WO2022230838A1 - α化穀粉の製造方法 - Google Patents
α化穀粉の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022230838A1 WO2022230838A1 PCT/JP2022/018797 JP2022018797W WO2022230838A1 WO 2022230838 A1 WO2022230838 A1 WO 2022230838A1 JP 2022018797 W JP2022018797 W JP 2022018797W WO 2022230838 A1 WO2022230838 A1 WO 2022230838A1
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- flour
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- pregelatinized
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
- A21D13/40—Products characterised by the type, form or use
- A21D13/44—Pancakes or crêpes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
- A21D—TREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
- A21D2/00—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
- A21D2/08—Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
- A21D2/14—Organic oxygen compounds
- A21D2/18—Carbohydrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/109—Types of pasta, e.g. macaroni or noodles
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/90—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to pregelatinized flour that can be used as a raw material for foods.
- Pregelatinized grain flour is obtained by heating grain flour such as wheat flour in the presence of moisture to gelatinize (gelatinize) the starch contained in the grain flour, and is widely used in food and industrial applications.
- Conventional methods for producing pregelatinized grain flour include a method of drying a slurry containing grain flour using a spray dryer, a drum dryer, etc., a method of adding water to grain flour and heating while kneading with an extruder, and a container containing grain flour.
- a method of heating and humidifying by passing superheated steam inside is known.
- Patent Document 1 as a method for producing corn powder excellent in drum dryer drying suitability and water dispersibility, ⁇ -amylase-treated corn paste mixed with high amylose starch is dried with a drum dryer. Also, regarding the drying treatment by such a drum dryer, it is described that the surface temperature of the dryer dryer is 100 to 180 ° C. and the drying time is 2 to 240 seconds. The amount of water added to the mixture with amylose starch) is not specifically described.
- Patent Document 2 describes a gelatinized modified starch for food that can impart a good texture to foods containing wheat flour, obtained by pregelatinizing a starch-wheat mixture obtained by blending starch with wheat flour using a drum dryer.
- Patent Document 3 describes a bread flour that can produce bread that has a good texture and flavor and is slow to stale. It is described to use the one obtained by drying the mixture with a drum dryer.
- Starch aging is a problem in foods that contain a relatively large amount of starch.
- bakery foods mainly made of wheat flour
- starch in the flour progressing during storage, although it was moist, soft and had a good taste and texture immediately after production, it changed after storage for a certain period of time.
- the taste and texture deteriorate over time, such as dry and hard texture.
- a pregelatinized cereal flour which is excellent in resistance to aging of starch and which can be used to produce a secondary processed product having excellent taste and texture not only immediately after production but also when stored after production.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a gelatinized grain flour that has a good taste and texture and that can be used to produce secondary processed products that are excellent in resistance to deterioration over time.
- the present inventor prepared a slurry by adding a relatively large amount of water of 500 parts by mass or more to 100 parts by mass of flour, and dried the slurry in a drum dryer. It was found that the gelatinized grain flour obtained by drying by heating is excellent in starch aging resistance and can solve the above problems.
- the method for producing pregelatinized grain flour using a drum dryer is described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 and is conventionally known, but the amount of water added to the raw grain flour in that case is usually at most per 100 parts by mass of the grain flour. is about 300 parts by mass, and it is not known that the aging resistance of starch can be improved by increasing this to 500 parts by mass or more.
- the present invention has been made based on the above findings, and is a method for producing pregelatinized grain flour, comprising the step of heating and drying a slurry containing 100 parts by mass of grain flour and 500 to 1500 parts by mass of water with a drum dryer.
- the present invention is also a method for producing processed foods, using as a raw material the pregelatinized flour produced by the above-described production method of the present invention.
- FIGS. 1(a) to 1(h) are schematic diagrams of an example of a drum dryer that can be used in the method for producing pregelatinized flour of the present invention.
- the method for producing pregelatinized grain flour of the present invention includes a step of preparing a slurry containing grain flour and water (slurry preparation step) and a step of heating and drying the slurry (slurry drying step).
- slurry drying step the starch contained in the flour in the slurry is pregelatinized to obtain the desired pregelatinized flour.
- the grain flour used in the slurry preparation step may be grain flour containing starch, regardless of the amount of amylose content, and may be malt seed or malt seed.
- the "flour” referred to here includes not only those mainly composed of the endosperm (e.g., wheat flour), but also the outer skin and/or Alternatively, those containing embryos, such as whole grains (wheat whole grains in the case of wheat) are also included.
- Specific examples of grain flour include wheat flour, rice flour, buckwheat flour, rye flour, and soybean flour.
- wheat flour include hard flour, all-purpose flour, weak flour, durum wheat flour, and durum semolina.
- one type of grain flour may be used as a raw material for the gelatinized grain flour, or two or more types of grain flour may be used in combination.
- the grain flour used in the slurry preparation step preferably contains wheat flour.
- wheat flour as a raw material for pregelatinized flour, secondary processed products such as bakery foods and noodles can be imparted with a wheat-like flavor more reliably than when starch is used.
- the flour used in the slurry preparation step preferably contains one or more selected from low amylose wheat flour and glutinous rice flour.
- low-amylose wheat flour or glutinous rice flour as a raw material for the pregelatinized flour, the desired effects of the present invention can be exhibited more reliably.
- low amylose flour refers to flour derived from wheat lacking the expression of any two or all of the three types of amylose synthesis genes Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1.
- glutinous flour refers to a flour derived from a cereal other than wheat that lacks expression of amylose synthesis genes and whose starch consists essentially almost exclusively of amylopectin.
- Low amylose wheat flour is, for example, Japanese domestic wheat varieties ⁇ Tsurupikari'', ⁇ Chikugoizumi'', ⁇ Nebarigoshi'', and ⁇ Nishihonami'' (all of which lack two of the above three types of amylose synthesis genes). , "Mochihime” (lacking all three amylose synthesis genes) by milling the cereal glaze.
- the flour used in the slurry preparation step is typically unprocessed flour that has not been subjected to pretreatment such as heating, but pretreated flour can also be used.
- pretreatment include a treatment of adding various flour modifiers to flour.
- the flour modifier is an agent that can modify flour to have desired properties. etc.
- the enzyme include amylase, protease that decomposes proteins contained in flour, and the like.
- a slurry is prepared by adding 500 to 1500 parts by weight of water to 100 parts by weight of flour.
- the side chains of the starch contained in the flour are easily opened in the subsequent drying process of the slurry, and as a result, the aging resistance and viscoelasticity of the starch are improved. It is presumed that the improvement of the manufacturing method is superior to that of the conventional manufacturing method. If the amount of water added is less than 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of flour, such a predetermined effect of the present invention cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 1500 parts by mass, a large amount of water is added to obtain solids in the slurry drying step of the next step. of time and energy are required, which may lead to an increase in production cost and a decrease in production efficiency.
- the amount of water to be added is preferably 600 to 1,500 parts by mass, more preferably 800 to 1,500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of flour.
- the slurry prepared in the slurry preparation step typically contains only flour and water as a solvent. It may contain a substance. In that case, 1) the slurry containing the flour pretreated with the flour modifier may contain a flour modifier that is the same as or different from the flour modifier, or 2) it contains raw flour. The slurry may contain flour modifiers. In addition, in the slurry containing the flour modifier, a reaction such as an enzymatic reaction involving the flour modifier occurs, and this reaction may be completed before the slurry is subjected to the next drying step. , or may have occurred during the drying process.
- FIG. 1 shows several examples of drum dryers that can be used in the present invention.
- 1(a) to 1(f) show a single-drum type
- FIG. 1(g) shows a double-drum type
- FIG. 1(h) shows a twin-drum type.
- 1(a) to 1(f) differ from each other in the method of supplying the material to be dried (slurry) to the drum.
- FIG. 1(a) is a splash feed method
- FIG. 1(b) is a dip feed method
- FIG. 1(c) is a lower roll transfer method
- FIG. 1(d) is an upper roll feed method
- FIG. 1(e) is a side roll feed method
- FIG. 1(f) is a multi-roll feed method
- Drum dryers are classified into normal pressure type and vacuum type depending on the operating pressure.
- the basic configuration (type) is preferably as shown in FIGS.
- the pressure it is preferably atmospheric.
- the drum dryer typically has one or more cylindrical drums 1 rotatably supported around a rotation axis, and is arranged opposite to the outer peripheral surface 1a of the drum 1. and a receiver 3 for receiving the solids scraped off by the scraper 2.
- the outer peripheral surface 1a is in contact with the slurry S. It functions as a heating unit that heats this. Heat drying of the slurry by the drum dryer having such a configuration heats the outer peripheral surface 1a by introducing a heat medium such as steam into the inside of the drum 1, and supplies the slurry S to the outer peripheral surface 1a in a rotating and heated state. It is implemented by The slurry S dries during the rotation of the drum 1 to form a thin layer, which is scraped by the scraper 2 and collected inside the receiver 3 . This collected solid is the gelatinized flour to be manufactured.
- the heating conditions in the slurry drying step vary depending on the configuration of the drum dryer used, the state of the material to be dried, etc., but from the viewpoint of more reliably exhibiting the predetermined effects of the present invention, the heating part of the drum dryer
- the temperature (the temperature of the outer peripheral surface of the drum) is preferably 100 to 150°C, more preferably 100 to 120°C, still more preferably 100 to 115°C.
- 500 parts by mass or more of water is added to 100 parts by mass of flour to prepare a slurry with a large amount of water, and this makes it easy to open the side chains of the starch contained in the flour.
- the heat drying of the slurry in the slurry drying step is performed to remove the solid matter (pregelatinized flour) of the slurry obtained in the slurry drying step.
- the moisture content is preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 5 to 15% by mass, still more preferably 5 to 12% by mass, still more preferably 5 to 10% by mass. is.
- the material to be dried to the heating unit is naturally The supply amount and the rotation speed of the drum dryer (contact time between the heating unit and the material to be dried) are determined. Therefore, by adjusting the temperature of the heating unit and the target moisture content, it is possible to adjust the degree of drying of the slurry, which is the material to be dried.
- the solid matter of the slurry obtained through the slurry drying process may be used as it is as gelatinized grain flour, or may be pulverized into a powder.
- the pulverization of solids can be carried out according to a conventional method using household pulverizers such as corby mills and juicers; and industrial pulverizers such as hammer mills, pin mills and jet mills. do it.
- the degree of gelatinization (degree of gelatinization) of the gelatinized flour produced by the production method of the present invention can be preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more.
- degree of gelatinization refers to the degree of alpha conversion measured by the BAP method ( ⁇ -amylase/pullulanase method).
- the degree of alpha conversion by the BAP method can be measured as follows according to a previous report (Kasei Gaku Zasshi 32(9), 653-659, 1981).
- A Method for measuring degree of alpha conversion by ⁇ -amylase/pullulanase method
- the reagents used are as follows. 1) 0.8 M acetic acid-Na acetate buffer 2) 10 N sodium hydroxide solution 3) 2 N acetic acid solution 4) Enzyme solution: ⁇ -amylase (Nagase ChemteX Co., Ltd., #1500S) 0.017 g and pullulanase (Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratory, No. 31001) 0.17 g was dissolved in the 0.8 M acetic acid-Na acetate buffer to make 100 mL. 5) Inactivated enzyme solution: Prepared by boiling the enzyme solution for 10 minutes. 6) Somogyi's reagent and Nelson's reagent (reagents for measuring the amount of reducing sugars)
- B-1) A sample (pregelatinized flour) is pulverized with a homogenizer to a size of 100 mesh or less. Take 0.08-0.10 g of this ground sample flour into a glass homogenizer. B-2) Add 8.0 mL of demineralized water to the content of the glass homogenizer, and disperse the content by moving the glass homogenizer up and down 10 to 20 times to obtain a dispersion. B-3) Take 2 mL each of the dispersion of B-2) in two 25 mL graduated test tubes, and one of the two tubes is filled with 0.8 M acetic acid-Na acetate buffer. , shall be test plots.
- B-4) Add 0.2 mL of 10N sodium hydroxide solution to the other one of the two and react at 50 ° C. for 3 to 5 minutes to completely paste the dispersion of B-2). make it Then, 1.0 mL of 2N acetic acid solution is added to the other tube to adjust the pH to around 6.0, and the volume is adjusted with 0.8M acetic acid-Na acetate buffer to form a gelatinized section.
- B-5) Take 0.4 mL of each of the test solutions prepared in B-3) and B-4) above for the test plot and the gelatinized plot, add 0.1 mL of the enzyme solution to each, and incubate at 40°C for 30 minutes with the enzyme. React to obtain a reacted liquid.
- a blank was also prepared by adding 0.1 mL of the inactivated enzyme solution instead of the enzyme solution.
- the enzymatic reaction is carried out while occasionally stirring the reaction mixture.
- B-6) Add 0.5 mL of Somogyi reagent to 0.5 mL of each of the reacted solution and the blank, and boil in a boiling bath for 15 minutes. After boiling, the mixture is cooled in running water for 5 minutes, then 1.0 mL of Nelson's reagent is added, stirred, and allowed to stand for 15 minutes.
- B-7) After that, 8.00 mL of demineralized water is added to each of the reacted solution and the blank, stirred, and the absorbance at 500 nm is measured.
- A, A', a, and a' are as follows.
- A absorbance of test plot
- A' absorbance of gelatinized plot
- a absorbance of blank of test plot
- a' absorbance of blank of gelatinized plot
- the pregelatinized flour produced by the production method of the present invention can be used for producing processed foods.
- processed food refers to secondary processed food produced using grain flour as a raw material, and includes refrigerated or frozen food.
- processed foods include bakery foods; noodles such as udon, somen, hiyamugi, Chinese noodles, pasta, and instant noodles (including non-fried); noodle skins such as dumpling skins, shumai skins, and spring roll skins; tempura, Deep-fried foods such as fried chicken, fried Tatsuta, and fritters; hot snacks such as okonomiyaki, takoyaki, and chijimi; and powdered foods such as instant soup.
- Specific examples of the bakery foods include breads; pizzas; cakes; Examples of the bread include bread (eg, roll bread, white bread, black bread, French bread, dry bread, copdozens bread, croissant, etc.), cooked bread, and sweet bread.
- cakes include sponge cake, butter cake, roll cake, hot cake, busse, baumkuchen, pound cake, cheesecake, snack cake, muffin, bar, cookie, and pancake.
- the gelatinized flour produced by the production method of the present invention is particularly suitable for producing bakery foods, noodles, and hot snacks.
- the pregelatinized grain flour is used in bakery foods, the effect of imparting a moist texture and improving aging resistance is exhibited, and when it is used in noodles, the effect of imparting a preferable viscoelasticity to the texture. is played.
- the pregelatinized grain flour is used for hot snacks, it is preferable that the hot snacks are not only immediately after production, but also immediately after production, even if some time has passed after production, or even if it is stored in a refrigerator or freezer after production.
- the texture for example, the fluffy texture of okonomiyaki and the thick texture of takoyaki
- the texture for example, the fluffy texture of okonomiyaki and the thick texture of takoyaki
- the effect of improving the shape retention of takoyaki is also exhibited.
- the method for producing the processed food using the pregelatinized flour as a raw material can be according to a known method for producing the processed food.
- a method for producing a bakery food typically includes a step of adding water to the raw material flour containing the gelatinized grain flour to prepare a dough, fermenting the dough as necessary, and then baking the dough.
- the method for producing noodles typically includes preparing a dough by adding water to the raw material flour containing the gelatinized grain flour, molding the dough into a predetermined shape such as a shape of noodle strings, and, if necessary, molding. It has a step of drying the dough.
- raw material flour refers to raw materials that are powdered under normal temperature and normal pressure, and typically includes cereal flour (including the above-described gelatinized cereal flour) and starch (these are also collectively referred to as 'cereal flours'). ), wheat protein and other vegetable proteins, and no auxiliary ingredients such as salt, sugar, baking powder, oils and fats.
- starch used herein refers to "pure starch” isolated from plants such as wheat, and is distinguished from starch inherently present in grain flour.
- the ratio of the content mass of the pregelatinized flour to the total mass of the raw material flour may be appropriately adjusted according to the type of processed food, etc., and is not particularly limited. , bakery foods, and noodles, the amount is preferably 0.5 to 50% by mass, more preferably 2 to 30% by mass, and still more preferably 5 to 20% by mass.
- Examples 1 to 16, Comparative Examples 1 to 4 Using unprocessed wheat flour or whole wheat flour as the raw material flour, a predetermined amount of water was added to the raw material flour to prepare a slurry. The slurry is heated and dried with a drum dryer (single drum type, Katsuragi Industry Co., Ltd.) to obtain a solid, and the solid is pulverized with a pulverizer (Recce, ultracentrifugal pulverizer ZM200) to obtain a moisture content 8% by mass of pregelatinized flour (pregelatinized wheat flour or pregelatinized whole wheat flour) was produced.
- a drum dryer single drum type, Katsuragi Industry Co., Ltd.
- a pulverizer Recce, ultracentrifugal pulverizer ZM200
- Wheat flour used as raw material flour in the above Examples, Comparative Examples and Control Examples was prepared by the following method.
- the raw material wheat seed is pulverized with a pulverizer (manufactured by Buehler Co., Ltd., Test Mill), and the pulverized product is divided into three fractions: high-grade flour, low-grade flour, and bran.
- a raw material flour was prepared so as to become the high-grade flour. When the high-grade flour was insufficient, the shortfall was compensated with the low-grade flour.
- the amount of water added was adjusted so that the viscosity of the pancake dough was within the above range. After resting for 10 minutes after preparing the pancake dough, pour 55 g of the dough onto a griddle, bake one side of the dough at a griddle temperature of 180°C for 3 minutes, and then turn the dough upside down. Bake the opposite side for 2 minutes to produce a pancake.
- Pancakes containing whole wheat flour were produced in the same manner as in Production Example 1 except that one type of pregelatinized wheat flour from the above Examples, Comparative Examples, and Control Examples was used instead of the pregelatinized wheat flour.
- a raw material flour was prepared containing 10% by mass of pregelatinized wheat flour of any one of the above Examples, Comparative Examples and Control Examples and 90% by mass of hard flour ("Camellia” manufactured by Nisshin Flour Milling Co., Ltd.). 100 parts by mass of the raw material flour, 4 parts by mass of butter, 6.8 parts by mass of sugar, 2.4 parts by mass of skimmed milk, 2 parts by mass of salt, and 1.1 parts by mass of dry yeast were prepared in a home bakery (manufactured by Panasonic Corporation, product name "SD -BM103”), and the “standard course” provided by the home bakery was selected to produce bread.
- a home bakery manufactured by Panasonic Corporation, product name "SD -BM103
- Tables 1 and 2 show the arithmetic mean values of the scoring results by 10 professional panelists.
- the control example of each example and comparative example in Table 1 is Control Example 1
- the control example of each Example in Table 2 is Control Example 2.
- each example uses a slurry prepared by adding 500 parts by mass or more of water to 100 parts by mass of the raw material flour, and heat-dries the slurry with a drum dryer. Therefore, compared to the comparative examples and control examples that do not satisfy this, the texture of processed foods (pancakes, bread, udon) is excellent, and those stored refrigerated for one day are highly evaluated. It can be seen that the aging resistance is also excellent, and the deterioration of quality over time is suppressed.
- Example 12 which used low-amylose wheat flour as the raw flour for pregelatinized flour, had better texture and starch aging resistance than other examples that did not use low-amylose wheat flour. .
- each example uses a slurry prepared by adding 500 parts by mass or more of water to 100 parts by mass of the raw material flour, and heat-dries the slurry with a drum dryer. Therefore, compared to comparative examples and control examples that do not satisfy this, the texture of processed foods (pancakes) and the aging resistance of starch are excellent, and even though wheat whole grain flour was used as the raw material flour, Unpleasant bran odor and harshness were sufficiently reduced.
- the pregelatinized grain flour which can manufacture the secondary processed product which has a favorable taste and texture and is excellent in resistance to deterioration with time is provided. More specifically, for example, when the pregelatinized flour provided by the present invention is used in the production of bakery foods, bakery foods that are fluffy, soft, moist, and chewy can be obtained. When used for production, noodles with excellent viscoelasticity and good texture can be obtained, and in any case, the good taste and texture can be maintained for a long period of time.
- the pregelatinized grain flour provided by the present invention is pregelatinized whole grain flour made from whole grain flour, the peculiar odor and harshness caused by bran in the whole grain flour are reduced, and the above-mentioned excellent effects are achieved.
- the resulting secondary product can be manufactured.
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Abstract
Description
また本発明は、前記の本発明の製造方法で製造されたα化穀粉を原料として用いる、加工食品の製造方法である。
低アミロース小麦粉は、例えば、日本国産の小麦品種である「つるぴかり」、「チクゴイズミ」、「ネバリゴシ」、「ニシホナミ」(以上は何れも前記3種類のアミロース合成遺伝子のうちの2種類を欠損)、「もち姫」(前記3種類のアミロース合成遺伝子の全部を欠損)の穀物頴果を製粉することによって得られる。
一般に、ドラムドライヤーでは、加熱部の温度(ドラムの外周面の温度)と被乾燥物の乾燥後の含水率(目標含水率)とが定まれば、自ずと、該加熱部への被乾燥物の供給量、ドラムドライヤーの回転速度(該加熱部と被乾燥物との接触時間)が定まる。よって、前記の加熱部の温度及び目標含水率を調整することで、被乾燥物である前記スラリーの乾燥程度を調整することができる。
(A)試薬
使用する試薬は、以下のとおりである。
1)0.8M酢酸-酢酸Na緩衝液
2)10N水酸化ナトリウム溶液
3)2N酢酸溶液
4)酵素溶液:β-アミラーゼ(ナガセケムテックス株式会社、#1500S)0.017g及びプルラナーゼ(林原生物化学研究所、No.31001)0.17gを前記0.8M酢酸-酢酸Na緩衝液に溶かして100mLとしたもの。
5)失活酵素溶液:前記酵素溶液を10分間煮沸させて調製したもの。
6)ソモギー試薬及びネルソン試薬(還元糖量の測定用試薬)
B-1)サンプル(α化穀粉)をホモジナイザーで粉砕し、100メッシュ以下とする。この粉砕したサンプル穀粉0.08~0.10gをガラスホモジナイザーに取る。
B-2)ガラスホモジナイザーの内容物に脱塩水8.0mLを加え、該ガラスホモジナイザーを10~20回上下させて該内容物の分散を行い、分散液を得る。
B-3)2本の25mL容目盛り付き試験管に前記B-2)の分散液を2mLずつとり、その2本のうちの1本は、0.8M酢酸-酢酸Na緩衝液で定容し、試験区とする。
B-4)前記2本のうちの他の1本に、10N水酸化ナトリウム溶液0.2mLを添加し、50℃で3~5分間反応させ、前記B-2)の分散液を完全に糊化させる。その後、該他の1本に2N酢酸溶液1.0mLを添加し、pHを6.0付近に調整した後、0.8M酢酸-酢酸Na緩衝液で定容し、糊化区とする。
B-5)前記B-3)及びB-4)で調製した試験区及び糊化区の試験液をそれぞれ0.4mLとり、それぞれに酵素溶液0.1mLを加えて、40℃で30分間酵素反応させ、反応済液を得る。同時に、ブランクとして、酵素溶液の代わりに失活酵素溶液0.1mLを加えたものも調製する。酵素反応は途中で反応液を時々攪拌させながら行う。
B-6)前記反応済液及びブランクそれぞれの0.5mLにソモギー試薬0.5mLを添加し、沸騰浴中で15分間煮沸する。煮沸後、流水中で5分間冷却した後、ネルソン試薬1.0mLを添加・攪拌し、15分間放置する。
B-7)その後、前記反応済液及びブランクそれぞれに脱塩水8.00mLを加えて攪拌し、500nmの吸光度を測定する。
下記式によりα化度を算出する。
α化度(%)={(試験液の分解率)/(完全糊化試験液の分解率)}×100
={(A-a)/(A’-a’)}×100
前記式中、A、A’、a、及びa’は下記のとおりである。
A =試験区の吸光度
A’=糊化区の吸光度
a =試験区のブランクの吸光度
a’=糊化区のブランクの吸光度
原料粉の全質量に占めるα化穀粉の含有質量の割合(以下、「α化穀粉占有率」とも言う。)は、加工食品の種類等に応じて適宜調整すればよく特に制限されないが、例えば、ベーカリー食品、麺類を製造する場合は、好ましくは0.5~50質量%、より好ましくは2~30質量%、さらに好ましくは5~20質量%である。
原料穀粉として未加工の小麦粉又は小麦全粒粉を用い、原料穀粉に所定量の水を加えてスラリーを調製した。前記スラリーをドラムドライヤー(シングルドラム型、カツラギ工業株式会社製)で加熱乾燥して固形物を得、該固形物を粉砕機(レッチェ社製、超遠心粉砕機ZM200)で粉砕して、含水率8質量%のα化穀粉(α化小麦粉又はα化小麦全粒粉)を製造した。
原料穀粉として未加工の小麦粉又は小麦全粒粉を用い、原料穀粉100質量部に対し水40質量部を加えて混合物を調製し、該混合物を、エクストルーダーを用いて該混合物の品温95℃を3分間維持する条件で加熱乾燥して固形物を得た。前記固形物を前記実施例と同様に粉砕して、含水率8質量%のα化穀粉(α化小麦粉又はα化小麦全粒粉)を製造した。
前記原料小麦として、「きたほなみ」、「さとのそら」、「チクゴイズミ」(以上、日本国産)、「ウエスタン・レッド・スプリング1(1CW)」(カナダ産)又は「ウエスタン・ホワイト(WW)」(アメリカ合衆国産)を用いた。これらの5種類の原料小麦のうち、「チクゴイズミ」由来の小麦粉のみが前記低アミロース小麦粉であり、それ以外の小麦由来の小麦粉は非低アミロース小麦粉である。
また、前記実施例、比較例及び対照例で原料穀粉として使用した小麦全粒粉は、日清製粉株式会社製「スーパーファインソフト」である。
前記実施例、比較例及び対照例のうちの何れか1種類のα化小麦粉を5~20質量%含有し、残部が薄力粉(日清製粉株式会社製「フラワー」)である原料粉を調製した。前記原料粉100質量部、砂糖25質量部、ベーキングパウダー5質量部、サラダ油10質量部、全卵30質量部、牛乳50質量部及び適量の水を容器に入れ、それらの混合物を120回/分の回転数で手動にて攪拌し、品温25℃でのB型粘度計による粘度が5~10Pa・sの範囲にあるパンケーキ生地を調製した。水の添加量は、パンケーキ生地の粘度が前記範囲になるように調整した。前記パンケーキ生地の調製後に10分間の寝かし時間をとった後、グリドル上に該生地を55g流し込み、該グリドルの温度180℃で該生地の片面を3分間焼成した後、該生地を上下反転させて反対側の面を2分間焼成し、パンケーキを製造した。
α化小麦粉に代えて、前記実施例、比較例及び対照例のうちの何れか1種類のα化小麦全粒粉を使用した以外は前記製造例1と同様にして、全粒粉入りパンケーキを製造した。
前記実施例、比較例及び対照例のうちの何れか1種類のα化小麦粉を10質量%、強力粉(日清製粉株式会社製「カメリヤ」)を90質量%含有する原料粉を調製した。前記原料粉100質量部、バター4質量部、砂糖6.8質量部、スキムミルク2.4質量部、食塩2質量部、ドライイースト1.1質量部をホームベーカリー(パナソニック株式会社製、商品名「SD-BM103」)に入れ、該ホームベーカリーが備える「標準コース」を選択してパンを製造した。
前記実施例、比較例及び対照例のうちの何れか1種類のα化小麦粉を10質量%、中力粉(日清製粉株式会社製「薫風」)45質量%、アセチル化タピオカ澱粉(松谷化学工業株式会社製「あじさい」)40質量%、小麦蛋白(グリコ栄養食品株式会社製「AグルG」)5質量%を含有する原料粉を調製した。前記原料粉100質量部に、食塩3質量部を溶解した水を適量添加し、-90kPaの減圧下で混捏し麺生地を調製した。次に、麺生地を圧延し、切刃(#10番角)により厚み3mmの麺線に切り出した。次に、麺線を沸騰したお湯で茹でた後、水洗冷却し、冷却した麺線100質量部に、ほぐれ剤(不二製油株式会社製「ソヤアップM3000」)3質量部をスプレーにより均一に付着させて茹でうどんを得た。この茹でうどんを庫内温度5℃の冷蔵庫に24時間保存して、冷製茹でうどんを製造した。
製造したパンケーキ、パンを10名の専門パネラーに食してもらい、食感を下記評価基準に従って採点してもらった。1種類のパンケーキ又はパンにつき、1)製造直後のもの、及び2)1日間冷蔵保存したものの2種類を用意し、それぞれ評価した。前記1)は、焼成後に常温環境下で20分間放置したものである。前記2)は、焼成後、粗熱をとった後に、庫内温度4℃の冷蔵庫に1日間保存し、冷蔵庫から取り出して常温環境下で20分間放置したものである。なお前記2)の「1日間冷蔵保存」は、パンケーキ、パンの経時的な品質劣化耐性(澱粉の老化耐性)の評価を目的として、これらの劣化促進のために行ったものであり、前記2)はいわゆる加速劣化試験のサンプルである。表1、表2に、10名の専門パネラーによる採点結果の算術平均値を示す。表1の各実施例及び比較例の対照例は対照例1、表2の各実施例の対照例は対照例2である。
<パンケーキ、パンの食感の評価基準>
5点:対照例に比べて非常にしっとりとして柔らかである。
4点:対照例に比べてしっとりとして柔らかである。
3点:対照例に比べてややしっとりとして柔らかである。
2点:対照例と同等である。
1点:対照例に比べてパサつき及び硬さがある。
冷蔵庫に保存していた冷製茹でうどんを冷蔵庫から取り出して速やかに10名の専門パネラーに食してもらい、食感を下記評価基準に従って採点してもらった。表1に、10名の専門パネラーによる採点結果の算術平均値を示す。
<冷製茹でうどんの食感の評価基準>
5点:対照例に比べて粘弾性に非常に優れる。
4点:対照例に比べて粘弾性に優れる。
3点:対照例に比べて粘弾性にやや優れる。
2点:対照例と同等である。
1点:対照例に比べて粘弾性が劣る。
製造した全粒粉入りパンケーキを、その焼成後、粗熱をとった後に、庫内温度4℃の冷蔵庫に1日間保存し、冷蔵庫から取り出して常温環境下で20分間放置した後、適当な大きさにカットしてから10名の専門パネラーに食してもらい、食感を前記<パンケーキ、パンの食感の評価基準>に従って採点してもらうとともに、風味を下記評価基準に従って採点してもらった。表3に、10名の専門パネラーによる採点結果の算術平均値を示す。表3の各実施例及び比較例の対照例は対照例3である。
<全粒粉入りパンケーキの風味の評価基準>
5点:対照例に比べてふすま臭、エグミが非常に弱い。
4点:対照例に比べてふすま臭、エグミが弱い。
3点:対照例に比べてふすま臭、エグミがやや弱い。
2点:対照例と同等である。
1点:対照例に比べてふすま臭、エグミが強い。
より具体的には、例えば、本発明によって提供されるα化穀粉をベーカリー食品の製造に用いた場合は、ふんわりと柔らかく、しっとり感、もっちり感のあるベーカリー食品が得られ、また、麺類の製造に用いた場合は、粘弾性に優れ食感が良好な麺類が得られ、しかも何れの場合も、その良好な食味食感が長期間にわたって維持され得る。また、本発明によって提供されるα化穀粉が全粒粉を原料とするα化全粒粉である場合には、全粒粉中のふすまに起因する特有の臭みやエグミが低減され、且つ前記の優れた効果を奏し得る二次加工品を製造することができる。
Claims (5)
- 穀粉100質量部及び水500~1500質量部を含むスラリーをドラムドライヤーで加熱乾燥する工程を含む、α化穀粉の製造方法。
- 前記穀粉は小麦粉を含む、請求項1に記載のα化穀粉の製造方法。
- 前記穀粉は、低アミロース小麦粉及び糯種穀粉から選択される1種以上を含む、請求項1又は2に記載のα化穀粉の製造方法。
- 前記ドラムドライヤーの加熱部の温度は100~150℃である、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載のα化穀粉の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の製造方法で製造されたα化穀粉を原料として用いる、加工食品の製造方法。
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BISRI SOISON; KAMOLWAN JANGCHUD; ANUVAT JANGCHUD; THEPKUNYA HARNSILAWAT; KUAKOON PIYACHOMKWAN; CHULALUCK CHARUNUCH; WITOON PRINYAW: "Physico‐functional and antioxidant properties of purple‐flesh sweet potato flours as affected by extrusion and drum‐drying treatments", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, vol. 49, no. 9, 3 March 2014 (2014-03-03), GB , pages 2067 - 2075, XP071857111, ISSN: 0950-5423, DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12515 * |
MENG- TING YANG, PO-YUAN CHIANG: "Study on the Physicochemical Properties and Ready-to-eat Characterics of Wheat Flour with Different Treatment of Drum Drying (Pregelatinized)", J. AGRI. & FORE, vol. 60, no. 3, 1 January 2011 (2011-01-01), pages 181 - 197, XP055981397 * |
SIRIKONG PIYAPORN, WEERAWATANAKORN MONTHANA, CHITTRAKORN SASIVIMON: "Physico-Chemical Properties of Pregelatinized Mung Bean Flour by Drum Drying and Extrusion Process", PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRES 30 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, 18 February 2016 (2016-02-18), pages 55 - 60, XP055981404 * |
Cited By (1)
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WO2023238730A1 (ja) * | 2022-06-06 | 2023-12-14 | 株式会社日清製粉ウェルナ | α化穀粉類及びその製造方法 |
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