WO2022228047A1 - 一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法 - Google Patents

一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法 Download PDF

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WO2022228047A1
WO2022228047A1 PCT/CN2022/085101 CN2022085101W WO2022228047A1 WO 2022228047 A1 WO2022228047 A1 WO 2022228047A1 CN 2022085101 W CN2022085101 W CN 2022085101W WO 2022228047 A1 WO2022228047 A1 WO 2022228047A1
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test
flow
water
making
sediment
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PCT/CN2022/085101
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English (en)
French (fr)
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董智超
刘丹忠
侯晋芳
刘爱民
徐宾宾
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中交天津港湾工程研究院有限公司
中交第一航务工程局有限公司
天津港湾工程质量检测中心有限公司
长江武汉航道工程局
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Publication of WO2022228047A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022228047A1/zh
Priority to US18/166,464 priority Critical patent/US11821885B2/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M10/00—Hydrodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on ship-testing tanks or water tunnels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
    • G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
    • G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G01N33/1806—Water biological or chemical oxygen demand (BOD or COD)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G01N33/1813—Water specific cations in water, e.g. heavy metals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/24—Earth materials

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of water conservancy engineering, in particular to a test method for simulating the release of sediment pollution under the action of river scouring.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a test method for simulating the release of sediment pollution under the action of river scouring, which is simple in structure, simple in operation, high in measurement accuracy, reduces the influence of flow-making process on sediment disturbance, and has high work efficiency.
  • a test method for simulating the release of sediment pollutants under the action of river scouring comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 Prepare a test device, wherein the test device includes a leveling base, a test water tank, a mud storage mechanism for adjusting the thickness of the sediment, a flow-making mechanism for simulating river erosion, and a flow meter for measuring flow;
  • the test water tank is installed on the leveling base.
  • the test water tank is enclosed by a flow-making section, a test section and two arc sections.
  • the flow-making section and the test section are arranged in parallel, and the flow-making section and the test section are arranged.
  • the two ends of the water tank are respectively connected with two arc segments to form an oblong water tank, a concave flow-making groove is formed on the inner wall of the flow-making section, and a test port is opened in the middle of the bottom of the test section.
  • the width is smaller than the width of the test section, a plurality of sampling ports are opened on the outer wall of the test section, the sampling ports are connected with a sampling pipe, and a water stop clip is installed on the sampling pipe;
  • the bottom of the leveling base is provided with feet for adjusting the horizontal position of the base;
  • the mud storage mechanism is installed at the bottom of the test water tank, and the mud storage mechanism includes a mud storage box, a roller shutter, a water baffle, an adjustment bottom plate and a support rod.
  • the roller blind machine is installed on the top of the leveling base, and the roller blind machine is located at the left edge of the test port.
  • the water baffle is wound in the roller blind machine and driven by the roller blind machine.
  • the movable end of the water plate extends into the test port of the test water tank in the extended state to close the bottom of the test water tank, the bottom of the adjusting bottom plate is installed with a support rod, the adjusting bottom plate is installed in the mud storage box and fixed by the support rod Adjust the position of the bottom plate in the mud storage box to adjust the sediment thickness of the test;
  • the flow making mechanism includes a variable speed motor and a flow making paddle, the flow making paddle is installed in the flow making groove, the variable speed motor is installed on the leveling base, and the output shaft of the variable speed motor is connected with the bottom of the flow making paddle to drive
  • the flow-making paddle rotates to simulate water flow in the flow-making section;
  • the flowmeter is installed above the test section;
  • Step 2 Preset and test the water depth and flow rate U in the test tank according to the test needs, and calculate the flow rate Q in the test tank according to the flow rate, and calculate according to the following formula:
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the test tank, h is the water depth in the test tank, and w is the width of the test section;
  • Step 3 According to the preset thickness of the bottom mud, lay the bottom mud in the mud storage box according to the preset thickness of step 1, and adjust the bottom plate so that the surface of the bottom mud is flush with the bottom of the test tank, and then control the roller shutter machine. Make the water baffle cover the upper surface of the sediment;
  • Step 4 Add the water depth preset in step 1 into the test tank, start the variable speed motor to drive the flow making paddle to run, create flow in the flow tank, then open the flowmeter to measure the water flow, and then adjust the speed of the variable speed motor to make the flow reach the required flow and keep the flow rate constant;
  • Step 5 After the water flow in the test water tank is constant, the roller shutter machine drives the water baffle to shrink, so that the surface of the bottom mud is exposed;
  • Step 6 Every 1-2 minutes, open the sampling port to sample the water body in the test tank in layers;
  • Step 7 From the water samples obtained in step 5, use a water quality analyzer to measure chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals in the water respectively;
  • Step 8 According to the needs of the test, adjust the thickness of the sediment, the water depth or the flow rate in the test tank, repeat the above steps 1-6, and measure the changes and vertical distribution characteristics of the sediment pollutant concentration under different simulated dynamic conditions.
  • the length of the flow-making section and the test section is 1.5m
  • the width of the flow-making section is 10cm
  • the width of the test section is 40cm
  • the width of the arc section is from the flow-making section to the test section. The segment gradually becomes wider.
  • the height of the test water tank is 1.2m, and the total length is 1.5m.
  • the test water tank includes an outer wall, an inner wall and a bottom plate, the test port is arranged on the bottom plate, and a socket is formed in the middle of one side edge close to the test port, so that the movable end of the protruding water baffle extends into the bottom plate.
  • the size of the test is 40cm*40cm
  • the thickness of the bottom plate is 5mm
  • the thickness of the socket is 5mm
  • the length is 40cm.
  • the mud storage box is a rectangular parallelepiped, the length of the mud storage box is 40 cm, the width is 40 cm, the height is 60 cm, and the wall thickness of the mud storage box is 1 cm.
  • the inner wall of the mud storage box is formed with a plurality of limit holes matched with the support rods
  • the bottom of the adjustment bottom plate is formed with grooves
  • the support rods are installed in the grooves, And correspondingly installed in the limit hole to adjust the position of the bottom plate in the mud storage box.
  • the limit holes are symmetrically arranged in two rows on the inner wall of the mud storage box, the diameter of the limit holes is 20mm, the distance between the two rows of limit holes is 150mm, and each row is adjacent to each other.
  • the spacing between the upper and lower limit holes is 50mm.
  • eleven sampling ports are arranged at equal intervals from bottom to top of the sampling ports, the diameter of the sampling ports is 0.8cm, and the hole spacing of each sampling port is 3cm, 13cm, 23cm, 33cm, 43cm from the bottom to the top. , 53cm, 63cm, 73cm, 83cm, 93cm, 103cm.
  • the leveling base includes a support frame, and the front and rear ends of the support frame are symmetrically formed with upward protrusions so that the front and rear sides of the test water tank are clamped on the support frame.
  • the flowmeter is fixedly mounted on the top of the test section using a mounting frame, and the flowmeter adopts an ultrasonic flowmeter.
  • the flow-making paddle adopts a three-blade paddle, and the height of the flow-making paddle is the same as the height of the test water tank, and different dynamic conditions of the river are simulated in the flow-making section under the drive of the variable speed motor.
  • This test method can be used to study the cumulative effect of the release of sediment pollutants, generalize the impact of pollutant diffusion, and prevent the secondary pollution of pollutants to the test environment.
  • This test method can be used to study the effect of different sediment thicknesses on the characteristics of pollutants, and can reduce the impact of the initial flow-making process on sediment disturbance.
  • This test method can study the vertical structure characteristics of sediment pollution release by sampling and analyzing water bodies at different heights, and measure the dynamic conditions of the test tank through flow meters, effectively reducing the impact of sampling and measurement work on the hydrodynamic field. .
  • the test method has high working efficiency and reduces the manpower and time required for test layout and test environment cleaning.
  • Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the test apparatus of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the top view of the test apparatus of the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is the structural representation of leveling base in the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a test water tank in the present invention.
  • Test water tank 20 Arc section 21. Flow tank
  • a test device for simulating the release of sediment pollution under the action of river scouring of the present invention includes: a leveling base 6, a test water tank 19, a mud storage mechanism for adjusting the thickness of the bottom mud, and a mud storage mechanism for simulating river scouring.
  • the test water tank 19 is installed on the leveling base 6.
  • the test water tank 19 is enclosed by a flow-making section 4, a test section 5 and two arc sections 20.
  • the flow-making section 4 is parallel to the test section 5.
  • the two ends of the flow-making section 4 and the test section 5 are respectively connected with two arc sections 20 to form an oblong test water tank 19, and a concave flow-making groove 21 is formed on the inner wall 2 of the flow-making section 4,
  • a test port 24 is opened in the middle of the bottom of the test section 5.
  • the width of the flow-making section is smaller than the width of the test section 5.
  • a plurality of sampling ports are opened on the outer wall 1 of the test section 5, and the sampling ports are connected with sampling ports.
  • Pipe 14, and a water stop clip 15 is installed on the sampling pipe 14;
  • the bottom of the leveling base 6 is provided with feet 7 for adjusting the horizontal position of the base;
  • the mud storage mechanism is installed at the bottom of the test water tank.
  • the roller blind machine 12 is installed on the top of the leveling base 6, and the roller shutter machine 12 is located on the left side of the test port 24.
  • Edge, the water baffle 9 is wound in the roller blind machine 12 and driven by the roller blind machine 12.
  • the movable end of the water baffle plate 9 extends into the test water tank 19 in the extended state.
  • the bottom of the test water tank 19 is closed in the test port 24.
  • the bottom of the adjusting bottom plate 10 is installed with a support rod 13.
  • the adjusting bottom plate 10 is installed in the mud storage box 8 and the adjusting bottom plate 10 is fixed in the mud storage box 8 through the support rod 13. position inside to adjust the sediment thickness of the test;
  • the flow-making mechanism includes a variable speed motor 17 (model 60W Leohard speed-regulating motor) and a flow-making paddle 16, the flow-making paddle 16 is installed in the flow-making groove, and the variable-speed motor 17 is installed on the leveling base. 6, the output shaft of the variable speed motor 17 is connected with the bottom of the flow-making paddle 16 to drive the flow-making paddle 16 to rotate and simulate water flow in the flow-making section 4;
  • a variable speed motor 17 model 60W Leohard speed-regulating motor
  • the flow meter 18 is installed above the test section 5 .
  • the length of the flow-making section 4 and the test section 5 is 1.5m
  • the width of the flow-making section 4 is 10cm
  • the width of the test section 5 is 40cm
  • the width of the arc section 20 is determined by the flow-making section 20. It gradually widens from the segment to the test segment.
  • the height of the test water tank 19 is 1.2m, and the total length is 1.5m.
  • the test water tank 19 includes an outer wall 1, an inner wall 2 and a bottom plate 3, the test port 24 is arranged on the bottom plate 3, and a socket is formed in the middle of one side edge close to the test port 24, so that the protruding water blocking
  • the movable end of the plate 9 extends into the socket, the size of the test is 40cm*40cm, the thickness of the bottom plate is 5mm, the thickness of the socket is 5mm, and the length is 40cm.
  • the mud storage box 8 is a rectangular parallelepiped, the length of the mud storage box 8 is 40 cm, the width is 40 cm, the height is 60 cm, and the wall thickness of the mud storage box 8 is 1 cm.
  • the inner wall 2 of the mud storage box 8 is formed with a plurality of limiting holes 11 which are matched with the support rods 13 , the bottom of the adjustment bottom plate 10 is formed with grooves, and the support rods 13 are installed in the and correspondingly installed in the limiting hole 11 to adjust the position of the bottom plate 10 in the mud storage box 8 .
  • limit holes 11 are symmetrically arranged in two rows on the inner wall of the mud storage box 8 , the diameter of the limit holes 11 is 20mm, the distance between the two rows of limit holes is 150mm, and each row of The distance between the adjacent upper and lower limit holes is 50mm.
  • sampling ports are arranged at equal intervals from the bottom to the top of the sampling port, the diameter of the sampling port is 0.8cm, and the hole spacing of each sampling port is 3cm, 13cm, 23cm, 33cm, 43cm, 53cm successively from the bottom up. , 63cm, 73cm, 83cm, 93cm, 103cm.
  • the leveling base 6 includes a support frame 22, and the front and rear ends of the support frame 22 are symmetrically formed with upward protrusions 23, so that the front and rear sides of the test tank 19 are clamped on the support frame. on rack 22.
  • the support feet 7 are installed at the bottom of the support frame 22, and the support feet 7 have the function of rotating and fine-tuning the height, and the test water tank 19 is in a horizontal state by adjusting the height of the support feet 7.
  • the flowmeter 18 is fixedly mounted on the top of the test section 5 by a mounting bracket, and the flowmeter 18 is an ultrasonic flowmeter 18 .
  • the flow-making paddle 16 adopts a three-blade paddle, and the height of the flow-making paddle 16 is the same as that of the test water tank 19 , and is driven by the variable-speed motor 17 to simulate different river dynamic conditions in the flow-making section 4 .
  • Example 1 Taking the simulation of the Qilihai Lagoon Wetland in Hebei province, Changli National Nature Reserve as an example, the rivers entering the Qilihai Lagoon are all seasonal rivers, with large differences in annual flow. is 0.5m, and the average flow velocity of the river is 0-0.1m/s.
  • the experimental device described in Example 1 was used to study the impact mechanism of sediment release in the rivers flowing into the Qilihai Lagoon, and to provide a theoretical basis for engineering environmental assessment and environmental management.
  • Example 1 use the test device described in Example 1 to simulate the test method for the release of sediment pollution under the action of river scouring, and the application in the study of the influence of the thickness of the sediment on the release of the sediment includes the following steps:
  • the preset river velocity is 0.1m/s and the river depth is 0.5m.
  • the flow rate in the test tank is calculated to be 0.02m 3 /s ;
  • step (2) according to the thickness of the bottom mud in step (1), lay the bottom mud in the mud storage box 8, the bottom mud thickness is 0.1m, and adjust and adjust the bottom plate 10 so that the surface of the bottom mud is flush with the bottom of the test water tank 19, Then control the roller blind machine 12 to make the water baffle 9 cover the upper surface of the bottom mud;
  • the roller shutter 12 drives the water baffle 9 to shrink, so that the surface of the bottom mud is exposed and can be in contact with water;
  • step (6) adopt the water quality analyzer to measure the chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals in the water sample respectively from the water sample obtained in step (5);
  • Example 1 On the basis of Example 1, the test method for simulating the release of sediment pollution under the action of river scouring by the test device described in Example 1 is used in the study of the impact of dynamic conditions on the release of sediment, which specifically includes the following steps:
  • the preset river water depth is 0.5m
  • the bottom mud thickness is 0.5m
  • the river flow rate is 0.02m/s.
  • the flow rate in the test tank is 0.004m3 . /s;
  • step (1) lay the bottom mud with a thickness of 0.5m in the mud storage box 8, and adjust the bottom plate 10 so that the surface of the bottom mud is flush with the bottom of the test water tank 19, and then control the
  • the roller blind machine 12 makes the water baffle 9 cover the upper surface of the bottom mud;
  • the roller shutter 12 drives the water baffle 9 to shrink, so that the surface of the bottom mud is exposed and can be in contact with water;
  • step (6) adopt the water quality analyzer to measure the chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals in the water sample respectively from the water sample obtained in step (5);
  • spatially relative terms such as “upper,” “lower,” “left,” and “right” are used in the embodiments to describe how one element or feature shown in the figures is relative to another element or feature. relation. It should be understood that, in addition to the orientation shown in the figures, spatial terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “lower” can encompass both upper and lower positions. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative references used herein interpreted accordingly.

Abstract

一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法，准备试验装置，根据试验需要预设及试验水槽(19)内的水深及流速，并根据流速计算出在试验水槽(19)内的流量；将底泥铺设在储泥盒(8)内，使挡水板(9)覆盖在底泥的上表面；向试验水槽(19)内加入预设的水深，启动变速马达(17)驱动造流运行，使流量达到所需的流量并保持流速不变；待水流恒定后，挡水板(9)收缩，使底泥表面露出；打开取样口分层取样；采用水质分析仪测定水；分别测定出模拟的不同动力条件下底泥污染物浓度的变化和垂向分布特征。造流桨(16)在窄小的造流段造流并缩小造流的规模，可伸缩的挡水板(9)降低在初始造流中对底泥的扰动影响，调节底板(10)调节试验所需的底泥厚度，以便于进行多种试验。

Description

一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法 技术领域
本发明属于水利工程技术领域，尤其是涉及一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法。
背景技术
随着城市化进程的不断加快，工农业废水和人类活动污水的大量排放，工业和生活垃圾向河湖内倾倒，从而导致水体富营养化和重金属污染等水环境问题日益突出。污染物在河流湖泊中底泥的淤积和聚集，在自身扩散和外力作用下会前移扩散至上层水体，对水体造成明显的“二次污染”，使得底泥的内源性污染越来越严重，尤其在水力条件比较复杂的河口地区，受污染底泥的内源释放越来越明显。对于受到水动力扰动较大的浅水湖泊和河流中，水体底泥沉积污染物容易产生再悬浮，对整个水体水环境产生较大的影响。
底泥污染物释放的特性已经进行了诸多研究，该类研究主要基于物理模型试验的方法完成，其中通过旋浆式、活塞式、振荡式等方法模拟水体扰动对底泥污染物释放的影响，不能直观和准确地反映真实的水流条件。在专利公开号为CN108645758A，专利名称为一种底泥污染物动态释放分析方法中公开的技术方案，虽然室内水槽试验可以模拟真实的水流情况，但是室内水槽试验所需的波流水槽体积较大，不容易铺装、收集和清洁底泥，同时污染物会大范围污染水槽水库；且在循环水流作用下，对污染物的稀释较为严重，如不及时取样，污染物会快速稀释，无法客观显示污染物浓度的变化趋势。在专利公开号为CN103869048A，专利名称为一种模拟底泥污染物再悬浮释放的环形水槽装置中公开的技术方案，虽然可以模拟水体流动作用下对底泥释放的影响，且试验装置体积小并降低了污染物稀释的影响，但是在造流过程中不稳定流的扰动对模拟结果影响很大。采用水槽装置的研究中，普遍采用将底泥铺装在水槽底部的方式，无法做到研究不同底泥厚度对污染物释放特性的影响，同时这种铺装方式不易于底泥的回收和水槽的清洁，严重消耗了试验过程中的人力和时间。
因此，为了解决上述技术问题，需要研发一种能真是反应河流冲刷的真实动力条件，减小造流过程对底泥扰动的影响，工作效率高，测量准确度高，可以模拟河道冲刷下，底泥释放的试验方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种结构简单、操作简单、测量准确度高、减小造流过程对底泥扰动的影响、工作效率高的模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法。
本发明的技术方案如下：
一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染物释放的试验方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤1：准备试验装置，其中，所述试验装置包括调平底座、试验水槽、用于调节底泥厚度的储泥机构、用于模拟河道冲刷的造流机构和用于测量流量的流量计；
所述试验水槽安装在调平底座上，所述试验水槽由造流段、试验段和两段圆弧段围合而成，所述造流段与试验段平行设置，造流段与试验段的两端分别与两个圆弧段连接而组成长圆形水槽，在造流的内壁上形成有一内凹的造流槽，在试验段的底部中间开设有一试验口，所述造流段的宽度小于试验段的宽度，所述试验段的外壁上开设有多个取样口，所述取样口上连接有取样管，并在取样管上安装有止水夹；
所述调平底座的底部安装有支脚，用于调节底座的水平位置；
所述储泥机构安装在试验水槽的底部，所述储泥机构包括储泥盒、卷帘机、挡水板、调节底板和支撑杆，所述储泥盒安装在试验口的正下方，所述卷帘机安装在调平底座的顶部，且该卷帘机位于试验口的左边缘，所述挡水板缠绕在卷帘机内并受卷帘机驱动，在卷帘机的驱动下挡水板的活动端在伸出状态下伸入至试验水槽的试验口内以封闭试验水槽底部，所述调节底板的底部安装有支撑杆，所述调节底板安装在储泥盒内并通过支撑杆固定调节底板在储泥盒内的位置，以调节试验的底泥厚度；
所述造流机构包括变速马达和造流桨，所述造流桨安装在造流槽内，所述变速马达安装在调平底座上，变速马达的输出轴与造流桨的底部连接以驱动造流桨转动而在造流段内模拟水流；
所述流量计安装在试验段的上方；
步骤2：根据试验需要预设及试验水槽内的水深及流速U，并根据流速计算出在试验水槽内的流量Q，根据如下公式计算：
Q＝U×A      (1)；
A＝w×h        (2)；
其中，A为试验水槽的断面面积，h为试验水槽内的水深，w为试验段的宽度；
步骤3：根据预设的底泥厚度，将底泥按步骤1的预设厚度铺设在储泥盒内，并调整调节底板使底泥的表面与试验水槽的底部齐平，而后控制卷帘机使挡水板覆盖在底泥的上表面；
步骤4：向试验水槽内加入步骤1中预设的水深，启动变速马达驱动造流桨运行，在造流槽内造流，而后打开流量计测量水流量，而后调节变速马达的速率使流量达到所需的流量并保持流速不变；
步骤5：待试验水槽内的水流恒定后，卷帘机驱动挡水板收缩，使底泥表面露出；
步骤6：每隔1-2分钟，分别打开取样口对试验水槽内的水体分层取样；
步骤7：从步骤5中获取的水样分别采用水质分析仪测定水中的化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、氨氮和重金属；
步骤8：根据试验需要，调节底泥厚度、水深或试验水槽内的流速，重复上述步骤1-6，分别测定出模拟的不同动力条件下底泥污染物浓度的变化和垂向分布特征。
在上述技术方案中，所述造流段和试验段的长度为1.5m，所述造流段的宽度为10cm，试验段的宽度为40cm，所述圆弧段的宽度由造流段至试验段逐渐变宽。
在上述技术方案中，所述试验水槽的高度为1.2m，总长度为1.5m。
在上述技术方案中，所述试验水槽包括外壁、内壁和底板，所述试验口设置在底板上，靠近试验口的一侧边缘中部形成有一插口，以使伸出的挡水板活动端伸入该插口内，所述试验的尺寸为40cm*40cm，所述底板的厚度为5mm，所述插口的厚度为5mm，长度为40cm。
在上述技术方案中，所述储泥盒为一长方体，所述储泥盒的长度为40cm、宽度为40cm，高度为60cm，储泥盒的壁厚1cm。
在上述技术方案中，所述储泥盒的内壁上形成有多个与支撑杆相配合的限位孔，所述调节底板的底部形成有凹槽，所述支撑杆安装在该凹槽内，并对应安装在限位孔内以调节调节底板在储泥盒内的位置。
在上述技术方案中，所述限位孔在储泥盒的内壁上对称两列排布，所述限位孔的直径为20mm，两列限位孔之间的间距为150mm，每列相邻的上下两个限位孔的间距为50mm。
在上述技术方案中，所述取样口由下至上等间距设置十一个取样口，取样口的直径为0.8cm，各取样口的孔间距自底部向上依次为3cm、13cm、23cm、33cm、43cm、53cm、63cm、73cm、83cm、93cm、103cm。
在上述技术方案中，所述调平底座包括支撑架，所述支撑架的前端、后端对称形成 有向上的凸起以使试验水槽的前后两侧卡装在支撑架上。
在上述技术方案中，所述流量计采用安装架固装在试验段的顶部，流量计采用超声波流量计。
在上述技术方案中，所述造流桨采用三叶桨，造流桨的高度与试验水槽的高度相同，并在变速马达的驱动下在造流段内模拟不同的河道动力条件。
本发明具有的优点和积极效果是：
1.该试验方法可用于研究底泥污染物释放的累积效应，概化污染物扩散的影响，并且防止污染物对试验环境的二次污染。
2.该试验方法可用于研究不同底泥厚度对污染物特性的影响，且能降低初始造流过程对底泥扰动的影响。
3.该试验方法可通过对不同高度的水体进行取样分析，研究底泥污染释放的垂向结构特征，并通过流量计测量试验水槽动力条件，有效降低取样工作和测量工作对水动力场的影响。
4.该试验方法工作效率高，减少了试验布置和试验环境清洁所需的人力和时间。
附图说明
图1是本发明的试验装置的结构示意图；
图2是本发明的试验装置的俯视图；
图3是本发明中调平底座的结构示意图；
图4是本发明中试验水槽的结构示意图。
图中：
1、外壁               2、内壁                3、底板
4、造流段             5、试验段              6、调平底座
7、支脚               8、储泥盒              9、挡水板
10、调节底板          11、限位孔             12、卷帘机
13、支撑杆            14、取样管             15、止水夹
16、造流桨            17、变速马达           18、流量计
19、试验水槽          20、圆弧段             21、造流槽
22、支撑架            23、凸起               24、试验口
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用于解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明，决不限制本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
如图所示，本发明的一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验装置，包括：调平底座6、试验水槽19、用于调节底泥厚度的储泥机构、用于模拟河道冲刷的造流机构和用于测量流量的流量计18；
所述试验水槽19安装在调平底座6上，所述试验水槽19由造流段4、试验段5和两段圆弧段20围合而成，所述造流段4与试验段5平行设置，造流段4与试验段5的两端分别与两个圆弧段20连接而组成长圆形试验水槽19，在造流段4的内壁2上形成有一内凹的造流槽21，在试验段5的底部中间开设有一试验口24，所述造流段的宽度小于试验段5的宽度，所述试验段5的外壁1上开设有多个取样口，所述取样口上连接有取样管14，并在取样管14上安装有止水夹15；
所述调平底座6的底部安装有支脚7，用于调节底座的水平位置；
所述储泥机构安装在试验水槽的底部，所述储泥机构包括储泥盒8、卷帘机12、挡水板9、调节底板10和支撑杆13，所述储泥盒8位于所述试验口24的正下方(储泥盒的顶部固装在试验口24的正下方)，所述卷帘机12安装在调平底座6的顶部，且该卷帘机12位于试验口24的左边缘，所述挡水板9缠绕在卷帘机12内并受卷帘机12驱动，在卷帘机12的驱动下挡水板9的活动端在伸出状态下伸入至试验水槽19的试验口24内以封闭试验水槽19底部，所述调节底板10的底部安装有支撑杆13，所述调节底板10安装在储泥盒8内并通过支撑杆13固定调节底板10在储泥盒8内的位置，以调节试验的底泥厚度；
所述造流机构包括变速马达17(型号为60W雷奥哈德调速马达)和造流桨16，所述造流桨16安装在造流槽内，所述变速马达17安装在调平底座6上，变速马达17的输出轴与造流桨16的底部连接以驱动造流桨16转动而在造流段4内模拟水流；
所述流量计18安装在试验段5的上方。
进一步地说，所述造流段4和试验段5的长度为1.5m，所述造流段4的宽度为10cm，试验段5的宽度为40cm，所述圆弧段20的宽度由造流段至试验段逐渐变宽。
进一步地说，所述试验水槽19的高度为1.2m，总长度为1.5m。
进一步地说，所述试验水槽19包括外壁1、内壁2和底板3，所述试验口24设置在 底板3上，靠近试验口24的一侧边缘中部形成有一插口，以使伸出的挡水板9活动端伸入该插口内，所述试验的尺寸为40cm*40cm，所述底板的厚度为5mm，所述插口的厚度为5mm，长度为40cm。
进一步地说，所述储泥盒8为一长方体，所述储泥盒8的长度为40cm、宽度为40cm，高度为60cm，储泥盒8的壁厚1cm。
进一步地说，所述储泥盒8的内壁2上形成有多个与支撑杆13相配合的限位孔11，所述调节底板10的底部形成有凹槽，所述支撑杆13安装在该凹槽内，并对应安装在限位孔11内以调节调节底板10在储泥盒8内的位置。
进一步地说，所述限位孔11在储泥盒8的内壁上对称两列排布，所述限位孔11的直径为20mm，两列限位孔之间的间距为150mm，每列相邻的上下两个限位孔的间距为50mm。
进一步地说，所述取样口由下至上等间距设置十一个取样口，取样口的直径为0.8cm，各取样口的孔间距自底部向上依次为3cm、13cm、23cm、33cm、43cm、53cm、63cm、73cm、83cm、93cm、103cm。
实施例2
在实施例1的基础上，所述调平底座6包括支撑架22，所述支撑架22的前端、后端对称形成有向上的凸起23以使试验水槽19的前后两侧卡装在支撑架22上。
进一步地说，所述支脚7安装在支撑架22的底部，支脚7具有旋转微调高度的功能，通过调整支脚7的高度使试验水槽19处于水平状态。
进一步地说，所述流量计18采用安装架固装在试验段5的顶部，流量计18采用超声波流量计18。
进一步地说，所述造流桨16采用三叶桨，造流桨16的高度与试验水槽19的高度相同，并在变速马达17的驱动下在造流段4内模拟不同的河道动力条件。
实施例3
以模拟昌黎国家自然保护区河北省七里海潟湖湿地为例，七里海潟湖入湖河流均为季节性河流，年内流量差异较大，月均径流变化范围为0～2m 3/s，河流平均水深为0.5m，河流平均流速为0～0.1m/s。利用实施例1所述的试验装置以用于研究七里海潟湖入湖河流中底泥释放的影响机制，为工程环境评价和环境管理提供理论依据。
在实施例1的基础上，利用实施例1所述的试验装置模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法，在研究底泥厚度对底泥释放的影响中的应用，具体包括以下步骤：
(1)根据七里海潟湖的河湖条件，预设河流流速为0.1m/s，河流水深为0.5m，根 据预设河流流速及河流水深，计算出试验水槽内的流量为0.02m 3/s；
(2)根据步骤(1)的底泥厚度，将底泥铺设在储泥盒8内，底泥厚度为0.1m，并调整调节底板10使底泥的表面与试验水槽19的底部齐平，而后控制卷帘机12使挡水板9覆盖在底泥的上表面；
(3)向试验水槽19内加水至水深0.5m，启动变速马达17驱动造流桨运行，在造流槽内造流，而后打开流量计18测量水流量，而后调节变速马达17的速率，使得流量计的读数达到0.02m 3/s，并保持变速马达17速率恒定；
(4)待试验水槽19内的水流恒定后，卷帘机12驱动挡水板9收缩，以使底泥的表面露出可以与水接触；
(5)每间隔2分钟，打开水深0.5m之下的所有取样口，打开取样管上的止水夹，对试验水槽内的水体分层取样50ml，取样后关闭止水夹；
(6)从步骤(5)中获取的水样采用水质分析仪分别测定水样中水的化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、氨氮和重金属；
(7)调节底泥厚度为0.2m、0.3m、0.4m和0.5m，并重复上述步骤(1)-(6)，以测量在相同的动力条件下，河道冲刷对不同底泥厚度的污染释放的影响；
(8)在测量完成后，清理试验水槽和储泥盒，完成模拟的试验。
实施例4
在实施例1的基础上，利用实施例1所述的试验装置模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染释放的试验方法，在研究动力条件变化对底泥释放影响中的应用，具体包括以下步骤：
(1)根据七里海潟湖的河湖条件，预设河流水深为0.5m，底泥厚度为0.5m，河流流速为0.02m/s，根据河流流速换算出在试验水槽内流量大小为0.004m 3/s；
(2)根据步骤(1)的底泥厚度，将厚度为0.5m的底泥铺设在储泥盒8内，并调整调节底板10使底泥的表面与试验水槽19的底部齐平，而后控制卷帘机12使挡水板9覆盖在底泥的上表面；
(3)向试验水槽19内加水至水深0.5m，启动变速马达17驱动造流桨运行，在造流槽内造流，而后调节变速马达17的速率，使得流量计的读数达到0.004m 3/s，并保持变速马达17速率恒定；
(4)待试验水槽19内的水流恒定后，卷帘机12驱动挡水板9收缩，以使底泥的表面露出可以与水接触；
(5)每间隔2分钟，打开水深0.5m之下的所有取样口，打开取样管上的止水夹， 对试验水槽内的水体分层取样50ml，取样后关闭止水夹；
(6)从步骤(5)中获取的水样采用水质分析仪分别测定水样中水的化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、氨氮和重金属；
(7)通过调整变速马达的速率，使流量计读数为0.008m 3/s、0.012m 3/s、0.016m 3/s和0.020m 3/s，并重复上述步骤(1)-(6)，以测量在相同的底泥厚度、水深条件下，不同的流速对底泥污染物释放的影响；
(8)在测量完成后，清理试验水槽和储泥盒，完成模拟的试验。
为了易于说明，实施例中使用了诸如“上”、“下”、“左”、“右”等空间相对术语，用于说明图中示出的一个元件或特征相对于另一个元件或特征的关系。应该理解的是，除了图中示出的方位之外，空间术语意在于包括装置在使用或操作中的不同方位。例如，如果图中的装置被倒置，被叙述为位于其他元件或特征“下”的元件将定位在其他元件或特征“上”。因此，示例性术语“下”可以包含上和下方位两者。装置可以以其他方式定位(旋转90度或位于其他方位)，这里所用的空间相对说明可相应地解释。
而且，诸如“第一”和“第二”等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个与另一个具有相同名称的部件区分开来，而不一定要求或者暗示这些部件之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。
以上对本发明做了示例性的描述，应该说明的是，在不脱离本发明的核心的情况下，任何简单的变形、修改或者其他本领域技术人员能够不花费创造性劳动的等同替换均落入本发明的保护范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种模拟河道冲刷作用下底泥污染物释放的试验方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    步骤1：准备试验装置，其中，所述试验装置包括调平底座、试验水槽、用于调节底泥厚度的储泥机构、用于模拟河道冲刷的造流机构和用于测量流量的流量计；
    所述试验水槽安装在调平底座上，所述试验水槽由造流段、试验段和两段圆弧段围合而成，所述造流段与试验段平行设置，造流段与试验段的两端分别与两个圆弧段连接而组成长圆形水槽，在造流的内壁上形成有一内凹的造流槽，在试验段的底部中间开设有一试验口，所述造流段的宽度小于试验段的宽度，所述试验段的外壁上开设有多个取样口，所述取样口上连接有取样管，并在取样管上安装有止水夹；
    所述调平底座的底部安装有支脚，用于调节底座的水平位置；
    所述储泥机构安装在试验水槽的底部，所述储泥机构包括储泥盒、卷帘机、挡水板、调节底板和支撑杆，所述储泥盒安装在试验口的正下方，所述卷帘机安装在调平底座的顶部，且该卷帘机位于试验口的左边缘，所述挡水板缠绕在卷帘机内并受卷帘机驱动，在卷帘机的驱动下挡水板的活动端在伸出状态下伸入至试验水槽的试验口内以封闭试验水槽底部，所述调节底板的底部安装有支撑杆，所述调节底板安装在储泥盒内并通过支撑杆固定调节底板在储泥盒内的位置，以调节试验的底泥厚度；
    所述造流机构包括变速马达和造流桨，所述造流桨安装在造流槽内，所述变速马达安装在调平底座上，变速马达的输出轴与造流桨的底部连接以驱动造流桨转动而在造流段内模拟水流；
    所述流量计安装在试验段的上方；
    步骤2：根据试验需要预设及试验水槽内的水深及流速U，并根据流速计算出在试验水槽内的流量Q，根据如下公式计算：
    Q＝U×A  (1)；
    A＝w×h  (2)；
    其中，A为试验水槽的断面面积，h为试验水槽内的水深，w为试验段的宽度；
    步骤3：根据预设的底泥厚度，将底泥按步骤1的预设厚度铺设在储泥盒内，并调整调节底板使底泥的表面与试验水槽的底部齐平，而后控制卷帘机使挡水板覆盖在底泥的上表面；
    步骤4：向试验水槽内加入步骤1中预设的水深，启动变速马达驱动造流桨运行，在造流槽内造流，而后打开流量计测量水流量，而后调节变速马达的速率使流量达到所需的流量并保持流速不变；
    步骤5：待试验水槽内的水流恒定后，卷帘机驱动挡水板收缩，使底泥表面露出；
    步骤6：每隔1-2分钟，分别打开取样口对试验水槽内的水体分层取样；
    步骤7：从步骤5中获取的水样分别采用水质分析仪测定水中的化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、氨氮和重金属；
    步骤8：根据试验需要，调节底泥厚度、水深或试验水槽内的流速，重复所述步骤1-6，分别测定出模拟的不同动力条件下底泥污染物浓度的变化和垂向分布特征。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述造流段和试验段的长度为1.5m，所述造流段的宽度为10cm，试验段的宽度为40cm，所述圆弧段的宽度由造流段至试验段逐渐变宽。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述试验水槽的高度为1.2m，总长度为1.5m。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述试验水槽包括外壁、内壁和底板，所述试验口设置在底板上，靠近试验口的一侧边缘中部形成有一插口，以使伸出的挡水板活动端伸入该插口内，所述试验的尺寸为40cm*40cm，所述底板的厚度为5mm，所述插口的厚度为5mm，长度为40cm。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述储泥盒为一长方体，所述储泥盒的长度为40cm、宽度为40cm，高度为60cm，储泥盒的壁厚1cm。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述储泥盒的内壁上形成有多个与支撑杆相配合的限位孔，所述调节底板的底部形成有凹槽，所述支撑杆安装在该凹槽内，并对应安装在限位孔内以调节调节底板在储泥盒内的位置。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述取样口由下至上等间距设置十一个取样口，取样口的直径为0.8cm，各取样口的孔间距自底部向上依次为3cm、13cm、23cm、33cm、43cm、53cm、63cm、73cm、83cm、93cm、103cm。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述调平底座包括支撑架，所述支撑架的前端、后端对称形成有向上的凸起以使试验水槽的前后两侧卡装在支撑架上。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述流量计采用安装架固装在试验段的顶部，流量计采用超声波流量计。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的试验方法，其特征在于：所述造流桨采用三叶桨，造流桨的高度与试验水槽的高度相同，并在变速马达的驱动下在造流段内模拟不同的河道动力条件。
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