WO2023069087A1 - Appareil et procédé d'égalisation et de décodage conjoints à l'aide d'une machine à états finis pour une communication bluetooth en mode longue portée - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé d'égalisation et de décodage conjoints à l'aide d'une machine à états finis pour une communication bluetooth en mode longue portée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023069087A1
WO2023069087A1 PCT/US2021/055786 US2021055786W WO2023069087A1 WO 2023069087 A1 WO2023069087 A1 WO 2023069087A1 US 2021055786 W US2021055786 W US 2021055786W WO 2023069087 A1 WO2023069087 A1 WO 2023069087A1
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Prior art keywords
signal
fsm
approximated
waveforms
transmitter
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PCT/US2021/055786
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English (en)
Inventor
Aiguo Yan
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Zeku, Inc.
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Priority to PCT/US2021/055786 priority Critical patent/WO2023069087A1/fr
Publication of WO2023069087A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023069087A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
    • H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
    • H04L27/2003—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation
    • H04L27/2007—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation in which the phase change within each symbol period is constrained
    • H04L27/2017—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation in which the phase change within each symbol period is constrained in which the phase changes are non-linear, e.g. generalized and Gaussian minimum shift keying, tamed frequency modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03178—Arrangements involving sequence estimation techniques
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
    • H04L27/22—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
    • H04L27/227—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits using coherent demodulation
    • H04L27/2275—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits using coherent demodulation wherein the carrier recovery circuit uses the received modulated signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
    • H04M1/724—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones
    • H04M1/72403—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality
    • H04M1/72409—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality by interfacing with external accessories
    • H04M1/72412—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality by interfacing with external accessories using two-way short-range wireless interfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2250/00—Details of telephonic subscriber devices
    • H04M2250/02—Details of telephonic subscriber devices including a Bluetooth interface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatus and method for wireless communication.
  • Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts.
  • a radio access technology (RAT) is the underlying physical connection method for a radio-based communication network.
  • a wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal, short-range wireless network for interconnecting devices centered around a specific distance from a user.
  • WPANs have gained popularity because of the flexibility and connectivity convenience that WPANs provide.
  • WPANs such as those based on device-to-device communication protocols (e.g., a Bluetooth ® (BT) protocol, a Bluetooth ® Low Energy (BLE) protocol, a Zigbee ® protocol, etc.), provide wireless connectivity to peripheral devices by providing wireless links that allow connectivity within a specific distance (e.g., 5 meters, 10 meters, 20 meters, 100 meters, 1 kilometer etc.).
  • BT Bluetooth ®
  • BLE Bluetooth ® Low Energy
  • Zigbee ® protocol e.g.
  • a specific distance e.g., 5 meters, 10 meters, 20 meters, 100 meters, 1 kilometer etc.
  • the WPAN controller may include an interface unit configured to receive a signal from a transmitter.
  • the signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first finite state machine (FSM) of the transmitter.
  • the WPAN controller may include a second FSM configured to perform a joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate the original sequence based on a set of approximated waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be associated with a constraint of the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • a WPAN controller of a receiver is also provided.
  • the WPAN controller may include an interface unit configured to receive a signal from a transmitter.
  • the signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the WPAN controller may include a second FSM.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by generating a set of approximated waveforms based on the signal and a constraint associated with the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by identifying, from the set of approximated waveforms, an approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by estimating the original sequence based on the approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the method may include receiving, by an interface unit, a signal from a transmitter.
  • the signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the method may include performing, by a second FSM, a joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate the original sequence based on a set of approximated waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be associated with the signal and a constraint associated first FSM of the transmitter.
  • FIG.1A illustrates a block diagram of an example transmitter apparatus.
  • FIG.1B illustrates a block diagram of a n example receiver apparatus.
  • FIG.2 illustrates an exemplary wireless network, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary node, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.4A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary transmitter apparatus including a radio and a host chip, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.4B illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary receiver apparatus including a radio and a host chip, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates a block diagram of a coding and/or modulation scheme implemented using various Bluetooth protocols, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5B illustrates a block diagram of a first exemplary implementation of an FSM of the transmitter apparatus of FIG.4A, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates a block diagram of a first exemplary implementation of an FSM of the transmitter apparatus of FIG.4A, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5C illustrates a block diagram of a second exemplary implementation of the FSM of transmitter apparatus of FIG.4A, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5D illustrates a graphical representation of a pulse waveform, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5E illustrates a graphical representation of the phase of ⁇ N on a unit circle, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5F illustrates a Gaussian Mean Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation scheme for a first BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 5G illustrates a modulation and coding scheme for a second BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • GMSK Gaussian Mean Shift Keying
  • FIG.5H illustrates a modulation and coding scheme for a third BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.5J illustrates a block diagram of a WPAN in which the receiver performs the joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate an original sequence of the transmitter, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.6 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method of wireless communication, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0026] Although some configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • SC- FDMA single-carrier frequency division multiple access
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • GSM global system for mobile communications
  • An OFDMA network may implement a first RAT, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or New Radio (NR).
  • a WLAN system may implement a second RAT, such as Wi-Fi.
  • a WPAN system may implement a third RAT, such as long-range mode BT or long-range mode BLE.
  • the techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and RATs mentioned above, as well as other wireless networks and RATs.
  • BT is a device-to-device wireless communication protocol that supports a WPAN between a central device (e.g., a master device) and at least one peripheral device (e.g., a slave device).
  • BLE Power consumption associated with BT communications may render BT impractical in certain applications, such as applications in which excessively frequent transfer of data occurs. Moreover, BT communications may be limited in its number of practical applications by nature of its limited communication range. [0032] To address the power consumption issue associated with BT, BLE was developed and adopted in various applications in which an infrequent transfer of data occurs. BLE exploits the infrequent transfer of data by using a low duty cycle operation, and switching at least one of the central device and/or peripheral device(s) to a sleep mode in between data transmissions. A BLE communications link between two devices may be established using, e.g., hardware, firmware, host operating system, host software stacks, and/or host application support.
  • Example applications that use BLE include battery-operated sensors and actuators in various medical, industrial, consumer, and fitness applications.
  • BLE may be used to connect devices such as BLE enabled smart phones, tablets, and laptops.
  • BLE was initially designed to reduce power consumption while maintaining a communication range similar to classic BT.
  • the Bluetooth industry standard has since introduced a new “long-range” mode. Long-range mode is not only useful for extending the range of a Bluetooth connection or discovery of advertisements, but it also helps achieve more robust communication in noisy RF environments and in areas with many obstacles.
  • long-range mode BLE applications include 1) remote control and remote identification system for drones, 2) monitoring sensors deployed on large-area farms, and 3) making connections more robust in areas with many obstacles, such as in industrial environments, just to name a few.
  • the industry standard includes a new PHY known as “Coded PHY,” which enables BT/BLE connectivity to extend farther than the usual 30-100 feet ranges to new ranges beyond 1 kilometer. Even though the raw data is still transmitted using the new Coded PHY at a rate of 1Mbps, the user data for long-range mode includes redundancy to increase the probability that data packets are correctly receiving/decoding over the extended communication range.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an example transmitter 100 that communicates using BT long-range mode.
  • FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an example receiver that communicates using BT long-range mode.
  • FIGs. 1A and 1B will be described together.
  • transmitter 100 may include a transmission chain that includes, e.g., a convolutional encoder 102a, a mapper 104a, and a Gaussian Mean Shift Keying (GMSK) modulator 106a.
  • GMSK Gaussian Mean Shift Keying
  • example transmitter 100 performs sequential operations on a bit stream to generate a modulated signal that is sent over the air to a receiver device, e.g., such as example receiver 150.
  • example receiver 150 may include a reception chain that includes, e.g., GMSK demodulator 106b, de-mapper 104b, and convolution decoder 102b.
  • the reception chain of example receiver 150 may perform sequential operations on the modulated signal received from example transmitter 100.
  • GMSK demodulator 106b There are a number of different techniques that can be used by GMSK demodulator 106b to demodulate a GMSK modulated signal.
  • GMSK demodulator 106b can generate a hard output or a soft output, depending on which technique is used. For example, the MLSE algorithm usually generates a hard output, while the other techniques mentioned above may generate a soft output.
  • convolutional decoder 102b can receive either a hard input or a soft input, depending on the demodulation technique used by GMSK demodulator 106b.
  • convolutional decoder 102b achieves its best performance when a soft input is received from GMSK demodulator 106b.
  • GMSK demodulator 106b achieves its best performance when demodulation is performed using the MLSE algorithm, which generates a hard output.
  • the MLSE algorithm can provide, for example, a 3 dB gain over the second-best algorithm in terms of demodulation performance.
  • the hard outputs of the MLSE algorithm, which are then input into convolutional decoder 102b may not achieve the best performance for convolutional decoder 102b, as compared with soft inputs.
  • GMSK demodulator 106b can be configured to perform a soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA), which generates MLSE soft outputs.
  • SOVA soft output Viterbi algorithm
  • implementing SOVA also comes at the cost of computational complexity, which also makes this technique undesirable.
  • the present disclosure provides a transmitter finite state machine (FSM) configured to perform coding, mapping, and modulation jointly, and a receiver FSM configured to perform demodulation, de-mapping, and decoding jointly.
  • FSM transmitter finite state machine
  • the receiver FSM may generate a set of approximated waveforms that are fewer in number than a total number of possible waveforms associated with an original signal input into the transmitter FSM, thereby reducing computational complexity.
  • FIG.2 illustrates an example WPAN 200 in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
  • a central device 202 may connect to and establish a BLE communication link 216 with one or more peripheral devices 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 using a BLE protocol or a modified BLE protocol.
  • the BLE protocol is part of the BT core specification and enables radio frequency communication operating within the globally accepted 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific & Medical (ISM) band.
  • the central device 202 may include suitable logic, circuitry, interfaces, processors, and/or code that may be used to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 using the BLE protocol or the modified BLE protocol as described below.
  • the central device 202 may operate as an initiator to request establishment of a link layer (LL) connection with an intended peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214.
  • LL link layer
  • a LL in the BLE long-range mode protocol stack and/or modified BLE long-range mode protocol stack provides, as compared to BT, long-range transmission, ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and encryption functionalities, as well as modulation and spreading in some implementations.
  • the central device 202 may become a master device and the intended peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 may become a slave device for the established LL connection.
  • the central device 202 may be capable of supporting multiple LL connections at a time with various peripheral devices 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 (slave devices).
  • the central device 202 (master device) may be operable to manage various aspects of data packet communication in a LL connection with an associated peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 (slave device).
  • the central device 202 may be operable to determine an operation schedule in the LL connection with a peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214.
  • the central device 202 may be operable to initiate a LL protocol data unit (PDU) exchange sequence over the LL connection.
  • PDU LL protocol data unit
  • LL connections may be configured to run periodic connection events in dedicated data channels.
  • the exchange of LL data PDU transmissions between the central device 202 and one or more of the peripheral devices 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 may take place within connection events.
  • the central device 202 may be configured to transmit the first LL data PDU in each connection event to an intended peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214.
  • the central device 202 may utilize a polling scheme to poll the intended peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 for a LL data PDU transmission during a connection event.
  • the intended peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 may transmit a LL data PDU upon receipt of packet LL data PDU from the central device 202.
  • a peripheral device 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 may transmit a LL data PDU to the central device 202 without first receiving a LL data PDU from the central device 202.
  • Examples of the central device 202 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a mobile station (STA), a laptop, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device (e.g., smart watch, wireless headphones, etc.), a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a toaster, a thermostat, a hearing aid, a blood glucose on-body unit, an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, or any other similarly functioning device.
  • SIP session initiation protocol
  • STA mobile station
  • PC personal computer
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • satellite radio a global positioning system
  • a multimedia device e.g., a video device, a digital
  • Examples of the one or more peripheral devices 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a SIP phone, a STA, a laptop, a PC, a desktop computer, a PDA, a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device (e.g., smart watch, wireless headphones, etc.), a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a toaster, a thermostat, a hearing aid, a blood glucose on-body unit, an IoT device, or any other similarly functioning device.
  • a cellular phone a smart phone, a SIP phone, a STA, a laptop, a PC, a desktop computer, a PDA, a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device,
  • Each element in FIG. 2 may be considered a node of WPAN 200. More detail regarding the possible implementation of a node is provided by way of example in the description of a node 300 in FIG. 3.
  • Node 300 may be configured as central device 202 and/or peripheral device 204-214 in FIG.2. As shown in FIG.3, node 300 may include a processor 302, a memory 304, and a transceiver 306.
  • Transceiver 306 may include any suitable device for sending and/or receiving data.
  • Node 300 may include one or more transceivers, although only one transceiver 306 is shown for simplicity of illustration.
  • An antenna 308 is shown as a possible communication mechanism for node 300. Multiple antennas and/or arrays of antennas may be utilized for receiving multiple spatially multiplex data streams.
  • node 300 may include processor 302.
  • Processor 302 may include microprocessors, microcontroller units (MCUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout the present disclosure.
  • MCUs microcontroller units
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
  • FPGAs field-programmable gate arrays
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • state machines gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout the present disclosure.
  • Processor 302 may be a hardware device having one or more processing cores.
  • Processor 302 may execute software.
  • node 300 may also include memory 304. Although only one memory is shown, it is understood that multiple memories can be included. Memory 304 can broadly include both memory and storage.
  • memory 304 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), ferro- electric RAM (FRAM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), compact disc read- only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, hard disk drive (HDD), such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, solid-state drive (SSD), or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions that can be accessed and executed by processor 302.
  • RAM random-access memory
  • ROM read-only memory
  • SRAM static RAM
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • FRAM ferro- electric RAM
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable ROM
  • CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory
  • HDD hard disk drive
  • Flash drive such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices
  • SSD solid-state drive
  • memory 304 may be embodied by any computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium.
  • Processor 302, memory 304, and transceiver 306 may be implemented in various forms in node 300 for performing wireless communication functions.
  • processor 302, memory 304, and transceiver 306 of node 300 are implemented (e.g., integrated) on one or more system-on-chips (SoCs).
  • SoCs system-on-chips
  • processor 302 and memory 304 may be integrated on an application processor (AP) SoC (sometimes known as a “host,” referred to herein as a “host chip”) that handles application processing in an operating system (OS) environment, including generating raw data to be transmitted.
  • API SoC application processor
  • OS operating system
  • processor 302 and memory 304 may be integrated on a radio SoC (sometimes known as a “modem,” referred to herein as a “radio”) that converts the raw data, e.g., from the host chip, to signals that can be used to modulate the carrier frequency for transmission, and vice versa, which can run a real-time operating system (RTOS).
  • processor 302 and transceiver 306 (and memory 304 in some cases) may be integrated on radio SoC (sometimes known as a “transceiver,” referred to herein as an “radio”) that transmits and receives RF signals with antenna 308. It is understood that in some examples, some or all of the host chip and the radio may be integrated as a single SoC.
  • central device 202 and/or peripheral device 204-214 may include a BLE device configured to operate in long-range mode.
  • the WPAN controller may be configured to perform operations associated with long-range mode BLE, as described below in connection with FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G and 6.
  • central device 202 When implemented as a central device (e.g., transmitter device), central device 202 may include suitable logic, circuitry, finite state machines (FSMs), interfaces, processors, and/or code that may be used to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 204-214 using the BLE long-range mode protocol or the modified BLE long-range mode protocol as described below in connection with any of FIGs.4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5J, and 6.
  • the WPAN controller of central device 202 and/or peripheral device 204-214 may include a transmitter FSM configured to perform coding, mapping, and modulation, jointly.
  • the WPAN controller may also include a receiver FSM configured to perform demodulation, de-mapping, and decoding, jointly (also referred to herein as “joint equalization and decoding”).
  • a receiver FSM configured to perform demodulation, de-mapping, and decoding, jointly (also referred to herein as “joint equalization and decoding”).
  • the receiver FSM may estimate an original sequence input into a transmitter FSM using a reduced set of waveforms, e.g., as described below in additional detail in connection with FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, 5E, 5F, 5G, 5H, 5J, and 6.
  • FIG.4A illustrates a block diagram of a transmitter apparatus 400 including a radio 402a and a host chip 406a, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Transmitter apparatus 400 may be implemented as central device 202 and/or peripheral device 204-214 of WPAN 200 in FIG. 2.
  • transmitter apparatus 400 may include radio 402a, host chip 406a, and one or more antennas 410a.
  • radio 402a is implemented by processor 302 and memory 304, as described above with respect to FIG.3.
  • Apparatus 400 may further include an external memory 408a (e.g., the system memory or main memory) that can be shared by radio 402a and host chip 406a through the system/main bus.
  • an external memory 408a e.g., the system memory or main memory
  • radio 402a is illustrated as a standalone SoC in FIG. 4A, it is understood that in one example, radio 402a and host chip 406a may be integrated as one SoC, as described above.
  • WLAN controller 450a, WPAN controller 452a, and WWAN controller 456a are illustrated as part of the same SoC, one or more of these controllers may be implemented as a separate SoC without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
  • Each of the WLAN controller 450a, WPAN controller 452a, and WWAN controller 456a may be implemented as hardware (e.g., circuits), firmware, or software.
  • host chip 406a may generate raw data and send it to radio 402a for joint encoding, modulation, and mapping.
  • Radio 402a may receive the data from host chip 406a. Radio 402a may also access the raw data generated by host chip 406a and stored in external memory 408a, for example, using the direct memory access (DMA). For short-range communications, such as long-range mode BLE, first FSM 420 of radio 402a may perform joint encoding, mapping (when applicable), and modulation to generate a waveform that is transmitted over the air to a receiver apparatus, such as receiver apparatus 451 of FIG.4B.
  • DMA direct memory access
  • First FSM 420 may encode (e.g., by source coding and/or channel coding) the raw data and modulate the coded data using any suitable modulation techniques, such as GMSK modulation, multi-phase shift keying (MPSK) modulation, or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Moreover, first FSM 420 may perform any other functions, such as symbol or layer mapping/spreading (see FIG. 3B), to convert the raw data into a signal that can be used to modulate the carrier frequency for transmission.
  • modulation techniques such as GMSK modulation, multi-phase shift keying (MPSK) modulation, or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
  • MPSK multi-phase shift keying
  • QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
  • first FSM 420 may perform any other functions, such as symbol or layer mapping/spreading (see FIG. 3B), to convert the raw data into a signal that can be used to modulate the carrier frequency for transmission.
  • radio 402a may convert the modulated signal in the digital form into analog signals, i.e., RF signals/waveforms, and perform any suitable front-end RF functions, such as filtering, digital pre-distortion, up-conversion, or sample-rate conversion.
  • Antenna 410a e.g., an antenna array
  • the RF signals/waveforms may be transmitted to, e.g., receiver apparatus 451 of FIG. 4B.
  • first FSM 420 may be implemented as dedicated integrated circuits performing the functions of the FSM, such as an ASIC. Additional details of first FSM 420 are provided below in connection with FIGs.5A-5C.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates a block diagram of a receiver apparatus 451 including a radio 402b and a host chip 406b, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Receiver apparatus 451 may be implemented as central device 202 and/or peripheral device 204-214 of WPAN 200 in FIG.2.
  • receiver apparatus 451 may include radio 402a, host chip 406b, and one or more antennas 410b.
  • radio 402b is implemented by processor 302 and memory 304, as described above with respect to FIG. 3.
  • Apparatus 400 may further include an external memory 408b (e.g., the system memory or main memory) that can be shared by radio 402a and host chip 406b through the system/main bus.
  • an external memory 408b e.g., the system memory or main memory
  • radio 402b is illustrated as a standalone SoC in FIG. 4B, it is understood that in one example, radio 402b and host chip 406b may be integrated as one SoC, as described above.
  • WLAN controller 450b, WPAN controller 452b, and WWAN controller 456b are illustrated as part of the same SoC, one or more of these controllers may be implemented as a separate SoC without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
  • Each of the WLAN controller 450b, WPAN controller 452b, and WWAN controller 456b may be implemented as hardware (e.g., circuits), firmware, or software.
  • antenna 410b may receive RF signals/waveforms from an access node or other wireless device, such as transmitter apparatus 400 of FIG.4A.
  • the RF signals/wave may be passed to radio 402b.
  • Radio 402b may perform any suitable front-end RF functions, such as filtering, IQ imbalance compensation, down-paging conversion, or sample-rate conversion, and convert the RF signals (e.g., transmission) into low-frequency digital signals (baseband signals) that can be processed by one or more of the controllers.
  • WPAN controller 452b may include second FSM 430 configured to perform joint demodulation, demapping, and decoding of the received RF signals/waveforms.
  • Second FSM 430 may have prior knowledge of an input constraint associated with a bit sequence input into first FSM 420 of transmitter apparatus 400 of FIG.4A, prior to encoding, mapping, and modulation.
  • the input constraint may be used by second FSM 430 to limit the number of hypotheses tested to estimate the original bit sequence input into first FSM 420.
  • Second FSM 430 may be configured to perform a joint equalization and decoding technique as described below.
  • second FSM 430 may be implemented as dedicated integrated circuits performing the functions of the FSM, such as an ASIC. Additional details of second FSM 430 are provided below in connection with FIGs.5A-5J. [0060] FIG.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates a flow diagram 500 depicting coding and/or modulation operations implemented using various coded PHY Bluetooth protocols, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5B illustrates a block diagram 515 of a first exemplary implementation of a first FSM of the transmitter apparatus of FIG. 4A, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5C illustrates a block diagram 520 of a second exemplary implementation of the first FSM of transmitter apparatus of FIG.4A, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5D illustrates a graphical representation 525 of a pulse waveform, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG.5E illustrates a graphical representation 530 of the phase of ⁇ N on a unit circle, according to some aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIG. 5F illustrates a GMSK modulation scheme 535 for a first BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.5G illustrates a modulation and coding scheme 540 for a second BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG.5H illustrates a modulation and coding scheme 545 for a third BLE type, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 5J illustrates a block diagram 550 of a WPAN in which the second FSM 430 of a receiver apparatus performs the joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate an original sequence input into the first FSM 420 of a transmitter apparatus, according to some embodiments.
  • FIGs. 5A-5J will be described together.
  • One of the key parameters of a physical layer is the symbol rate.
  • the symbol rate represents how many symbols are sent/received per second. For 1 Mbps (1M) PHY (BLE1M), one symbol represents one bit. However, when switching from the 1M PHY to a 2 Mbps PHY, the symbol rate is doubled. This means that data is transmitted at twice the speed.
  • FIG. 5A depicts a high level coding/modulation schemes to illustrate the similarities and differences between BLE1M, LR500K, and LR125K, which will be described in this order.
  • a(N) that is input for modulation at GMSK modulator 506 of first FSM 420 (of a transmitter) remains unconstrained by coding and/or spreading.
  • Signal y(t) is transmitted over the air to second FSM 430.
  • signal y(t) collects additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 508.
  • AWGN additive white Gaussian noise
  • second FSM 430 compares r(t) to all possible waveforms to identify the one that most closely matches r(t). Then, this waveform is used to estimate input bit c(N).
  • a coder 502 and a spreader 504 a.k.a., mapper 504 of first FSM 420 other systems, the number of states cannot be reduced.
  • FSM Viterbi equalizer
  • input bit c(N) is first encoded by convolutional coder 502 of first FSM 420 to generate two symbols b(N) via convolutional encoding.
  • second FSM 430 compares r(t) to all possible waveforms to identify the one that most closely matches r(t). Then, this waveform is used to estimate input bit c(N). However, due to the constraints imposed by convolutional coder 502, the number of possible waveforms (e.g., of same duration) is reduced. This is because these constraints correlate a(N, 1), a(N, 2) with three previously transmitted symbols a(N-2,2), a(N-1,1), and a(N-1,2), as shown in FIG. 5G.
  • a(N,1), a(N,2) are related to c(N), as well as c(N-1), c(N-2), c(N-3), due to the constraints imposed by the convolutional coder 502.
  • the constraints imposed by convolutional coder 502 limit the number of possible combinations a(N,1), a(N,2) can take, as described below in connection with FIGs. 5D, 5E, and 5G.
  • the number of possible waveforms second FSM 430 compares against r(t) may be significantly reduced using the joint equalization and decoding technique described herein. This may reduce the computational complexity and power consumption used by the receiver apparatus to estimate c(N) when performing LR500K.
  • second FSM 430 may be a Viterbi equalizer (e.g., FSM) with 256 states.
  • input bit c(N) is first encoded by convolutional coder 502 of first FSM 420 of a transmitter to generate two symbols b(N,1), b(N,2) via convolutional encoding.
  • Spreader 504 then applies spreading to b(N,1), b(N,2) to generate a(N,1)...a(N,8).
  • Modulator 506 modulates the sequence ⁇ ...; a(N-1,1), ..., a(N-1,8) ; a(N,1), ..., a(N,8) ; ... ⁇ to generate signal y(t), which is transmitted over the air to second FSM 430.
  • second FSM 430 compares r(t) to all possible waveforms to identify the one that most closely matches r(t). Then, this waveform is used to estimate input bit c(N).
  • the constraints imposed by convolutional coder 502 the number of possible waveforms of same duration is further reduced, as compared with LR500K. This is because these constraints correlate a(N,1) ...
  • a(N, 8) with three previously transmitted symbols a(N-6), a(N-7), and a(N-8), as shown in FIG. 5H.
  • a(N,1) ... a(N, 8) are related to c(N), as well as c(N-1), c(N-2), c(N-3), due to the constraints imposed by the convolutional coder 502.
  • convolutional coder 502 and spreader 504 limit the number of possible combinations ⁇ ...; a(N-1,1), ..., a(N-1,8) ; a(N,1), ..., a(N,8) ; ... ⁇ can take, as described below in connection with FIGs.5D, 5E, 5H, and 5J.
  • the number of possible waveforms second FSM 430 compares against r(t) is significantly reduced using the joint equalization and decoding technique described herein. Again, this may reduce the computational complexity and power consumption used by the receiver apparatus to estimate c(N) when performing LR125K.
  • second FSM 430 may be a Viterbi equalizer with 32 states, depending on the pulse length.
  • first FSM 420 transmitter
  • first FSM 420 includes coder 502 and modulator 506.
  • Coder 502 may encode c(N) to b(N,1), b(N,2).
  • b(N) a(N), as shown in FIG. 5A. Additional details of the LR500K implementation of second FSM 430 are described below in connection with FIG.5G.
  • first FSM 420 includes coder 502, spreader 504, and modulator 506.
  • Coder 502 may encode c(N) to b(N,1), b(N,2).
  • Spreader 504 may apply spreading to b(N,1), b(N,2) to generate a(N,1), a(N,2) ... a(N,8). Additional details of the LR125K implementation of second FSM 430 are described below in connection with FIGs.5G and 5J.
  • the GMSK baseband signal y(t) generated by modulator 506 is a Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK) signal or a Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) signal, with Gaussian pulse shaping.
  • CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying
  • CCM Continuous Phase Modulation
  • the “p(t)” may be referred to as the frequency pulse.
  • the Gaussian pulse is used in GMSK.
  • the “T” is the symbol duration.
  • the “LT” is the duration of the pulse, or L symbol durations. As seen in FIG. 5D, p(t) is only non- zero in [0,LT].
  • the phase pulse q(t) may be described according to expression (2):
  • phase pulse q(t) may be equal to zero when t ⁇ 0 and q(t) may be equal 0.5 for t > LT, for example.
  • phase trajectory may be described according to expression (5): where ⁇ N, or more precisely mod( ⁇ N , 2TT), can only take 4 possible values ⁇ 0, 0.5 ⁇ , 1.5 ⁇ ⁇ , as shown in FIG. 5E.
  • variable s(N) may be used to record the state information, which is needed to calculate [0073]
  • convolutional coding with 8 states is applied to c(N) by coder 502.
  • the phase trajectory can be described according to expression (6): [0074]
  • Second FSM 430 for LR500K may be a Viterbi equalizer with 256 states and configured to perform joint equalization and decoding.
  • Second FSM 430 for LR500K has improved performance as compared to other receivers that includes a 32 state Viterbi equalizer (for GMSK demodulation) followed by another 8 state Viterbi decoder for decoding.
  • spreader 504 may apply a 4-state spreading to each of b(N,1), b(N,2) to generate a(N,1), a(N,2)...a(N,8).
  • spreader 504 may make the following mapping with linear value representation: for an input bit of -1, a sequence of [-1,-1, 1, 1] is output; and for an input bit of 1, a sequence of [ 1, 1,-1,-1] is output.
  • the sequence ⁇ a k ⁇ has additional constraints, which enable the use of an FSM to describe the modulation with even fewer states than LR500K.
  • the variable s(N) may be used to record the state information, which is needed t o calculate [0076]
  • the phase trajectory can be described according to expression (7): [0077] From expression (7), it follows that, for various pulse lengths L, there may be different number of possibilities each sequence ⁇ ak ⁇ can take.
  • ⁇ a(N-1,8), a(N-1,7), a(N-1,6) ⁇ can either be equal to ⁇ 1, 1, -1 ⁇ or ⁇ -1,-1,1 ⁇ .
  • ⁇ a(N-1,8), a(N-1,7) ⁇ can either be equal to ⁇ 1, 1 ⁇ or ⁇ -1,-1 ⁇ .
  • ⁇ a(N-1,8) ⁇ can either be equal to ⁇ 1 ⁇ or ⁇ -1 ⁇ .
  • For L 1, there is only 1 possibility.
  • the different possibilities for ⁇ N at various pulse lengths can be defined according to expression (8): [0079] Therefore, the GMSK modulation in LR125K and the entire LR125K demodulation/despreading/decoding (e.g., joint equalization and decoding technique) can be described by an FSM with following number of states shown below in Table 1.
  • Table 1 also shows the number of states for LR500K, and the unconstrained GMSK states of BLE1M.
  • Table 1 Number of States of the FSM of Optimal Receiver for BLE1M, LR125K, LR500K
  • Other methods for implementing a receiver in a BLE long-range system perform three functions sequentially and independently: (1) GMSK demodulation, (2) De-mapping, (3) Decoding.
  • the present disclosure implements a Viterbi Equalizer based on a single FSM, which describes the entire LR125K coding/spreading/modulation or the LR500K coding/modulation jointly.
  • FIG. 1 Referring to FIG.
  • a 10-bit input sequence at the transmitter of first FSM 420 would generate 80 bits (e.g., expanded by the convolutional coder 502 and spreader 504), which are input to GMSK modulator 506.
  • This waveform may be transmitted with a duration of (80+L-1)T.
  • c(N) is a sequence of 10 bits
  • other approaches treat y(t) as if there are 2 80 total number of possible waveforms that y(t) could take after coding and spreading.
  • Second FSM 430 may generate a set of approximated waveforms 553 that it checks r(t) against to estimate c(N).
  • the set of approximated waveforms 553 may include, e.g., 2 10 waveforms rather than the 2 80 waveforms of other approaches, which is a substantial reduction in the number of waveforms checked using the present joint equalization and decoding technique.
  • n(t) may be assumed to be AWGN.
  • a different sequence would generate a different y(t).
  • second FSM 430 estimates the transmitted sequence c(N).
  • the waveform that is closest to r(t) may be considered the waveform of the signal y(t) transmitted by the transmitter of first FSM 420.
  • the way in which the transmitter of first FSM 420 generates a waveform y(t) from a specific sequence Cm is only partially known to the receiver of second FSM 430.
  • ISI inter- symbol interference
  • second FSM 430 has 256 states and tests 2*256 hypotheses of waveforms segments during [2NT, 2(N+1)T) tested during the calculation of branch metrics.
  • the examples provided herein demonstrate the benefits of using a reduced number of states for second FSM 430.
  • the inherent structure of second FSM 430 for LR125K enables a reduced number of states that is less than or equal to N1*N2.
  • the joint FSM e.g., FSM3 has N3 number of states, where N3 ⁇ N1*N2.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a first exemplary method 600 for wireless communication of a receiver, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Exemplary method 600 may be performed by an apparatus for wireless communication, e.g., such as central device 202, peripheral device(s) 204-214, receiver apparatus 451, radio 402b, second FSM 430, and/or node 300.
  • Method 600 may include steps 602-608 as described below.
  • the apparatus may receive a signal from a transmitter.
  • modulator 506 modulates a(N) to generate signal y(t), which is transmitted over the air to second FSM 430.
  • the apparatus may generate a set of approximated waveforms by a joint equalization and decoding technique, and compare the received signal to the set of approximated waveforms.
  • second FSM 430 may perform a joint equalization and decoding technique to reduce the number of waveforms before the comparing.
  • Second FSM 430 may access a lookup table of various waveforms and compares r(t) or y(t) to the waveforms with possible sequences in the lookup table. For example, referring to FIGs. 5A and 5G, due to the constraints imposed by convolutional coder 502, the number of possible waveforms is reduced.
  • constraints correlate a(N, 1), a(N, 2) with three previously transmitted symbols a(N-2,2), a(N-1,1), and a(N-1,2), as shown in FIG. 5G.
  • a(N,1), a(N,2) are related to c(N), as well as c(N-1), c(N-2), c(N-3), due to the constraints imposed by the convolutional coder 502.
  • the constraints imposed by convolutional coder 502 limit the number of possible combinations a(N,1), a(N,2) can take, as described below in connection with FIGs. 5D, 5E, and 5G.
  • optimal receiver may be a Viterbi equalizer (e.g., FSM) with 256 states.
  • FSM Viterbi equalizer
  • constraints correlate a(N,1), a(N, 2)...a(N, 8) with three previously transmitted symbols a(N-1,8), a(N-1,7), and a(N-1,6), as shown in FIG. 5H.
  • a(N,1), a(N, 2)...a(N, 8) are related to c(N), as well as c(N-1), c(N-2), c(N-3), due to the constraints imposed by the convolutional coder 502.
  • convolutional coder 502 and spreader 504 limit the number of possible combinations a(N,1), a(N, 2)...a(N, 8) can take, as described below in connection with FIGs.5D, 5E, and 5H.
  • the number of possible waveforms second FSM 430 compares against r(t) is significantly reduced, thereby reducing the computational complexity and power consumption used by second FSM 430 to estimate c(N) when performing LR125K.
  • optimal receiver may be a Viterbi equalizer with as few as 8 states, depending on the pulse length.
  • the apparatus may identify an approximated waveform of the set of approximated waveforms that matches the signal (e.g., the waveform of the signal). For example, referring to FIG.5A, second FSM 430 may identify the waveform from the lookup table that most closely matches r(t) or y(t). [0087] At 608, the apparatus may estimate an original sequence input into the FSM of the transmitter based on the approximated waveform that matches the signal. For example, referring to FIG.5A, second FSM 430 may estimate c(N) based on the closest matching waveform from the lookup table. [0088] In various aspects of the present disclosure, the functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.
  • Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computing device, such as node 300 in FIG. 3.
  • a computing device such as node 300 in FIG. 3.
  • such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, HDD, such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, SSD, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a processing system, such as a mobile device or a computer.
  • a WPAN controller of a receiver includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, DVD, and floppy disk where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
  • the WPAN controller may include an interface unit configured to receive a signal from a transmitter. The signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first FSM of the transmitter. The WPAN controller may include a second FSM configured to perform a joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate the original sequence based on a set of approximated waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be associated with a constraint of the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the constraint may be associated with an encoding or a spreading applied to the original sequence by the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform the joint equalization and decoding technique by generating a set of approximated waveforms based on the signal and the constraint associated with the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform the joint equalization and decoding technique by identifying an approximated waveform associated with the signal from the set of approximated waveforms.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform the joint equalization and decoding technique by estimating the original sequence input at the first FSM of the transmitter based on the approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the constraint may limit a number of waveforms in the set of approximated waveforms to less than a total number of possible waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform the joint equalization and decoding technique by comparing the signal to the set of approximated waveforms to identify the approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be generated based on an approximated pulse length associated with the signal.
  • the approximate pulse length may be different than an actual pulse length associated with the signal.
  • the approximate pulse length may have a same pulse length as an actual pulse length associated with the signal.
  • the joint equalization and decoding technique may include a joint demodulation, de-mapping, and decoding of the signal.
  • the joint equalization and decoding technique may include a joint demodulation and decoding of the signal.
  • the original sequence estimated by the second FSM may be associated with a hard output of a joint MLSE.
  • a WPAN controller of a receiver is also provided.
  • the WPAN controller may include an interface unit configured to receive a signal from a transmitter.
  • the signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the WPAN controller may include a second FSM.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by generating a set of approximated waveforms based on the signal and a constraint associated with the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by identifying, from the set of approximated waveforms, an approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform, based on the signal, a joint equalization and decoding technique by estimating the original sequence based on the approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the constraint may be associated with an encoding or a spreading applied to the original sequence by the first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the constraint may limit a number of waveforms in the set of approximated waveforms to less than a total number of possible waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the second FSM may be configured to perform the joint equalization and decoding technique by comparing the signal to the set of approximated waveforms to identify the approximated waveform associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be generated based on an approximated pulse length associated with the signal.
  • the approximate pulse length may be different than an actual pulse length associated with the signal.
  • the joint equalization and decoding technique may include a joint demodulation, de-mapping, and decoding of the signal.
  • the joint equalization and decoding technique may include a joint demodulation and decoding of the signal.
  • the signal may be associated with an original sequence input at a first FSM of the transmitter.
  • the method may include performing, by a second FSM, a joint equalization and decoding technique to estimate the original sequence based on a set of approximated waveforms associated with the signal.
  • the set of approximated waveforms may be associated with the signal and a constraint associated first FSM of the transmitter.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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Abstract

Selon un aspect de la divulgation, l'invention concerne un dispositif de commande de réseau personnel sans fil (WPAN) d'un récepteur. Le dispositif de commande WPAN peut comprendre une unité d'interface configurée pour recevoir un signal provenant d'un émetteur. Le signal peut être associé à une entrée de séquence d'origine au niveau d'une première machine à états finis (FSM) de l'émetteur. Le dispositif de commande WPAN peut comprendre une seconde FSM configurée pour effectuer une technique d'égalisation et de décodage conjointe afin d'estimer la séquence d'origine sur la base d'un ensemble de formes d'onde approximatives associées au signal. L'ensemble de formes d'onde approximatives peut être associé à une contrainte de la première FSM de l'émetteur.
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