WO2023021898A1 - Procédé de sélection de voies de communication et système de communication de réseau périphérique local - Google Patents

Procédé de sélection de voies de communication et système de communication de réseau périphérique local Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023021898A1
WO2023021898A1 PCT/JP2022/027764 JP2022027764W WO2023021898A1 WO 2023021898 A1 WO2023021898 A1 WO 2023021898A1 JP 2022027764 W JP2022027764 W JP 2022027764W WO 2023021898 A1 WO2023021898 A1 WO 2023021898A1
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Prior art keywords
communication
data
base station
selection method
time
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PCT/JP2022/027764
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
直樹 山内
博司 宮田
和民 有本
憲昭 吉川
博英 三上
耕太郎 新庄
隆之 鈴木
Original Assignee
株式会社テクノアクセルネットワークス
株式会社サイバー創研
株式会社高速屋
Ｄｅｎｄｒｉｔｉｋ Ｄｅｓｉｇｎ株式会社
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Publication of WO2023021898A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023021898A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
    • H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
    • H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
    • H04W40/12—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on transmission quality or channel quality
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
    • H04W92/04—Interfaces between hierarchically different network devices
    • H04W92/10—Interfaces between hierarchically different network devices between terminal device and access point, i.e. wireless air interface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W92/00—Interfaces specially adapted for wireless communication networks
    • H04W92/16—Interfaces between hierarchically similar devices
    • H04W92/18—Interfaces between hierarchically similar devices between terminal devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a communication path selection method and a communication system for local edge networks.
  • automated driving support for example, static map data for car navigation systems that have been collected, edited, and distributed once every several months to several years by vehicles dedicated to data collection, can be used for advanced safe driving.
  • Data called a dynamic map is used, which superimposes continuously changing information such as surrounding vehicles, pedestrian and signal information, accident information, and traffic control information necessary for support and automatic driving.
  • a search method using an answer accumulation device has been proposed as a method of efficiently searching database resources distributed over a network and efficiently searching for necessary data without imposing a heavy load on the network or database ( See JP-A-2000-235583).
  • a search process is performed on a database located in a narrow area, and the answer data accumulated in the answer accumulation device, that is, the number of effective information is counted by the answer counter.
  • a wider range is searched from the search device via the communication device.
  • the present invention has been made based on the above circumstances, and provides a communication route selection method and a communication system for a local edge network that can reduce communication congestion and share information with other mobile units in a short time. for the purpose.
  • a communication route selection method is a communication route selection method for communication between two mobile units in a network including a base station and a plurality of mobile units that are mutually connected via a common wireless interface.
  • the first communication speed estimation data between the transmitting mobile, which is the data transmitting side of the two mobiles, and the base station; and the receiving mobile, which is the data receiving side of the two mobiles.
  • a communication system for a local edge network is a communication system for a local edge network including a base station and a plurality of mobiles, and is a communication path for communication between two mobiles in the network.
  • the communication route selection method of the present invention is used.
  • the communication route selection method and local edge network communication system of the present invention can reduce communication congestion and share information with other mobile units in a short time.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing a communication route selection method according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a communication system for a local edge network using the communication route selection method of FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is an image diagram showing map data corresponding to a road network.
  • 4 is a schematic data diagram showing an example of a local master table in the local edge network communication system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining a communication heat map.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example of a communication heat map centered on base stations.
  • FIG. 7 shows an example of a communication heat map centered on receiving mobiles.
  • a communication route selection method is a communication route selection method for communication between two mobile units in a network including a base station and a plurality of mobile units that are mutually connected via a common wireless interface.
  • the first communication speed estimation data between the transmitting mobile, which is the data transmitting side of the two mobiles, and the base station; and the receiving mobile, which is the data receiving side of the two mobiles.
  • this communication route selection method speed estimation data between mobile units and between a mobile unit and a base station is obtained according to the constantly changing position of the mobile unit, and a communication route is selected in consideration of the amount of transmission data. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the time required for data communication.
  • direct communication between mobile units is used to reduce communication congestion that tends to concentrate on base stations, so that the communication speed of the entire network can be improved.
  • a first communication time predicted when the first communication route is selected and a second communication time predicted when the second communication route is selected are calculated; If the communication time is equal to or shorter than the predetermined allowable time, the second communication route should be selected.
  • the base station and the plurality of mobile bodies each have a database, the mobile body has a sensor, and the sensor information acquired by the sensor is arranged in the mobile body having the sensor.
  • a database has a local master table stored as registration data of the database, the database includes information specifying a database in which the registration data exists in the network to which the database belongs, and the local master table stores the registration data. It is preferable to include data attributes, data size and acquisition time.
  • the allowable time should be determined based on the attributes of the registered data.
  • the valid time of the data differs depending on the attribute of the registration data. Therefore, by determining the permissible time based on the attribute of the registration data, more efficient communication can be performed.
  • Either one or both of the effective life and redundancy of the above registration data should be defined.
  • the amount of data in the local master table relating to this registration data also increases.
  • the effective life of the registration data it becomes possible to delete the registration data that has exceeded the effective life.
  • the degree of redundancy for such registered data the amount of data in the overlapping portion can be reduced. Therefore, by determining one or both of the effective life and redundancy of the registration data, it is possible to prevent the data volume of the local master table and the entire database from becoming bloated.
  • a communication system for a local edge network is a communication system for a local edge network including a base station and a plurality of mobiles, and is a communication path for communication between two mobiles in the network.
  • the communication route selection method of the present invention is used.
  • the local edge network communication system uses the communication route selection method of the present invention, it can share information with other mobile units in a short period of time.
  • the communication route selection method shown in FIG. 1 is a communication route selection method for communication between two mobile units in a network including a base station and a plurality of mobile units that are mutually connected by a common wireless interface. It includes a target determination step S1, a communication speed acquisition step S2, a transmission data amount acquisition step S3, a communication route selection step S4, a communication stop determination step S5, and a communication processing step S6.
  • the communication route selection method is used in the local edge network communication system 1 shown in FIG. That is, the local edge network communication system 1 is a local edge network communication system including a base station 10 and a plurality of mobile units 20, and a communication route selection method for communication between two mobile units 20 in the network. , the communication route selection method of the present invention is used.
  • the base station 10 and multiple mobile units 20 are connected via a wireless interface.
  • a wireless interface 5G, local 5G, 4G, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), LPWA (Low Power Wide Area), WiFi, IEEE802.11 series, ITS (Intelligent Transport System) communication interface, etc. can be used. can.
  • the base station 10 and the plurality of mobile units 20 are connected to each other via a common wireless interface. That is, the base station 10 and the plurality of mobile units 20 can communicate directly between any two parties.
  • the base station 10 is a base station that supervises and controls the geographical range in which wireless communication of the local edge network communication system 1 can be performed. Specifically, the base station 10 performs data management processing and distribution control processing for a plurality of mobile units 20, for example.
  • the base station 10 When the geographical range is wide, the base station 10 includes a main base station that supervises and controls the entire geographical range, and a base station 10 that belongs to the lower layer of the main base station and subdivides the geographical range supervised by the main base station. It may also have a local base station that integrates and supervises.
  • a plurality of mobile units 20 are devices that move within a data sharing area (geographical range in which wireless communication can be performed) managed by the local edge network communication system 1 .
  • a plurality of moving bodies 20 may include vehicles, drones, mobile robots, portable devices, bicycles, and the like. Among them, the moving body 20 may include a vehicle.
  • the local edge network communication system 1 can be particularly suitably used for a system including vehicles, for example, a V2X communication system used for automatic driving or MaaS business.
  • V2X is an abbreviation for "Vehicle to X”, and is a generic term for technology that connects and mutually cooperates between a vehicle and something (other vehicles, pedestrians, infrastructure, networks, etc.). This V2X is essential, for example, for autonomous driving of vehicles.
  • the local edge network communication system 1 has a vehicle as an essential component of the mobile object 20 .
  • the base station 10 and multiple mobile units 20 each have a database 30 . Further, the moving body 20 has a sensor 20a. Furthermore, the base station 10 may have sensors.
  • a "sensor” is an element or device that detects a phenomenon in the real world and converts the detected phenomenon into a signal that can be processed by a computer.
  • the sensor information acquired by the sensor 20a is stored as registered data in the database 30 arranged in the mobile body 20 having this sensor 20a.
  • the above information includes arbitrary natural phenomena such as weather and temperature, phenomena caused by man-made objects such as traffic congestion, human vital information such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, approach of people to vehicles, and traffic on the road. Any information that can be detected by a sensor, such as falling object information, time, moving speed, and position, can be used.
  • the database 30 has a data table 40 that stores registration data and a local master table 50 that contains information specifying the database 30 in the network to which the database 30 belongs.
  • the data table 40 In addition to storing registration data acquired by the sensor 20a, the data table 40 also stores registration data required by this moving body 20 and acquired from other moving bodies 20. On the other hand, registration data that has never been required by this mobile unit 20 is not registered. Therefore, looking at the data table 40 of one mobile unit 20, only part of the registration data existing in the local edge network communication system 1 is registered. Focusing on one piece of registration data, for example, registration data a, there may exist a data table 40 in which registration data a is registered and a data table 40 in which registration data a is not registered.
  • the local master table 50 includes attributes, data sizes, and acquisition times of registered data.
  • a specific example of the local master table 50 will be described by taking as an example a case where the object of sensor information is "falling object".
  • the object of sensor information is "falling object".
  • labeling road link, see FIG. 3
  • the moving object 20 is traveling between a0 and a1 (road link a01).
  • sensor information other than falling objects can also be realized with a similar configuration.
  • either one or both of the effective life and redundancy of the above registration data is defined.
  • FIG. 6 is an example of the local master table 50 corresponding to this road link a01.
  • the record R1 on the first line records information on the moving body 20 existing on the road link a01. That is, in record R1, the vehicle No. whose existence was confirmed at a01. , time and position are recorded. If there is a second moving object 20 on the road link a01, for example, as shown in FIG. 6, record R2 should be added to add information about this second moving object.
  • the record R1 of the road link a01 is deleted, and instead the record of this moving body 20 is added to the road link a02. Added.
  • the current positions of the plurality of mobile units 20 existing in the local edge network communication system 1 can be estimated by referring to these records. can.
  • This record may be updated, for example, at regular time intervals, or when the moving body 20 moves to another road link. It should be noted that it is not essential to include the information for acquiring the current positions of a plurality of moving bodies 20 in the local master table 50, and for example, the information may be managed by other methods such as centralized management by aggregating the information in the base station 10. .
  • Record R3 on the second line shows information on a fallen object found on road link a01. Since the information of the falling object is stored as registered data in the database 30, for example, as an image or moving image in the database 30 arranged in the moving body 20 that acquired the information of the falling object, it is associated with this information. stored as The "attribute" of the record R3 represents the attribute of the registered data, which is "falling object" in this case.
  • the vehicle No. of the other moving body 20 is linked with the previous record R3. and the acquisition time should be added as a new record R4.
  • the sensor information acquired by the other moving body 20 is replaced with the registration data of the previous record R3.
  • the sensor information acquired by the other moving body 20 may be replaced with the latest information.
  • the object is moving or if the relative position of the other moving body 20 and the object is different, there is a high probability that they are the same (also simply referred to as “similar”), although they do not match perfectly. is sometimes judged to be In such a case, the registered data linked with the previous record R3 is registered in the data table 40 of the other moving body 20 and registered as a record R5 including data size, acquisition time, and the like. That is, in the local master table 50 of FIG. 6, two stages of "identical” and “similar” are defined and managed as the duplication degree. By determining the degree of duplication for registered data in this way, the amount of data in the duplicated portion can be reduced.
  • another mobile unit 20 may register the registration data obtained from this mobile unit 20.
  • a record R6 indicating that the registration data of the registered record R3 has been transmitted to another mobile unit 20 is provided, and the transmitting vehicle No. and the time should be recorded.
  • the records R3 to R5 on the second line are configured as described above, it is possible to specify the database 30 in the network in which the registration data exists. Further, by constructing the database 30 in this way, it is possible to acquire the data necessary in the communication path selection step S4 with a relatively small amount of data. Communication speed can be further improved.
  • the updated information is aggregated in the local master table 50 of the base station 10, and the aggregated updated local master table is created.
  • the local master table 50 only the updated difference may be transmitted, or the entire local master table 50 may be transmitted.
  • the effective life of registered data it is preferable to delete registered data whose elapsed time from the acquisition time exceeds the effective life at the timing of updating the local master table 50 or at a predetermined timing.
  • the amount of data in the local master table 50 related to the registration data also increases.
  • the effective life is determined based on the attribute of the registration data. For example, the aforementioned "falling object" is highly likely to be removed after a predetermined period of time has elapsed.
  • a "pedestrian” has a high possibility of moving by itself, and the effectiveness of information decreases in a shorter period of time than a "falling object” (effective life is short).
  • a "parked vehicle” may remain in place for a longer period of time, so the useful life is set longer.
  • Which object is which can be associated with the attribute of the registration data, so by determining the effective life based on the attribute of the registration data, an appropriate effective life can be set.
  • the receiving mobile unit 21 determines the mobile unit 20 (transmitting mobile unit 22) to receive the registration data a.
  • the receiving mobile 21 can identify which mobile 20 has the registration data a. If there are a plurality of moving bodies 20 having registration data a, one of the moving bodies 20 is selected.
  • the method of selecting this mobile unit 20 is not particularly limited, but since the position of each mobile unit 20 can be identified by referring to its own local master table 50, for example, the mobile unit 20 closest to the receiving mobile unit 21 is selected. be able to.
  • communication targets can be determined by referring only to the local master table 50 of itself, that is, communication via the network is not performed, so the total amount of data communicated over the entire network can be reduced.
  • the receiving mobile unit 21 may determine the reliability of the registration data from the degree of duplication of the local master table 50, and determine the priority of the registration data to be obtained and whether or not to obtain the registration data according to the reliability. By judging the reliability of the registration data in this way, for example, it is possible to avoid receiving unnecessary registration data, so that the total amount of data communicated over the entire network can be reduced.
  • ⁇ Communication speed acquisition process> In the communication speed acquisition step S2, the first communication speed estimation data between the transmitting mobile unit 22 of the two mobile units 20 that transmits data and the base station 10, and the data of the two mobile units 20 are obtained. Second communication speed estimation data between the receiving mobile unit 21 on the receiving side and the base station 10 and third communication speed estimation data between the transmitting mobile unit 22 and the receiving mobile unit 21 are obtained.
  • a communication route via the base station 10 When transmitting and receiving data from the transmitting mobile unit 22 to the receiving mobile unit 21, there are two possible communication routes: a communication route via the base station 10 and a direct communication route. It is necessary to obtain the first communication speed estimation data, the second communication speed estimation data, and the third communication speed estimation data as information necessary for determining this communication path.
  • the first communication speed estimation data and the second communication speed estimation data regarding communication with the base station 10 can be obtained using a communication heat map centered on the base station 10.
  • the communication heat map is a map (see FIG. 6) obtained by dividing the geographic range managed by the base station 10 shown in FIG.
  • the size of one area is appropriately determined to a size that can be regarded as a constant communication speed, but can be, for example, 20 m or more and 100 m or less. Also, although the size of each area can be changed according to the communication speed, the size of each area can simply be the same. Also, in the example of FIG. 5, each region is partitioned into a square shape, but other partitioning methods may be employed. As other partitioning methods, for example, a method of partitioning concentrically around the base station 10, or a method of combining straight lines radially extending from the base station 10 and concentric circles can be adopted.
  • FIG. 6 is an example of a communication heat map centered on the base station 10.
  • a heat map can be generated from, for example, the output of the base station 10, the antenna sensitivity of a plurality of mobile bodies 20, the simulation from three-dimensional geographical information such as buildings, etc., and the actual measurement values observed at a plurality of mobile bodies 20. can be calculated by complementing or combining them.
  • the communication heat map may be updated at regular time intervals.
  • the first communication speed estimation data is 7 Mbps from the position of the transmitting mobile 22, and the second communication speed estimation data is 9 Mbps from the position of the receiving mobile 21.
  • the third communication speed estimation data can be obtained from a communication heat map centered on the transmitting mobile unit 22, for example.
  • FIG. 7 is an example of a communication heat map centered on the transmitting mobile unit 22.
  • the communication heat map can adopt a division method different from that of the communication heat map centered on the base station 10, it is preferable that the division method be the same. Moreover, it is preferable that the size of each region is the same. By using the same division method and size in this way, it is easy to achieve consistency between the communication heat maps.
  • the third communication speed estimation data from the position of the receiving mobile unit 21 is 6 Mbps.
  • the receiving mobile unit 21 can know the amount of registration data a to be received.
  • the transmission data amount is assumed to be 1 MB.
  • ⁇ Communication route selection process> In the communication path selection step S4, based on the first to third communication speed estimation data and the transmission data amount obtained in the communication speed obtaining step S2 and the transmission data amount obtaining step S3, data is received from the transmitting mobile unit 22. As the communication route to the mobile unit 21, either one of the first communication route passing through the base station 10 and the second communication route not passing through the base station 10 is selected.
  • a first communication time predicted when the first communication path is selected and a second communication time predicted when the second communication path is selected are calculated.
  • the third communication time is calculated as 1 MB/6 Mbps ⁇ 8 ⁇ 1.33 s.
  • the second communication time is less than or equal to the predetermined allowable time, the second communication path is selected regardless of the communication time, thereby further reducing communication congestion that tends to concentrate on the base station 10.
  • the overall communication speed can be further improved.
  • the allowable time is determined based on the attributes of the registration data.
  • the valid time of the data differs depending on the attribute of the registration data. Therefore, by determining the permissible time based on the attribute of the registration data, more efficient communication can be performed.
  • the permissible time may be predetermined as a fixed value according to the attribute, but for example, as in the case of the falling object described above, it is determined by a mathematical formula such as the arrival time to the falling object - 2 seconds. good too.
  • ⁇ Communication stop determination process> In the communication stop determination step S5, when the first communication time and the second communication time exceed the allowable time, it is determined to stop the transmission of the transmission data. That is, when both the first communication time and the second communication time exceed the allowable time, the transmission of the transmission data is stopped.
  • the allowable time will be exceeded.
  • the transmitted data may become unnecessary data even if received.
  • the registered data a is transferred from the transmitting mobile unit 22 to the receiving mobile unit 21 through the communication route selected in the communication route selection step S4, except when it is determined in the communication stop determination step S5 that data transmission is stopped. Send.
  • the receiving mobile unit 21 makes a communication request to the transmitting mobile unit 22 and, in some cases, the base station 10, performs a predetermined communication procedure, and receives new registration data a.
  • the received registration data a is registered in the data table 40 of the receiving mobile unit 21 .
  • the local master table 50 is updated by adding that information (information corresponding to record R5 in FIG. 4). The updated local master table 50 is then shared by the base station 10 and multiple mobile units 20 .
  • this communication route selection method speed estimation data between the moving bodies 20 and between the moving bodies 20 and the base station 10 are acquired according to the positions of the moving bodies 20 that change from moment to moment. Since the communication path is selected, the time required for data communication can be reduced. In addition, in this communication route selection method, by using direct communication between the mobile units 20, it is possible to reduce communication congestion that tends to concentrate on the base station 10, so that the communication speed of the entire network can be improved. .
  • the local edge network communication system 1 uses the communication route selection method of the present invention, it can share information with other mobile units 20 in a short period of time.
  • the communication route selection method includes the communication stop determination process, but the communication stop determination process is not an essential process and can be omitted.
  • data is always transmitted according to the communication route selected in the communication route selection step.
  • the local master table is not an essential configuration. You can take a configuration that
  • the communication route selection method includes the communication target determination process, but the communication determination process is not an essential process and can be omitted. In this case, if there are a plurality of mobile units that store the required registration data, the communication route selection method can be applied to each mobile unit, and the fastest communication route can be selected. .
  • the number of receiving mobile units to which one transmitting mobile unit transmits is not limited to one in the present invention. That is, one transmitting mobile may transmit to multiple receiving mobiles at the same time.
  • the communication route may be determined for each receiving mobile unit, or a representative receiving mobile unit (for example, the receiving mobile unit that is farthest from the transmitting mobile unit) may be determined and a common communication route may be determined.
  • a common communication route is defined, if the first communication path is selected, communication from the transmitting mobile unit to the base station can be made common, so the total amount of data communicated over the entire network can be reduced. The overall communication speed can be further improved.
  • the communication route selection method and local edge network communication system of the present invention can reduce communication congestion and share information with other mobile units in a short time.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de sélection d'une voie de communication pour une communication effectuée entre deux corps mobiles dans un réseau comportant une station de base et une pluralité de corps mobiles, le procédé comprenant : une étape d'acquisition de vitesse de communication permettant d'acquérir des premières données d'estimation de vitesse de communication entre un corps mobile transmetteur qui est l'un des deux corps mobiles qui se trouve du côté transmetteur de données, et la station de base, des deuxièmes données d'estimation de vitesse de communication entre un corps mobile récepteur qui est l'un des deux corps mobiles qui se trouve du côté récepteur de données, et la station de base, et des troisièmes données d'estimation de vitesse de communication entre le corps mobile transmetteur et le corps mobile récepteur; une étape d'acquisition de quantité de données de transmission permettant d'acquérir une quantité de données de transmission de données de transmission transmises par le corps mobile transmetteur; et une étape de sélection de voies de communication permettant de sélectionner, sur la base des premières données d'estimation de vitesse de communication jusqu'aux troisièmes données d'estimation de vitesse de communication et de la quantité de données de transmission acquises à l'étape d'acquisition de vitesse de communication et à l'étape d'acquisition de quantité de données de transmission, une voie parmi une première voie de communication qui passe par la station de base et une seconde voie de communication qui ne passe pas par la station de base, en tant que voie de communication du corps mobile transmetteur au corps mobile récepteur.
PCT/JP2022/027764 2021-08-18 2022-07-14 Procédé de sélection de voies de communication et système de communication de réseau périphérique local WO2023021898A1 (fr)

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