WO2023126065A1 - Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten - Google Patents
Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023126065A1 WO2023126065A1 PCT/EP2021/087846 EP2021087846W WO2023126065A1 WO 2023126065 A1 WO2023126065 A1 WO 2023126065A1 EP 2021087846 W EP2021087846 W EP 2021087846W WO 2023126065 A1 WO2023126065 A1 WO 2023126065A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- graphite
- layer
- nickel
- tin
- electrolyte
- Prior art date
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 189
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 189
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- CLDVQCMGOSGNIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel tin Chemical compound [Ni].[Sn] CLDVQCMGOSGNIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 212
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 fatty alcohol sulfates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical class [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WDLRUFUQRNWCPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraxetan Chemical compound OC(=O)CN1CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC1 WDLRUFUQRNWCPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethylenetriamine Chemical compound NCCNCCN RPNUMPOLZDHAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- RZHKDBRREKOZEW-AAXZNHDCSA-N 2-[4-[2-[[(2r)-1-[[(4r,7s,10s,13r,16s,19r)-10-(4-aminobutyl)-4-[[(2r,3r)-1,3-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]carbamoyl]-7-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-16-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-13-(1h-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18-pentaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentazacycloicos-19-yl] Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]1CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC=2)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC1=O)C(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)C)NC(=O)CN1CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RZHKDBRREKOZEW-AAXZNHDCSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 108700038672 Edotreotide Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC(OC)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C21 MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001302 tertiary amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 24
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N (2E)-2-Tetradecenal Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=O WHOZNOZYMBRCBL-OUKQBFOZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229940044654 phenolsulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910008066 SnC12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nic 12 Natural products CC(C=CC(=O)C)c1ccc2C3C4OC4C5(O)CC=CC(=O)C5(C)C3CCc2c1 JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015424 sodium Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 11-methyldodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCCCCO XUJLWPFSUCHPQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHGOKSLTIUHUBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl sulfate Chemical class CCCCC(CC)COS(O)(=O)=O MHGOKSLTIUHUBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVWGGPRWKSHASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid, monooctadecyl ester Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O HVWGGPRWKSHASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FBFFQFUYOBLDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid;sodium Chemical compound [Na].OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 FBFFQFUYOBLDGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-yne-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCC#CCO DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004697 chelate complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001804 chlorine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical class [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O MOTZDAYCYVMXPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001336 glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium neon Chemical compound [He].[Ne] CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- CRVVHBFLWWQMPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid;sodium Chemical compound [Na].C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 CRVVHBFLWWQMPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001432 tin ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009681 x-ray fluorescence measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/12—Process control or regulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/30—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of tin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/562—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of iron or nickel or cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/56—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys
- C25D3/60—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of alloys containing more than 50% by weight of tin
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dispersion electrolyte for the galvanic deposition of graphite-containing tin, nickel or tin-nickel layers, a method for the galvanic deposition of such a graphite-containing layer using the electrolyte, a metallic substrate with is coated with such a graphite-containing layer, and the use of the dispersion electrolyte.
- Al tin-nickel layers with comparable physical properties, in particular high hardness are described as a replacement for hard chrome layers.
- an electrolyte was used which, from an ecological and health point of view, is much more advantageous than an electrolyte for hard chrome layers, which contains chromium (VI) compounds and often also hydrofluoric silicic acid, which at the typically low pH -Value can release toxic hydrogen fluoride used.
- the hard tin-nickel layers are characterized by very good corrosion resistance to acids and alkalis and can be processed by grinding, turning, milling and similar processes. Worn layers can also be detached from a component again, as the tin-nickel layer is somewhat brittle.
- the hard tin-nickel layers analogous to hard chrome layers, are often used as a so-called final layer, i.e. as an outer layer, of a component, primarily to protect it.
- Corrosion-resistant protective layers are therefore desirable, for example for electrical contacts but also for electrodes of batteries or fuel cells, which, in addition to good corrosion resistance, have lower electrical contact resistance (transition resistance) and further improved tribological properties, in particular abrasion resistance, than conventional hard tin-nickel layers exhibit . Electrolytes are therefore required with which layers can be electrodeposited which have a combination of these advantageous properties.
- One object of the present invention is therefore to provide an electrolyte for the galvanic deposition of tin layers, nickel layers or tin-nickel layers with improved tribological properties and a lower contact resistance, which can be operated safely and in an environmentally friendly manner. Further objects of the present invention are a method for the electrodeposition of such a tin layer, nickel layer or tin-nickel layer, a metallic substrate with such a tin layer, nickel layer or tin-nickel layer is coated , and to provide a use of the electrolyte .
- FIG. 1 photographs of the coated substrates from comparative examples 1 (FIG. 1a) and 2 (FIG. 1b) and from example 2 (FIG. 1c);
- FIG. 2 scanning electron micrographs of Comparative Example 1; and Fig. 3 Scanning electron micrographs of Example 2.
- the present invention provides a dispersion electrolyte for the galvanic deposition of graphite-containing tin layers, graphite-containing nickel layers or graphite-containing tin-nickel layers.
- the dispersion electrolyte includes :
- Sn 2+ ions in a concentration of 2 to 50 g/L and/or Ni 2+ ions (nickel ions) in a concentration of 0.2 to 70 g/L;
- Graphite particles in a concentration of 5 to 200 g/L; at least one anionic dispersing agent in a concentration of 1 to 25 g/L; a complexing agent for Sn 2+ and Ni 2+ ions; a leading salt z; and water .
- the dispersion electrolyte according to the invention has a pH of 4 to 7.
- the dispersion electrolyte is also referred to as “electrolyte” for short below.
- the inventors have surprisingly found that it is possible with the dispersion electrolyte according to the invention to electrodeposit graphite particles together with the metal layer, so that a graphite-containing layer is formed. Furthermore, it was surprisingly found that the integration of graphite particles in the tin, nickel or Tin-nickel layer of the contact resistance (transition resistance) and the tribological properties, in particular the abrasion resistance, can be improved compared to a corresponding layer without graphite particles. The improved tribological properties are also accompanied by increased durability of the coating due to reduced brittleness.
- the dispersion electrolyte thus enables the formation of protective layers which, due to the lower contact resistance, make it possible to reduce losses of electrical energy and at the same time extend the service life, i.e. the service life, so that the components become more sustainable overall. Furthermore, the graphite-containing layer has very good corrosion resistance to acids and alkalis. The electrolyte can thus be used to produce durable, low-loss protective layers against corrosion.
- graphite-containing tin layers, graphite-containing nickel layers or graphite-containing tin-nickel layers can be deposited galvanically (electrolytically) with advantageous properties on a metallic substrate.
- graphite-containing means that graphite is contained in the form of graphite particles that can be detected spectroscopically.
- the graphite-containing layer therefore refers to a layer containing graphite particles and represents a composite layer.
- a “tin layer” essentially (e.g. at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 98% by weight) only tin atoms are deposited as metal.
- the underlying electrolyte then contains Sn 2+ ions but hardly any Ni 2 or no Ni 2 at all + ions
- a “nickel layer” refers to a layer for which essentially (eg at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 98% by weight) only nickel atoms are deposited as metal.
- the underlying electrolyte then contains Ni 2+ ions but hardly any Sn 2+ ions or no Sn 2+ ions at all.
- a "tin-nickel layer” essentially (e.g. at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 98% by weight), only tin and nickel atoms are deposited as metals. Accordingly, the electrolyte must contain Sn 2+ and Ni 2+ ions.
- the dispersion electrolyte is very flexible in handling and allows the conditions for the galvanic deposition to be selected over a wide range. Since the dispersion electrolyte has a pH value of 4 to 7, i.e. it is only slightly acidic, it can be operated safely without the formation of harmful hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride, HF). At lower pH values, i.e. below 3.5, there would be increasing formation of hydrogen fluoride if the electrolyte contained fluoride ions.
- the dispersion electrolyte contains Sn 2+ and/or Ni 2+ ions, ie dissolved tin or nickel salts.
- Sn 2+ and/or Ni 2+ ions ie dissolved tin or nickel salts.
- all suitable tin or nickel salts can be used.
- Chlorine salts i.e. SnC12 -n ⁇ O and N1C12 -nH20, are preferred because they are cheap and easy to handle, and the chloride ions (Cl ⁇ ) increase the conductivity of the electrolyte.
- Anhydrous or salts with water of crystallization can be used, indicated by the suffix "nH2O", where n is typically 0 to 6.
- SnC12 -2 ⁇ 0 or NiC12 '6H2O are preferably used for the electrolyte because these salts can be stored and are cheap.
- the electrolyte preferably contains Sn 2+ ions in particular in a concentration of 5 to 45 g/L 20 to 30 g/L and more preferably 23 to 27 g/L.
- concentration of the Ni 2+ ions is in particular 10 to 65 g/l, preferably 50 to 65 g/l and more preferably 50 to 60 g/l.
- a tin-nickel layer containing graphite is deposited with a molar ratio of tin to nickel of 1:1, so that the nickel content, based on the metals tin and nickel, is approximately 35% by weight.
- the nickel content can be modified via the process conditions, so that the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer contains 30 to 40% by weight, preferably 30 to 38% by weight, more preferably 32 to 37% by weight. and even more preferably 35% by weight nickel based on the metals tin and nickel.
- the electrolyte preferably contains Sn 2+ ions in a concentration of 20 to 30 g/L and more preferably 23 to 27 g/L, and Ni 2+ ions in a concentration of preferably 50 to 65 g/L and more preferably 50 to 60 g/L.
- the content of nickel is typically higher than that of tin because nickel is less noble than tin and is therefore not as easily deposited.
- the weight ratio of Sn 2+ ions:Ni 2+ ions is preferably 1:1 to 1:4, more preferably 1:2 to 1:3.
- the nickel content in the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer can also be significantly reduced compared to the typical 1:1 ratio described above.
- the nickel content based on the metals tin and nickel, is 10 to 20% by weight, preferably 13 to 18% by weight and even more preferably 14 to 17% by weight.
- the weight ratio of tin to nickel in the electrolyte should be 8:1 or more, in particular 10:1 or more.
- graphite particles are dispersed at 5 to 200 g/l, which leads to the effects mentioned above.
- the content of graphite particles in the electrolyte is preferably 20 to 150 g/L and more preferably 40 to 100 g/L.
- a low content of graphite particles is used if the dispersion electrolyte also has a low content of Sn 2+ ions and/or Ni 2+ ions.
- a higher quantity of graphite particles is preferably used.
- the weight ratio of Ni: graphite is preferably 1:0.5 to 1:2, more preferably 1:0.5 to 1:1, and/or the weight ratio of Sn: graphite is preferably 1:0.5 to 1 :5, more preferably 1:1.5 to 1:2.5.
- the graphite content of the graphite-containing layer can also be modified via the concentration of graphite in the electrolyte.
- the type of graphite used is not limited in principle, so natural graphite or also synthetic graphite types can be used.
- the median (d50) particle size of the graphite particles is typically in the range from 20 nm to 20 ⁇ m, preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m and more preferably 1.5 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the particle size is determined by means of laser diffraction in accordance with ISO 13320:2020, e.g. using a HELOS spectrometer (Helium-Neon Laser Optical System). As a rule, the particle size should be less than or equal to the desired layer thickness of the graphite-containing layer.
- the particle size can be adjusted by common grinding processes and/or screening processes, with which particles that are too coarse or too fine can be separated off. Suitable graphite particles are also commercially available.
- the dispersion electrolyte according to the invention contains an anionic dispersant.
- the anionic dispersant sulfate groups (-OSO3-), sulfonate groups (-SO 3 ⁇ ), carboxylate groups (-CO2 ⁇ ) or carboxyl groups (-CO2H), which can then be present as anions in aqueous solution.
- alkali metal ions preferably Na +
- ammonium ions NH 4 +
- Sulfate groups and sulfonate groups are dissociated at the pH value of the dispersion electrolyte, ie in non-protonated form.
- Carboxy groups and carboxylate groups can be in equilibrium with one another.
- the anionic dispersant is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfate compounds having an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aromatic group each having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, sulfonate compounds having a Alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aromatic group, each having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and polymers containing carboxylate groups or carboxyl groups. Combinations of different anionic dispersants can be used.
- a “sulphate compound” refers here to an organic compound containing sulphate groups.
- a “sulphonate compound” is understood to mean an organic compound containing sulphate groups.
- the anionic dispersant is at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfate compounds having an alkyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, aromatic sulfonate compounds wherein each parent aromatic group has 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and Poly(meth)acrylic acid-containing polymers and salts thereof.
- Particularly preferred dispersants are sulfate compounds having an alkyl group with 6 to 24 carbon atoms, selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol polyether sulfates, fatty alcohol aryl polyether sulfates and combinations thereof , and/or polymers with aromatic sulfonate groups, where the underlying aromatic groups each have 6 to 14 carbon atoms and where the aromatic sulfonate groups are preferably derived from phenylsulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or naphthylsulfonic acid.
- the alkyl group with 6 to 24 carbon atoms comes from the fatty alcohol.
- Polyether groups are in particular polyethylene glycol groups.
- Polymers with aromatic sulfonate groups are, for example, condensates of aromatic sulfonate compounds, such as phenylsulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or naphthylsulfonic acid, with formaldehyde.
- aromatic sulfonate compounds such as phenylsulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or naphthylsulfonic acid, with formaldehyde.
- Fatty alcohol sulfates and fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates which contain an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, in particular 8 to 18 carbon atoms, are more preferred as sulfate compounds.
- a combination of at least one of the preferred sulfate compounds and at least one of the preferred sulfonate compounds is particularly preferred as the anionic dispersant. These are preferably used in a weight ratio of 1:10 to 10:1, in particular 1:8 to 3:1.
- anionic dispersants are Sokalan® (BASF SE, poly(meth)acrylic acid-containing polymer or salts thereof), for example Sokalan® SR, sodium phenolsulfonic acid condensates, sodium phenylsulfonic acid condensates, sodium naphthalenesulfonic acid condensates, Disponil® APE (BASF SE, alkyl polyglycol ether sulfates) and fatty alcohol sulfates having 6 to 20 carbon atoms such as 2-ethylhexyl sulfates (e.g. sodium metasulfate), lauryl sulfates, oleyl sulfates, stearyl sulfates and sulfates of mixed fatty alcohols, in particular the corresponding sodium salts thereof.
- Sokalan® SR sodium phenolsulfonic acid condensates
- sodium phenylsulfonic acid condensates sodium naphthalenesulf
- the anionic dispersant is used in a concentration of 1 to 25 g/L in the dispersion electrolyte. It is preferably contained in the electrolyte in a concentration of 2 to 20 g/l, preferably 4 to 10 g/l. Typically, a smaller amount of anionic dispersant is employed at a low graphite particle concentration and, analogously, a larger amount is employed at a higher graphite particle concentration.
- the anionic dispersant enables the graphite particles to be effectively dispersed in the electrolyte and the graphite particles to be evenly incorporated into the graphite-containing layer.
- it is not necessary to disperse the graphite particles beforehand, but these can usually be introduced into the electrolyte in powder form.
- it is not necessary to homogenize the electrolyte in an ultrasonic bath, which reduces the preparative effort and the dispersion electrolyte can be operated economically and on a large scale.
- phosphates and pyrophosphates can also be dispensed with in the dispersion electrolyte according to the invention, as a result of which the solubility of the tin or nickel salts is improved.
- the complexing agent serves to keep the Ni 2+ and/or Sn 2+ ions stably in solution and to mobilize them, so that the graphite-containing layer can be formed evenly and with a good deposition rate .
- the complexing agent is preferably a chelating, water-soluble, organic compound which has at least three functional groups selected from amino groups, carboxyl groups and carboxylate groups. Of the functional groups, at least two groups are preferably amino groups. The amino groups are selected from primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups. More preferably, the complexing agent contains one or more secondary and/or tertiary amino groups.
- the functional groups intended for coordination are typically spaced apart by 2 or 3 carbon atoms, so that a stable chelate complex can form.
- the complexing agent is particularly preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of EDTA, DETA, DOTA and DOTATOC.
- EDTA stands for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
- DETA refers to diethylene triamine.
- DOTA stands for 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,1O-tetraacetic acid.
- DOTATOC denotes a DOTA-derived complexing agent, in which a DOTA molecule is linked to the N-terminus of an octapeptide (specifically, Phe-Cys-Tyr-Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr) via an amide bond.
- the amount of complexing agent used depends primarily on the concentration of the Sn 2+ or Ni 2+ ions in the dispersion electrolyte.
- the complexing agent is usually present in the electrolyte in a concentration of 5 to 70 g/l, preferably 10 to 65 g/l, more preferably 40 to 60 g/l.
- the dispersion electrolyte also contains a conducting salt.
- a conductive salt is a water-soluble salt that increases the conductivity of the electrolyte.
- the conductive salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, ammonium fluoride, ammonium bifluoride, sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride.
- the electrolyte preferably contains at least one conductive salt selected from ammonium fluoride, ammonium bifluoride and ammonium acetate.
- the conducting salt also increases the solubility of the tin or nickel salts.
- a dispersion electrolyte for the galvanic deposition of graphite-containing tin-nickel layers in particular with a nickel content of 32 to 37% by weight, e.g. 35% by weight, preferably contains at least one fluoride (F ⁇ )-containing conductive salt. It can, but does not have to, be combined with other conductive salts. It is believed that the fluoride ions stabilize a binuclear complex of tin and nickel, and so may help the formation of a very constant alloying ratio of the tin-nickel layers in the 1:1 molar ratio.
- F ⁇ fluoride
- the conducting salt is typically contained in the electrolyte in a concentration of 5 to 70 g/l, preferably 10 to 65 g/l, more preferably 40 to 60 g/l.
- the dispersion electrolyte comprises:
- Graphite particles with a median particle size of 1 to 10 pm, in particular 1.5 to 8 pm, in a concentration of 20 to 150 g/l, in particular 40 to 100 g/l; at least one anionic dispersing agent in a concentration of 2 to 20 g/l, in particular 4 to 10 g/l; a complexing agent selected from EDTA, DETA, DOTA and DOTATOC in a concentration of 10 to 65 g/L; a conducting salt in a concentration of 10 to 65 g/L; and
- the anionic dispersant is at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfate compounds with an alkyl group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, aromatic sulfonate compounds, the underlying aromatic group each having 6 to 14 carbon atoms has atoms, and poly(meth)acrylic acid-containing polymers and salts thereof, preferably it is a combination of at least one of the sulphate compounds and at least one of the sulphonate compounds, for example in the ratio mentioned above.
- the dispersion electrolyte comprises:
- Graphite particles with a median particle size of 1.5 to 8 ⁇ m in a concentration of 40 to 100 g/L; at least one anionic dispersing agent in a concentration of 4 to 10 g/L; a complexing agent, selected from EDTA, DETA and DOTA, in a concentration of 10 to 65 g/l, in particular 40 to 60 g/l; a conducting salt, comprising or consisting of fluoride-containing conducting salt, in a concentration of 10 to 65 g/l, in particular 40 to 60 g/l; and water .
- the anionic dispersant is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohol sulfates and fatty alcohol polyether sulfates in which the alkyl group of the fatty alcohol moiety has 6 to 24 carbon atoms, in particular 6 to 20 carbon atoms and preferably 8 to 18 Carbon atoms, having, and polymers with aromatic sulfonate groups, wherein the underlying aromatic groups each have 6 to 14 carbon atoms and wherein the aromatic sulfonate groups are preferably derived from phenylsulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or naphthylsulfonic acid consists.
- the at least one anionic dispersant is particularly preferably a combination of fatty alcohol sulfate or fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfate containing an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, in particular 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and a phenylsulfonic acid polymer (phenylsulfonic acid condensate) , a phenolsulfonic acid polymer (phenolsulfonic acid condensate) or a naphthylsulfonic acid polymer (naphthylsulfonic acid condensate), for example in the ratio mentioned above.
- dispersion electrolyte can contain customary additives, as are also known from conventional electrolytes for the galvanic deposition of tin, nickel and tin-nickel layers.
- other dispersants can also be added to the electrolyte. However, preference is given to using only the anionic dispersant.
- the dispersion electrolyte can be formed by mixing or dissolving the tin and/or nickel salts and the other components, ie the conductive salt, the complexing agent, the anionic dispersing agent, a graphite powder and water.
- the graphite powder can be added as a solid without first dispersing it or ultrasonicating the mixture to disperse it.
- When forming the Electrolyte is preferably stirred and slightly warmed if necessary to accelerate the dissolution of the components.
- the pH can, for example, by adding salt acid or. Sodium hydroxide, ammonia, potassium hydroxide or an aqueous solution thereof can be adjusted.
- the dispersion electrolyte according to the invention can advantageously be produced on a large scale and is thus suitable for industrial applications.
- the electrolyte is storable, where necessary. deposited graphite particles can be dispersed again by stirring.
- the present invention provides a method for the galvanic deposition of a graphite-containing tin layer, a graphite-containing nickel layer or a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the method comprises the galvanic deposition of the graphite-containing layer on a metallic substrate using the dispersion electrolyte according to at least one of the embodiments described herein.
- the process is carried out at temperatures in the range from 50 to 85.degree. C., preferably 55 to 70.degree.
- the dispersion electrolyte is heated to this temperature.
- the process can be carried out with all common devices for the galvanic deposition of tin-nickel layers. If the electrolyte contains fluoride salts, plastic vessels are better than glass vessels. Typically, the electrolyte is thoroughly mixed, for example stirred, during the deposition.
- the metallic substrate is connected as a cathode.
- it can be a metallic component, a component for a contact, a switch or an electrode.
- the graphite-containing layer is preferably produced as a final layer, ie as an outer layer, on the metallic substrate.
- a metallic substrate is also a Understood metal layer that can be electroplated, so for example a pre-metallized plastic f.
- metals include copper, nickel, precious metals such as palladium or platinum, steel, stainless steel, brass, and bronze.
- the surface to be coated can be cleaned beforehand using common methods, for example degreased.
- Nickel anodes for example, can be used as the anode. This makes it easy to control the nickel ion content in the electrolyte. Multiple anodes can also be used.
- Deposition is preferably carried out at a current density of 0.1 to 10 A/dm 2 , preferably 0.5 to 5 A/dm 2 .
- the content of graphite and, in the case of a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer, the content of nickel can be influenced via the current density.
- a higher current density leads to a higher graphite content in the graphite-containing layer.
- current densities 5 A/dm 2 and more, it is possible to increase the nickel content of a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the nickel content in the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer can be somewhat reduced by means of a low nickel concentration in the electrolyte.
- a nickel content of 10 to 20 wt. -% can be set in the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the pH value of the electrolyte can also influence the nickel content of a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer. A higher pH value tends to lead to a slightly higher nickel content.
- the method can be used to produce a graphite-containing layer with any layer thickness.
- the graphite-containing layer is deposited with a layer thickness of 4 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m and more preferably 5 to 12 ⁇ m.
- the layer thickness is measured by means of X-ray fluorescence measurement in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3497 (2001-12), for example with a Fischerscope X-Ray X-ray fluorescence measuring device XDAL.
- the invention provides a coated metallic substrate which can be obtained by the method described herein using the dispersion electrolyte described herein. Accordingly, the metallic substrate is coated with a graphite-containing tin layer, a graphite-containing nickel layer or a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the graphite-containing layer contains 0.1 to 8 wt. -% graphite, based on the total weight of the graphite-containing layer.
- the graphite-containing layer 0.5 to 3 wt. -% and more preferably 0.8 to 2.3 wt. -% Graphite, based on the total weight of the graphite-containing layer.
- the graphite-containing layer has a lower contact resistance and improved tribological properties compared to a corresponding layer without graphite particles.
- the graphite-containing layer is a graphite-containing tin layer.
- a tin Layer quite soft and ductile.
- the tribological properties ie in particular the abrasion resistance, could also be significantly increased with such a layer.
- the contact resistance could be significantly reduced again.
- the graphite-containing tin layer is particularly suitable for applications in plug contacts and sliding contacts.
- the graphite-containing layer is a graphite-containing nickel layer. It was again found that by integrating graphite particles into the nickel layer, the tribological properties and the contact resistance could be significantly improved compared to a corresponding nickel layer without the addition of graphite. This also reduces the brittleness of the nickel layer so that it has a longer service life. At the same time, it was possible to obtain a good hardness of the graphite-containing nickel layer even without a subsequent hardening step.
- the graphite-containing nickel layer has an average coefficient of friction of 0.4 or less, preferably 0.3 or less and even more preferably 0.2 or less, and/or a hardness of at least HV 300 (Vickers Hardness ) , preferably at least HV 350 and more preferably at least HV 400 .
- the mean coefficient of friction and the hardness are determined according to the methods given below. These properties can be adjusted in particular via the graphite content in the layer and the size of the graphite particles.
- the graphite-containing nickel layer is particularly suitable as a protective layer and for electrode coatings, plug connections and contact surfaces.
- the graphite-containing nickel layer can serve as an inexpensive replacement for a tin-nickel layer if the requirements for the Corrosion resistance are not so high.
- Dense and well-adhering oxide layers form on freshly deposited nickel layers, which offer good corrosion protection against diluted acids and alkalis. While conventional nickel layers have a high contact resistance due to the oxide layer, this property is improved in the nickel layers according to the invention through the incorporation of graphite.
- the graphite-containing layer is a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer typically has a nickel content of 10 to 40% by weight. It is preferred that the nickel content is either in the range from 13 to 18% by weight or in the range from 30 to 38% by weight, based on the metals tin and nickel.
- graphite-containing tin-nickel layers with a nickel content that is well below the usual molar ratio of 1:1 (about 35% by weight) can be electrodeposited.
- a nickel content of 13 to 18% by weight, in particular 14 to 17% by weight, based on the metals tin and nickel, the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer has very good tribological properties and low contact resistance.
- the increased incorporation of tin in the layer again significantly reduces the contact resistance.
- the graphite-containing tin-nickel layers according to this embodiment are particularly suitable for plug connections, switch contacts and as a substitute for silver layers.
- the nickel content of the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer is preferably 30 to 38% by weight, more preferably 32 to 37% by weight, for example 35% by weight, based on the metals tin and nickel.
- the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer preferably has a hardness of HV 200 or more, more preferably HV 300 or more.
- the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer preferably has an average coefficient of friction of 0.4 or less, preferably 0.2 or less.
- the contact resistance of the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer compared to a gold contact at 25° C. is in particular 50 m ⁇ (mOhm) or less, preferably 40 m ⁇ or less and even more preferably 30 m ⁇ or less.
- the contact resistance is determined according to the procedure given below.
- the hardness, the average coefficient of friction and the contact resistance of the tin-nickel layer can be adjusted in particular via the graphite content in the layer and the size of the graphite particles.
- the graphite-containing layers formed with the electrolyte according to the invention are suitable for various applications, in particular electronic components with low contact resistance and good durability due to the tribological properties and the corrosion resistance to acids and alkalis.
- the invention therefore also provides the use of the dispersion electrolyte described herein for producing an electronic component with a graphite-containing tin layer, a graphite-containing nickel layer or a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer.
- the dispersion electrolyte is preferably used to produce a graphite-containing tin-nickel layer as a protective layer or Finishing layer used on a contact or an electrode.
- the electrodes can be used, for example, in batteries, Electrolyzers or fuel cells are used. Other areas of application are electrical connection technologies and catalyst layers.
- the layer thickness was measured using a Fischerscope X-Ray X-ray fluorescence measuring device XDAL in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3497 (2001-12). This method is used for layer thicknesses up to 20 pm. In the case of layer thicknesses of more than 20 ⁇ m, the layer thickness is determined on the cross section of the layer using a microscope. An average measured value is given.
- composition of the alloys ie tin and nickel was also analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis using the aforementioned device in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3497 (2001-12). Measurements are obtained with an accuracy of ⁇ 2% by weight or better. The corresponding content is given in relation to the metals in the deposited layer.
- the graphite content was determined using glow discharge spectroscopy (GDOES, Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy) in accordance with DIN ISO 11505 (2018-02) over the cross section of the graphite-containing layer. The content is given based on the entire graphite-containing layer. 3) Tribology
- the mean coefficient of friction was determined in an endurance test with 10,000 cycles (revolutions).
- the mean coefficient of friction (p) is dimensionless.
- the contact resistance was determined at 25°C in a 4-point measurement compared to gold contacts in accordance with the test specification MIL-DTL-81706B (ContRes-ConCoat-001 of the Research Institute Edelmetalle + Metallchemie (fern) , Schissebisch Gmünd (Germany) ) with a contact pressure of up to 2N .
- the hardness test was carried out according to DIN EN ISO 14577-1 (2015-11) on the surface, if necessary after polishing (i.e. conditioning) of the Surface performed the respective deposited layer.
- the Vickers hardness is specified using the symbol "HV”.
- the test force used of 0.005 corresponds to 0.049 N (multiplied by a proportionality factor of 0.102).
- the Vickers hardness is specified without dimensions.
- the hydrogen fluoride emission was determined with a Dräger accuro device using Dräger hydrogen fluoride test tubes 0.5/a for a content of 0.5 to 15 ppm.
- the MAK value (2001) for hydrogen fluoride is 2 ppm.
- Slotoclean AK 160 (contains NaOH and disodium metasilicate), SLOTOCLEAN EL DCG (contains NaOH, disodium metasilicate and sodium carbonate), and SLOTOCLEAN BEF 30 (contains but-2-yne-1,4-diol and isotridecanol ethoxylated) are products from Fa. Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter. reagents
- VP 11 2571 Bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter, containing ammonium bifluoride as the conducting salt (15 to 20% by weight) and a polyamine as the complexing agent (15 to 20% by weight).
- VP 11 2572 Bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter, containing a sodium salt of a polymer of an aromatic sulfonic acid (20 to 25% by weight) as an anionic dispersant.
- VP 11 2573 Bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter, containing a sodium sulfate of a fatty alcohol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (15 to 20% by weight) as an anionic dispersant.
- Additive Culmo AN 11-1 bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter, containing 2-propylheptanol, ethoxylated, propoxylated (15 to 25% by weight) .
- Tin bath additive SAT 31 1 bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter, containing 2-propylheptanol, ethoxylated, propoxylated (15 to 25% by weight) and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (1 to 7% by weight).
- Nickel bath additive SLOTONIK M bath additive from . Dr.-Ing. Max Schlotter containing alkyl ether sulfate C12-14 with EO sodium salt (3 to 5 wt%) .
- tin-nickel electrolytes with the components from Table 1 were prepared in a plastic beaker.
- SnC12 - 2 ⁇ 0 and NiC12 '6H2O were first dissolved in a mixture of distilled water and the bath additives while stirring (250 rpm) at 55 °C.
- the corresponding graphite powder was then slowly added and dispersed with stirring (250 rpm).
- the particle size given in Table 1 in brackets is the median (d50) particle size of the graphite particles.
- the pH was adjusted by adding hydrochloric acid.
- the amount of electrolyte was 2 L.
- FIG. 1b Photographs of the coated substrates from Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and from Example 2 are shown in FIG.
- the inclusion of graphite in comparative example 2 (FIG. 1b) was so low that it could not be visually distinguished from comparative example 1 (FIG. 1a), which was produced entirely without graphite particles.
- a black tin-nickel layer is observed as a result of the successful incorporation of graphite in example 2 (FIG. 1c).
- FIG. 1 Scanning electron micrographs of the tin-nickel layer from Comparative Example 1 are shown in FIG. A uniform layer was observed at both a magnification factor of 100 (Fig. 2a) and a magnification of 30,000 (Fig. 2b).
- FIG. 3a the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer from example 2 is shown at a magnification of 100. A uniform layer was observed with no appreciable aggregation of the graphite particles.
- Figure 3b shows the same layer at a magnification of 30,000. Because of the graphite particles, the surface is rougher than that of the tin-nickel layer from Comparative Example 1. The graphite particles on the surface of the graphite-containing tin-nickel layer stand out clearly here.
- the tin-nickel layers formed in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were examined for their hardness, tribological properties (coefficient of friction) and contact resistance. The methods described above were used for this. The results are summarized in Table 1 above.
- the conventional tin-nickel layer from Comparative Example 1 is characterized by high hardness. Furthermore, a contact resistance to gold contacts of 75.7 m ⁇ and an average coefficient of friction of 0.57 were measured. Due to the low or In the absence of graphite intercalation, the physical properties of Comparative Example 2 were similar to those of Comparative Example 1.
- Example 7 with a nickel content of only 16 wt. -% resulted in very good tribological properties, i.e. a low average coefficient of friction and low contact resistance. With the high tin content of approx. 84 wt. -% was accompanied by a lower hardness.
- example 8
- Example 2 was repeated and the pH adjusted to 4.0 and the bath temperature to 60°C.
- the hydrogen fluoride emission was determined using the above method.
- the hydrogen fluoride emission was below the detection limit and was therefore less than 0.5 ppm.
- the dispersion electrolyte can thus be operated safely.
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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PCT/EP2021/087846 WO2023126065A1 (de) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten |
EP21848158.8A EP4457388A1 (de) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten |
KR1020247025543A KR20240132325A (ko) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | 흑연-함유 층을 위한 분산 전해질 |
CN202180105332.4A CN118475727A (zh) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | 用于含石墨的层的分散电解液 |
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PCT/EP2021/087846 WO2023126065A1 (de) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten |
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WO2023126065A1 true WO2023126065A1 (de) | 2023-07-06 |
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PCT/EP2021/087846 WO2023126065A1 (de) | 2021-12-30 | 2021-12-30 | Dispersionselektrolyt für graphit-haltige schichten |
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EP (1) | EP4457388A1 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20240132325A (de) |
CN (1) | CN118475727A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2023126065A1 (de) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1103638A1 (de) * | 1998-07-24 | 2001-05-30 | Toyo Kohan Co., Ltd | Oberflächenbehandeltes stahlblech für batteriegehäuse, verfahren zu dessen herstellung, mit dem stahlblech hergestelltes batteriegehäuse und batterie bei dem dieses gehäuse verwendet wird |
EP1643015A2 (de) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-04-05 | Dowa Mining Co., Ltd. | Verzinntes Produkt |
CN101736389A (zh) * | 2009-12-24 | 2010-06-16 | 张西林 | 电镀镍基-石墨自润滑材料及其覆层处理方法 |
WO2016131916A1 (de) | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-25 | Dr.-Ing. Max Schlötter Gmbh & Co. Kg | Zinn-nickel-schicht mit hoher härte |
CN112853416A (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 暨南大学 | 兼具自润滑和耐磨功能的复合镀层及其制备方法与镀液 |
-
2021
- 2021-12-30 EP EP21848158.8A patent/EP4457388A1/de active Pending
- 2021-12-30 CN CN202180105332.4A patent/CN118475727A/zh active Pending
- 2021-12-30 KR KR1020247025543A patent/KR20240132325A/ko unknown
- 2021-12-30 WO PCT/EP2021/087846 patent/WO2023126065A1/de active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1103638A1 (de) * | 1998-07-24 | 2001-05-30 | Toyo Kohan Co., Ltd | Oberflächenbehandeltes stahlblech für batteriegehäuse, verfahren zu dessen herstellung, mit dem stahlblech hergestelltes batteriegehäuse und batterie bei dem dieses gehäuse verwendet wird |
EP1643015A2 (de) * | 2004-09-29 | 2006-04-05 | Dowa Mining Co., Ltd. | Verzinntes Produkt |
CN101736389A (zh) * | 2009-12-24 | 2010-06-16 | 张西林 | 电镀镍基-石墨自润滑材料及其覆层处理方法 |
WO2016131916A1 (de) | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-25 | Dr.-Ing. Max Schlötter Gmbh & Co. Kg | Zinn-nickel-schicht mit hoher härte |
CN112853416A (zh) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 暨南大学 | 兼具自润滑和耐磨功能的复合镀层及其制备方法与镀液 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
FENG LI MING ET AL: "Preparation and electrochemical properties of tin-nickel-graphite composite anode materials for lithium batteries", vol. 151, 1 January 2012 (2012-01-01), pages 260 - 265, XP009537949, ISBN: 978-3-03785-350-4, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.scientific.net/AMM.151.260> [retrieved on 20120101], DOI: 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMM.151.260 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20240132325A (ko) | 2024-09-03 |
EP4457388A1 (de) | 2024-11-06 |
CN118475727A (zh) | 2024-08-09 |
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