- another valve can be opened, the so-called purge valve (not shown), so that part of the anode gas is discharged from the anode circuit 7 and replaced with fresh hydrogen.
- the purge function can be integrated into the drain valve 21 so that a separate purge valve is not required.
- the hydrogen-carrying area or sealing area 24 is identified in FIG. 1 by a dashed line. Valves that are stuck in the open position can lead to a leak. In addition, leaks can form due to aging or wear and/or damage. These must be recognized and, if necessary, eliminated.
- the proposed method according to the invention serves this purpose. In order to detect a leak or leak, the voltage is measured after a lengthy shut-down phase of several hours during the first flush, i.e. when restarting with the cathode blocked. If a voltage can be measured, this is an indication that oxygen is present on the cathode side. Since the cathode should be properly shut off, only leakage can be the reason for the presence of oxygen. Since the voltage distribution correlates with the oxygen distribution in the stack, it can also be used to localize the leakage point.
- FIGS. 2b) to 5b various voltage curves are shown as examples, which were each measured after a seven-hour shutdown phase during the first flush, with the valves closed ( Figures 2a)) and with one or more valves open ( Figures 3a) to 5a)) to simulate a leak.
- the shaded area represents the time period of the first flush.
- the respective voltage distribution is shown in FIGS. 2b) to 5b), specifically at time tM. This is three seconds after the start of the first flush. It can be seen that the stress distribution differs depending on which valve or valves are open. As a result, the respective leaky valve can be identified via the voltage distribution.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202280089488.2A CN118575317A (zh) | 2022-01-20 | 2022-12-06 | 用于运行燃料电池系统的方法、控制器 |
US18/729,310 US20250096290A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 | 2022-12-06 | Method for operating a fuel cell system, and a control device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102022200627.5A DE102022200627A1 (de) | 2022-01-20 | 2022-01-20 | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Brennstoffzellensystems, Steuergerät |
DE102022200627.5 | 2022-01-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2023138828A1 true WO2023138828A1 (de) | 2023-07-27 |
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ID=84767068
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2022/084605 WO2023138828A1 (de) | 2022-01-20 | 2022-12-06 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines brennstoffzellensystems, steuergerät |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20250096290A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN118575317A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102022200627A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2023138828A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102023206972A1 (de) * | 2023-07-21 | 2025-01-23 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Diagnoseverfahren zur Diagnose eines Zustands einer Gasfördereinheit eines Brennstoffzellensystems und Brennstoffzellensystem |
DE102023211346A1 (de) * | 2023-11-15 | 2025-05-15 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren und Steuergerät zum Betreiben eines Brennstoffzellensystems und Brennstoffzellensystem |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2012089306A (ja) * | 2010-10-18 | 2012-05-10 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池システム及びそのクロスリーク検出方法 |
JP2012123914A (ja) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-28 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池システム |
KR101886522B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-07 | 2018-08-07 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지 시스템의 시동 제어 장치 및 방법 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102005037408A1 (de) | 2005-08-08 | 2007-03-15 | P21 - Power For The 21St Century Gmbh | Verfahren und System zur Detektion von Undichtigkeiten in chemischen Reaktorsystemen |
JP4893772B2 (ja) | 2009-03-31 | 2012-03-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池システム |
DE102018201252A1 (de) | 2018-01-29 | 2019-08-01 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zur Fehlerdiagnose in einem Brennstoffzellensystem, Diagnoseeinheit und Fahrzeug mit einer Diagnoseeinheit |
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2022
- 2022-01-20 DE DE102022200627.5A patent/DE102022200627A1/de active Pending
- 2022-12-06 CN CN202280089488.2A patent/CN118575317A/zh active Pending
- 2022-12-06 US US18/729,310 patent/US20250096290A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-06 WO PCT/EP2022/084605 patent/WO2023138828A1/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2012089306A (ja) * | 2010-10-18 | 2012-05-10 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池システム及びそのクロスリーク検出方法 |
JP2012123914A (ja) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-28 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池システム |
KR101886522B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-07 | 2018-08-07 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지 시스템의 시동 제어 장치 및 방법 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE102022200627A1 (de) | 2023-07-20 |
CN118575317A (zh) | 2024-08-30 |
US20250096290A1 (en) | 2025-03-20 |
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